• Aucun résultat trouvé

Identifying how Visually Impaired People Explore Raised-line Diagrams to Improve the Design of Touch Interfaces

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Identifying how Visually Impaired People Explore Raised-line Diagrams to Improve the Design of Touch Interfaces"

Copied!
7
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)Open Archive TOULOUSE Archive Ouverte (OATAO) OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible.. This is an author-deposited version published in : http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/ Eprints ID : 18988. The contribution was presented at CHI 2017 : https://chi2017.acm.org/ To link to this article URL : https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025582. To cite this version : Bardot, Sandra and Serrano, Marcos and Oriola, Bernard and Jouffrais, Christophe Identifying how Visually Impaired People Explore Raised-line Diagrams to Improve the Design of Touch Interfaces. (2017) In: SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2017), 6 May 2017 - 11 May 2017 (Denver, United States).. Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: staff-oatao@listes-diff.inp-toulouse.fr.

(2) ,GHQWLI\LQJKRZ9LVXDOO\,PSDLUHG3HRSOH([SORUH5DLVHGOLQH 'LDJUDPVWR,PSURYHWKH'HVLJQRI7RXFK,QWHUIDFHV 6DQGUD%DUGRW0DUFRV6HUUDQR%HUQDUG2ULROD&KULVWRSKH-RXIIUDLV   &156,5,7 8QLYHUVLW\RI7RXORXVH±,5,7 7RXORXVH)UDQFH 7RXORXVH)UDQFH ^ILUVWQDPHODVWQDPH`#LULWIU ^ILUVWQDPHODVWQDPH`#LULWIU $%675$&7. 5DLVHGOLQHGLDJUDPVDUHZLGHO\XVHGE\YLVXDOO\LPSDLUHG 9,

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

(4) ZKLOH WUDFNLQJERWKKDQGVILQJHUV5HO\LQJRQDILUVWVHWRIUHVXOWV ZHSURSRVHGDVHWRIGHVLJQJXLGHOLQHVIRUWRXFKLQWHUIDFHV $XWKRU.H\ZRUGV. 5DLVHGOLQHGLDJUDPEOLQGWDFWLOHH[SORUDWLRQWDFWLOHPDSV WDFWLOHGUDZLQJVELPDQXDOH[SORUDWLRQILQJHUWUDFNLQJ. ,1752'8&7,21. 5DLVHGOLQHGLDJUDPVSURYLGHYLVXDOO\LPSDLUHG 9,

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

(6)  WR IROORZ ILQJHUPRYHPHQWRYHUDGLJLWDOPDSDQGUHQGHUWKHFRQWHQW ZLWK DXGLWRU\ RU YLEUDWLRQDO IHHGEDFN >    @ +RZHYHU WKH SURFHVV RI FRQYHUWLQJ SK\VLFDO FRQWHQW WR GLJLWDO FXHV LV SHUIRUPHG HPSLULFDOO\ 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ KRZ 9,SHRSOHH[SORUHSK\VLFDOUDLVHGOLQHGLDJUDPVDQGZKLFK HOHPHQWVDUHRILPSRUWDQFHFRXOGKHOSWRGHVLJQQRQYLVXDO WDFWLOHLQWHUIDFHV . ,QSV\FKRORJ\VHYHUDOVWXGLHVDLPHGWRDVVHVVWKHFDSDFLW\ WR LGHQWLI\ UDLVHGOLQH GLDJUDPV ,Q JHQHUDO WKHVH VWXGLHV FRPSDUHGWDFWLOHH[SORUDWLRQRIVLJKWHGHDUO\DQGODWHEOLQG SHRSOHZKRKDGWRUHFRJQL]HGUDZLQJVRIFRPPRQREMHFWV FDU IUXLW WRRO HWF

(7)  )RU LQVWDQFH +HOOHU HW DO >@ FRPSDUHG WKH EOLQG DQG VLJKWHG FKLOGUHQ H[SORULQJ UDLVHG OLQH GUDZLQJV DQG VKRZHG WKDW WKH\ UHDFK WKH VDPH SHUIRUPDQFH ZKHQ VLJKWHG DUH JXLGHG GXULQJ H[SORUDWLRQ /HED]HWDO>@VKRZHGWKDWWKHSHUIRUPDQFHGHSHQGHGRQ WKHW\SHRIFRPPRQGUDZLQJEHLQJXVHGLQWKHVWXG\ ³IODW´ ' GUDZLQJV RU ZLWK ' FXHV

(8)  +RZHYHU WKHVH VWXGLHV PDLQO\ UHOLHG RQ LGHQWLILFDWLRQ UDWHV DQG GLG QRW LQIRUP DERXWWKHKDQGPRYHPHQWVWKDWZHUHXVHG 2XUJRDOZDVWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHPDLQUROH

(9) RIKDQGV DQG ILQJHUV

(10)  GXULQJ UDLVHGOLQHGLDJUDPV H[SORUDWLRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR

(11) GLDJUDPW\SHDQG

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

(13)  RU ZRUVH VHH HJ > @

(14)  WKDQ VLJKWHG SHRSOH ,Q IDFW LW.

(15) VHHPV WKDW WKH GLIILFXOW\ RI SLFWXUH UHFRJQLWLRQ YDULHV ZLWK FRPSOH[LW\IDPLOLDULW\DQGFDWHJRULFDOLQIRUPDWLRQ>@. GLIIHUHQW H[SHUWLVH VLJKWHG EOLQGIROGHG RU YLVXDOO\ LPSDLUHG

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

(17) HLWKHUDORQHRULQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKRWKHUILQJHUV $OWKRXJK VXEMHFWV ZHUH XVXDOO\ XQDZDUH RI KRZ WKH\ PRYHGWKHLUKDQGVWKHPRYHPHQWVZHUHERWKSXUSRVLYHDQG V\VWHPDWLF >@ $QRWKHU VWXG\ VKRZHG WKDW ERWK KDQGV ZHUH XVHG PRUH WKDQ  RI WKH WLPH ZKLFK VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQFUHDVHGLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIUDLVHGOLQHGUDZLQJV>@,QIDFW WKHVH SDWWHUQV RI KDQG PRYHPHQW KDYH EHHQ FDOOHG H[SORUDWRU\ SURFHGXUHV >@ 7KH\ LQFOXGH ODWHUDO PRWLRQ PRYLQJ WKH ILQJHUV EDFN DQG IRUWK DFURVV D WH[WXUH RU IHDWXUH

(18)  FRQWRXU IROORZLQJ WUDFLQJ DQ HGJH ZLWKLQ WKH LPDJH

(19)  DQG ZKROHKDQG H[SORUDWLRQ RI JOREDO VKDSH >@ +RZHYHU WKHVH GLIIHUHQW VWXGLHV GLG QRW V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ GHSLFW H[SORUDWRU\ SURFHGXUHV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH GUDZLQJ EHLQJH[SORUHGRUWKHWDVNEHLQJSHUIRUPHG>@. 5DLVHGOLQHGLDJUDPV. 7DFWLOH H[SORUDWLRQ RI D GLJLWDO GUDZLQJ RQ D WRXFKVFUHHQ GLVSOD\ LV HYHQ PRUH GLIILFXOW >@ *XHUUHLUR HW DO >@ IRFXVHG RQ WKH REVHUYDWLRQ RI ELPDQXDO H[SORUDWLRQ RQH ILQJHU RI HDFK KDQG

(20)  RQ ODUJH WRXFKVFUHHQV GXULQJ IRXU VSHFLILF WDVNV ORFDWH UHORFDWH FRXQW UHODWH

(21)  7KH\ LGHQWLILHG VHYHQ IHDWXUHV DQG IRXU VWUDWHJLHV WKDW DSSHDUHG ZKHQ YLVXDOO\ LPSDLUHG VXEMHFWV ZHUH H[SORULQJ GUDZLQJV WKDW UHVHPEOH JHRJUDSKLFDO PDSV ZLWK D IHZ ODQGPDUNV RQO\ 7KLV ZRUN FOHDUO\ VKRZHG WKDW VSHFLILF VWUDWHJLHV DSSHDU LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH WDVNV EHLQJ SHUIRUPHG +RZHYHU WKHVWXG\UHOLHGRQRQHPDSOLNHGLDJUDPRQO\DQGGLGQRW FRQVLGHURWKHUW\SHVRIGLDJUDPV HJFRPPRQGUDZLQJRU PDWKHPDWLFDOJUDSK

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

(23)  E\ XVHUV ZLWK. ,Q SV\FKRORJ\ UHVHDUFK PRVW RI WKH VWXGLHV FRQFHUQLQJ WDFWLOHH[SORUDWLRQUHOLHGRQFRPPRQGUDZLQJV>@ %XW FRPPRQ GUDZLQJV DUH QRW WKH PRVW XVHG GLDJUDPV E\ 9, SHRSOH ,QGHHG LQ VSHFLDOL]HG VFKRROV VWXGHQWV KDYH JHRJUDSK\ PDWK DQG ORFRPRWLRQ OHVVRQV ZKLFK UHO\ RQ UDLVHGOLQH FKDUWV DQG PDSV +HQFH ZH VHOHFWHG ILYH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI GLDJUDPV )LJXUH 

(24)  $OO WKH GLDJUDPV ZHUH PDGH ZLWK WKH DVVLVWDQFH RI D SURIHVVLRQDO WDFWLOH GRFXPHQWPDNHU:HDOVRSHUIRUPHGVHYHUDOLWHUDWLRQVZLWK 9, XVHUV WR UHILQH KHLJKW DQG ZLGWK RI WKH UDLVHG OLQHV DV ZHOO DV WKH OHJLELOLW\ RI %UDLOOH WH[W :H GHVLJQHG WKUHH GLDJUDPV RI HDFK W\SH H[FHSW IRU WKH &RPPRQ 'UDZLQJV ZH XVHG  RI WKHP VHH WDVN EHORZ

(25)  $OO WKH GLDJUDPV ZHUHSULQWHGLQ$ODQGVFDSHIRUPDWRQ=\WHFKVZHOOSDSHU.  )LJXUH'LDJUDPVXVHG OHIW

(26) DQGH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXS ULJKW

(27)  DUDLVHGOLQHGUDZLQJLVSODFHGRYHUWKHWRXFKVFUHHQ$FDPHUD ORFDWHGDERYHWKHGUDZLQJWUDFNVILQJHUVPRYHPHQWV. Common Drawings (C-Drawings) and Perspective Drawings (P-Drawings) WKH\ ZHUH LVVXHG IURP WKH 6QRGJUDVVDQG9DQGHUZDUWVHWRILPDJHV>@6HOHFWHG& 'UDZLQJVZHUHVFLVVRUVHQYHORSHVRFNRSHQHQGZUHQFK SHQFLO XPEUHOOD WUXFN VQDLO WXUWOH UDEELW DQG SHDU 3 'UDZLQJV UHSUHVHQWHG D FRXFK FKXUFK WDEOH DQG KHOLFRSWHU7KH\LQFOXGHGSHUVSHFWLYHFXHV Mathematical graphs (Graphs):HXVHGJUDSKVIUHTXHQWO\ XVHGLQVSHFLDOL]HGVFKRROVLHKLVWRJUDPVDQGSORWV Neighborhood maps (N-Maps) 'HOLPLWHG ]RQH RI D FLW\ :HDGGHGWZRLWLQHUDU\SRLQWV VWDUWLQJDQGHQGLQJ

(28) DVZHOO DVVKRSVUHSUHVHQWHGE\DQHPSW\WULDQJOHDVROLGWULDQJOH DQGILOOHGFLUFOHVUHVSHFWLYHO\ Geographical maps (G-Maps) 7ZR W\SHV RI PDSV ZHUH LQFOXGHG UHSUHVHQWLQJ D FRXQWU\ ZLWK HLWKHU D IHZ PDLQ FLWLHV RU WKH UHJLRQV ZLWKLQ WKH FRXQWU\ 7KH FLWLHV ZHUH UHSUHVHQWHGE\VROLGSRLQWVZLWKWKHILUVWWZROHWWHUVZULWWHQ LQ %UDLOOH %RUGHUV EHWZHHQ UHJLRQV ZHUH UHSUHVHQWHG E\ GRWWHGOLQHV$IHZUHJLRQVLQFOXGHGDGLIIHUHQWWH[WXUHWKDW HPSKDVL]HG D VSHFLILF HOHPHQW 6HDV DQG RFHDQV ZHUH UHSUHVHQWHGZLWKDVSHFLILFWH[WXUH 7DVNVDQGLQVWUXFWLRQV. 'XULQJWKHVWXG\HDFKSDUWLFLSDQWH[SORUHGGLDJUDPV &RPPRQ'UDZLQJVDQGGUDZLQJVRIWKHIRXURWKHUW\SHV.

(29) 7KHVWXG\ZDVGLYLGHGLQWZRVWHSV7KHILUVWVWHSFRQVLVWHG LQLGHQWLI\LQJ&'UDZLQJVDVIDVWDVSRVVLEOH PD[WLPH DOORZHG V

(30)  7KH GUDZLQJ FDWHJRU\ ZDV PHQWLRQHG EHIRUHKDQG HJ REMHFW RU DQLPDO

(31)  :H PHDVXUHG WKH WLPH QHHGHGWRLGHQWLI\WKHGUDZLQJ7KHJRDOZDVWRDVVHVVWKH H[SHUWLVH OHYHO RI HDFK SDUWLFLSDQW LQ WHUPV RI UDLVHGOLQH GLDJUDP H[SORUDWLRQ 7KH VHFRQG VWHS FRQVLVWHG LQ WKH H[SORUDWLRQRIWKHIRXURWKHUW\SHVRIGLDJUDPVE\EORFNVRI WULDOV WRWDORIWULDOV

(32) )LUVWWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVH[SORUHGD GLDJUDPIRUV free exploration

(33) 7KHQWKH\KDGDQRWKHU V WR H[SORUH WKH VDPH GLDJUDP LQ RUGHU WR DQVZHU D TXHVWLRQ driven exploration

(34)  7KH TXHVWLRQV YDULHG DFFRUGLQJWRWKHW\SHRIGLDJUDPIRU3'UDZLQJVWKH\KDG WR LGHQWLI\ WKH REMHFW DPRQJ  FKRLFHV )RU *UDSKV WKH\ KDGWRILQGVSHFLILFPLQDQGPD[YDOXHV)RU10DSVWKH\ KDG WR ILQG WKH QXPEHU RI VWRUHV EHWZHHQ WKH VWDUWLQJ DQG HQGLQJ SRLQWV )RU *0DSV WKH\ KDG WR FRPSDUH GLIIHUHQW UHJLRQV 1R LQVWUXFWLRQV ZHUH JLYHQ FRQFHUQLQJ WKH XVH RI RQHRUWZRKDQGV 3DUWLFLSDQWV. :HUHFUXLWHGWZRJURXSVRISDUWLFLSDQWVVLJKWHGVXEMHFWV ZKR ZHUH EOLQGIROGHG %)  IHPDOHV

(35)  DQG  YLVXDOO\ LPSDLUHGVXEMHFWV 9,IHPDOHV

(36) 7KHVHWZRJURXSVVKRXOG VKRZ FRQWUDVWHG UHVXOWV EHFDXVH %)V DUH QRQH[SHUWV RI WDFWLOH H[SORUDWLRQ EXW FDQ UHO\ RQ SUHYLRXV YLVXDO NQRZOHGJHWRLGHQWLI\GUDZLQJV,QFRQWUDVW9,VDUHH[SHUWV RI WDFWLOH H[SORUDWLRQ EXW ZLWK YHU\ IHZ LI DQ\ SUHYLRXV YLVXDO NQRZOHGJH %)V ZHUH  XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV DQG  VWDII PHPEHUV DJHG  RQ DYHUDJH 6' 

(37)  9,V ZHUH  WHDFKHUVDQGUDGLRSURJUDPSUHVHQWHUDJHGRQDYHUDJH 6' 

(38) $PRQJWKHPZHUHHDUO\EOLQGDQGKDGYHU\ OLPLWHG UHVLGXDO YLVLRQ OLJKW SHUFHSWLRQ

(39)  6KH ZDV EOLQGIROGHGGXULQJWKHVWXG\ %HIRUHWKHH[SHULPHQWZHFRQGXFWHGDQLQWHUYLHZWRDVVHVV SURILFLHQF\ LQ EUDLOOH UHDGLQJ DQG UDLVHGOLQH GLDJUDPV H[SORUDWLRQ RQDSRLQWV/LNHUWVFDOH

(40) $OO9,SDUWLFLSDQWV UDWHG WKHLU H[SHUWLVH EHWZHHQ  DQG  0 

(41)  IRU %UDLOOH UHDGLQJDQGEHWZHHQDQG 0 

(42) IRUWDFWLOHH[SORUDWLRQ 7KH\DOOXVHGWKHLUOHIWKDQGDVWKH PDLQUHDGLQJKDQGEXW GLIIHUHQWO\  UHDG ZLWK OHIW KDQG RQO\  ZLWK ERWK KDQGV 7KH  9, WHDFKHUV H[SORUH UDLVHGOLQH GLDJUDPV VHYHUDO WLPHV SHU ZHHN %)V KDG QR SULRU H[SHULHQFH ZLWK UDLVHG OLQHVGLDJUDPV 'HVLJQDQGSURFHGXUH. 2XU VWXG\ IROORZHG D ZLWKLQSDUWLFLSDQWV GHVLJQ ZLWK RQH IDFWRU'LDJUDPW\SH &'UDZLQJV3'UDZLQJV*UDSKV1 0DSVDQG*0DSV

(43) 7KHRUGHURIWKHODVWEORFNV EORFN IRU HDFK GLDJUDP W\SH

(44)  ZDV FRXQWHUEDODQFHG DFURVV SDUWLFLSDQWV:LWKLQHDFKEORFNWKHRUGHURIWKHWULDOVZDV UDQGRP8VHUVZHUHIUHHWRWDNHDEUHDNEHWZHHQEORFNV ([SHULPHQWDOVHWXS. 7KH VXEMHFW ZDV FRPIRUWDEO\ VLWWLQJ LQ IURQW RI WKH WDFWLOH GUDZLQJ SODFHG RYHU DLQFK [S[

(45)  PXOWLWRXFK VFUHHQ )LJ 

(46)  :H XVHG D /RJLWHFK & ZHEFDP [ S[

(47)  ORFDWHG DERYH WKH WRXFK VFUHHQ LQ RUGHU WR. WUDFNWKHWHQILQJHUVDFFRUGLQJWRFRORUHGPDUNHUVSODFHGRQ HDFKQDLO )LJ

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

(49)  DQG XVHU JURXS )  S 

(50)  RQ H[SORUDWLRQ WLPHV 7KH DYHUDJHG H[SORUDWLRQ WLPHV ZHUH V IRU %) SDUWLFLSDQWV DQG V IRU 9, SDUWLFLSDQWV 3RVWKRF FRPSDULVRQ UHYHDOHG D VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFH S

(51)  EHWZHHQ&'UDZLQJV 0 V

(52) DQG3'UDZLQJV 0  V

(53) H[SORUDWLRQWLPHV &RQFHUQLQJ DFFXUDF\ ZH IRXQG D PDLQ HIIHFW RI GLDJUDP W\SH ) S

(54) DQGDQLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQGLDJUDP W\SH DQG XVHU JURXS )  S 

(55)  3RVWKRF FRPSDULVRQ VKRZHG D VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ & 'UDZLQJV DQG 10DSV S 

(56)  DQG &'UDZLQJV DQG 3 'UDZLQJV S

(57) 7KHDFFXUDF\SHUGLDJUDPW\SHZDV %) YV9,SDUWLFLSDQWV

(58) &'UDZLQJV YV

(59) *0DSV  YV 

(60)  *UDSKV  YV 

(61)  10DSV  YV 

(62) DQG3'UDZLQJV YV

(63)  'LDJUDPFRYHULQJ. :HPHDVXUHGWKHFRYHULQJIRUHDFKW\SHRIGLDJUDPLHWKH SHUFHQWDJHRIGLDJUDPWKDWZDVH[SORUHG:HIRXQGDPDLQ HIIHFW RI GLDJUDP W\SH )  S 

(64)   DQG XVHU JURXS )  S 

(65)  RQ FRYHULQJ 3RVWKRF FRPSDULVRQ VKRZHG D VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ &'UDZLQJV RQ RQH VLGH DQG 10DSV S 

(66)  *0DSV S 

(67)  DQG *UDSKV S 

(68)  RQ WKH RWKHU VLGH 7KH DYHUDJHG GLDJUDP FRYHULQJZDVIRU%)DQGIRU9,SDUWLFLSDQWV 7KH FRYHULQJ SHU GLDJUDP W\SH %) YV 9, SDUWLFLSDQWV

(69)  ZHUH &'UDZLQJV  YV 

(70)  *0DSV  YV 

(71)  *UDSKV  YV 

(72)  10DSV  YV 

(73) DQG3'UDZLQJV YV

(74)  ([SORUDWLRQGLVWDQFHSHUGLDJUDPDQGSHUKDQG. :H PHDVXUHG WKH WRWDO H[SORUDWLRQ GLVWDQFH IRU HDFK KDQG DQG GLDJUDP )LJ  /HIW

(75)  :H IRXQG DQ HIIHFW RI WKH XVHU JURXS RQ WKH GLVWDQFH FRYHUHG E\ WKH ULJKW )  S

(76)  DQG OHIW KDQGV )  S

(77)  )RU %) SDUWLFLSDQWVWKHH[SORUDWLRQGLVWDQFHVZHUHDQGFP IRUWKHOHIWDQGULJKWKDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\)RU9,SDUWLFLSDQWV WKHH[SORUDWLRQGLVWDQFHVZHUHDQGFPIRUWKHOHIW DQGULJKWKDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\.

(78) REVHUYDWLRQSUREDEO\UHIOHFWVWKDW9,VXEMHFWVDSSURSULDWHO\ XVH WKH VHFRQG KDQG DV DQ DQFKRU WKDW KHOSV WR XQGHUVWDQG WKHGUDZLQJZKLFKLVDYDOXDEOHH[SORUDWRU\SURFHGXUH '(6,*1,1*,17(5$&7,9($&&(66,%/('5$:,1*6.  )LJXUH/HIW0HDQH[SORUDWLRQGLVWDQFHIRUWKHULJKWKDQG 5LJKW 7LPH ZKHQ ERWK KDQGV PRYHG VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ ELPDQXDOH[SORUDWLRQ

(79)  %LPDQXDOH[SORUDWLRQ. )RU HDFK WULDO ZH DOVR FRPSXWHG WKH WLPH GXULQJ ZKLFK ERWK KDQGV ZHUH PRYLQJ VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ ELPDQXDO H[SORUDWLRQWLPHVHH)LJ

(80) :HIRXQGDQHIIHFWRIGLDJUDP W\SH )  S 

(81)  DQG XVHU JURXS )  S

(82) 7KHELPDQXDOH[SORUDWLRQWLPHVZHUHV 

(83)  DQGV 

(84) IRU%)DQG9,SDUWLFLSDQWVUHVSHFWLYHO\ ',6&866,21. 7KHVHUHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW9, VXEMHFWVZHUH IDVWHU WKDQ %) VXEMHFWV ZKHQ FRQVLGHULQJ DOO WKH GLDJUDP W\SHV 7KH\ DUH VLPLODU WR WKH UHVXOWV IURP >@ DQG SUREDEO\ UHIOHFW WKH JUHDWHUH[SHUWLVHRI9,VXEMHFWV+RZHYHUDQRWKHUUHVXOWLV VWULNLQJ $OWKRXJK %) DQG 9, VXEMHFWV UHDFKHG WKH VDPH RYHUDOOLGHQWLILFDWLRQSHUIRUPDQFH 

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

(86)  WKDW DUH OHVV VLJQLILFDQWWR9,SHRSOH>@ 2XU UHVXOWV DOVR KLJKOLJKWHG WKDW 9, SDUWLFLSDQWV FRYHUHG D VPDOOHU H[SORUDWLRQ GLVWDQFHWKDQ %) IRU DOO GLDJUDP W\SHV YV

(87) DOWKRXJKWKH\JRWHTXLYDOHQWVXFFHVVUDWHV :HREVHUYHGWKDW9,VXEMHFWVIRFXVHGRQVDOLHQWDUHDVRIWKH GLDJUDPV VXFK DV WKH HDUV RQ WKH 5DEELW GUDZLQJ

(88)  WR LGHQWLI\ WKH GLDJUDP W\SH ZKLFK PDGH WKHLU H[SORUDWLRQ PRUH HIILFLHQW 2YHUDOO 'UDZLQJV UHTXLUHG D PRUH H[WHQVLYHH[SORUDWLRQWKDQ0DSVDQG*UDSKV ([SORUDWLRQ GLVWDQFH SHU KDQG KLJKOLJKWHG WKDW 9, DQG %/ VXEMHFWV KDG RSSRVLWH KDQG EHKDYLRUV 9, PDLQO\ XVHG OHIW KDQG  FP SHU WULDO

(89)  ZKLFK LV WKHLU EUDLOOH UHDGLQJ GRPLQDQW KDQG ZKLOH %/ VXEMHFWV XVHG PRVWO\ ULJKW KDQG  FP

(90)  ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ 9, VXEMHFWV FRYHUHG D OLPLWHG GLVWDQFHZLWKULJKWKDQG FPSHUWULDO

(91) DQG%)VXEMHFWV VSHQW PRUH WLPH SHUIRUPLQJ ELPDQXDO H[SORUDWLRQ 7KLV. 2XU UHVXOWV FRQILUP WKDW 9, SHRSOH DUH DEOH WR H[SORUH WDFWLOH GLVSOD\V HIIHFWLYHO\ EXW GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKHLU RZQ H[SHUWLVH RU WKH W\SH RI GLDJUDP EHLQJ H[SORUHG WKH\ PD\ EHQHILW IURP LQVWUXFWLRQV RU JXLGDQFH $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH IRUPDW $

(92) RIWKHGLDJUDPVXVHGLQWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\WKLV SUHOLPLQDU\ZRUNFDQSURYLGHJHQHUDOGHVLJQJXLGHOLQHVIRU WDFWLOHGLVSOD\VODUJHUWKDQVPDUWSKRQHRUWDEOHWVFUHHQV Touch robustness: %HFDXVH SDUWLFLSDQWV ODLG WKHLU KDQG RQ WKH VXUIDFH ZH IUHTXHQWO\ REVHUYHG PRUH WKDQ WHQ VLPXOWDQHRXV WRXFK HYHQWV  IRU %) DQG  IRU 9,

(93)  FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR DGGLWLRQDO FRQWDFWV ZLWK WKH SDOP 7KHQ DOWKRXJK WRXFK LQWHUIDFHV VKRXOG HQDEOH PRUH WKDQ WZR ILQJHUV IRU WDFWLOH H[SORUDWLRQ WKH\ PXVW SUHYHQW XQH[SHFWHG WRXFK HYHQWV IRU LQVWDQFH E\ FRPELQLQJ WRXFK DQGFDPHUDWUDFNLQJ Content Simplification:$VXEVWDQWLDODPRXQWRIWKHUDLVHG OLQHV DUH QRW XVHG IRU FRPSOHWLQJ WKH GLIIHUHQW WDVNV 7KHQ WDFWLOH GUDZLQJV FRXOG EH IXUWKHU VLPSOLILHG EXW LQ D ZD\ WKDWLVVSHFLILFWRHDFKW\SHRIGUDZLQJ Multimodal Information Sharing: &RPPRQ GUDZLQJV UHTXLUH WKRURXJK H[SORUDWLRQ IRU LGHQWLILFDWLRQ 7KHQ LQWHUIDFHV PD\ SURYLGH ERWK FRQWH[WXDO DQG ORFDO IHHGEDFN HJ³UDEELW´DQG³HDUV´

(94) 10DSVUDLVHGH[SORUDWLRQLVVXHV UHODWHG WR ORFDWLQJ VSHFLILF SRLQWV 7KHQ LQWHUIDFHV PD\ SURYLGH KDQG JXLGDQFH FXHV HJ YLEURWDFWLOH FXHV

(95)  ,Q JHQHUDO DGGLWLRQDO FXHV HJ VRXQG RU YLEUDWRU\ SDWWHUQ

(96)  PD\ KLJKOLJKW VDOLHQW UHJLRQV RI WKH GLDJUDPV WR IDFLOLWDWH H[SORUDWLRQ Interaction Menus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³&KHUFKRQV SRXU 9RLU´ ODE DQG /HVWUDGH VSHFLDOL]HG LQVWLWXWH 7RXORXVH )5

(97)  7KLV ZRUNZDVJUDQWHGE\$FFHVVL0DS$15&( . .

(98) 5()(5(1&(6.  '¶$QJLXOOL$.HQQHG\-0 +HOOHU0$ %OLQGFKLOGUHQUHFRJQL]LQJWDFWLOHSLFWXUHVUHVSRQGOLNH VLJKWHGFKLOGUHQJLYHQJXLGDQFHLQH[SORUDWLRQ Scand.J.Psychol39 

(99) ±  6DQGUD%DUGRW0DUFRV6HUUDQRDQG&KULVWRSKH -RXIIUDLV)URPWDFWLOHWRYLUWXDOXVLQJD VPDUWZDWFKWRLPSURYHVSDWLDOPDSH[SORUDWLRQIRU YLVXDOO\LPSDLUHGXVHUV,QProceedings of the 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services 0RELOH+&, 

(100) $&01HZ<RUN1<86$ '2,KWWSG[GRLRUJ  $QNH%URFN6DPXHO/HED]%HUQDUG2ULROD'HOSKLQH 3LFDUG&KULVWRSKH-RXIIUDLVDQG3KLOLSSH7UXLOOHW .LQ WRXFKXQGHUVWDQGLQJKRZYLVXDOO\LPSDLUHG SHRSOHH[SORUHWDFWLOHPDSV,QCHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems &+,($ 

(101) $&01HZ<RUN1<86$ '2, KWWSG[GRLRUJ  -XOLH'XFDVVH0DUF-00DFp0DUFRV6HUUDQRDQG &KULVWRSKH-RXIIUDLV7DQJLEOH5HHOV &RQVWUXFWLRQDQG([SORUDWLRQRI7DQJLEOH0DSVE\ 9LVXDOO\,PSDLUHG8VHUV,QProceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems &+, 

(102) $&01HZ<RUN1<86$ '2, KWWSG[GRLRUJ  1LFKRODV$*LXGLFH+DUL3UDVDWK3DODQL(ULF%UHQQHU DQG.HYLQ0.UDPHU/HDUQLQJQRQYLVXDO JUDSKLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQXVLQJDWRXFKEDVHGYLEURDXGLR LQWHUIDFH,QProceedings of the 14th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility $66(76 

(103) $&01HZ<RUN1< 86$ '2, KWWSG[GRLRUJ  7LDJR*XHUUHLUR.\OH0RQWDJXH-RmR*XHUUHLUR 5DIDHO1XQHV+XJR1LFRODXDQG'DQLHO-9 *RQoDOYHV%OLQG3HRSOH,QWHUDFWLQJZLWK/DUJH 7RXFK6XUIDFHV6WUDWHJLHVIRU2QHKDQGHGDQG7ZR KDQGHG([SORUDWLRQ,QProceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Interactive Tabletops & Surfaces ,76 

(104) $&01HZ<RUN1<86$ '2,KWWSG[GRLRUJ  +HOOHU0$3LFWXUHDQGSDWWHUQSHUFHSWLRQLQWKH VLJKWHGDQGEOLQG7KHDGYDQWDJHRIWKHODWHEOLQG Perception. 135 ±

(105) ±-RXUQDO$UWLFOH KWWSGRLRUJ3P  6KDXQ..DQH0HUHGLWK5LQJHO0RUULV$QQXVND= 3HUNLQV'DQLHO:LJGRU5LFKDUG(/DGQHUDQG-DFRE 2:REEURFN$FFHVVRYHUOD\VLPSURYLQJQRQ YLVXDODFFHVVWRODUJHWRXFKVFUHHQVIRUEOLQGXVHUV,Q Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology 8,67 

(106)  $&01HZ<RUN1<86$ '2, KWWSG[GRLRUJ  .ODW]N\5/*LXGLFH1$%HQQHWW&5  /RRPLV-07RXFK6FUHHQ7HFKQRORJ\IRUWKH '\QDPLF'LVSOD\RI'6SDWLDO,QIRUPDWLRQZLWKRXW 9LVLRQ3URPLVHDQGSURJUHVV. Multisensory Research  

(107)   .ODW]N\5//HGHUPDQ6-7KH,QWHOOLJHQW +DQG. chapter in The Psychology of Learning and Motivation(G*%RZHU 1HZ<RUN$FDGHPLF3UHVV

(108)  SS  /HED]6-RXIIUDLV& 3LFDUG'+DSWLF LGHQWLILFDWLRQRIUDLVHGOLQHGUDZLQJVKLJKYLVXRVSDWLDO LPDJHUVRXWSHUIRUPORZYLVXRVSDWLDOLPDJHUV Psychological Research76 

(109) ± KWWSGRLRUJV  /HGHUPDQ6-.ODW]N\5/&KDWDZD\&6XPPHUV&' 9LVXDOPHGLDWLRQDQGWKHKDSWLFUHFRJQLWLRQRI WZRGLPHQVLRQDOSLFWXUHVRIFRPPRQREMHFWVPercept Psychophys-DQ 

(110)   /HGHUPDQ6- .ODW]N\5/([WUDFWLQJ REMHFWSURSHUWLHVWKURXJKKDSWLFH[SORUDWLRQActa Psychol (Amst)84 

(111) ±  $./REEHQ,GHQWLI\LQJWKHQHHGVRIWDFWLOHPDS PDNHUVProceedings of XXII International Cartographic Conference  -DFN0/RRPLV5REHUWD/.ODW]N\DQG6XVDQ- /HGHUPDQ6LPLODULW\RI7DFWXDODQG9LVXDO 3LFWXUH5HFRJQLWLRQZLWK/LPLWHG)LHOGRI9LHZIn PerceptionYROQR'2, S  'DYLG0F*RRNLQ(XDQ5REHUWVRQDQG6WHSKHQ %UHZVWHU&OXWFKLQJDWVWUDZVXVLQJWDQJLEOH LQWHUDFWLRQWRSURYLGHQRQYLVXDODFFHVVWRJUDSKV,Q Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems &+, 

(112) $&01HZ <RUN1<86$ '2, KWWSG[GRLRUJ.  +HOOHU0$&DOFDWHUUD-$%XUVRQ//7\OHU/$ 7DFWXDOSLFWXUHLGHQWLILFDWLRQE\EOLQGDQGVLJKWHG SHRSOH(IIHFWVRISURYLGLQJFDWHJRULFDOLQIRUPDWLRQ Percept Psychophys.  2µ0RGKUDLQ6*LXGLFH1$*DUGQHU-$  /HJJH*('HVLJQLQJPHGLDIRUYLVXDOO\ LPSDLUHGXVHUVRIUHIUHVKDEOHWRXFKGLVSOD\V 3RVVLELOLWLHVDQGSLWIDOOVTransactions on Haptics 

(113)  .  +HOOHU0$7DFWLOHSLFWXUHSHUFHSWLRQLQ VLJKWHGDQGEOLQGSHRSOHBehavioural Brain Research.  %HUQKDUG6FKPLW]DQG7KRPDV(UWO,QWHUDFWLYHO\ 'LVSOD\LQJ0DSVRQD7DFWLOH*UDSKLFV'LVSOD\.

(114) Spatial Knowledge Acquisition with Limited Information Displays 6.$/,'

(115) ±  6QRGJUDVV-9DQGHUZDUW0$VWDQGDUGL]HGVHW RISLFWXUHV1RUPVIRUQDPHDJUHHPHQWLPDJH DJUHHPHQWIDPLOLDULW\DQGYLVXDOFRPSOH[LW\Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory  6\PPRQV05LFKDUGVRQ%5DLVHGOLQH GUDZLQJVDUHVSRQWDQHRXVO\H[SORUHGZLWKDVLQJOH ILQJHUPerception 

(116) .  :LMQWMHV0:YDQ/LHQHQ79HUVWLMQHQ,0.DSSHUV $07KHLQIOXHQFHRISLFWXUHVL]HRQUHFRJQLWLRQ DQGH[SORUDWRU\EHKDYLRXULQUDLVHGOLQHGUDZLQJV Perception 

(117)   /LPLQ=HQJDQG*HUKDUG:HEHU$70DS $QQRWDWHG7DFWLOH0DSVIRUWKH9LVXDOO\,PSDLUHG International Training School, Cognitive Behavioural Systems &267

(118) /1&69ROXPH6SULQJHU %HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJ  =KDR+3ODLVDQW&6KQHLGHUPDQ%DQG/D]DU- 'DWD6RQLILFDWLRQIRU8VHUVZLWK9LVXDO ,PSDLUPHQWACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction ± .

(119)

Références

Documents relatifs

Indeed, according to the urban resident earnings model, the average hourly earnings for the urban population would be 3.90 yuan in self- employment, 5.92 yuan in the public sector

Suphanit, 2010, Design of internally heat-integrated distillation column (HIDiC): Uniform heat transfer area versus uniform heat distribution,

IV.3.2 Short-term Study: Comparison of the Usability of Different Map Types In the short-term study we made the assumptions that: 1/ exploration duration corresponding to the

MPI’s remote memory access interface defines one-sided communication operations, data consistency, and synchronization models for accessing memory regions that are exposed through

The systems gave additional audio information (e.g. street names) when the user touched the screen. Several advantages and disadvantages exist for the different types of

Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; (b) High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia 52 II Physikalisches Institut,

Using this definition for the two daylight autonomy distributions in Figure 2 yields daylit zone depths of 1.25 and 1.5 times the window-head-height depending on the presence

/ La version de cette publication peut être l’une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l’auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l’éditeur. For