Approximation des equations de Maxwell par des schemas decentres en elements finis
Texte intégral
(2) `badcecfhgji0kmlen `onqp-rnBg-p-rn.
(3)
(4) . !". sut"vxwdyUv [z {|}e{e~; &dFNP:e P P7& & ;!PPF P je . ¡¡¢ £¥¤ ¦]§ ©¨¡¦&£«ª ¬ ¯® ±°«² ©¨¡¦d£³ª ® ¬ § ´¤¶µ u·E· E ¢ ¬ ¯® ®¹¸¯º »§ ® ¬ ±¸¯uª ¨¡¢¼¯® »ª u·Eu§ »ª ¨³® ½m¦]ª ¦&®. $#&%('()*'(+',-'()/.0#&,-1 23 35476&39874:6;3 3 #<=#>?. 8(@ ,0'()/AB+ 3 3 ' 3 #<+'7. @ ,-'()/AB+ 3 C .-D 6 )/,E#B'()*DF.01*)/% GHIJH!K5LNM LPOBQ0OKRS,-1*TU.-## 3 3V239W X 8 ,-# 4V3 3 1$HZY[MN\EO]Q_^P^_^P^. ¾N¿5À-ÁÂ$ÃeÄ/¿9Å(Å7¿¹ÆÇ(ÈÉÇ ÊÌË-ÍÎ/ÀEÏ[ÐÑÌÈÒÇ Ó¿ÔÅ"Õ¿ØÖ ×CÙÐSÚ Ð. ÏÛ¿9Ö ÕCÅ"ÄÜ¿9Å Ý5ÞPÞ]ß.
(5)
(6)
(7) !#"%$&('*),+-"%././"1032/4657298 :<;>=@?-$BADCFEG46HI2,8 JK"%.ML3"PN ORQSCDTC 8U8. W8 VYX[Z\V^] _a`cb dfeg`,hi`jlknmpoiqsrnt ] b dfqum(knvuqsw xzyUyU{i| Z kn}idg`,hi`MwD~R}cqsknv`Mw yUzUy rnvu (knbib` |i egrnbM` 8U8W\] jij ]D ~% ] V^] VX z | }rnq
(8) rUwwrn}ivud xUxlM{ jlrnqub dft^_vkn}h | egrnb`.
(9)
(10)
(11) !#"$&%'( ) *,+!-.02/ 130 0547689:02;'; =$>?= @ACB(DFEHGJI$KMLONPQSRUPVT Q?PW.EUXHI$YZD[$K\PT EUG]L^Y_Pa`:`b`:``
(12) ``
(13) ```
(14) ``
(15) ``:`b`:` =$>dc efXUIhgiQSPj YkPNP:NGmlnXoD$W.EHGJIhKp``
(16) ```
(17) ``:`b`:``
(18) ``
(19) ```
(20) ``
(21) ``:`b`:` =$>dr stK(NP&LOuv@wPVEtuvx `
(22) ``
(23) ``
(24) ```
(25) ``:`b`:``
(26) ``
(27) ```
(28) ``
(29) ``:`b`:` =$>{z |iI$XHY_B}Q]DFEHGJIhKZW.I$KML~PVXH$DEUG?CPPVEv2(PVXHgIhQJGW.GJE}PZT `
(30) ``
(31) ```
(32) ``
(33) ``:`b`:` < k! 8 % 1w6 &%'(wn 10 % 0 c>?= |iI$XHY_B}Q]DFEHGJIhKkYkGJ2EUP@fQPVT YPVKEoL#(KiG]LVI$Q?BiYkPLf(KiGL``
(34) ``
(35) ``:`b`:` c>dc |#Q?BiZNP&T W.PVK2EUX}PT NnRIhXNXHPbB}K`
(36) ```
(37) ``:`b`:``
(38) ``
(39) ```
(40) ``
(41) ``:`b`:` c>dr @f2EUPVK(L^GJIhKwD
(42) j QR{I$XoNXUP:NPVB}kPVEEHXUIhG]L_``:`b`:``
(43) ``
(44) ```
(45) ``
(46) ``:`b`:` c>{z uXDGJEUPYkPVK2EN2PLOWI$K(NG?EUG?I$K(LvDBikQJG?YkGJEHPL_`:``
(47) ``
(48) ```
(49) ``
(50) ``:`b`:` c>dq K2EiPVT [hXDFEHGJIhKPKEHPVYk(La`
(51) ``
(52) ```
(53) ``:`b`:``
(54) ``
(55) ```
(56) ``
(57) ``:`b`:` 8!
(58) 0 % 0 !" 0 -
(59) n 10 % 0 :(!" ; !-V% ! 0¡8!0 £ I$KML~PVXH$DEUG?I$K5N2PbQD¤}XUI$}XUGPT EiPT NP:NG?CPVXU[hPVK(W.PKBiQ?QJP¥``
(60) ```
(61) ``
(62) ``:`b`:` § 0C ¨20 0 !" 0 -. G. ) < c q y . )() =h= =c =z =y = <) ( n¢ rC¦ ©(©.
(63) § k 47 *
(64) * 47 § *p*! 47 * § * 4 * * PDFK SefGJPVXHXUP £ Us "!#nI$B}Q]D |f@$s%&!('OPVXHP*T )¡uv@ @ § 0 -V 10, + %OKiPZDiiXHIF2GJY DFEUG?I$K5YkG?EHP @fQVPVT YkPKEoL (KiGL VIhQJBiYkP&L (KiGL
(65) W.IhBiXDY YkPKEPVYk}QJIPT PPVKwY PT WVDKiG]ACBiPNPL -(BiGNPL
(66) PL^EG]W.G\DFi}QJG]ACB\PVT P Dj Q]D X}P&T L~I$Q?BiEUG?I$KNPL PT ACB(DEUGJIhK(LN2Px5D/.PVQJQiPK_X}PVT [$G?YkPEHPVYk(I$XHPVQ>0#nPLUW\PVT Y DOBiEUG?QJGLPvT PL^EN,RI$XoNXUPtEUXHI$GL PK EHPVYk(LPVEvPVKZPL~MD$W.PC> stK L.R{GJK2EiPVT XHPLUL^POGW.G(iQJB(LMDFXUEHG]W.B}QJGSPj XUPVYkPKCEtD
(67) j Q]DL^GJY BiQ]DEUGJIhKkN2PiXUIhgiQSPj YkPLNP:NG l,XoD$W1 EHGJI$KZgiGNGJYPVK(L~G?I$KiK}PVQ]LfPVKZYkG?QJGJPBiI$YkIh[}PVj K}PbPEvIhBiXNPLYZDEiPVT XHG]DFB}_Q?GJK\PT DGJXHPL.> 2 4 #* 4 * § *3 4 65 7 4
(68) 5* 7 -. 6 "$ +98 |#G?KiGJEH:P IhQJBiYP$|#G?KiGJEH1P S@fQJPVY PKEtYkGJ2PN DFi}XUICDhW ;!#Q]DXU[hPVQJ B(L~P&N G?K £ |=<*!,G]LtDFiiQ?GJPNZiPVXHP
(69) EUI L~I$Q?CP
(70) K2BiYkPVXHG]WVDQJQ?EUiPEHGJYkP:SNPV(PVKMNiDFK2Etx5DF>.PVQ?Q!L~}L? EHPVY5>2uiP:LUWiPVYkPtB(L^PNGLEUiG?XNkI$XoNPVXtD$WW.BiXDEUPg(I$EH GJKZEHGJYkPDFK(N L~(DhW.PC> @ PDFXHP(DFXHEUG]WBiQ]DXUQJW.IhK(W.PVXHKiPN_iPXUP .vG?EUkEHiPL~G?Y_B}Q]DFEHGJIhK_IAfgiGNGJYPVK(L~G?I$KiKMDFQ,LUWVDEB EHPVXUG?Ki[iXUIhgiQJPYZ1L !CGJKZEHiP:WVD$L^P
(71) I A QJG?KiPDXvYZDFEHPVXUGDFQ,DFK(NZiI$YI$[$PKiPVI$BMLYkPNGD>. G?G.
(72) f t #DwY PT WVDKiG]ACBiP NPL-(BiGNPLkK2BiY PVT XHG]ACBiP D PKiXUPV[hG]L^EUX}P T N2PLkiXUIh[$XP&j LGJYIhXUEoDFK2ELkDB W.IhBiXLNP QDNPVXHKiGSPVj XHP NPT W.PVK}KiGJPC> £ PL_iXHI$[hXVPj LkL^I$K2EZNB(L IhBiXkBiK}P5[$XDK(NP5(DXUE Dj QD W.IhK(L~EHXUB(W.EHGJIhKPVE:DFBNPVT CPQJI$}PYkPVK2ENPNG?CPVXLLUW\PVT Y D$LNPT W.PKEHXiPT L EUXoD&hDBiN2P DFK #nPVP:X !
(73) vICP !nsL~iPVXtPVK2EUXHPDFBiEHXUPL > £ PLtLUW\PVT Y D$L IhKEvQD
(74) iXUIhiXUGPVT E}P:T NnRPV EUXHPYkIhKiI EHI$KiPLD
(75) j QR{I$XN2XUPtBiK !PEvNPLPV2EUPVK(L^GJIhK(LNPiX}PT W.G]L^GJIhKkiQJBML_PVT Q?PVPT PviX}PT L^PVXUhDKE\A¡BiPQ]ACBiP (PVBZWPVEUEHPiXUIhiXUGPVT E}PT L~IhKEtDB ^I$B}XNnR{BiG,giGJPKkW.IhKiK2B(L LHW \PT YZD$Lu> > <
(76) > !C@v>
(77) >ms
(78) > !i>J>?> o> <
(79) RdDFBiEHXUPt(DFXH:E !2QRPEHPVK(L~G?I$KPVEQD AIhXUY BiQ]DEUG?I$K NPWPLLUWvPVT YZDhL#PVK YZDFG?QJQ]D[$PL A¡BiPQ]W.IhK ACBiPL SNP
(80) E^2P PVT QPVT YkPVK2EL(KiG]Lv(DXOPV2PVYk}QJP !L^PL^I$K2EOX}PVT PT QVPVT PLfXHPVQ]DEUGJCPYkPVK2EL~G?YkiQJP&L PVEtN2I$KiKiPKEvQ?GJPVB Dj NPLvDQJ[hI$XUG?EUiYPLL^I$BiiQ?PLvPVEvXUIhgiB(L~EHPL:D
(81) j Q]*D AI$G]L> £ PLvWI$K(L^G]NPVT XoDFEHGJI$KM1L !(DFG?K(L~G!ACBiPQ?PL }XUPVYkG?PVXLfEHXDVhDFBikPK(W.I$B}XDF[hPDFK2ELtNP )C(DK hDFXtPVE DQ> = !iKiIhB(LvI$K2EDYkPVK\P T Dj DF}iQJGA¡BiPXvW.PLtLUW\PVT Y D$LDB5L^iL^EVPVj YkPNP:x5DF> .PVQ?Q>2@fK 1P A APVE !CW.PNPVXHKiGJPVX PBiEL.RHP&T W.XUG?XUPtL~IhB(L AIhXUYkPtN2POQ?I$G]L NPWI$K(L^PVXUhDFEHGJIhKZDV2DFK2E QDiXUIhiXUGPVT E}P T NnR{2(PVXUg(IhQJG]WGJE}P T > OIhB(LviXUIhI L~IhK(LG]W.G,BiKiP:DFi}QJG]WDFEUG?I$K NPLvLUW\PVT Y D$LvNPT WPVKEHX}PT L(DFB}EUPVYkPKEiX}PT WG]L PK EHPVYk(LvPVEPVK PL^(D$W.P Dkj QD_X}PT L^I$Q?BiEUG?I$K KBiY PVT XUGA¡BiPNBL^iL^EPVj YPNP x5D/ .PVQJQ !nNiDK(LQJP WVDhLON2PbYGJQJG?PVBi:iI$YkIh[}PVj K}PLPVEMDF?X ASDGJEHPVYkPVK2EvW.IhK(NB(WEUPVBiXoL.> #DwiXUPVYGPVj XHPMDFXUEHGJP NP W.P5XoDFi(I$XHE PL^E W.I$K(LHD$W.X}PVT P D j QDwNPLUWXUGJ}EUGJIhK¥NB L~}L~EPj YkP NP x5DF> .PVQ?QPVK X}PVT [$G?YkPEHXDFKML~GJEHI$G?XUP !(I,B j KiIhB(LOKiIhB(LL^I$YkYkP&LGJK2EiPVT XHPLUL2PT LiQJBML (DXUEHG]1W BiQ?GSPVj XHPVYkPVK2EDkj BiK iXHI$giQSPVj YkPN2PkNGml,XD$WEUGJIhK5giG]N2GJYkPVKML~GJIhKiKiPVQ!N,RBiKiP I$KMNP_EHXDK(L~CPVXoL~P YZD[$K\PT EUG]ACBiP !((DFX!BiK
(82) Ihg(L~EoD$W.Q?P(DFX ASDFGJEHPVYkPVK2EWI$K(NBMW.EUPVB}XV:> #D AI$XUY BiQDFEUG?I$KWI$K L^PVXUhDFEHGJCPDhLUL^I2W.GPVT PDvj W.P iXUIhgiQSPVj YPDFG?K(L~G A¡BiPQ?PWVDFXoD$W.EPVj XUP 2(PVXUg(I$Q?G]ACBiPNP&LPT A¡BMDFEUG?I$K(L ZL^I$K2EOP(ICL2PT 1L !i(IhBiXOB}KYGJQJG?PVBNPiXUIh(DF[ DFEUG?I$K5iIhYkI$[}PVj KiPC> #DkL^PW.IhK(NP(DFXHEUG?P
(83) EUXoDFG?EUP:NPQRdDFiiXHIG?YZDFEHGJI$KKBiY PVT XUGA¡BiPNB L~}L~EPj YkPNP x5DF> .PVQ?Q PVT EHB(NGPCT > tI$B(L }XiPT L^PVKEHI$K(LtBiKi*P AI$XHY_B}Q]DFEHGJIhK YkG?EHP
(84) @fQPVT YkPVK2EL (K}G]L I$QJB}YkPL(KiG]L g(DhL2PVT P:L^BiXN2PLvLUWvPVT YZDhLNP&T W.PVK2EUX}P&T L PVEvBiEHGJQ?G]LUDKEQ]D
(85) Y PT EUiI2NP:x> %
(86) > )(> £ > #f"> #c > #D NPVXHKiGSPVj XHPk(DXUEUG?PZPL~E W.IhYk(ICL2PVT P NPL
(87) X}P&T L~BiQ?EDFEoL
(88) KB}Y PVT XUGA¡B}PLI$giEHPVKBML
(89) IhBiXZNPBi iXHI$giQSPVj YkPLNP:NG l,XoD$W.EHGJI$K NnR{I$K(N2PC> OIhB(L PVT EHB(NG?I$K(LOPK DFKiKiPP:QJP
(90) }XUI$g}QPVj YkP:NPQDkW.IhK(L~PVXHhDFEUG?I$K NPQD¤}XUI$}XUGPT EiP T NP NG CPVXH[$PVKMW.PvKB}QJQJP\NPLW (DYk(LPVT QJP&W.EUXHG]ACBiPLPVEYZDF[hKvPVT EUGA¡B}PL.0> <OPLXiPT L^BiQJEoDFELfK2BiY PVT XHG]ACBiPL G?QJQJBML~EUXHPVK2EQ]DN2G]L~EHI$XoL~GJIhK NP
(91) QDNGJCPVXH[$PVKMW.POPKY DFGJQ?Q]D[$PEHXUG]DKi[$B}Q]DFG?XUPC> . =.
(92) fO
(93)
(94) F
(95) . C =$n+-; &@" ?M"pN ?-"/./; $ &3"N n+ 1". M 6 %!- +. 8 !$# %& !('*)¥,c +r " #nPLtWVDXD$WEVPVj XHPLGJYk}XUGJYPT L#PK[hXDhLOL^I$K2ENP&LCPW.EUPBiXL> - £ MDFYk¥PVT Q?PW.EUXHI$YZD[$K\PT EUG]ACBi(P . ) 8 +
(96) /0.(W (DYk PVT Q?PW.EHXUG]ACBiP ) 8 +/ 1.2GJK(N2B(W.EUG?I$K¥PVT Q?PW.EUXHG]ACBiP ) 8 +
(97) /2.(W(DFYkYZDF[hKvPVT EUGA¡B}P 3 ) 3 8 +
(98) /2.iG?K(NB(W.EHGJIhKY DF[$K\PVT EUGA¡BiP - £ MDFXU[hPLvPVEtW.I$B}XDFK2E4L . 5 ) 5 8 +
(99) /0.(NPVK(L^GJE}P:T NP:W(DFXH[$P PVT Q?PW.EUXHG]ACBiP 6 ) 6 8 +
(100) /2.(NPK(L~G?EiPT NP:W.IhBiXDKE PVT Q?PW.EUXHG]ACBiP %OK}P PVT EHB(NPN2PL i\PVT KiI$Y PVj KiPLPVT Q?PW.EUXHI$YZD[$K\PT EUG]ACBiPL W.I$K(L^G]L^EUP D:j NPVT EUPXUYkG?KiPVXfQ?PLA¡B(DEUXHP W(DFY(LNPCPWEUPVBiXoL + + + 3 PVT XUGm,DFK2E7. j Q]D hDXUG]DEUG?I$K NP2-(Bi - QD QJIhGNP |(DFXDhNiDV v! ACBiGQ?GJP QD6A I$XoW.P PVT QJPWEUXUIhYkI$EHXUGW.P D. ,N RGJKMNB(W.EHGJI$K > - Q?P_EHvPVT IhXVPVj YkP NnR 8 YkPVj XHP !nACBiGf(PVXHYkPVEN2PZWVDFQW.BiQ?PVXQJP W(DYk5YZDF[hKvPVT EHG]ACBiPPVK [hPVK(NX}PT (DFXtBiK W.I$B}XDFK2EV> - QD
(101) QJIhG!NP.T (KiGLULHDFK2EvQ]DW(DFXH[$P PT QJPW.EHXUGA¡BiP > - QD
(102) QJIhG!NP 8DB(LUL !(I L~EUB}Q]DFK2EtQR Dg(L~PK(W.PNP:W(DFXH[$PYZD[$K\PVT EHG]ACBiPC> stKkPVK NPT NBiG?EQ?PL PV2iXHPLUL^GJI$KML QJI2WDFQJP&LNPWPL Q?I$G]Li2iL^G]ACBiPLDi(PVQPT PL PT ACB(DEUGJIhK(LN2P x5D/.PVQJ9Q .. c.
(103) 3 / / )
(104) / / ) 6 ) 5 3 ). U= . stKZZD ^IhBiEUP:Q]D
(105) QJIhG!NP:W.I$KML~PVXH$DEUG?I$K NPQ]D W MDFXU[hP PVT QJPWEUXUGA¡B}P(.. 5 6 ) /. #nPLkXHPVQ]DEUGJIhK(LkPVK2EUXUP W(DYk(L_PVEGJK(NBMW.EUG?I$K(LZL~IhKE NIhKiK\PVT P&L MDFX NPLkQJIhG]LZNG?EUPLkN2P W.IhYk(I$XHEUPVYkPKE#! WDFXDhW.E}PT XUG]L^EUGA¡BiP&L_NB YGJQJG?P.B W.I$K(L^G]NPT XiP T PEkWiI$GL~G?PL¤Q?GJK\P&T DFGJXHPLNiDK(L W.PEUEUP PVT EUB(N2PC> @fQJQ?PLLRHPT WXUGJCPKE(I$BiXtBiK YkGJQ?GJPVBGL~I$EHXUIhP:QJG?KvPT DFG?XUPL^GJYk}QJP(. ) 8 . c 3
(106) ) 8 . I,Bj 8 PL~EvQD¤(PVXHYkGJEHEUGJ2GJE¡PT NBZYkGJQ?GJPVBPE 8 QD¤(PVXHY PT DgiGJQ?GJE}PvT Y DF[$K\PVT EUGA¡BiP > @fK(;K !Q]DQJIhGNnRmsO}Y PK YkGJQ?GJPVBW.IhK(NB(W.EHPVBiXkPEkPVK QRdDFg(L^PVK(W.P NP W.I$BiXoDFK2EZL~IhBiXWP LRUPT W.XHGJE. 6 )
(107) I,B j PL^EOQDW.I$K(N2B(W.EUG?G?E}PCT > 8 QSR DG]NPZN2PkQ]D Q?I$GvN2PZW.I$YIhXUEHPVYkPVK2E c "!!I$Kw(PVBiEwPT W.XHGJXHP_Q?PLPT ACB(DFEHGJI$KML U#= :L~IhB(L AIhXUYkPWI$K(L^PVXUhDFEHGJCPPKhDXUG]DgiQJP&L + 3 1. *) 3 /. / 8 / / 3 ) 6 8 ! ) 5 ! 3 )
(108) . r. r .
(109) QD AI$XUY BiQDFEUG?I$KkPKhDXUG]DgiQJP&L + VP T EDKE.. 8 / / ) 8 / / ) 6 ! ! 8 ) ! 8 ) 5. 'z . § 20 1w6 0,+ #D AIhXUY BiQ]DEUG?I$K Sr vPL^EOG?KE}PVT XUP&LULUDKEHP:NiDFK(LvQJP WVD$LtNnR{BiK YkG?QJG?PVB_\PVT E}PVT XHI$[}PVj KiP
(110) GL~IhEUXUIh(P WVDXQJPvL^iL^EPVj YPvNPx5DF>.PVQ?QP&T W.XUG?E#PVKhDXUG]DgiQJP&L + 3 XUP&L~EUPtWI$K(L^PVXUhDFEHG A W.PtA¡B}GiKRP&L~E iQ?B(LQJP:WVDhL(I$BiXtQ]*D AI$XHY_BiQDFEHGJI$K PVK $DXUGDFgiQ?PL + z o> OIhB(LOKiIhB(LGJK2E}PVT XHPLUL^I$K(LNiDFK(LW.PVEUEHP PVT EHB(NP DB WVD$LN2PLOYkG?QJGJPBi_}I$YkIh[iPVj KiP&L1!(QJPL AIhXB Y BiQ]DEUG?I$K(L r PE 'z \L~IhKEtDQJIhXLZPT A¡B}GJhDFQ?PVKEHPL.> Z+ i 0 / - 0 - . stK L~Bi}I L~PQ?PYkGJQ?GJPVBNPiXHI$(D[CDFEHGJIhK . L^EDiKIhEoYkL I$PV[}EvPVj (KiI P L~!!GJEHKiG ASI$LKw> (I$QDFXUGLUDgiQJP PVE
(111) KiIhKpYZD[$K\PT EUG]ACBi(P . ZPVE L^I$K2EkW.IhK KiIhK5W.IhK(NB(W.EHPVBiX . 6 8 +
(112) /)
(113) ! 5 8 +
(114) /) )CIhB(LtW.PL2(I$EHPj L^PL1!iQ?PL~}L~EPVj YkP z NPV2GJPKE. ) /. / / / ) . 8 +
(115) /. !# %. 8 +
(116) /. !# %. q . W.IhK(NG?EUGJIhK(LvGJKiG?EUG]DQJPLPVEtDFB}Q?GJYkG?EUPL I,B j PL~EvQ?P
(117) N2I$YZDGJKiPN2Pb}XUI$MDF[CDEUG?I$K> #nPLPT ACB(DFEHGJIhK(L ! ) ) OL^I$K2E#PVKP.l,PVE!XUP&NI$K(N}DFK2EUPLn(I$B}XfBiKiPW.IhK(NGJEHGJIhK. G?KiGJEHG]DFQ?P Dj NG?CPVXU[hPVK(W.PK2BiQ?QJPC> #nPLGJKMNB(W.EHGJI$KMLPVT Q?PW.EHXUG]ACBiPL(PVEYZD[$K\PVT EHG]ACBiPL,L~PvNPT NBiGL~PVK2E!DFQ?I$XL NPQ]DtL~I$Q?BiEUG?I$K ! NB L^iL^EPVj YP q :D_j QRdDFGNP:NP
(118) QD¤Q?I$G NPW.IhYk(I$XHEUPVYkPKE c o> #nPQ?PW.EHPVBiXvGJK2E}PT XUPLHLPT (DFX BiK}P PVT EHB(NP Y DFEU\PVT YZDFEHG]ACBiPZNB L~}L~EPVj YkP NP5x5D/ .PVQJQv(IhBiXUXoD3L^P5X}1P T AFPT XUPVX Dj {r t(DFX PV2PVYk}QJPC> z.
(119) . ) . ; ? " " @ " + ./$ n+-; & . . . ts KZW.IhK(L~GNnPVj XHPOBiKI$g(L^ED$WQJPg(I$XHKvPT NP # %& NP AXUI$K2EUGSPVj XUP !2(DFX ASDFG?EUPVYkPKEWI$K(NBMW.EUPVB}XV> )CIhGJEtBiKiPIhK(NP
(120) G?K(W.GNPVK2EUPNP*AX}PT ACBiPVK(W.PNI$KiK\PVT P L~P:iXUIh(DF[hPDFK2ENiDK(LBiK YkG?QJG?PVBkPV> E}PVT XUG?PVBiX iI$YkIh[}PVj K}PKiI$K W.I$KMNB(W.EHPVBiXvPVEtDXUXUG?hDFK2EtL~BiXtQR{I$g(L^ED$WQJPC> #DiX}PT L~PVKMW.P5NP5QSRIhg(L~EoD$W.Q?P GJKMNBiGJE BiKiP5(PVXHEUBiXHg(DFEHGJIhK NP QR{I$K(NP5G?K(W.GNPVK2EUP A¡B}GL^P EHXD$N2BiGJEv(DXOQ D AI$XHYZDFEHGJI$K NnR{BiKiPI$KMNP:NG l,XDhW.E}PT P ]([i>#= > . onde ’ diffractee. onde incidente. |!GJ[$B}XUP = .,<OGml,XD$WEUGJIhK (DXvBiK Ihg(L~EoD$W.Q?P stKW }PVXWiP Dj NPT EUPVXHYkGJKiPXQJPZW(DYkwNGmlnXoD$W.E}PT + " !!QJPL PT ACB(DEUGJIhK(L q PVT EDKE PVT XUGmtPVT PL(DFXtQJPW (DYkkEHI$EDQ!NP.T (K}G(DFX. ) . ) . .
(121) . . . #nPLW.I$K(N2GJEUG?I$K(L DFB}pQJG?YkGJEHPL
(122) L^I$K2EkI$g}EUPVK2BiPL D j (DXUEUG?XZNPLXUPQ]DFEHGJIhK(LkNP (D$LHLUDF[hP D j EHXDVCPVXL #! L^I$G?EbQDZW.I$K2EUG?KBiG?E}P T NP_QDkW.IhYk(ICLUDKEHP_EoDFKi[hPVK2EUGJPQJQJP NP PVE:NPQ]DZW.IhY (ICLHDFK2EUP:KiI$XHYZDFQ?PNP 3 > f# R{I$g(L^ED$WQJP PVT EDKEtL^Bii(ICL2PT (DFX ASDFG?EUPVYkPKEW.IhK(NB(W.EHPVBiX!I$K D,. ) D
(123) j QSRGJK2E}PT XUGJPBiXNPQRIhg(L~EoD$W.Q?P )
(124) stKZPVKZNP&T NBiGJE\DFQ?I$XLQ?PLWI$K(NG?EUG?I$K(LvNPXiP1T (- PG?I$KkEHI$EDQJPGJYI L2PVT P&L L^BiXvQ]D A XHI$K2EUGSPVj XUP NPQSRI$gML~EDhW.QJP .. q.
(125) ` )
(126) ) . I,B5j Q]DL^PW.IhK(NP:W.I$KMNGJEHGJI$KZPL^EvXUPN2I$K(NiDKEHP m=Vc S> OIhB(LvL~B}i(ICL~IhK(LACBiPQSRI$KMNPGJK(W.GNPVK2EUPvPVT XUGm(PQ?PL PT ACB(DEUGJIhK(LvNP:x5DF>.PQJQ> #nPb}XUI$g( QSPVj YkP DFBi Q?GJYkG?EUPL
(127) P&L~EZDQJI$XoLZW.I$Yk(I LP T NB L~}L~EPVj YkP Sq PT W.XHGJE PVK¥W(DFYk NG l,XoD$W.E}P T DhLUL~I2WGVPZT D
(128) j QD_WI$K(NG?EUG?I$K NPX}1P T -MPVG?I$K ) > efDXfQ]DL~BiG?EUP !$K}I$B(LfWI$K(L^G]NPVT XHPVXUIhK(LfQJPLPT ACB(DFEHGJIhK(LfNBL~}L~EPVj YkP q "!$hDFQDFgiQ?PLfDB(LUL^Gg}GJPVK PVK W(DFYkEUIhEDFQ!ACBiP:NGmlnXoD$W.E}PCT >. . . 4 & @ "WQSC " Q. stK L.R{GJK2EiPVT XHPLUL^PG]W.G DFBiZIhK(NPLiQDFKiP&LOL^I$QJB}EUGJIhK(LvNPLZPT ACB(DFEHGJIhK(LvNP:x5DF>.PVQ?Q> £ PLIhK(NPLtL.RHPT W.XHGJCPVK2E7. )
(129) 8 ) 8 ! I,B j
(130) 8 fPE 8 NPVT EHPVXUYkG?KiPVK2EfQ]D(I$QDFXUGLUDEUGJIhK5NPQSRI$KMNPC> #nPCPW.EHPVBiX\NnRIhK(N#P " PEvQ]D
(131) iBiQLUDEUGJIh% K $ L~IhKEtXUPQJGP&T L (DXvQ]DXUPVQDFEUG?I$K NP:NGL~(PVXL^GJIhK .. $'&2) " &)(*&. I,B+j ( ) , = PL~EvQD¤2GJEHPLUL^PNPQ]D
(132) Q?BiYkGSPj XUPNiDFK(LvQJPYkGJQ?GJPVB W.IhK(L~GNPVT X}PCT > #nPLfIhK(NPLfiQDFKiPLfIhKEQ]D(DXUEHG]W.BiQDFXHGJE}PtT N2PtL~PtiXUIh(DF[hPVXvNiDK(LfQ]DNG?XUPW.EHGJIhK NB_CP&W.EUPVB}X NnR{I$K(N2PDOj QD 2GJEHPLUL^-P (!FQ?PLW MDFYk(L PE XUPL^EDKE!I$XHEUiIh[$I$KMDFBi NiDK(LfBiK
(133) YPV YkP!iQ]DK (PVXHPK(NG]WBiQ]DGJXUPDFB CP&W.EUPVB}XvNnR{I$K(NP >iQXUPL^EUPDQJIhXLvBiK5NP[$X}P:T NPQ?GJg(PVXUE}P T Dj NP.T (KiG?X7. QD
(134) IhQ]DXUG]LHDFEHGJI$K NPQR{I$K(NP > efQ]D W.. I$KM?L KiI$B(L NiDFKML B}K XUPV Pj XUP WVDXUE}P&T L~GJPK 0 / + 10 0 + 0 2 PEZL~IhGJEkBiK}P NGJXHPW.EUG?I$K iXHGJ> G?QVPVT [hGVPVT P !C(DXOPPVYiQJP 0 3 > stK W.Q]DhLUL^G (PQJP&LI$K(NP&LPVK . xx I2I2NNPPLtLtuuXXDFDFKMKML~L~CCPVPVXoXoL~L~PPLvLv@fx5QJDP&[$W.EUK\XHPVTG]EHACG]BiACPBiL PL 5 4 ..
(135) 7 6 6 0 3 0 3 %OKZiXHI$giQSPVj YkPg}G]NG?YkPVK(L^GJI$K}KiPVQ(E^(PPL~EvQD_N2G l,XDhW.EUG?I$K L~BiXtBiK W.Q?GJK(N2XUPG?K(KiG!NnR{BiKiP IhK(NP}Q]DFK}PvGJK(W.GNPVK2EUPN2PCPW.EHPVBiX!NnR{I$K(N2PvL~G?EUB\PT NiDK(LfQJPiQDFK
(136) IhXUEHiI$[hI$K(DQnDBi
(137) [ PVT K\PVT XoD EHXUG]WPLON2BW.2QJG?K(NXHP M[i>c > n# PCPWEUPVBiXNnR{I$K(NPX}P1T - PT WiG!XUPL^EUP DQJI$XoLNiDFK(LW.PYPV YkP. iQDFK>. y.
(138) z y H (onde TE) E (onde TM). ou. k incident. x. |#G?[$BiXHP:c,.,<OGmlnXoD$W.EHGJIhK c0< (DXOB}K WQ?GJK(NXHPGJK2(KiG f@ K¥W.IhK(L~GNPVT XDKE BiK¥W.2QJG?K(NXHP N,R DF2P5L^BiGJhDKE 03 PVEkBiK}P I$KMNP5GJK(WG]NPVK2EUPZEHPVQJQ?P ACBiP ` 02 ) 'I$KMNP 54 2 "!!QRIhK(NP NGmlnXoD$W.E}PVT PkPL^EPVK(W.IhXUP 4 2 ! W$RPL^E D5j NGJXHPZNPZQ]D AIhXUYkP(. 4 / ) ) 4 0 2 I,B5j QJP&LW.IhYk(ICLUDKEHPLtNP PE L~I$K2EvGJKMNPVT (PVK(NiDKEHPLvNPQ]D
(139) hDXUG]DgiQJPi> <OP Y P YkP !CL^G ` 0 2 )
(140) 'I$KMNP 2 "!iQ?P
(141) W(DYkZNGmlnXoD$W.E}PT XUPL^EUPNPQD AIhXUYk(P . . . ). 42 . . ). /0 . #e IhBiX
(142) B}KiXUIhgiQSPj YkPNP NG l,XDhW.EUG?I$Kwc0<*!#Q?PL5PT ACB(DFEHGJI$KML
(143) NPx5DF>.PVQ?Qf(PVBiCPVK2E:NI$KMW PV EHXUP\NPT W.IhBiiQPT PL PK NPVBi:L~}L~EPVj YkPLXUP&L~(PW.EHGJCPVY PVK2ED$LHL~I2W.GPT LvDj BiKiPI$K(N2Ptu XoDFK(L^CPVXL^P x5D[$K\PVT EHG]ACBiP PEBiKiPZI$K(N2P5uXDFKML~CPVXoL~P @fQJPW.EHXUGA¡BiP 4 o> £ PVEHEUPZ(ICLHL~GJg}GJQJG?E}P T NP NPT W.IhBiiQJPXbQ?PL5PT ACB(DFEHGJI$KML
(144) NPZx5D/ .PVQJQ KiI$B(L
(145) (PVXHYkPVEDQJIhXLNPkEHXDGJEUPX
(146) N2PL
(147) L^I$B(L iXHI$giQSPVj YkPLLUDK(L (PVXoNXUP:NnR{GJ/K AIhXUYZDEUG?I$K(L> efDX_QDL~B}GJEUP !fKiI$B(L KiI$B(L XUPL^EUXUPGJK(NXHI$K(L DFB}piXHI$giQSPVj YkPL:NP5NGml,XD$WEUGJIhK¥c < NnR{BiKiP IhK(NP 2 (DXOB}KIhg(L~EoD$W.Q?PC> ¦.
(148) . . A ;. =@?-$n+-;>& ;>& "%.MLi$n+sL>" ". <"%. <; ? +%+ " N . . f@ K
(149) 2BiPNnRdDFiiQ?G]ACBiPVX,QJPLnY PT EUiI2NP&LnG]LUL^BiPLNPQD Y P&T WVDFKiGA¡B}PfNP&L -(BiG]N2PL gMD$L2PT PLL~BiX NPL EHPW }KiG]ACBiPLNP
(150) CIhQJBiYkP&L (KiGL1!(I$K W.I$K(L^G]N,Pj XUPPVK }XUPVYkG?PVXQ?GJPVBZQD AIhXUYkPWI$K(L^PVXUhDFEHGJCP NB L^iL^EPVj YP q tNiDK(L # % > tI$B(LOPK NPT NBiG?XUIhK(LOPVK(L^BiGJEHPBiKiP*AIhXUY BiQ]DEUGJIhKZgiG]NG?YkPVK L^GJI$K}KiPVQJQ?PC> #nPLW (DYk(LPVT Q?PW.EHXUG]ACBiPPEOYZD[$K\PT EUG]ACBiPL^I$K2EXUP&L~(PW.EHGJCPVYkPKCEvNP.T MKiG]Lv(DFXQJPLtA¡BMDFK EHGJE}P&T LCPW.EUIhXUG?PVQJQ?PL . / 4/ ) 0 ) 40 . .
(151). 42. . . . 2. .
(152). . stKZ(PVBiEDFQJIhXLZPT W.XHGJXUP q vL^I$B(LvQ]D AIhXUYkPW.I$K(L^PVXUhDEUGJCPL~BiG?$DKEHP(. DVCPW .
(153) ).
(154). / 0 4 2 4 / 4 02 .
(155). . . /. 5
(156). 4 2 4 0 2 0 .
(157) ). 0. .
(158) . . . . . . 4 2 4 / 2 / . 5
(159) ). . 2
(160) ) . . . . . . . . ts KL.RG?KE}PVT XUP&LUL~P\NI$X}PVT K(DVhDFK2EDFBZL^iL^EVPVj YkP\NPtx5DF>.PQJQ2IhBiXB}KiPOIhK(NPtiQ]DKiP LRUPT W.XHGJEPVK W.ICI$XoNI$KiK\PVT PLtWVDFXHEiPT L^GJPVKiK}PL .. 42 .
(161) ). . DVCPW .
(162) ). /0 42 . .
(163).
(164) * ). 2 ACBiG. /0 . ) ) #D*AI$XHY_BiQDFEHGJI$K W.I$K(L^PVXUhDEUGJCPc < ( IhBiXWPbE^2(P
(165) N,RI$KMNPPL~EtNIhKiK\PVT P(DX7.
(166). 4 0 4 / 0 / . . /. 5
(167). 4 2 0 . . 0) . 5
(168) ). 4 2 / . y .
(169) stK ASDGJEtBiK5W(DKi[$PVYPVKEtN2PbhDXUG]DgiQJP:PVK ?G KEHXUI2NB}G]LUDKEtQJP&LOWVDXDhW.E}PVT XHG]L^EUG]ACBiPLvN2B 2G]NP tPVED&(K NPKiI$XHYZDFQ?G]L^PVX :PVE. ) PVE ) I,B j PVE L^I$K2EN2PLhDFQJPBiXLXHPVQ]DEUGJCP&LD$N2GJYkPVKML~GJIhKiKiPVQ?QJPL> <
(170) RdDFBiEHXUP(DXU:E !iIhK (ICL^(P . = ) + ( ). , . . I,B+j ( PL^EvQ]D
(171) 2GJEHPLUL^PNPQ]DQJBiYGPVj XHPtNiDFK(LvQJP2G]NP > stKZI$giEHGJPVK2EtDFG?K(L~GQD
(172) KiI$B}CPVQJQ?P AI$XHY_BiQDFEHGJI$K W.I$K(L^PVXUhDEUGJCP .. (.
(173).
(174).
(175).
(176). . 0 ) . /. 5
(177). /. 5
(178). . . . . ACBiG(PVBiEvPVKMW.I$XHP
(179) LRHPT WXUGJXHPOPKPlnP&W.EUB(DKEvQ?P:W (DKi[$PYkPVK2EN2PbhDXUG]DgiQJP*) ( / . DVCPW .. . .
(180) )
(181) & . &. ). .
(182) * ). . . 0
(183) ) . ~¦. / . 4 2 0 . 5
(184) * ).
(185) . . § 021w6 0,+ £ PVEHEUPAIhXUY BiQ]DEUG?I$K D QR DVhDFK2ED[$PZN2PY DFKiG?iBiQJPXNPL
(186) hDFQ?PVBiXoLbXUPQ]DFEHGJCPL
(187) PE N2P QSRI$XoNXUP NPZQSRBiKiG?E}PkT PEkNP&LW.I$Yk(I LUDFK2EUP&L_NBCPW.EHPVBiX
(188) PV2iXUG?Y PVT PLN}DFK(L_QD YPV YkP BiK}GJE}P T !#L^I$G?E
(189) N2PLbI$Q?EL VY PVj EHXUPL> <
(190) RdDFBiEHXUP (DFXH:E ! L.R{PV2iXUG?YkP
(191) PVK Y5PVj EUXHPLvgiGJPVK A¡BiPW.P L^I$GJEvQD¤hDXUG]DgiQJPEUPVYk(IhXUPVQ?QJPNB5L^iL^EVPVj YkP > stK¥PT W.XHGJEvDQJIhXL ~¦ \L~IhB(LvQ] D AI$XHYkPL^BiGJhDFK2EUP ..
(192) `
(193) )
(194) DVCPW
(195) )!
(196) 5
(197) . .
(198) § 021w6 0,+ OIhB(LviX}PT L^PVK2EUPVXHI$K(LvL^PVBiQJPYkPVK2E Q?P:WVDFXoD$W.EPVj XUP22PXUg(I$Q?G]ACBiP:NB5L^iL^EVPVj YkPNP x5DF>.PVQ?Q giGNGJYPVK(L~G?I$KiK}PVQ(IhBiXBiK}PI$K(N2P 2 !CQ]DiXUPVB}CPtNPQR{2(PVXUg(IhQJG]WGJE}P\T NBZL^iL^EVPVj YkP\D$L L^I2W.GP:T Dj BiKiPvIhK(NP 4 (I$BihDKEL.R{I$giEHPVKiG?XNPvQ]DtYPV YkP ASD W.. I$K =>hefQJB(L#[ PVT K\PVT XoDFQ?PVYkPVK2E:! Q?PL~}L~EPVj YkPNP:x5D/ .PVQJQ,PVK NGJYkPK(L~G?I$K EUXUIhG]LvPL~Ev22PXUg(I$Q?G]ACBiPC> stKZ(PVBiE PT W.XUG?XUP S L^I$B(LvQ]*D AI$XHYkPN,RBiK L~}L~EPVj YkPK}I$K5WI$K(L^PVXUhDFEHG A0.
(199)
(200) `
(201) )
(202)
(203)
(204) t> I,B j )
(205)
(206)
(207) 5
(208) pPVE
(209) ) £ IhK(L~GNPVT XUIhK(LtDFQJIhXLvBiKi P:W.IhY_giG?K(DFGL~IhKkQJG?KvPT DFG?XUPN2P -MBi .
(210) + ) `
(211) I,
(212) B j ) + & PL^EvBiKZCPW.EHPVBiXK}I$K K2BiQ!ACBiPVQW.I$K(ACBiPN2P # % & > #nP:WVDQ]W.BiQ! N2B HDhW.I$g}GJPV K aNP.T (KiGMDF7X .
(213) + ) `
(214) NIhKiKiP:IhBiXtQ] D AI$XHY_B}Q]DFEHGJIhK 2 .. & ). & <OB ASDFG?EtNPQ]D
(215) QJG?KvPT DXUGJE}PT NB L~}L~EPVj YkP ! KiP:N PVT (PVK(Nk(DhLON2PbQD¤hDXUG]DgiQJP
(216) > PL~EtN2G]DF[hI$K(DQJGLUDFg}QJP
(217) (IhBiXOEHI$BiEW.IhBiiQJPNPXiPVT PVQL + & PVEv(I$BiXtEUIhBiEOCP&W.EUPVB}X
(218) > @fK PlnP:E !Q?P HD$W.IhgiGJPVK aD
(219) EUXHI$G]LvhDFQ?PVBiXL}XUI$}XUPLvX}PVT P QJQJP&L PEtNG]L^EUGJKMW.EUPLA¡B}G!L~I$K27E .. .
(220). . & . ( ) ( ) ). . VD CPW ( ) ( ( ) , = I,B j (_PE ( NPT L~G?[$KiPKE:Q]D2GJEHPLUL^PZNPkQDQ?BiYkGSPj XUP NiDK(L
(221) QJP YkG?QJG?PVBPVEtNiDK(L Q?PGNPXUP&L~(PW.EHGJCPVYkPKCEV> #nP:L~}L~EPVj YkPP&L~EtNIhK(Wb2(PVXHg(I$QJGA¡B}P(I$BiXtEUIhBiEOCP&W.EUPVB}X KiIhK K2BiQ!NP # % & > . . =.
(222) b v #nP L^iL^EVPVj YkP NP x5DF>.PQJQvPVK X}PVT [$G?YkPZEUXDK(L~G?EUIhGJXUP5P&L~EkEHXVPj LkL^GJYkG?Q]DGJXUP D3 j WPVBiNP5Q]D Y P&T WVDFKiGA¡B}PZNPL-MBiG]NP&L1!EDFK2Ek(DXZLUD AIhXUYkP W.IhK(L~PVXHhDFEUG?CP5ACBiP MDFXZL^I$K WVDFXoD$W.EPVj XUP 2(PVXHg(I$QJGA¡B}PC> £ PW.G ^B(L~EHG (P QRdDFiiXHIG?YZDFEHGJI$K KBiY PVT XUGA¡BiPg(D$L2PVT P5L^BiXZNPLLUWvPVT YZDhL NP&T W.PVK2EUX}P&T LbACBiP KiI$BML
(223) DFQ?QJIhK(LbiX}PT L~PKEHPVXV3> %OKiPDF}iQJGWVDFEHGJI$K NnRdDFQJ[hI$XHGJEU}YkPLBiEUG?QJGLPT LOPK Y P&T WVDFKiGA¡B}P
(224) N2PL -(BiG]N2PLDFBi PT ACB(DEUGJIhK(LNPx5DF> .PVQ?QfD PVT E}P_T G?KEHXUI2NBiG?EUP(DX )C(DFK $DX PVEDFQ> =fN}DFK(LQJP WVD$LNP:[$XHGJQJQ?PLtL~EUXHB(W.EHBiX}PVT P&L KiI$B(LiXHI$(ICL^I$K(LG]W.G!BiKiPY PVT EUiI2N2P
(225) N2P X}PT L~IhQJBiEHGJI$KZ(I$B}XNP&L YZDGJQ?Q]DF[hPLA¡B}PVQ]W.IhK(ACBiPL.>. .
(226) . A ;. =@?-$n+-;>&. . . + 1/"C[?U" N . "p& <& +
(227) /T,;>? = " <&@+. OIhB(LnXDi(PVQJIhK(LG]W.GhgiXUGSPVj CPVYkPVK2EiQ?PLnWVDXDhW.E}PVT XHG]L^EUG]ACBiPL(iXUG?K(W.G?(DFQ?PLnNPQSR DF}iXUI2GJYZDEUGJIhK BiEHGJQ?G]L2PT PbPEvQRIhK (I$B}XUXDZL^P
(228) X}P T hA PVT XUPVX:Dj q n! yMDFXPV2PVYk}QJPtIhBiXBiKiP NPLUWXUGJ}EUGJIhKZiQJB(L NPT EDFG?QJQPVT PC> C) IhGJEBiKiP EUXHG]DKi[$BiQDFEHGJI$K W.Q]DhLUL~GA¡B}P(DFX PVT QPVT YPVKEHL(KiGLkNB NI$YZDGJKiP N2PkWVDQ]W.B}Q NIhKiK\PVT PMDFX7. ) "! !
(229) I,B j PL^EBiK5EHXUG]DKi[$Q?P
(230) PVE t/ QJP:KiI$Y giXHP
(231) N2P
(232) EUXHG . . D Ki[$Q?PL.> %OKiPZDBiEUXHPM DFXUEHGJEHGJI$K NP PL~E DFQJIhXLW.IhK(L~EHXUBiG?EUPZWI$YkYkP L^BiGJE. ) I,B j _PL~EQ?PKiI$Y giXUP NP KiICPVB(NiLPVE QJPCIhQJBiYP
(233) N2PkW.IhKEHXIh QJPI$B W.PVQ?QJBiQ?P !(NIhK E Q]D W.IhK(L~EHXUB(WEUGJIhKZPL~EtYkI$K2EUX}PVT PW.G SNPLHL~I$BML ]([i>(r >. j G1 I. i. G2. |!GJ[$B}XUPr . £ PVQJQ?BiQJPN,RGJK2E}PT [$XDEUG?I$K. . #DAI$XUY BiQDFEUG?I$K:$DXUGDFEUG?I$KiK}PVQJQ?PvBiEUG?QJG]L2PVT PP&L~ENPvE^(PvCIhQJBiYkP&L (K}G]L .CQ?PL
(234) PT ACB(DFEHGJIhK(L ~¦. =$=.
(235) ^L I$K2EOG?KE}PVT [$X}PVT PLL^BiXvQR{PVK(L^PVY_g}QJPtNPLvWPVQJQ?BiQJPL> @fK L^Bii(ICLHDFK2E
(236) W.IhK(L~EoDFK2E_PVK + L~BiX f! IhKpI$g}EUGJPKE DiXPj LGJK2E}PT [$XDEUG?I$Kw(DFX (DXUEHGJPL4.
(237)
(238) ` )
(239) . U= I, B j P&L~EvQ]D
(240) K}I$XUY DFQJPBiKiGJEoDFG?XUP:NGJXHGJ[ PVT PCPVXoL QR{PV2EiPVT XHGJPVBiXNP > stK¥PT W.XHGJEvDQJIhXL U= vL^I$B(LvQ]*D AI$XHYk(P . . . U=$=# EUPVXHYkPLNPgIhXN) I,B j PL~E QJPvKiIhY_giXHPvNPvCIhG]L^GJK(LfN2BKiICPVB(N W.PVK2EUXoDFQ}NP !FPE BiKiPtDiiXHIF2GJY DFEU?G I$K
(241) ` f> ACBiPKiI$BMLODQJQJIhK(LvNP.T MKiGJXtNB EUPVXHYkPtGJK2EiPVT [hXDFQ .
(242) .
(243) . . . . #nPLvEUPXUYkPLNPg(I$XoN L^PVXUIhKEt(I$BiXtQJPVB}X(DXUEtPV}QJG]WGJE}P&T L B}QJE}PT XUGJPBiXUPVYP.K2EV>. . AD? = S "N "i& /. " N ; . @./"B=@&. OIhB(LtW iIhG]L^G]LUL^I$K(LB}KiP:DFiiXHIG?YZDFEHGJI$K NPT W.PVK2EUX}PVT P(I$B}XOQ?PL -(BikK2BiY PT XUG]ACBiPL e#IhBiXtQJPWVDQ]W.B}QNP:W.PL M- BikGJK2EUPXUKiPL ! IhK GJK2EUXHI2NBiG?EvQ]D
(244) KiIhEDFEHGJIhK . ! ) + & ) . >. #nPtL^iL^EVPVj YkP¤PVT EHB(NGPkT PVT EoDFK2EfQJG?KvPT DFG?XUPDj W.ICP W.GJPKEoL#W.IhK(L~EoDFK2EL 'YGJQJG?P.BiIhYkI$[}PVj KiP !VEUIhB(L Q?PL M- Bi5NP&T W.PVK2EUX}P&T LONnR{I$XoNXUP:BiK L~IhKEGNPVK2EUGA¡BiP&L.>(Q]LtL.RHPT W.XUG?CPVK2EPVK PVT EHPVK(NiDKEtQ]DNP.T , KiG?EUG?I$K NPLvLHW \PT YZD$LNPT W.PVK2EUX}PT LN2P z!DB5WVDhLvc < . )
(245) +
(246) + . U=Vc .
(247) +
(248) + . ).
(249)
(250) . c c I,B5j QJP&L PV2iXUP&LUL~G?I$K(LtNP PVE IhKE PVT E}PT NP.T (K}GJPLvDBc2`z IhBiXtEUI$B}EvCPW.EUPBiX > #DYZDFEHXUGW.P HDhW.I$g}GJPVKiK}P PVT EoDFK2EtNG]D[$I$KMDFQJGLUDgiQJP !iPQJQJPL.RHP&T W.XUG?E7.. ) . . VD CPW) !(Q]D
(251) YZDEUXHG]W.PN2PLhDFQJPBiXLviXUIhiXUP&L N2P !iPE ]Q DYZDFEHXUGW.PN2P EHXDFKML AI$XHYZDFEHGJIhK!G?KCPXL~G?giQJPACBiPQRIhK NP.T (KiG?XD
(252) (DXvQ]D L~Bi!G?EUPC> stK D_DQJIhXL .. ) =Vc. ) . .
(253) I,B
(254) j ) !(DVCPW ) + PVE ) > #nPLvCPW.EHPVBiXoL iXHI$iXHP LKiI$XHYZDFQ?G]L2PT LDhLUL~I2WGVPT LtDFBiZEHXUI$GLhDFQJPBiXLiXHI$iXHPL \L~IhKE. ) . & .
(255). . . . ). &.
(256). & . . . . ) . .
(257). &. PVKZ(ICLHDFK2E ) + & ) & + ) P E ) , = = & >. . #DYZDFEHXUGW.PN2PL hD QJPVBiXoLiXUIhiXUP&L LRUPT W.XHGJE. ) . ( ( . .
(258). stK D_DQJIhXLvQ]D
(259) YZDEUXUGW.PNPEUXDK(L AIhXUYZDEUG?I$K . ) . & .
(260). PVEtL^I$K GJK2CPVXL^P(. . <OB WVDFQW.BiQ NP . . . =. & . & . . . . &. . =. . =. ) c c & c & ! I$K PVK NPT NB}GJEt ACBiP(.
(261). & & & ) ( & & =. . . . . . .
(262). PVE.. & & ( & . .
(263). ). &. . .
(264). =Vr. . . &. & &. . . . .
(265) <
(266) RdDFBiEHXUP(DXUE:!iQ?P-(Bi LRHPT WXUGJE.. & U
(267) + ) . U=Vr U . & & H . #DAI$K(W.EHGJIhK NP-MBi K2BiY PVT XHG]ACBiP N IhKiKvPVT P ( DFX H=Vc P L~E DFQJIhX LPVKEHGSPVj XHPVY VP KEtNPVT EUPVX . . . . . . . .
(268). . YkG?KvPVT PC> stK XoDFi(PVQ?QJPACBiP:W.P-(BiZKR{PL~EtACBiP:NBZiXHPVYkGJPX IhXNXHP !(Q]DL~IhQJBiEHGJIhK PVT EoDFK2EtW.I$K(L^EDKEHP (DXWPVQJQ?BiQJPL> . C 1/"p& +-;>& $B? ;. @./" i" = " . ;>+ . #DY PVT EHiI2NP 4 * x IhKiI$EHI$KiGW%O>.vGJK(N2)CiPYkPL AI$X £ I$K(L^PVXUhDEUGJIhK #D:.tL ! G?KEHXUI2NBiG?EUPt(DFX>ChDFK n# PVPVX {c (PVEPVT EUPVKMNBiPDFBZWVDhLNP&L_PVT QPVT YkPVK2ELn(KiGLNiDK(L q# !C(PVXB YkPEfNnRdDFBi[hYkPVK2EUPVX!Q]DtiX}PT WG]L~G?I$KPVKPVT Q?PVhDFK2E#Q?PtNPV[$X}PT N2PvQRG?KEHPVXU(IhQ]DFEHGJIhKNPtQR{GJK(W.IhKiK2BiP
(269) L~B}XOQDW.PVQJQ?BiQJPvPEvPVKZYkI2NG DFK2EQJP&LvDFXU[hBiYkPVK2ELNPQ]D AIhK(W.EUG?I$K NP-(BiKBiY PVT XUGA¡BiP NiDK(L H=Vc > n# P (D$LHLUD[$P Dkj QR{I$XoNXUP NPBi W.I$KML~G]L^EUP Dkj iXHPVK(NXHPkNP&LL~IhQJBiEHGJI$KMLQ?GJK\P&T DFGJXHPL (DXYkI$XoW.PDFB}5DFB QJGJPB5NPL~IhQJBiEHGJI$KML
(270) W.IhK(L~EoDFK2EUPL(DXW.PVQ?QJBiQ?PLtW.P A¡B}GfKvPT W.P&LUL~G?EUPBiK}P NPT (KiGJEHGJIhKZNPL[hXD$N2GJPVK2ELvNPQ]DL~IhQJBiEHGJIhK DiiXHI2W \PT P
(271) DBikKiICPB(NiLtNBkYZDGJQJQDF[hPC>>O I$B(L BiEHGJQ?G]L~IhK(L GW.G(BiKiPPEHPVK(L~G?I$K D
(272) j QSRIhXNXHPNPVBi PVEEUXUIhG]LPVKkPL^(D$W.PNB(- Bi KBiY PVT XUGA¡BiP:Dj QSR DFGNPNnR{BiK S LUW\PVT Y D { S> - st K -V" W. IhK(0 L~1wGNn6 PVj XU)>P QSRUPT ACB(DFEHGJIhKZNnR DhNCPW.EHGJIhK .. ( / ) ( ) 7/ / ! # % stKZKiIhEUP(. ) i!
(273) Q?Pb M D$+ Lt Nn! RP L^(+ D$W P 2! QJPLKiICPB(NiLtNB YZDGJQ?Q]DF[hP ). . ts K W.IhK(L~EHXUBiG?EOBiK LHW \PVT YZDkDj QRdDFGNPNnR{BiKiP:W.I$Y giG?K(DFGL~I$K W.I$K2CPV2PNPL(PVK2EUPL WPVKEHX}PVT P&L PVENPT W.PVK2EUX}PVT PLtDFB KiICPVB(N >#stK DgIhBiEUG?E:!(I$BiX ( >!DFB SLUW\PVT Y D WI$K(L^PVXUhDFEHG A L~BiG?hDFK2E7.. ) ( c / U= . Sr z & . =.z.
(274) #D
(275) }XiPT W.GL~G?I$K PVEQ]D
(276) L^EDgiGJQ?GJE}PT NB S LUWvPVT YZDOIhKEPVT E}P T PVT EHB(NGPT PLf(DFX > 8 > < PT L^G]NPT XUG. PEtDFQ> ¦ S> stK NIhKiKiP N}DFK(L5QJPEoDFgiQ?PDFB L~BiG?hDFK2E5QJPL NG lPVT XHPVKEHPL iX}PT W.G]L^GJIhK(LPVK7PL^(D$WP IhgiEUPKBiP&LvL~PVQ?I$KZQJPLhDQJPVBiXoLvNB MDFXDY5PVj EHXUPNP:NP&T W.PVK2EUXD[$P .. . )2W \PVT YZD e X}PT W.GL~GJIhK. W.PVK2EUX}P T YkG?EHP YkG?EHP NPT W.PKEHXiP T. &. |iXUIh YkY . = . - 8 0 !-V%( 6 8 0 ;$0 1w0 - #%- < #nP&L$DQJPVB}XLDBikG?KEHPVX?ASDhW.PLNPLvW.PQJQJB}QJPL. NPVBi NPVBi EUXHI$GL NPVBi. PE ^L I$K2EtWVDFQW.BiQPVT PLfPVKZDhNiDFiEoDFK2E QSRG?KEHPVXU(I$QDFEHGJI$KYkI$KiI2N2GJYkPVKML~GJIhKiKiPVQ?QJPtDBi PVT QPVT YkPVK2EL#(KiGLvc < .
(277) )
(278) & U= c
(279)
(280) c & U= c .
(281). . )
(282).
(283) ` .
(284) c `
(285) .
(286). U=.z . . #nP&L[$XDhNGJPKEoLvDFB K}ICPVB(N ~L I$K2E PVT hDFQJB\PT LD
(287) j QRdDFG]N2PNPQ]D
(288) YkICPVK}KiPtL~BiG?hDFK2EUP y# .. . =.
(289) ). =. . . .
(290)
(291).
(292) r
(293) . I,B j QJPL )7= +V`J`?` +r L~IhKEtQJP&L EUXHI$GLvL~I$YYkPVELNBZEHXUG]DKi[$Q?P PVE JQ P [hXDhNGJPVK2EtNPQ]D AIhK(W.EHGJI$K ev=DFB K}ICPVB(N !(W.IhK(L~EoDFK2EUP:L~B}X > #nP-(B}g}G]NG?YkPVK(L^GJI$K}KiPVQ(LRUPT W.XHGJE\DFQJIhXL:D
(294) j QRdDFG]N2PNPLtW MDFYk(LGJK2EUPVXH(I$QP&T L .. ). .
(295). . . . ). =Vq.
(296). +
(297) + .
(298) . . Qa. $+ /"P"i& @ " ; & + n+-;>& W $= ? +
(299) +9/". e#IhBiX GJYk(ICL^PVXQJP&L_W.IhK(NG?EUGJIhK(L DFBiwQJG?YkGJEHPL
(300) N}DFK(L_B}KpiXHI$giQSPVj YkPZNP NG l,XoD$W.EHGJI$K;! IhK NGL~EHGJKi[hBiPvQ]D AXUIhKEHGSPVj XHPtNPvQR{I$g(L^EDhW.QJP PVEfQ]D AXHI$K2EUGSPj XUPvGJK2(KiGJP YZDFGLDj NGL~EoDFK(W.Pv(KiG?P NPVT QJG?YkGJEoDFK2EfQJP:NIhYZDFG?KiPNP:WVDQ]W.B}Q> #fR{GJK2EiPVT [hXDFQ?PNPg(I$XoNPL^ENIhKiK\PVT P(D7X .
(301) o` ) . . . ts K WiPVXoW }PkDQJI$XoL D5j PV2iXUG?YkPVXQJP&LW.I$K(N2GJEUG?I$K(L DFB}3Q?GJYkG?EUPLtIhBiXkBiKiXUIhgiQSPj YkPkN2P NGml,XD$WEUGJIhK c <Dj QRdDFGNPNnR{BiK-(BikK2BiY PVT XHG]ACBiPD$NiDiE}PCT > § 021w6 0 . OIhB(LOKiP:iX}P&T L~PVK2EUPVXHI$K(LtACBiP
(302) Q?P
(303) EUXoDFG?EUPVYkPKE\NPLtW.I$K(N2GJEUG?I$K(LtDFB} QJG?YkGJEHPL (IhBiXQJP L~}L? EPVj YkPNP x5D/ .PVQJQ,PVK W(DFYk NGml,XD$WEiP T W.PQJBiG!DhLUL~I2WGVP T DFB W(DYkZEUI$EoDFQLRIhgiEUG?PVKEtN2P ASD W.. I$K DFK(DQJI$[hBiPC> <DK(L W.PVEUEHPZ(DFXHEUGJP !fW.IhK(LUDhW.X}PVT P DBiW.I$K(N2GJEUG?I$K(LDBiQ?GJYkG?EUPL !nQR{GJK(NGW.P NB W(DYk NGml,XD$WEiP:T L~PVXoD¤IhYkYkGL.> (%U0 / 0 0 ; 7 - 6 " ;0 #D W.I$KMNGJEHGJI$K NPX}1P T -(PV2GJIhKEHI$EoDFQJPG?Yk(ICL2PT PL~BiX L.RHP&T W.XUG?E "W A Vc2> c . ) PVE:L^P_X}PT NBiG?ENiDFKMLbQJP WD$L
(304) N,RBiKiPIhK(NP 2 Dj 4 2 ) 4 2 `fsOK iXHPVK(N5PVKWI$YkiEHP ASDGJgiQ?PVYkPVK2EW.PVEHEUP:W.IhK(NGJEHGJIhKPKQSRG?K(L2PVT XoDFK2EvNiDK(LvQJP -(B} . . . . ) . + &+. . +. . ,I B j PL^EQJP -(BiNP.T (KiG,(DFX U =r PVE
(305) ?Q P W (DYkk N2G l,XDhW.E}PT WDFQ]WBiQPT DFBZKiICPVBMN NPQ]D AXHI$K2EUGSPj XUP t> |#G?K(DFQ?PVYkPVK2E:!hI$K IhgiEUG?PVK2E7. & U . U
(306) ) & U . &. OIhB(LvDVCI$K(LvWPV(PVK(NiDKEvIhg(L~PVXHPT BiKZYkPGJQJQ?P. B} XW.I$Y IhXUEHPVYkPVK2ENPQ]DL^I$Q?BiEUG?I$KZPVKZGJY (ICLHDFK2E AIhXUEUPYkPVK2EW.PVEHEUPtW.IhK(NGJEHGJIhKkL^BiXQ?PtW (DYkwPVT Q?PW.EUXHG]ACBiP !NiDK(LQJPtWD$L MDFXUEHG]W.B}QJGJPX =Vy . . . . . . . . .
(307). . .
(308) nN R{BiKiPI$K(NPvG?K(W.GNPVK2EUPL^PVBiQJPYkPVK2EW.IhKEHGJK2BiPC> £ RP&L~E!Q]DtW.I$K(N2GJEUG?I$KAI$XUEHPtA¡B}PKiIhB(LfDVCI$K(L XHPVEUPVK2BiP:NiDK(LW.PVEUEHP PVT EHB(NP:YZDFGLvW.I$YkYPKiI$BMLQ?P
(309) CPVXHXUIhK(LON}DFK(LOQD_(DXUEUG?PW.IhK(LUDhW.X}PT P DBi:L~GJY BiQDFEUG?I$K(LnK2BiY PT XUG]ACBiPL !QJPL!W.I$KMNGJEHGJI$KML;AIhXUEUP&L PVE ASDFG?giQJP&L#NIhKiKiPVK2E NPLXiPT L^BiQJEoDFEL ACB(D$L^GJYkPKEG]N2PVKEHG]ACBiPLNiDFK(LvQJPWVD$LtNnRB}KiPI$K(NPG?K(W.G]N2PVKEHPiQ?B(LX}PVT [hBiQJGSPVj XUP > (%U0 / 0 6 V% "C% 0;;0 8 PVT K\PT XDFQ?PVYkPVK2:E !2NP&LOW.IhK(NG?EUGJIhK(LDBiZQJGJYGJEUP&LDFgML~I$XHg(DFK2EUP £ # 8 \L~I$K2EG?Yk(ICL2PT PLvL~BiX QD AXUIhKEHGPVj XHPvDFXHEUGm,W.GJPQJQJP (I$BiXYkG?KiGJYkGL~PXQJPLX}P T -(PV2GJI$KML#(DFXoD$L^GJEUP&L.> <OG?CPVXL DFBiEHPVBiXL IhKE:iXUIhI L2P T NPL £ # 8 ACBiGL~IhKE NP&L
(310) DF}iXUI2GJYZDEUGJIhK(L
(311) N2PL
(312) W.IhK(NG?EUGJIhK(L
(313) DBiQ?GJYkG?EUPL EHXDFKML~(DXUPVK2EUPL 'X}1P T -(PV2GJIhK(L(DXD$L^GJEHPL K2BiQ?QJPL fKiIhK QJI2WDFQJP&L.>nstKZIhBiXUXoDkL~PX}1P T AhPVT XUPXKi0I EoDFYkYkPKEtDj > != >!=$= > stKN2I$KiKiPG]W.GCB}K
(314) PV2PVYkiQ?P!NPvWI$K(NG?EUG?I$KDBiQJG?YkGJEHPL(DFg(L^I$XUgMDFK2EUPvACBiPQRIhK:W.I$YkMDFXUPXD PVKML~BiG?EUPD
(315) j Q]D
(316) EHPW }KiG]ACBiPNP:NP&T W.PVK2EUXD[$PACBiPKiIhB(LODVCIhK(L B}EUGJQ?G]L2PVT PC> - £ IhK(NG?EUGJIhK5DBikQJG?YkGJEHPLfDg(L~IhXUg(DKEHP NnRIhXNXHPbB}K ) I$GJE!Q]D £ # 8 N,RI$XoNXUPBiK W.I$XHXUPL^(I$K(NiDKE DOj Q]DvW.IhK(NG?EUGJIhKNPXDhNG]DEUGJIhKNP )CGJQ?CPVBX xBiQJQ?PV7X . ) #DkiX}PT W.GL~GJIhK5NP W.P
(317) E^2(PNP £ # 8 L^PYkPL~B}XUPD_j QRdDFGNP:NnRBiK}PPVT EHB(NP(DXI$K(N2P }Q]DFK}P !iPVK¥PVT hDFQ?B(DFK2EvQJPWICP ZWGJPVK2EvNPX}1P T -(PV2GJIhK % vN,RBiKiPIhK(NPDXUXHGJhDFK2EtL~BiX B}KiP AXUIhKEHGPVj XHPvDFXHEUGm,W.GJPQJQJPiQDFKiPDVCPW B}KiPvGJK(WG]NPVKMW.P {/r !i=h= 0> OI$BML K}PviX}PT L^PVK EHPVXUIhK(LvG]W.G!ACBRB}KiP PVT EUB(N2Pb(IhBiXBiKiP:I$K(N2P 2 !(Q]D NPVT YZDXWiP PVT EDKEtG]NPKEHG]ACBiP (IhBiXOB}KiPI$K(NP:EUXoDFK(L^CPVXL^P PT QJPW.EHXUGA¡BiP > ) I$GJEtBiKiP:I$K(N2PiQ]DKiP 2 NP
(318) CPWEUPVBiXtN,RI$KMNPL^GJEUB\PT NiDK(LOQJPiQDFK vDBX XHGJhDFK2EtL~B}XvQJPiQ]DK NnRHPT ACB(DEUGJIhK ) M[i>iz o> stK W.IhK(L~GNnPVj XUPQ?PW MDFYkkG?K(W.GNPVK2EvNP.T MKiG(DFX. )¥W.I L $ / " W.I L " L~GJK PE QR{I$K WiPVXWiP5 BiK}P3IhK(NPwX}P T -tPT WiGJP NI$K2E5QRdDFYk}QJGJEHB(NP NPT PK(N NPwQRdDFKi[hQJP N,RGJKMW.G]NPK(W.P(. ) % 2W.ICL $/ " W.I L " L~G?K #nP&L IhK(NPLiQDF KiP&LZPVT EoDFK2EtL~IhQJBiEHGJI$KMLvNPLZPT A¡BMDFEUG?I$K(LvN2P
(319) x5D/ .PVQJQ !CI$K PK NPT NBiG?7E . ) WICL ) W.ICL . . &. . . . =F¦. . . &. . .
(320) plan k ’ diffracte. y x. k incident. |#G?[$BiXHPbz .
(321) ZP T -(PV2GJI$K NnR{BiKiPIhK(NP:iQ]DKiP #D £ # 8 N,RI$XoNXUPBiKZKiIhB(LtW.I$K(N2BiGJEtNiDK(LtW.P:WVD$LDj Q]DW.IhK(NG?EUGJIhK L~BiX ). & & . N,RI,B j QSRPV2iXUP&LUL~G?I$KZN2B5W.IC P W.G?PVK ENPX}P1T (- PV2GJ IhK . . . .. . = .W I L % ) = .W I L . ts K W.I$K(L^EDEUP5ACBiPZQ]D AXHI$K2EUGSPVj XUP DFXHEUGm,W.GJPQJQJP PL^EEUXDK(L~MDFXUPKEHP (I$BiX BiKiP I$K(N2P N,RGJKMW.G]NPK(W.PKiIhXUYZDQJP EDFKMNG]LACBRB}KiPkI$KMNPZXD$LHDFK2EUP ) & P&L~E
(322) EHI$EoDFQJPYkPVK2E X}1P T - PT WiG?PC> £ PVEUEHPOX}P1T -(PV2GJIhKXUPL^EUPtW.PPK(NiDFK2EQJI2WVDQJP !hQJPL#IhK(NPLfXoD$LUDKEHPLN2PVYkPVB XoDFK2E W.I$KMKvPVT PLkDB CI$GL~G?K(DF[hP NP5Q]D AXUIhKEHGSPVj XHP5PVEZNP W2P ASDFGJE Dg(L~IhXUg\PVT P&L EHXPj L XoDFiGNPVYkPKE(DXOBiK}P AXHI$K2EUGSPVj XUP Dj DFK}[$QJP:NXHI$G?EV> #D £ # 8 DhLUL~I2WGVPVT P:DOj B}KiPvI$K(N2P 2 PBiE PV EHXUP}XUG]L^PPVK WI$YkiEH=P ASDFGJg}QJPVYkPKE PKG?K(L2PT XDFK2EtNiDK(L NIhKiKvPT (DFX:=Vr QD
(323) XUPVQDFEHGJI$K L^BiGJhDFK2EUP . ) & & . U=Vq . . VP E
(324) N PT L^GJ[$K}PbQD¤hDQJPVBiX N B W (DYk Z NGml,XD$WEiP
(325) T PKB}K KiICPVBMN N2P . I,B j ) Q D AXUIhKEHGPVj XHPDFXHEUG W.GJPVQ?QJPC> . =V .
(326) stK I$giEHGJPVK2EDFG?K(L~G(QR{PV2iXUPLHL~G?I$KNB-MBi_K2BiY PT XUG]ACBiPPVKZW(DhA¡BiPvK}ICPVB(N N2P ) &. . . . ( & & =F( . .
(327). . . - < P T W.PVK2EUXoDF[$PD
(328) j QSRGJK2(KiG < DFK(LZQRPiXHPLUL^GJIhK¥W.G SNPLHL~B(L ! Q?P6-MBi KB}Y PVT XUGA¡B}P L^BiX PL~E WVDQ]W.BiQP T LUDK(L NPT W.PVK2EUXoDF[$P > stK¥W.IhYk(DFXHPZYZDFG?KEHPVK(DFK2EW.PVEUEHPZXUPVQDFEUG?I$K¥DVCPWZBiKiP5PV2iXUP&LUL~G?I$K NPT W.PVK2EUX}PVT PN2B (- Bi . )
(329) +
(330) + )
(331)
(332) . . ) Bii(ICL^I$K(L WPACBiG#P&L~EtK(DFEHBiXUPVQ!G]WG \A¡BiP:QJP:W(DFYk NGml,XD$WEiPZT D j QRPE}PVT XUG?PVBiXvN2B N2I$YZDGJKiPN2P
(333) WDFQ]WBiQL^I$GJEtK2BiQ
(334) ) >nstK I$giEHGJPVK2E7. )
(335). ) I$B(LW.PVEHEUPA I$XUYP ! G?QfDi(DXDFG?E:W.Q]DGJXUPYkPVK2EvACBiPQJP W(DFY5L~P}XUI$MDF[$PL~B}XbQ?PL WDFXDhW.E}PT XUG]L^EUGA¡BiP&LL~I$XHEDKEHPL1C! WPvACBiGvPT ACBiGJhDBiEvDtj BiKiPtW.IhK(NGJEHGJIhKNPvKiIhKX}P1T M- PVG?I$K L^BiXvQ]D*A XUIhKEHGSPVj XHPDFXHEUGm,W.GJPQJQJP > n# P:WVDQ]W.B}QPV}QJG]WGJEUPtN2B (- Bi NPT W.PVK2EUX}PT PVKZBiKZKiICPVBMN NP NIhKiKiP DFQJIhXL4.. = ) c . .
(336). & . ( . . . . &. . ( & & =F( . .
(337). . stKZWiPVXoW }PvYZDFG?KEHPVK(DFK2EtDj W.IhYk(DXUPVXQ]D:W.I$KMNGJEHGJI$K tD
(338) j QD £ # 8 NnR{I$XoNXUPB}K. D
(339) j (DFXHEUG?XtNPLvPV}XUPLHL~GJIhK(LvNPL -MBin> stK W.IhK(L~EoDFEUP:ACBiPQ?PL^PW.I$KMN EHPVXUYPNP P&L~EvPV}D$W.EHPVYkPVK2E!QJP -(B} NPQ]D £ # 8 NnRIhXNXHPBiK >$@f*K ASDFG?:E !VQ?P -(Bi:NP&T W.PVK2EUX}PT PL^E#QD YIFCPKiKiPNP&L#NPBiYZDFKiGSPVj XUP&L (I LUL~G?giQJP&LONPiXHPVK(NXHPPVK W.I$Yk}EUP ASDFGJg}QJPVYkPKEQ]DWI$K(NG?EUG?I$K > @fK P.l,PV:E !(QJP}XUPVYkG?PVXvEUPXUYkP NP P&L~EIhgiEUPVK2B PVK5PV2iXUG?YZDFK2EvQJ*P -(B} PK AIhK(W.EHGJI$K NP D
(340) j (DXUEUG?XtNP H=Vq PEvQJPL^PW.I$KMN_PVKZQR{PV}XUGJY DFK2E#PV K AIhK(W.EUG?I$KZN2P. & & o> #nP NP&T W. PVK2EUXD [$ P D j QSRG?K(KiGPL^E NI$K(W PT ACBiG?$DQJPVK2ED j B}KiPZW.IhK(NGJEHGJIhKpDBiQ?GJYkG?EUPL Dg(L~IhXUg(DKEHPNnR{I$XoNXUPBiK iXUGL~PPVK W.IhYkiEHP ASDFG?giQJPVYPVKE>. . . 2M& "N ./$n+-;>& "p& " . . . #DiX}P&T W.G]L^GJI$KPVKZEUPVYkML (I$BiXtQJP&LiXUIhgiQSPVj YPLfGJK(L^EDFEHGJIhKiK(DFG?XUPLP&L~EvGJYIhXUEoDFK2EUPW.P:ACBiG KiIhB(LtW.I$K(N2BiGJE:Dj W }I$G]L^GJX\NPLGJK2E}PT [$XDEUPVB}XLEUPYk(I$XUPQ]L }XiPT W.GL.> =V. ..
(341) OIhB(L D&CIhK(LBiEUG?QJG]L2PZT QJP L~\PT YZD PV2iQJGW.GJEHPkNP
(342) }B Ki[$P: BiEUEoD r IhBiX I$giEHPVKiGJX QR{I$XoNXUP . EHXUI$GLPVKZEUPVY(L VP KZiXHPVK(DKEtQJPLW.ICP W.GJPKEoLL~EoDFK(N}DFXN}L.> #fRdDFQJ[hI$XHGJEU}YkP % kDhLUL^I2W.GP T D¤j KiIhEUXHPbY PVT EUiI2N2PNPCI$Q?BiYkPL#(KiGLOLRHPT WXUGJE. . )
(343)
(344) )
(345)
(346) )
(347)
(348). . .
(349) )7= +V`J`?` + = . . . . . VD CPWOQDNG]LHW.X}PT EUG]LHDFEHGJI$KZ PVKZEHPVYk(L ) PVEvI,B j
(350) XHPViX}PT L~PVK2EUPQJPL -(B}ZWVDFQW.BiQPT LDVCPWOQD
(351) hDFQJPBiX
(352) >. <
(353) RdDFiXPj L ¦ !WPOE^2PNPLUW\PVT Y D 'Y PT EUiI2NPNPLQJG?[$KiPL L~PVY giQJPAIhBiXUK}GJXQRdDFQJEHPVXUKMDFEUG?CP QD}QJB(LL~G?YkiQ?PvPVEfQ]DiQJBML P ZWVDhW.Pv(I$BiX\W.I$KML~EUXHBiGJXHPN2PLLUWvPVT YZDhL#iX}P&T W.G]LDFBEUXUIhG]L^GPVj YkP IhXNXHP DhNiDF}EiPT L DFBW.IhKEHPVEHPk2(PVXHgIhQJGA¡BiPY_BiQ?EUGNGJYPVKML~GJIhKiKiPVQS> £ PEUEUP DFK(DQJ}L~PZPL~E KiIhEDYkYkPVK2Evg(D$L2PVT PL~BiXBiKiPPVT EHB(NP W.IhYk(DFXoDFEHGJCPN2PLPVXUXHPVBiXLNP_}(D$L^P_PVE:NP N2G]LUL^G (DEUG?I$K NP_}QJB(L^GJPVBiXoLLUW\PVT Y D$LNB EUXHI$GL~GSPj YkPI$XN2XUP PV}QJG]WGJEUP&L PVE:NP&LW.I$KMNGJEHGJI$KMLbN2P £ IhBiXDKE |iXU= G?PNXHG]W(?L #n:P .vZDhLUL~I2WGVPVT PL> e#IhBiX ) r SLUWvPVT YZDNnRIhXNXHPOEHXUI$GLD:j NG]L^PXL~G?I$KkK2BiQ?QJP !CW.PLUWvPVT YZDDhNYkPVEBiK £ =| # YZDG?Y_B}Y NP5=h> yhc NiDK(LQJP WVD$LN2PQSRHPT ACB(DEUGJIhKwNnRdD$NCPWEUGJIhKwLUWDFQ]DGJXHPYI$KiI2NG?YkPVK L^GJI$K}KiPVQJQ?PC>. . . c.
(354) vV t
(355)
(356) OIhB(LkDVCI$KML_EUXoD J E}P5T NPBiwiXUIhgiQSPVj YPL
(357) giG]N2GJYkPVKML~GJIhKiKiPVQL
(358) NP NG l,XoD$W.EHGJI$K¥N,RBiKiP .. . I$K(N2P. (( DDXOXOBiBiKK .W.W 22QJQJG?G?K(K(NNXHXHPPNNP:P:L~L~PPWWEUEUGJGJIhIhKK .WVW GJDFXoXHW.XiBiPVT Q]P DGJXHP . #fR{I$K(NP:GJK(WG]NPVK2EUPW.IhKEHGJK2BiPPL^EvXUPViX}PT L~PKE}PVT P(DXvQ]D NI$KiK\PVT P:NB W (DYk PVT Q?PW.EHXUG]ACBiP(. 4 2 ¥) W.I L " W.I L L^GJK ( / c < DK(LOQ?P
(359) WD$LNnR{BiKUiB}Q]L~P 'IhK(NPZDj L~Bii(IhXUEW.IhYk(DhW.E !iW.P W (DYkkPL^EO}XUG]LtL~B}XOBiK}P NPYkGQJI$K}[$BiPVB}XfNnR{I$K(N2P PEKBiQ2DGJQ?QJPVBiXoL.>n# PL PiXHPLUL^GJIhK(LNP / PVE 0 L^PNPT NBiGL~PVK2E DQJI$XoL
(360) D
(361) j MDFXUEHGJXNPLPT ACB(DEUGJIhK(LvNP:x5DF>. PQJQnPVT XHG PVT P&L (DXOQ?PW MDFYkkG?K(W.GNPVK2E7. / ) L~
(362) G?K ( 4 2 0 ) W
(363) ICL( 4 2 . I,B j
(364) PL^EvQR DKi[$Q?P:NnRG?K(W.G]N2PVK(W.PC> < DK(LQJPLNPVBi WVD$L5PVT EHB(NGP&T L1!(QJPLOIhg(L~EoD$W.Q?PLL~IhKEMDFX?ASDGJEHPVYkPVK2E PT QJPW.EHXUGA¡BiPY_PVKCEtWI$K NBMW.EUPVB}XL 'X}1P T -(PV2GJIhK EHI$EDQJP tPVEQ?P_YkG?QJG?PVB NP_}XUI$MDF[CDEUG?I$KpP&L~EQJP GNP !WhRPL^E Dj NG?XUP ACBiPQR{I$K D
(365) iXUGL ) ) ( ) =$> <
(366) RdDFBiEHXUP(DFXH:E !iQSRI$XHGJ[hGJKiPN2PLEUPVY(L PL^EtW }I$G]L^GJP ^B(L^EUP DVhDFK2E:A¡BiPQSRIhK(NPGJKMW.G]NPKEHP
(367) KiP L^P NG l,XDhW.EUPL~B}XQR{I$g(L^ED$WQJP !WPVQJQ?:P WGPVT EDKEB}K HiBiQ]L^ P NP.T (KiG W.I$YYkPWG SNPLUL^B(LvLUD/B AYkPKEHGJI$KW.IhKEHXDFG?XUPC> #nPL
(368) X}PT L~B}QJEDEL
(369) K2BiY PVT XHG]ACBiPLI$K2EwPVT E}PkT I$giEHPVK2B(LZD j QSR DG]NPZN,RBiK SLUWvPVT YZDkPVK(}DFK2EQJP (DXDY5PVj EUXHPNP NPT W.PKEHXDF[hPZDj r= !,DVCPWbBiK}P
(370) GJK2E}PT [$XDEUG?I$K5PVK EUPVYkMLONP
(371) B}Ki[$:P BiEUEoD NnR{I$XoNXUPEUXHI$GLPVEvBiK K}I$Y giXUP £ =| # iXHG]LPVT [ DFQ\Dkj =$> . K+ ./$ n+-;>& = .=@& @? + &@. " @ " M " n+-;>& +-. %= ?-$+-./" . . ts K PVK2CI$G?PB}KiP5I$K(N2P5GJK(W.GNPVK2EUP L~P5}XUI$MDF[$P&DFK2E N2P5Q]D [ DFB(WiP5CPVXoL¤QDNXUIhGJEHP !N2P Q?I$Ki[hBiPVBiXN,RI$KMNP ) 2` q PVENnRG?K(W.GNPVK(W.PKBiQ?QJP !}L~BiXBiK5W.2QJG?K(NXHPbG?K(KiG!N2P
(372) XDVCIhK ) c ,> #D AXUIhKEHGPVj XHP
(373) DXUEHG ,W.G?PVrQJQ?PN2B YZDGJQJQDF[hP ([}>nq "!,A¡B}G!W.I$Yk(IhXUEUP =¦c$ kKiICPB(NiL1! L^PbEHXUIhBiCPD¤j BiK}P
(374) N2G]L~EoDFK(WP
(375) N2P c NPQR{I$g(L^ED$WQJPC> #nPkXoDFi(IhXUE
(376) PKEHXUP QJPLhDFXHG]DFEHGJIhK( L
(377) L^(DFEHG]DFQ?PLNPkQDL^I$Q?BiEUG?I$KPVEBiK}P_Q?I$Ki[hBiPVBiX WVDFXoD$1W E}PVT XUGL~EUGA¡B}PtNBkiXHI$giQSPVj YkPP&L~EvNP.T (KiG?Pv(DFXQJPtKiI$Y giXUPtDhNGJYPVK(L~G?I$KiK}PVQ "
(378) !CGW.GvPVT [ DFQDj c=.
(379) 2r >J=.z> £ POKiIhY_g}XUPtNP.T MKiGJEQ]DEoDFGJQ?QJPtI$BNG W.BiQ?E}PtT NBiXUIhgiQSPVj YPC> #nPt(DhLNPN2G]LUWXiPVT EHG]LUD EHGJI$K NBYZDGJQJQDF[hPfPL~E NPQRIhXNXHPvNP*) =h= !hW.PKiIhY_g}XUP PVT EDKE W.IhYkiXUGLn[ PVT K\PVT XDQJPVYkPKE PVK2EUXHP =Vq PVE DV(KZNnRdDFi}XUI2WiPVXW.I$XHXUPWEUPVYkPKE!QJPL!GJK/AIhXUYZDEUGJIhK(LD$LHL~I2W.GPVT PLDj QSRI$KMNPC> stK¥L~P iXUIh(ICL~P PVKiXUPVYGJPVX:QJGJPB NP W.I$YkMDFXUPX_Q?PL¤X}PT L~B}QJEDELI$giEHPVK2B(L_(DXkQ]6D AIhBX Y BiQ]DEUG?I$KpPK W(DFYpEUIhEDQ ]([i>ty kPVEZWPVBipIhgiEUPKB(L Dwj (DFXHEUGJX NPL PT ACB(DFEHGJI$KML PK W(DFY N2G l,XDhW.E}P T ]([i>#¦ > £ PVEUEHP W.I$Y(DFXoDFG]L^I$K PL~EPlnP&W.EUB\PT P
(380) PVK L~BiG?$DKEQRHPT CI$QJB}EUGJIhK NB W (DYk5EUIhEDQ 4 2 DFB W.IhBiXL:NBEUPYk(L.>,QDFi(DXDGJE
(381) K}PVEUEHPVYkPVK2EACBiP Q]DkY PVT EHiI2NP BiEHGJQ?G]L2PT PPL^Ef(DFXHEUGW.BiQJGSPVj XUPYkPVK2EnYZDQ(D$NiDiE}PT PDj Q]DtXiPT L^I$QJB}EUGJIhKkN2PL
(382) PT ACB(DFEHGJIhK(LfPVKkW(DYk EHI$EDQ> G?PVKwACBiPZQJP L AIhXUY BiQ]DEUGJIhK(LbPKpW(DYkEUIhEDQvPVE NG l,XoD$W.E}P T L^I$G?PVKEY DFEU\PVT YZD EHG]ACBiPVYkPVK2EP&T A¡BiG?hDFQJPKEHP1L !2QJPLvYZDFB}$DG]LvX}PT L^BiQJEoDFEoLNPQ]D
(383) ([hBiXUP y_K}P L~I$K2EPVK ASDFG?EO(DhL L^BiXUiXHPVK(DKEoL.>,@ K P.l,PV:E !(QJP:WVDXDhW.EPVj XHP:NG]LHL~GJMDFEUG ANB LUWvPVT YZDGJK(NB}GJENP AI$XUEHPLOPVXHXUPVB}XL L^BiXQRIhK(NPtGJK(WG]NPVK2EUP\A¡B}GiKiPW.PLUL^PVK2ENPL.R DYkiQ?G (PVX DFBW.IhBiXLNB_EHPVYk(L> <tPOiQ?B(1L !CIhK LRPV2(ICL~P:DBiZXi1P T -(PG?I$K(L(DFXoD$L~G?EUPLtNPQR{I$K(N2PbG?K(W.GNPVK2EUPL~BiXtQ] D AXHI$K2EUGSPj XUPDXUEUGm,W.G?PVQJQ?PC> #DXiPT L^I$QJB}EUGJIhKkPVKW MDFYkNG l,XoD$W.E}PT D:NI$K(W PVT E}PtT XUPVEHPVK2BiPv(I$BiXvQ?PLWVDFQW.BiQ]LfK2BiY PVT XHG]ACBiPL L^BiGJhDFK2EL> #Dk([$BiXHP¦ YkIhKEHXUPBiK g(I$KwWI$Yk(I$XHEUPVYPVKEtACB(DQJGJEoDFEHG A\NPQ]DZL^I$QJB}EUGJIhK3> #fRIhK(NP GJK W.GNPVK2EUPkP&L~E(PVXUEHBiXUg\PVT PZNiDK(L¤B}KiPZXiPVT [hGJI$KwiXHI2W }P5NPkQSRIhg(L~EoD$W.Q?P(IhBiXkLHDFEHG]L ASDGJXHPQ?PL W.IhK(NG?EUGJIhK(LtDFBi QJGJYGJEUP&L PVEtQR{I$K5N2G]L~EHGJKi[hBiP
(384) EHXPj LvgiG?PVK QDkNG l,XoD$W.EHGJI$K DFB5(I$G?KE@ L^EN2P QSRI$gML~EDhW.QJP > <
(385) RdDFBiEHXUP
(386) MDFXUE !QD_L^I$Q?BiEUG?I$K P&L~Ev(D?X ASDFG?EUPVYPVKE\L~2Y PVT EHXUG]ACBiPtPVEtQ]DL~IhXUEHGJPN2B W(DFY NG l,XDhW.E}PT iI$XoLvNBkYZDGJQJQDF[hPtL.RPlnP&W.EUBiPDVCPWvPBZNPtXi1P T -(PG?I$K(L(DFXoD$L~G?EUPL> #nPL X}PT L~BiQ?EDEL!NB W MDFYkEUIhEDQ 0 !$N2I$KiK\P&T L#(DFX Q]D([$BiXHPt/ !hL~IhKE PT [CDFQ?PVYkPVK2ELHDFEHG]L ASDG]LHDFK2EL.>. 0.6. 0.0. -0.6. -0.8. -0.3. 0.3. 0.8. |#G?[$BiXHPq,.(x5DGJQJQDF[hP_=¦ch _KiICPVB(N}L c$c.
(387) u!DFB) >dc$q. u!DFB ) 2> q . 0.6. 0.6. 0.0. 0.0. -0.6. -0.6. -0.8. -0.3. 0.3. 0.8. -0.8. x GJK) ! > yz 5x D ) 2> $y <tQJED() > h . -0.3. 0.3. x G?K) 2> y$q x5DF ) 2> hq <OQ?ED() 2> h u!DFB):=h> . 0.6. 0.0. -0.6. -0.8. -0.3. 0.3. 0.8. x G?K) 2>z 5x D ) >d $ <OQJEoD ) > $ |!GJ[$B}XUP:y,.(^L~IhDFQ?PVBiXoLvNB5W(DFY 4 2 WDFQ]WBiQ]LPVK W (DYkkEHI$EDQ c$r. 0.8.
(388) u!DFB) >dc$q. u!DFB ) 2> q . 0.6. 0.6. 0.0. 0.0. -0.6. -0.6. -0.8. -0.3. 0.3. 0.8. -0.8. x GJK) ! > z 5x D ):=h> <tQJED() > h . -0.3. 0.3. x G?K) 2> y$ x5DF ) 2> h <OQ?ED() 2> h u!DFB):=h> . 0.6. 0.0. -0.6. -0.8. -0.3. 0.3. 0.8. x G?K) 2>zhz 5x D ):=$> <OQJEoD ) > $ |#G?[$BiXHP¦(.(^L~IhDFQ?PVBiXLvN2B W(DYk 4 2 S WVDFQW.BiQ]LPK W(DYkZNGmlnXoD$W.E}PT cFz. 0.8.
(389) u!DFB) 2> c$q. u#DB) > q . 0.6. 0.6. 0.0. 0.0. -0.6. -0.6. -0.8. -0.3. 0.3. 0.8. -0.8. x GJK) H=$> h 5x D ) 2> Fz <tQJED() > h . -0.3. x G?K) 2> $ x5DF ) 2> ch <OQ?ED() 2> h u!DFB):=h> . 0.6. 0.0. -0.6. -0.8. 0.3. -0.3. 0.3. 0.8. x G?K) U=h> 5x D ) >dr$y <OQJEoD ) > $ |#GJ[hBiXUP: .(~L^I$DQJPVB}XLvNB W(DFYk 0 c$q. 0.8.
(390) #nPL!W(DFYkMLNG l,XDhW.E}P&T LnPVKNG?CPVXLn(IhGJK2EL!NB
(391) YZDGJQ?Q]DF[hPL~IhKE!XUPiX}PT L^PVK2EiPT L,L~BiX!QJPLn([hBiXUPL = /J! =h=
(392) PVE=c> O I$B(LtDVCI$K(LtWiI$GL~GEUXHI$GLIhGJK2ELtL~BiXtQ]D*A XUIhKEHGSPVj XHP:NPQRIhg(L~EoD$W.Q?PPVEvEUXHI$G]L DBiEUXHPLOL^BiXvQ]D A XHI$K2EUGSPVj XUPN2B5NIhYZDFG?KiPNP:WVDQ]W.BiQ ([}>( o> E. B k. F C. A. D. #| G?[$BiXHP:,.(e#IhGJK2ELvWVDXD$WEiPVT XHG]L~EHG]ACBiPLNB YZDGJQ?Q]DF[hP OIhB(LW.IhYk(DXUI$KMLL~BiXQ]D
Documents relatifs
To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed
Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à
Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine
En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages
Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur
A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated
The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide
Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to