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Evidential network for multi-sensor fusion in an uncertain environment

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OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse

researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible

Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent

to the repository administrator:

tech-oatao@listes-diff.inp-toulouse.fr

This is an author’s version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/23611

To cite this version:

Villeneuve, Eric

and Pérès, François

and Béler, Cédrick

and

Gonzales-Prida, Vicente Evidential network for multi-sensor fusion

in an uncertain environment. (2015) In: Sensordevices International

Conference on Sensor Device Technologies and Applications 2015,

August 2015 (Venise, Italy).

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