Fatigue behaviour of impacted composite structures

HAL Id: hal-00839629

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00839629

Submitted on 28 Jun 2013

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Fatigue behaviour of impacted composite structures

Christian Garnier, Marie-Laetitia Pastor, Bernard Lorrain, Olivier Pantalé

To cite this version:

Christian Garnier, Marie-Laetitia Pastor, Bernard Lorrain, Olivier Pantalé. Fatigue behaviour of impacted composite structures. Composite Structures, Elsevier, 2013, vol. 100, pp. 443-450. �10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.12.025�. �hal-00839629�

Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator:

staff-oatao@inp-toulouse.fr

To link to this article: DOI:10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.12.025 Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.12.025

This is an author-deposited version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/

Eprints ID: 8391

To cite this version:

Garnier, Christian and Pastor, Marie-Laetitia and Lorrain, Bernard and Pantalé, Olivier Fatigue behaviour of impacted composite structures. (2013) Composite Structures, vol. 100 . pp. 443-450. ISSN 0263-8223

Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte (OATAO)

OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible.

)DWLJXHEHKDYLRXURILPSDFWHGFRPSRVLWHVWUXFWXUHV



&KULVWLDQ*DUQLHUD_{0DULH/DHWLWLD3DVWRU}E _{%HUQDUG/RUUDLQ}D_{2OLYLHU3DQWDOp}D

 D_{8QLYHUVLWpGH7RXORXVH,13GH7RXORXVH(1,GH7DUEHV/DERUDWRLUH*pQLHGH3URGXFWLRQ} DYHQXHG$]HUHL[%37DUEHV)UDQFH E_{8QLYHUVLWpGH7RXORXVH836,QVWLWXW&OpPHQW$GHU,87GH7DUEHVUXH/DXWUpDPRQW} 7DUEHV)UDQFH  

$EVWUDFW

 7KHDLPRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWRFRPSDUHWKHPHFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRXURIGLIIHUHQWLPSDFWGDPDJHG FRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV7KUHHFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOVZHUHUHDOL]HGXVLQJWKH/LTXLG5HVLQ,QIXVLRQ SURFHVV/5,DFFRUGLQJWRWKUHHGLIIHUHQWF\FOHVRISRO\PHUL]DWLRQ7KXVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRI WKHJODVVWUDQVLWLRQRIWKHUHVLQZDVFRQWUROOHGDQGWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKLVSDUDPHWHUZDVWKHQ GHWHUPLQHG ,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHDHURQDXWLFDOXVHRIFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOVWKHSODWHVZHUHVXEMHFWHGWR %DUHO\9LVLEOH,PSDFW'DPDJH%9,'7ZRH[SHULPHQWDOPHWKRGVZHUHGHYHORSHGWRHQVXUH WKDWLPSDFWFRQGLWLRQVZHUHUHVSHFWHG7KHILUVWPHWKRGXVLQJWKHQXPHULFDOGLJLWDOL]DWLRQRI VXUIDFHV PDGH LW SRVVLEOH WR UHFRQVWUXFW WKH GHIHFW 7KXV WKH UHVLGXDO LQGHQWDWLRQ FRXOG EH PHDVXUHG7KLVLQGHQWDWLRQKDGWREHORZHUWKDQPP7KHVHFRQGPHWKRGXVLQJSDVVLYH LQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\HQDEOHGWKHWKHUPDOFDUWRJUDSK\RQWKHVXUIDFHWREHGHWHUPLQHG7KH VL]HRIWKHGDPDJHDUHDZDVWKHQREWDLQHG

7KURXJKWKHXVHRIWKHVHWZRPHWKRGVWKHEHVWF\FOHRISRO\PHUL]DWLRQZDVGHWHUPLQHGDQG IDWLJXHWHVWVZHUHFDUULHGRXWWRHVWLPDWHWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHGHIHFW)RUWKLVSXUSRVHDQGLQ FRPSOLDQFH ZLWK LPSDFW DQG IDWLJXH WHVWLQJ VWDQGDUGV D QHZ DQG DGDSWHG VDPSOH ZDV LPDJLQHG )$, VDPSOH 7KH IDWLJXH WHVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG WR DYRLG EXFNOLQJ HIIHFWVDQGWROLPLWWKHULVHRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHVDPSOH$QH[SHULPHQWDOPHWKRGXVLQJ LQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\ZDVWKHQGHYHORSHGWRIROORZWKHVL]HHYROXWLRQRIWKHGHIHFW7KLVUHDO WLPHHYROXWLRQZDVWKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKHORVVRIULJLGLW\RIWKHVDPSOH  .H\ZRUGV)DWLJXH',PSDFWHG&RPSRVLWH$%9,'%,QIUD5HG7KHUPRJUDSK\' 

,QWURGXFWLRQ

 ,PSDFWGDPDJHLVDQLPSRUWDQWLVVXHLQGHVLJQLQJFRPSRVLWHVWUXFWXUH&RPSRVLWHVFRQWUDU\

WR PHWDOOLF PDWHULDOV FDQ VXVWDLQ LPSDFW ZLWKRXW DQ\ YLVLEOH WUDFH RQ WKH VXUIDFH

1HYHUWKHOHVV WKLV G\QDPLF VWUHVV PD\ PRGLI\ WKH LQWHUQDO FRKHVLRQ RI WKH VWUXFWXUH 7KH PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVPD\DOVREHUHGXFHG>@ %HFDXVHRIWKHKHWHURJHQHLW\DQGWKHDQLVRWURS\RIFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOVIRXUPDMRUPRGHVRI GDPDJHFDQEHLGHQWLILHG  PDWUL[FUDFNLQJPLFURVFRSLFVFDOH>@  GHODPLQDWLRQ>@  EUHDNDQGEXFNOLQJRIILEUHV>@  SHQHWUDWLRQDQGDVVRFLDWHGFROODSVHV>@ 7KHVHXQGHVLUDEOHLQFOXVLRQVVWURQJO\DIIHFWEHKDYLRXURIWKHFRPSRVLWHXQGHUG\QDPLFVWUHVV ,QWKLVVWXG\WKHORZHQHUJ\DQGORZVSHHGLPSDFWVDUHVWXGLHGEHFDXVHWKH\UHSUHVHQWRXW IOLJKWGHIHFWVGHIHFWVGXHWRWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVVVWRUDJHVHUYLFHRUUXQZD\DFFLGHQWV

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DQGWR GHWHUPLQH WKH GDPDJH W\SH 7KH ;UD\V HGG\ FXUUHQW DFRXVWLF HPLVVLRQ RU LQIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSK\>@HQDEOHWKHGDPDJHLQLWLDWLRQDQGSURSDJDWLRQ GXULQJIDWLJXHWHVWVWREHGHWHFWHG

,Q WKLV VWXG\ LQIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSK\ LV XVHG $FFRUGLQJ WR WKHUPRPHFKDQLFV DQ\ GHIRUPDWLRQRIDVROLGPDWHULDOGXHWRGDPDJHLQLWLDWLRQRUSURSDJDWLRQLVWUDQVIRUPHGLQWR KHDW IORZ >@ ,QIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSK\ LV D QRQFRQWDFW QRQGHVWUXFWLYH WHFKQLTXH WKDW LV TXLFNDQGVLPSOHWRLPSOHPHQW,WLVXVHGPRUHDQGPRUHIRUIDWLJXHWUDFNLQJ>     @ PDWHULDO GDPDJH DQG WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI IDWLJXH GDWD IDWLJXH OLPLW GDPDJHG]RQH>@

7REHJLQZLWKLQWKLVSDSHUWKHPHWKRGRORJLHVRIQRQGHVWUXFWLYHWHVWLQJXVHGDIWHULPSDFWV RUIDWLJXHWHVWVDUH H[SODLQHG6HFRQGO\LPSDFW DQGIDWLJXH WHVWV DUHSUHVHQWHG )LQDOO\WKH UHVXOWVREWDLQHGDUHGLVFXVVHGDQGDQDO\VHG



,0HWKRGRORJ\RI1RQ'HVWUXFWLYH7HVWLQJ



, 1RQGHVWUXFWLYH WHVWLQJ RI D GDPDJHG DUHD UHVLGXDO SHQHWUDWLRQ DQG

LQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\



7KH DLP RI WKLV VWXG\ LV WR NHHS WR %9,' LPSDFW LQ RUGHU WR HQVXUH WKH LQWHJULW\ RI WKH GDPDJHGFRPSRVLWH7KHPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHUHVLGXDOSHQHWUDWLRQDQGWKHVL]HRIWKHGDPDJHG DUHDFDQYHULI\WKH%9,'7ZRQRQGHVWUXFWLYHPHWKRGVDUHDOVRGHYHORSHG7KHILUVWEDVHG RQ ' GLJLWDOLVDWLRQ KLJKOLJKWV WKH UHVLGXDO SHQHWUDWLRQ WKH VHFRQG EDVHG RQ LQIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSK\JLYHVVRPHLQGLFDWLRQFRQFHUQLQJWKHVL]HRIWKHGDPDJHGDUHD

Measurements of the residual penetration by 3D digitalisation

6XUIDFHURXJKQHVVGXHWRWKHSXOOLQJXSRIZRYHQIDEULFGLVWXUEVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVFDUULHG RXW E\ WUDGLWLRQDO PHDQV FRPSDUDWRU DGMXVWDEOH OHJ 2SWLFDO PHDVXUHPHQW LV WKHUHIRUH VHOHFWHG 7KH GDPDJHG DUHD LV UHFRQVWUXFWHG DQG WKH UHVLGXDO SHQHWUDWLRQ LV PHDVXUHG 7KH DFTXLVLWLRQ RI ' FRRUGLQDWHV LV FDUULHG RXW XVLQJ WKH *20 7ULWRS V\VWHP E\ ' SKRWRJUDPPHWU\DQGVXUIDFHGLJLWDOLVDWLRQE\IULQJHSURMHFWLRQLVFDUULHGRXWXVLQJWKH*20 $WRV V\VWHP 7KH 7ULWRS V\VWHP LV HTXLSSHG ZLWK D  0HJDSL[HO FDPHUD FRXSOHG WR D WULDQJXODWLRQ DOJRULWKP)LJXUH *UDGXDWHGUXOHUVDGMXVWWKHVFDOHRIWKHV\VWHPDQGWKH FRGHGSRLQWVFUHDWHDUHIHUHQFHPDUN8QFRGHGSRLQWVRUVWLFNHUVDUHVWXFNRQWKHVSHFLPHQ 7KHDOJRULWKPPDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRWULDQJXODWHDQXQFRGHGSRLQWWKDQNVWRWKUHHFRGHGSRLQWV &RQVHTXHQWO\DOOWKHVWLFNHUVDUHORFDWHGE\DQXPEHUDQGWKHLU'FRRUGLQDWHVWKHGLJLWL]HG SDUWLVORFDWHGLQWKHUHIHUHQFHPDUN7KHSRVLWLRQRIWKHEDVHSODWHLVWKHQREWDLQHG,WLVXVHG DVVXSSRUWWRWKHGDPDJHGVSHFLPHQVZKLFKZLOOEHGLJLWDOL]HG



)LJXUH7ULWRSV\VWHP



7KH $WRV V\VWHP 7DEOH  LV HTXLSSHG ZLWK WKH ' $UDPLV KHDG )LJXUH 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  /HQV  0HDVXUHGDUHDPPð [ $FFXUDF\PP   )LJXUH([SHULPHQWDOVHWXS±DUHDGLJLWDOLVDWLRQ 7DEOH7HFKQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI'$UDPLVKHDG  3RVWSURFHVVLQJLVUHDOLVHGLQIRXUVWDJHV  PHVKLQJ  GHILQLWLRQRIWKH] SODQ  FDOFXODWLRQRIDYHUDJHSODQGHYLDWLRQV  GHYLDWLRQFDUWRJUDSK\

Measurement of the damaged area by active infrared thermography

7KHWKHUPDOZDYHVDUHWUDQVPLWWHGWRWKHVSHFLPHQE\PHDQVRIDKDORJHQODPSDWDGLVWDQFH RI PP )LJXUHV 7KH WHPSHUDWXUH ILHOG LQVLGH WKH VSHFLPHQ LV PHDVXUHG RQ WKH VXUIDFH E\ WKH LQIUDUHG FDPHUD )/,5 0:,5 UHWURILWWHG 7LWDQLXP ,W KDV D IRFDO SODQ RI [SL[HOVDQGDWKHUPDOUHVROXWLRQRIP.7KHKDORJHQODPSWUDQVPLWVWKHKHDWIORZ IRU VHFRQGV $ ILOP UHFRUGV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH ILHOG RQ WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH VSHFLPHQ DW D IUHTXHQF\RI+],WODVWVIRUVHFRQGVLQRUGHUWRUHFRUGWKHWHPSHUDWXUHULVHVHFDQG WKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHGHFUHDVHLQWHPSHUDWXUHVHF



 

)LJXUH,QIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\SULQFLSOH )LJXUH([SHULPHQWDOVHWXS±1'7E\LQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\



7KH ILOP LV SRVWWUHDWHG LQ RUGHU WR UHGXFH WKH PD[LPXP RI QRLVH GXH WR WKH H[SHULPHQWDO HQYLURQPHQWDQGWRDXWRPDWHWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHGHIHFWVL]H7DEOH



 'HILQLWLRQ RI WKH VWXGLHG DUHD_{VSHFLPHQHGJH}

   5HFRUGLQJRIWKHDYHUDJHRIWKHILUVW_{ILOPLPDJHV}   6XEWUDFWLRQRIWKHLQLWLDODYHUDJH_{LPDJHWRWKHZKROHILOP}     ,PDJH UHFRUGLQJ DW WKH LQIOHFWLRQ SRLQWRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHULVHJUHDWHU REVHUYHGGHIHFW   $XWRPDWLRQRIWKHGHIHFWFDOFXODWLRQ_{XVLQJWKH,PDJH-VRIWZDUH}   7DEOH'DWDSURFHVVLQJREWDLQHGE\1'7±LQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\  7KHVL]HRIWKHGHIHFWLVREWDLQHGE\,PDJH-VRIWZDUHGHIHFWLQGXFHGE\%9,'LPSDFW

,&RQWUROLQUHDOWLPHRIWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHLPSDFWHGDUHDE\

IDWLJXH

Measurement in real time of the damaged area evolution by infrared thermography

7KHDLPLVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHDUHDGDPDJHGE\D%9,'LPSDFWGXULQJDIDWLJXH WHVWDQGDOVRWRIROORZWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHVWUXFWXUH

7KHLQIUDUHGFDPHUDLVWKXVFRXSOHGRQWKH,QVWURQFRQWUROOHUYLDDQHOHFWURQLFFDUG7KH LQIUDUHGFDPHUDLVVWDUWHGZLWKDGHILQLWHOLPLWLQORDG

7RXEDO >@ XVHG D WUDGLWLRQDO PHWKRG WR IROORZ WKH GDPDJH HYROXWLRQ RI D FDUERQHSR[\ VSHFLPHQ ZLWK KROH 7KH VXEVWUDFWLRQ RI WKH WHPSHUDWXUH GLVWULEXWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH LQLWLDO JUDGLHQWDQGWKHFXUUHQWRQHLVSHUIRUPHG+RWWHUDUHDVDSSHDUDQGUHYHDOWKHGDPDJHGDUHD HYROXWLRQ

$QHZWUDFNLQJPHWKRGXVLQJLQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\LQUHDOWLPHLVGHYHORSHGE\FRXSOLQJWKH 1'7 LPDJHV DQG WKH LQIUDUHG LPDJHV LQ UHDO WLPH >@ ,QLWLDOO\ DQ 1'7 LQVSHFWLRQ E\ LQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\LVFDUULHGRXWRQWKHGDPDJHGVSHFLPHQ $QLQIUDUHGFDUWRJUDSK\LV WKXVREWDLQHGDQGGDPDJHGDUHDVDUHGHWHUPLQHG)ROORZLQJWKLVWKHIDWLJXHWUDFNLQJJLYHVDQ LQIUDUHG FDUWRJUDSK\ RI WKH WHPSHUDWXUH ILHOG IRU DOO WKH F\FOHV 7KH PHWKRG FRQVLVWV RI VXEWUDFWLQJ WKH 1'7 LPDJH WR WKH LPDJH REWDLQHG GXULQJ WKH IDWLJXH WHVW IRU D JLYHQ F\FOH QXPEHU)LJXUH7ZRLPSRUWDQWSLHFHVRILQIRUPDWLRQDUHSURYLGHGWKHVL]HRIWKHLQLWLDO GHIHFWGXHWR%9,'LPSDFWDQGLWVHYROXWLRQDIWHUDIDWLJXHWHVW   )LJXUH6XEWUDFWLRQPHWKRG 

,,([SHULPHQWDOGHYLFHDQGUHVXOWV



,,0DWHULDO



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

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 ODERUDWRU\GHDOWZLWKDFXUHF\FOHUHFRPPHQGHGE\WKHUHVLQPDQXIDFWXUHUDQGRSWLPL]HGLW >@ 7KHVHWZRGLIIHUHQWFXUHF\FOHVDUHXVHGIRUWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRIWKHFRPSRVLWHSODWHVZLWKD WKLUGRQHIRUZKLFKWKHWLPHRIPDLQWHQDQFHDWWKHUHWLFXODWLRQVWDJHWHPSHUDWXUHZDVUHGXFHG 7KXVWKHUHVLQVKRXOGEHXQGHUSRO\PHUL]HG:LWKWKLVFKRLFHWKHEHQGLQJULJLGLW\RIWKHWKLUG FRPSRVLWH LV YROXQWDULO\ GHFUHDVHG DQG LWV LQIOXHQFH RQ WKH LPSDFW EHKDYLRXU FDQ EH HVWLPDWHG7KHWKUHHFXUHF\FOHVDUHUHIHUUHGWRDV  &\FOHRSWLPL]HGF\FOH  &\FOHUHVLQPDQXIDFWXUHUUHFRPPHQGHGF\FOH  &\FOHXQGHUSRO\PHUL]HGF\FOH  7KHSDUDPHWHUVXVHGLQWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRIWKHVHWKUHHFXUHF\FOHVDUHJLYHQLQWKHIROORZLQJ WDEOH7DEOH  7HPSHUDWXUHULVLQJVSHHG 3RO\PHUL]DWLRQVWDJH

&\FOH ƒ&PLQ Kƒ&

&\FOH ,QVWDQWDQHRXV Kƒ& &\FOH ,QVWDQWDQHRXV PLQƒ& 7DEOH&\FOHVRISRO\PHUL]DWLRQ D 0DWHULDOSURSHUWLHV  ,QWKHDHURQDXWLFDOLQGXVWU\PD[LPXPDFFHSWDEOHSRURVLW\LVDERXW8QGHUWKLVOLPLWLW LV DVVXPHG WKDW WKH SRURVLW\ GLVWULEXWLRQ LV KRPRJHQHRXV RYHU WKH ZKROH SODWH ZLWKRXW SDUWLFXODU DFFXPXODWLRQ LQ DQ XQVSHFLILHG ]RQH 7KH SRURVLW\ UDWHV REWDLQHG IRU WKH WKUHH F\FOHVRISRO\PHUL]DWLRQDUHVKRZQLQWKHIROORZLQJWDEOH7DEOH

 &\FOH &\FOH &\FOH

'HQVLW\   

3RURVLW\UDWH   

)LEUHUDWH   

7DEOH0DWHULDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDFFRUGLQJWRF\FOHVRISRO\PHUL]DWLRQ



7KH DQDO\VLV RI WKH UHVXOWV VKRZV D TXDVLLGHQWLFDO GHQVLW\ IRU DOO WKUHH F\FOH 7KH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH ILEUH UDWH IROORZV WKH VDPH SDWWHUQ ZLWK D  YDULDWLRQ IRU WKH WKUHH F\FOHV7KHSRURVLW\UDWHLVORZHUWKDQWKHDFFHSWDEOH&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHSURSHUWLHVRI WKHPDWHULDOVDUHORFDWHGLQDOHYHORIDFFHSWDELOLW\IRUDQDHURQDXWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQRIRUGHU ,(IRUDXVHLQVWUXFWXUDOSDUWV  E 0HFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV  7KHPHFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRXURIWKHFRPSRVLWHSODWHLVVWURQJO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQRI

WKH PDFURPROHFXODU FKDLQV RI WKH UHVLQ $V WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI JODVV WUDQVLWLRQ 7J HYROYHV

DFFRUGLQJWRWKHVHPDFURPROHFXODURUJDQL]DWLRQVLWVHHPVQHFHVVDU\WRSHUIRUPD'LIIHUHQWLDO 6FDQQLQJ&DORULPHWU\'6&DQGDUKHRORJLFDODQDO\VLVLQRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQHWKHWHPSHUDWXUH RIJODVVWUDQVLWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFXUHF\FOHV7KXVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHUDWHRIUHWLFXODWLRQ RIWKHUHVLQFRXOGEHREWDLQHG 7KH'6&DQDO\VLVJLYHVDILUVWFDORULPHWULFYDOXHRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRI JODVVWUDQVLWLRQ7J ZKHUHDVWKHUKHRORJLFDODQDO\VLVJLYHVLWDJDLQZLWKDPHFKDQLFDORQH7Į

,Q WKH IROORZLQJ WDEOH 7DEOH WKH UHVXOWV REWDLQHG ZLWK ERWK DQDO\VLV DUH FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKHVHH[SHFWHGIRUWKHUHVLQ>@

 &\FOH &\FOH &\FOH 7JH[SHFWHGƒ&    7J'6&ƒ&    7J5KHRPHWHUƒ&    7Į5KHRPHWHUƒ&    7DEOH*ODVVWUDQVLWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHDFFRUGLQJWRF\FOHVRISRO\PHUL]DWLRQ 7KHVHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIJODVVWUDQVLWLRQREWDLQHGZLWKWKHWKUHHFXUHF\FOHV DUHGLIIHUHQW7KHKLJKHUWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHUHVLQGXULQJWKHFXUHF\FOHLVWKHKLJKHULVWKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI JODVV WUDQVLWLRQ 7KH WKUHH FRPSRVLWH SODWHV UHDOL]HG KDYH GLIIHUHQW PDFURPROHFXODUNLQHPDWLFVDWGLIIHUHQWWHPSHUDWXUHVEXWDOVRDGLIIHUHQWGXFWLOLW\7KHKLJKHU WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI JODVV WUDQVLWLRQ LV WKH PRUH EULWWOH LV WKH EHKDYLRXU RI WKH FRPSRVLWH PDWHULDO7KHVHSKHQRPHQDZLOOEHREVHUYHGGXULQJLPSDFWWHVWLQJV



,,,PSDFWWHVWLQJ

1. Sample

7KH LPSDFW VDPSOH VKRXOG QRW EH VHQVLWLYH WR HGJH HIIHFWV GXULQJ WKH WHVW 7KXV VWDQGDUG $670'  VWDQGDUGL]HV LWV GLPHQVLRQV 0RUHRYHU LQ RUGHU WR FRQWUROOLQJ WKH GDPDJH SURSDJDWLRQ WKH VWDQGDUG UHFRPPHQGV WKH XVH RI PLQLPXP PP WKLFNQHVV VDPSOH 7KH VWDFNLQJVHTXHQFHXVHGWRREWDLQHGWKLVWKLFNQHVVLV>>ƒƒ@@V7KHUHDOWKLFNQHVVLVWKHQ PP7KHVL]HRIWKHVDPSOHLV[[PP 7KHFRPSRVLWHSODWHVDUHDOZD\VUHDOL]HGXVLQJWKHWKUHHFXUHF\FOHVSUHVHQWHGDERYH 2. Testing device 7KHWHVWLQJGHYLFHLVDQLPSDFWWHVWLQJLQVWUXPHQWIURP0770DWHULDO7HVWLQJ7HFKQRORJ\ ,WVPD[LPXPFDSDFLW\LV-DQGLWLVHTXLSSHGZLWKDKHPLVSKHULFKHDGRIGLDPHWHUPP )LJXUH 7KH IDOOLQJ PDVV LV NJ DQG WKH PD[LPXP KHLJKW RI IDOO LV P 7KH XVH RI DGGLWLRQDO PDVVHV HQDEOHV WHVWLQJ ZLWK KLJKHU HQHUJLHV $ PHFKDQLFDO V\VWHP FODPSV WKH VDPSOH)LJXUHDQGDQDQWLUHERXQGV\VWHPVWRSVWKHIDOOLQJPDVVDIWHULPSDFW

   )LJXUH,PSDFWWHVWLQJLQVWUXPHQW077  )LJXUH6DPSOHPHFKDQLFDOFODPSLQJ 3. Damage checking

7R EH VXUH WKDW WKH LPSDFW FRQGLWLRQV DUH UHDOO\ %9,' WKH PHWKRGV RI FRQWURO SUHVHQWHG SUHYLRXVO\ KDYH EHHQ DSSOLHG WR WKH VDPSOHV 7DEOH JLYHV WKH UHVXOWV REWDLQHG GXULQJ WKH FRQWURORIWKHUHVLGXDOLQGHQWDWLRQE\VXUIDFHGLJLWDOL]DWLRQDQGWKHVL]HRIWKHGDPDJHGDUHD =(E\LQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\



 &\FOH &\FOH &\FOH

5HVLGXDOLQGHQWDWLRQPP   

'DPDJHGDUHDPP_{   }

7DEOH,PSDFWWHVWVUHVXOWV

$FFRUGLQJWRWKHGHSWKRIWKHUHVLGXDOLQGHQWDWLRQDOOWKHUHVXOWVDUHFORVHWRPP7KLVLV WKH OLPLW RI GHWHFWDELOLW\ VR WKH LPSDFW LV UHDOO\ LQ WKH %9,' GRPDLQ $OO WKH WHVWV DUH UHSHWLWLYH>@ZKLFKHQDEOHVWKHDYHUDJHRIWKHREWDLQHGYDOXHVWREHSUHVHQWHG

$VUHJDUGVWKHVL]HRIWKHGDPDJHGDUHDLWGHFUHDVHVIURPF\FOHWRF\FOH7KHVHUHVXOWV IROORZ WKH VDPH SDWWHUQ DV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI JODVV WUDQVLWLRQ ,QGHHG WKH KLJKHU WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI JODVV WUDQVLWLRQ 7J&\FOH!7J&\FOH!7J&\FOH WKH PRUH SRO\PHULVHG DQG WKH

PRUHEULWWOHLVWKHUHVLQ0RUHRYHUWKLVKLJKUDWHRISRO\PHUL]DWLRQIRUF\FOHLQGXFHV KLJKHUVWLIIQHVVRIWKHVDPSOH7KXVGXULQJLPSDFWWHVWLQJSDUWRIWKHHQHUJ\LVDEVRUEHGE\ WKHGHIRUPDWLRQRIWKHSODWH6RWKHJUHDWHUWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHSODWHLVWKHORZHULVWKHHQHUJ\ DEVRUSWLRQ7KHUHVXOWLVWKDWWKHHQHUJ\RIGHJUDGDWLRQGXHWRWKHZDYHSURSDJDWLRQLVJUHDWHU DQGFDXVHVPRUHGDPDJHWRWKHVDPSOH ,QFRQFOXVLRQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHLPSDFWF\FOHZLWKLWVPPRIUHVLGXDO LQGHQWDWLRQFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVQRQ%9,'7KHGDPDJHLQGXFHGE\F\FOHLVJUHDWHUWKDQ WKDWRIF\FOH,WVHHPVORJLFDOWKHQWRFRQWLQXHWKHVWXG\ZLWKRQO\F\FOHWRRSWLPL]HWKH PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHPDWHULDO     

,,)DWLJXH7HVWLQJ



1. Test device and sample



,QRUGHUWRVLPXOWDQHRXVO\UHVSHFWWKHLPSDFWWHVWLQJVWDQGDUGV$670'DQGIDWLJXH WHVWLQJ VWDQGDUGV 1) (1 ,62  D QHZ VDPSOH KDV EHHQ GHYHORSHG ,W DVVRFLDWHV WKH ZLGWKDQGWKHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHLPSDFWWHVWVDPSOHDQGWKHOHQJWKRIWKHIDWLJXHWHVWVDPSOH 7KLVVDPSOHZLOOEHQRZUHIHUUHGWRDVWKH)$,VDPSOH)LJXUH7KLVVDPSOHSUHVHQWVODUJH GLPHQVLRQVDQGKLJKPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVVRDOOWKHPHFKDQLFDOWHVWVUHTXLUHDKLJKFDSDFLW\ WHVWLQJPDFKLQH7KHWHVWVZHUHFDUULHGRXWRQDQ,167521PDFKLQHHTXLSSHGZLWKD ORDG FHOO RI N1 LQ G\QDPLF 7HVWV ZHUH FRQWUROOHG LQ ORDG DQG WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH VDPSOHZDVFKHFNHGZLWKD)/,57LWDQLXPWKHUPDOFDPHUD



)LJXUH6DPSOHV  2. Fatigue cycle  ,QRUGHUWRUHVSHFWWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIXVHRIWKHFRPSRVLWHSDUWVDQGZLWKDQDLPRIJHQHUDWLQJ FRQWUROOHGGDPDJHDVWDQGDUGF\FOHRIIDWLJXHZDVGHYHORSHG7KHREMHFWLYHLVWRHQWHUWKH SUHMXGLFLDOFRPSUHVVLRQILHOGZKLOHDYRLGLQJEXFNOLQJSKHQRPHQD7KHVKDSHRIWKLVWHQVLOH FRPSUHVVLYHF\FOHLVSUHVHQWHGRQ)LJXUH



)LJXUH6WDQGDUGF\FOHRIIDWLJXH

7KHILUVWSDUWRIWKHWHVWLVDPRQRWRQRXVULVHWRWKHDYHUDJHORDG7KXVWKHLQLWLDOPRGXOXVRI HODVWLFLW\RIWKHVDPSOHFDQEHGHWHUPLQHG7KHUHDIWHUWKHIDWLJXHWHVWLQJEHJLQVZLWKDORDG UDWLR 5  )RU HDFK F\FOH DQ LQVWDQWDQHRXV PRGXOXV RI HODVWLFLW\ FDQ EH PHDVXUHG 7KH GDPDJHFDQEHHVWLPDWHGE\WKHORVVRIVWLIIQHVVRIWKHVDPSOH  7KHVWDQGDUGIDWLJXHWHVW1)(1,62VWLSXODWHVWKDWGXULQJIDWLJXHWHVWLQJWKHULVHRIWKH VDPSOHWHPSHUDWXUHVKRXOGQRWH[FHHGƒ&$VROLFLWDWLRQIUHTXHQF\WHVWRIPD[LPXP+] PDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRUHVSHFWWKLVFRQGLWLRQ7KHPD[LPXPORDGDSSOLHGWRWKHVDPSOHLV RIWKHXOWLPDWHORDGLHN1'XULQJWKHWHVWF\FOHVRIK\VWHUHVLVDUHSORWWHGDQGGDPDJH FDQEHHVWLPDWHG

7KH ,QIUDUHG FDPHUD HQDEOHV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH ILHOG RQ WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH VDPSOH WR EH YLVXDOLVHG,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHSURFHGXUHGHYHORSHGWRWUDFNWKHWHVWSHULRGLFDOILOPVDUH UHFRUGHG DQG DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH F\FOHV RI K\VWHUHVLV 7KH REWDLQHG ILOP LV SRVWWUHDWHG WR H[WUDFWFDUWRJUDSKLHVIRUWKHGLIIHUHQWF\FOHV)LJXUH   )LJXUH,5&DUWRJUDSKLHVRIGDPDJHGDUHDHYROXWLRQ  7KHGLIIHUHQW,5FDUWRJUDSKLHVVKRZWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHGDPDJHGDUHD,WLVWKHSRVVLEOHWR FRUUHODWHWKLVHYROXWLRQZLWKWKHORVVRIVWLIIQHVVRIWKHVDPSOH7KHWHVWLQJSURFHGXUHRIUHDO WLPH PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKH GDPDJH DUHD HYROXWLRQ E\ SDVVLYH LQIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSK\ ZDV SHUIRUPHGRQLPSDFWHGVDPSOHVREWDLQHGE\WKHFXUHF\FOH7REHJLQZLWKWKHHYROXWLRQ

RIWKHGHIHFWDORQJD[HVDQGRIWKHWKUHHVDPSOHVLVSORWWHGD[LVRIWKHVDPSOHLVWKH VDPHDVWKHORDGLQJRQHD[LVLVWKHSHUSHQGLFXODURQH)LJXUH   )LJXUH,PSDFWGHIHFWHYROXWLRQDORQJWKHGLUHFWLRQV  )URPWKLVILUVWSORWWLQJZHQRWHWKDWDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHWHVWWKHGHIHFWHYROYHVLQWKHWZR GLUHFWLRQVRIWKHORDGLQJSODQH$IWHUVWDELOL]DWLRQWKHGHIHFWSURSDJDWLRQDSSHDUVRQO\DORQJ WKHGLUHFWLRQSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHORDGGLUHFWLRQGLUHFWLRQ 6HFRQGO\WKHGHIHFWHYROXWLRQIRUWKHWKUHHVDPSOHVLVSORWWHG)LJXUH   )LJXUH'HIHFWHYROXWLRQIRUWKHVDPSOHV  7KHLPSDFWGDPDJHRIWKHWKUHHVDPSOHVIROORZVWKHVDPHWUHQG6RWKHPHWKRGXVHGFDQWKHQ EHYDOLGDWHG,QIDFWWKHHYROXWLRQLVTXDOLWDWLYHO\DQGTXDQWLWDWLYHO\WKHVDPHGXULQJDOOWKH IDWLJXHWHVWV)RUH[DPSOHZLWKF\FOHVWKHYDOXHVRIWKHGHIHFWDUHUHVSHFWLYHO\ DQGPPIRUWKHVDPSOHV7KHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQLVWKHQIRUDQDYHUDJHRI PP9DULDWLRQLVDERXW

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

&RQFOXVLRQ

 7KHIDWLJXHRIGDPDJHGFRPSRVLWHVWUXFWXUHVPDQXIDFWXUHGE\/5,ZDVLQYHVWLJDWHGLQWKLV VWXG\7KHIROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHGUDZQIURPWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVREWDLQHG

 WKHFXUHF\FOH&JLYHV WKHEHVW PHFKDQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQG LWJLYHVD %9,' HQHUJ\7KLVF\FOHKDVDQLQVWDQWDQHRXVULVHLQWHPSHUDWXUHDQGDORQJWHPSHUDWXUH VWDELOLVDWLRQVWDJH

 DQHZPHWKRGRIGHIHFWWUDFNLQJHYROXWLRQLVGHYHORSHGIURPVXEWUDFWLRQPHWKRGV  WKHLQLWLDOGHIHFWDQGLWVSURSDJDWLRQFRXOGWKXVEHKLJKOLJKWHG

 WKHPHFKDQLFDOGDWDREWDLQHGGXULQJIDWLJXHWHVWLQJVKRZVWKDWWKHHYROXWLRQLQWKH VWLIIQHVV RI WKH GDPDJHG FRPSRVLWH IROORZV WKH -DPLVRQ PRGHO LQ WKUHH SKDVHV >@

 IRU GDPDJHG VWUXFWXUHV WKH GDPDJH HYROYHV IURP WKH VSHFLPHQ FHQWUH %9,' LPSDFWDUHD

,W ZRXOG EH LQWHUHVWLQJ WR SRVWWUHDW WKHUPRJUDSKLF ILOPV ZLWK ILOWHUV LQ RUGHU WR UHGXFH H[SHULPHQWDOQRLVHRUWRFDOFXODWHKHDWVRXUFHVLQRUGHUWRSUHVHUYHRQO\WKHGLVVLSDWHGHQHUJ\ $QRWKHUSURVSHFWZRXOGEHWROLQNWKHIDWLJXHWHVWLQJPDFKLQHLQIUDUHGFDPHUDDQGDKDORJHQ ODPS LQ RUGHU WR KDYH D 1'7 LPDJH RI WKH GHIHFW 7KH DFTXLVLWLRQ RI WKH GDPDJHG DUHD HYROXWLRQZRXOGWKHQEHSURJUHVVLYH 

5HIHUHQFHV

 >@ 6$EUDWH0RGHOLQJRILPSDFWVRQFRPSRVLWHVWUXFWXUHV&RPSRVLWH6WUXFWXUHV 

>@ 02: 5LFKDUGVRQ DQG 0- :LVKHDUW 5HYLHZ RI ORZYHORFLW\ LPSDFW

SURSHUWLHV RI FRPSRVLWH PDWHULDOV &RPSRVLWHV 3DUW $ $SSOLHG 6FLHQFH DQG

0DQXIDFWXULQJ

>@ +67 :X DQG *6 6SULQJHU 0HDVXUHPHQWV RI PDWUL[ FUDFNLQJ DQG

GHODPLQDWLRQ FDXVHG E\ LPSDFW RQ FRPSRVLWH SODWHV -RXUQDO RI &RPSRVLWH

0DWHULDOV

>@ :&XLDQG:5:LVQRP$FRPELQHGVWUHVVEDVHGDQGIUDFWXUHPHFKDQLFV

EDVHG PRGHO IRU SUHGLFWLQJ GHODPLQDWLRQ LQ FRPSRVLWHV &RPSRVLWHV 

>@ * 'RU\ ,PSDFW GDPDJH LQ FRPSRVLWHV ± GHYHORSPHQW FRQVHTXHQFHV DQG

SUHYHQWLRQ,QWK_{LQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFHRQFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV}

>@ 6 *XLQDUG 2 $OOL[ ' *XHGUDGHVJHRUJHV DQG $ 9LQHW 7HQXH DX[ SHWLWV

FKRFV GHV VWUXFWXUHV HQ VWUDWLILp FRPSRVLWH 7HFKQLFDO UHSRUW $QQDOHV GHV FRPSRVLWHV³GpODPLQDJHGHVPXOWLFRXFKHVSKpQRPqQHVPRGqOHVHWFULWqUHV´ 

>@ 0 .DPLQVNL DQG -) 0DLUH 7ROpUDQFH DX[ GRPPDJHV GHV VWUXFWXUHV FRPSRVLWHVLPSDFWpHVXQpWDWGHVOLHX[,Q7ROpUDQFHDX[GRPPDJHVVXUOHV VWUXFWXUHVFRPSRVLWHVLPSDFWIDLEOHpQHUJLH

>@ &.+ 'KDUDQ )DWLJXH IDLOXUH PHFKDQLVPV LQ DQ XQLGLUHFWLRQDOO\ UHLQIRUFHG

FRPSRVLWHPDWHULDO)DWLJXHRIFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV$670673 

>@ / ;L &RQJ DQG & %DWKLDV )DWLJXH GDPDJH GHYHORSPHQW LQ $O2$O

FRPSRVLWH&RPSRVLWHV±

>@ ;/ *RQJ $ /DNVLPL DQG 0/ %HQ]HJJDJK 1RXYHOOH DSSURFKH GH

O¶pPLVVLRQ DFRXVWLTXH HW VRQ DSSOLFDWLRQ j O¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQ GHV PpFDQLVPHV G¶HQGRPPDJHPHQW GDQV OHV PDWpULDX[ FRPSRVLWHV 5HYXH GHV FRPSRVLWHV HW

PDWpULDX[DYDQFpV±

>@ <$']HQLV&\FOHEDVHGDQDO\VLVRIGDPDJHDQGIDLOXUHLQDGYDQFHG

FRPSRVLWHVXQGHUIDWLJXHH[SHULPHQWDOREVHUYDWLRQRIGDPDJHGHYHORSPHQW ZLWKLQORDGLQJF\FOHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI)DWLJXH±

>@ ;( *URV $Q HGG\ FXUUHQW DSSURDFK WR WKH GHWHFWLRQ RI GDPDJH FDXVHG E\

ORZHQHUJ\LPSDFWVRQFDUERQILEUHUHLQIRUFHGPDWHULDOV0DWHULDOV 'HVLJQ ±

>@ ;(*URV-%RXVLJXHDQG.7DNDKDVKL1'7GDWDIXVLRQDWSL[HOOHYHO1'7

(,QWHUQDWLRQDO±

>@ ) /DFKDXG 'pODPLQDJH GHV PDWpULDX[ FRPSRVLWHV j ILEUHV GH FDUERQH HW j

PDWULFHV RUJDQLTXHV  pWXGH QXPpULTXH HW H[SpULPHQWDOH VXLYL SDU pPLVVLRQ DFRXVWLTXH3K'WKHVLV(16,&$

>@ 09DOHQWLQR$5XRVL*3HOXVRDQG*33HSH6WUXFWXUDOKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJ

RIPDWHULDOVE\KLJKFULWLFDOWHPSHUDWXUHVTXLG3K\VLFD&6XSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\ 3DUW±

>@ $ &KU\VRFKRRV /D WKHUPRJUDSKLH LQIUDURXJH XQ RXWLO HQ SXLVVDQFH SRXU

pWXGLHUOHFRPSRUWHPHQWGHVPDWpULDX[0pFDQLTXH ,QGXVWULHV± 

>@ & *DUQLHU % /RUUDLQ DQG 0/ 3DVWRU ,PSDFW GDPDJH HYROXWLRQ XQGHU

IDWLJXH ORDGLQJ E\ LQIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSK\ RQ FRPSRVLWH VWUXFWXUHV ,Q

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ([SHULPHQWDO0HFKDQLFV,&(0

>@ 03 /XRQJ ,QIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSKLF VFDQQLQJ RI IDWLJXH LQ PHWDOV 1XFOHDU

(QJLQHHULQJDQG'HVLJQ±

>@ 03 /XRQJ )DWLJXH OLPLW HYDOXDWLRQ RI PHWDOV XVLQJ DQ LQIUDUHG

WKHUPRJUDSKLFWHFKQLTXH0HFKDQLFVRI0DWHULDOV±

>@ * /D 5RVD DQG $ 5LVLWDQR 7KHUPRJUDSKLF PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU UDSLG

GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH IDWLJXH OLPLW RI PDWHULDOV DQG PHFKDQLFDO FRPSRQHQWV

,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI)DWLJXH± >@ 3./LDZ+:DQJ/-LDQJ%<DQJ-<+XDQJ5&.XRDQG-*+XDQJ 7KHUPRJUDSKLFGHWHFWLRQRIIDWLJXHGDPDJHRISUHVVXUHYHVVHOVWHHOVDW K]DQGK]6FULSWD0DWHULDOLD± >@ % <DQJ 3. /LDZ + :DQJ / -LDQJ -< +XDQJ 5& .XR DQG -* +XDQJ7KHUPRJUDSKLFLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHIDWLJXHEHKDYLRURIUHDFWRUSUHVVXUH YHVVHOVWHHOV0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ$± >@ %<DQJ3./LDZ*:DQJ00RUULVRQ&7/LX5$%XFKDQDQDQG< <RNR\DPD,QVLWXWKHUPRJUDSKLFREVHUYDWLRQRIPHFKDQLFDOGDPDJHLQEXON PHWDOOLFJODVVHVGXULQJIDWLJXHDQGWHQVLOHH[SHULPHQWV,QWHUPHWDOOLFV ±

>@ 56WHLQEHUJHU7,9DODGDV/HLWDR(/DGVWlWWHU*3LQWHU:%LOOLQJHUDQG 5: /DQJ ,QIUDUHG WKHUPRJUDSKLF WHFKQLTXHV IRU QRQGHVWUXFWLYH GDPDJH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI FDUERQ ILEUH UHLQIRUFHG SRO\PHUV GXULQJ WHQVLOH IDWLJXH WHVWLQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI)DWLJXH±

>@ 78PPHQKRIHUDQG-0HGJHQEHUJ2QWKHXVHRILQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\IRU

WKH DQDO\VLV RI IDWLJXH GDPDJH SURFHVVHV LQ ZHOGHG MRLQWV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO

-RXUQDORI)DWLJXH±

>@ 3%UpPRQGDQG33RWHW/RFNLQWKHPRJUDSK\DWRROWRDQDO\VHDQGORFDWH

WKHUPRPHFKDQLFDO PHFKDQLVPV LQ PDWHULDOV DQG VWUXFWXUHV ,Q 7KHUPRVHQVH

;;,,,

>@ 0 4XDUHVLPLQ )DWLJXH RI ZRYHQ FRPSRVLWH ODPLQDWHV XQGHU WHQVLOH DQG

FRPSUHVVLYHORDGLQJ,Q7HQWK(XURSHDQ&RQIHUHQFHRQ&RPSRVLWH0DWHULDOV

(&&0

>@ / 7RXEDO 0 .DUDPD DQG % /RUUDLQ 'DPDJH HYROXWLRQ DQG LQIUDUHG

WKHUPRJUDSK\ LQ ZRYHQ FRPSRVLWH ODPLQDWHV XQGHU IDWLJXH ORDGLQJ

,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI)DWLJXH

>@ / 3RXVVLQHV 9 1DVVLHW DQG % +DVVRXQH 5KDEERXU +RZ WR PRGLI\ UHVLQ

IRUPXODWLRQVWRRSWLPL]HLQIXVLRQSURFHVV,QUG_{,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ}

$GYDQFHG&RPSXWDWLRQDO(QJLQHHULQJDQG([SHULPHQWLQJ

>@ & *DUQLHU (WXGH GX FRPSRUWHPHQW G\QDPLTXH GHV VWUXFWXUHV FRPSRVLWHV

UpDOLVpHV SDU /5, DSSOLFDWLRQ j O¶LPSDFW HW j OD IDWLJXH 3K' WKHVLV

8QLYHUVLWpGH7RXORXVH

>@ 5' -DPLVRQ . 6FKXOWH ./ 5HLIVQLGHU DQG :1 6WLQFKFRPE

&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQDQGDQDO\VLVRIGDPDJHPHFKDQLVPLQWHQVLRQWHQVLRQIDWLJXH RI JUDSKLWHHSR[\ ODPLQDWHV ± HIIHFW RI GHIHFWV LQ FRPSRVLWH PDWHULDOV

$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\IRU7HVWLQJDQG0DWHULDOV$670673

>@ +0DRDQG60DKDGHYDQ)DWLJXHGDPDJHPRGHOOLQJRIFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV