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Approximations décentrées à faible dissipation pour des problèmes hyperboliques

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(1)Approximations décentrées à faible dissipation pour des problèmes hyperboliques Christophe Debiez. To cite this version: Christophe Debiez. Approximations décentrées à faible dissipation pour des problèmes hyperboliques. RR-2811, INRIA. 1996. �inria-00073881�. HAL Id: inria-00073881 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073881 Submitted on 24 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Approximations de´centre´es a` faible dissipation pour des proble`mes hyperboliques Christophe Debiez. N˚ 2811 Fe´vrier 1996. PROGRAMME 6. ISSN 0249-6399. apport de recherche.

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(91) ( J3h D \ oqhUr  £ ] [Y £ L E # E a Jš a\bGcyS0Iyƒ=NQZeZ\,S . -o•e•\ 0oNk0cLkj^al_O[ Iyk cLal_yk S0b -_-U_yKD]oP_ N¹a\bGcyS0Iyƒ=NQZeZ\S0_ "h D«7'  F1+{•!ª*š NQ]ucyIySwuNQIyc imKGbRN¦alPRwoKG_Lk^[ ­*Q•mS0c¤KDbRN [{j^z^al_yKQ[0alIL_yk0aucLZealSU_yNQb^cLKDa\KDP*b ¥u_OIywuSNQj^cLSalNmWZ\SQ‚7•o™sh]uk0InMDNmZ\S0Z _n 2dgQMD•^]u¡UIyS0b2#_ _ "Lš 0S0 _yc¢+{i Sp"LbhpdgO† b2+JalS bGc cLk0"LpIyS0OT _O+ _yi^kKGNQb]2IyS0[&KGwgPRk0_ywoS0bGKGcyILScyS0wgP5KDS0]obGI cJ[{j^zuS¦NQ[0ZEš ]uS0bIOIyS0ju]uS0I¤_ Spwub5IyKD’¾¥^KDZ\bu£0[ P5cLa\SpKD_ bi^NQjoju]2ƒQwuS0NQ[ cL_a\KDj^b S j©š ]ub^S2’¾KGbu[&cyaeKGbB_yalbG]o_LK ¹juNQZeSRS0cNQj^ƒDS0[ cLa\KDb¨j©š ]ub^S2’¾KGbu[&cyaeKGbBjua\_O[&KGbDcya\bh]^S2ZlN™j^al_ycyIya\¥u]ucLa\KDb¨j^SZ:š SpIyIyS0]oI £ i[ NQZ\[0]^Z\k S ªU NDZ:šbualbu_¢_yZ\cyStND[0bDNQc _¢ ju]  wuILFKG¥^p*Z\S0£0b%P5S’¾KGj^buSt[&cyZ:aeš KGNQb(j^ƒDjuS0][&cyaeb^KGKDbRP*j^¥uSILS*ZlNj©’¾šKDalbGbucL[ SpcLILa\KDƒ!b2NmZ\Z\_yS0a\bh_ ]uL _yK Â]^jucyNQaeZ\Zea\SD_yiQk0fh_U]^wgaoKDSp]u_LIUcJ]oZlN b^S j^al’¾_yKD[0boIL[&k0cLcLa\alKD_yNQb2cLa\IyKDk bMG]^juZ\ae] £pIL_LSDS0imMDZeP5Sp_JS0IybGk0[c _O]^. -oZ\cy•e•\Nm cO0¹_ • P5KDbGcyIyS0bGcfh]^SZ\S0_nj^ae« kpILSpbGcLS0_Yƒ!NmZ\S0]oIy_nj^Sp_YwoNQIONQP5£ cOILSp_ju]_O[{z^k0PRN]ucLa\Zeal_Lkp_ juNQbo_Z\S0_n[0NQ_UQi S cn 5[ KDbujo]^a\_yS0bGcn¥^a\S0b  2wuIyZ:k0š KG[&al¥^_ycLaeKGSpbDbcyKDaeKG¥ob_LSpj©ILƒDš ]uk b(SUS0_O[{_ycnz^k0¥uPRaeSpN2bwu’_ Iy®uk0In[ a\Z\_¦a\P5ILa\SpcL_yk0wgS}S0[  RcLa\ZEƒQš KDSpIOP*juIySpS*bGctD• Z:š KGIyjoILS~u• „D„uiu S ct g• „D€u•uH7KG]uIt]ubuS}’¾KDbo[&cLa\KDb(j^a\_O[&KGbGcLalbG]uSQioZlN . .

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(93) 0„ Solutions excates et approchees:T=1.,CFL=1.,N=100 - err=0.94136357E-04 1 "uexact" "uapprox" 0.8. Solutions exactes et approchees:T=1.,CFL=1.,N=100 - err=0.10196262E+00 1.2 "uexact" "uapprox" 1. 0.6 0.8. 0.4. 0.6 u(x,t). u(x,t). 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4. 0.4 0.2. -0.6 0 -0.8 -1. 0. 0.2. D. 0.4. x. 0.6. 0.8. -0.2. 1. 0. \. 0.2. 0.4. x. 0.6. 0.8. 1.  Œ€ˆ   ˆ

(94) &‘ ŒgˆXŒS‡7ˆ Œ€‹x“"‰ ’Uy Œ^ˆ‚ˆz †€“(S“(   Œ€’ ¥ ^—  S— E F _X‹ E J  Solutions exactes et approchees:T=1.,CFL=1.,N=100 - err=0.36202640E-05 1 "uexact" "uapprox" 0.8. Solutions exactes et approchees:T=1.,CFL=1.,N=100 - err=0.94376605E-01 1.2 "uexact" "uapprox" 1. 0.6 0.8. 0.4. 0.6 u(x,t). u(x,t). 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4. 0.4 0.2. -0.6 0 -0.8 -1. 0. 0.2. p~.  . 0.4. x. 0.6. 0.8. -0.2. 1. 0. 0.2. a\. 0.4. x. 0.6. 0.8. 1.  Œ^ˆ  ˆX  3‘ Œ ˆŒ€‡Oˆ Œ€‹x“"‰ ‚Iy IŒ€ˆ’ˆU †S“(€“(  Œ&^‚ i¥ €—

(95)  €— E F   ‹ E J   . Solutions exactes et approchees:T=1.,CFL=1.,N=100 - err=0.75814244E-07 1 "uexact" "uapprox" 0.8. Solutions exactes et approchees:T=1.,CFL=1.,N=100 - err=0.79206840E-01 1.2 "uexact" "uapprox" 1. 0.6 0.8. 0.4. 0.6 u(x,t). u(x,t). 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4. 0.4 0.2. -0.6 0 -0.8 -1. 0. -0.2.    Œ^ˆ  ˆX  3‘ Œ ˆŒ€‡Oˆ IŒS‹#“"‰ ‚Uy IŒ€ˆ’ˆU †S“(€“( Œ&^‚ ¥ ^—\

(96)  €—    X‹    W KDPRwuNDIyNQa\_yKDbSpbGcyIySR _yKQZl]^cyaeKGbu_S&”uNQ[ cLSp_S c}NQwowuILK^[{z^k0S0_ju]¨wuIyKD¥^Z\£0P5S2j^SRZ:š NDj^ƒQSp[&cLa\KDbBj©E š ]uF b^S2ƒ!NmMG]^S2_LEalbhJ ]u_yK ÂjuNmZ\S*S0c j©š ]ub^S’¾KDbo[&cLa\KDbj^al_y[ KDbGcLalbh]^SxwoKG]uI j^ae« kpILSpbGcLS0_nƒ!NQZeSp]uIy_ juS0_wuNDIyNDP5£ cyIyS0_Yju]%_O[{z^k0PRNR_yNDbu_ PRNmcOILal[&Sxj^SxPRNQ_O_LS 0.2. 0.4. x. 0.6. 0.8. 1. 0. 0.2. 0.4. x. 0.6. 0.8. . `a`cb*dBefghg. 1.

(97) ~;Distribution de l’erreur en fonction du pas de discretisation spatiale. 0.1. 1. Distribution de l’erreur en fonction du pas de discretisation spatiale. CFL=2.310 CFL=0.5. CFL=2.310 CFL=0.5. Erreur_L2. Erreur_L2. 0.01. 0.001. 0.1. 0.0001. 1e-05 10. . 0 . 100 Nombre de mailles, N. 0.01 10. 1000. 1000. Œ€ˆ   ˆ

(98) &‘ ŒgˆXŒS‡7ˆ Œ€‹x“"‰ ’Uy Œ^ˆ‚ˆz †€“(S“(   Œ€’ ¥ ^—  S— E F _X‹ E J . Distribution de l’erreur en fonction du pas de discretisation spatiale. 0.1. \. 100 Nombre de mailles, N. 1. Distribution de l’erreur en fonction du pas de discretisation spatiale. CFL=1.332 CFL=0.5. CFL=1.332 CFL=0.5. 0.01. Erreur_L2. Erreur_L2. 0.001. 0.0001. 0.1. 1e-05. 1e-06. 1e-07 10. p†. 100 Nombre de mailles, N.  . 0.01 10. 1000. 1000.  Œ^ˆ  ˆX  3‘ Œ ˆŒ€‡Oˆ Œ€‹x“"‰ ‚Iy IŒ€ˆ’ˆU †S“(€“(  Œ&^‚ i¥ €—

(99)  €— E F   ‹ E J   . Distribution de l’erreur en fonction du pas de discretisation spatiale. 0.01. a\. 100 Nombre de mailles, N. 1. Distribution de l’erreur en fonction du pas de discretisation spatiale. CFL=1.867 CFL=0.5. CFL=1.867 CFL=0.5. 0.001. Erreur_L2. Erreur_L2. 0.0001 1e-05 1e-06. 0.1. 1e-07 1e-08 1e-09 10. 0.01 10.  0T  Œ^ˆ  ˆX  3‘ Œ ˆŒ€‡Oˆ IŒS‹#“"‰ ‚Uy IŒ€ˆ’ˆU †S“(€“( Œ&^‚ ¥ ^—\

(100)  €—    X‹    ª¦W‚7al_yKcyIya\" ¥u-u]u• †^cLa\i KDb(juS5+YZ:wgš S0KDIO]uILISp]uZeSxI wuIyKD£ ¥^i`Z\[0£0NmP5Zl[ Sx]^j^Z\k SxSRZ: š NDj^ƒQSp [&cyaeFKGp*b S0j©b(š ]u’¾b^KDSbo[&’¾cLKGa\buKD[&b cyaejuKG]Bb_yb^alKDbGP*]o_L¥uK IL¹S5juNQj^ZeSRSUP5S c NQj©aeZ\šZ\]uS0_%b^E SFL ’¾KGwgbuKD[&]ucyaeIKGb%j^Spj^]ha\E ”(_OJ [&KGƒ!bGNmZ\cLS0albG]o]uIy_US ju] 100 Nombre de mailles, N.  $&%. . . . 1000. 100 Nombre de mailles, N. . `. °²± q°´³. 1000.

(101)

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