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DÉMOGRAPHIE DU TIBET : QUELS SCÉNARIOS GÉOPOLITIQUES

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HAL Id: halshs-00862612

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00862612

Submitted on 22 Mar 2018

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DÉMOGRAPHIE DU TIBET : QUELS SCÉNARIOS

GÉOPOLITIQUES

Gérard-François Dumont

To cite this version:

Gérard-François Dumont. DÉMOGRAPHIE DU TIBET : QUELS SCÉNARIOS GÉOPOLITIQUES.

Diplomatie : affaires stratégiques et relations internationales, Areion Group, 2013, pp.40-44.

�halshs-00862612�

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Part des populations tibétaines

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Frontière de provinces chinoises Chef-lieu de province

Chengdu SICHUAN QINGHAI

RÉGION AUTONOME DU XINJIANG

N É P A L

BHOUTAN

BIRMANIE

I N D E

RÉGION AUTONOME DU TIBET

GANSU YUNNAN La route de la colonisation ? Chemin de fer Pékin-Lhassa 51 à 70 71 à 90 > 90 31 à 50 10 à 30

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fefkbWj_ediedjb_jkWd_[di"b[h[ij[i[fWhjW][Wdj}fWhjiƒ]Wb[i Lhassa Xining Golmud Xigase Lanzhou Vers Pékin

Nombre de Tibétains par préfectures

(en milliers)*

*À partir du recensement chinois de 2010 ; les statistiques officielles ne tiennent pas compte des effectifs militaires et du nombre de travailleurs migrants. / Sources : G.-F. Dumont, Recensement chinois 2010

Chengdu SICHUAN QINGHAI

RÉGION AUTONOME DU XINJIANG

N É P A L

BHOUTAN

BIRMANIE

I N D E

RÉGION AUTONOME DU TIBET

GANSU YUNNAN La route de la colonisation ? Chemin de fer Pékin-Lhassa 401 à 600 601 à 800 > 800 201 à 400 100 à 200

< 100 Chemin de feren projet

Repères historiques et administratifs

Frontière de provinces chinoises Chef-lieu de province

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