HAL Id: hal-00738280
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00738280
Preprint submitted on 3 Oct 2012HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Eric Delassus
To cite this version:
1
12345673553435893AA34BC55DEA34F6344A64C84
23456789ABBCB 7ADB69A6E8FF3866D586986BA8645C386DCB64F6C4968BF6C38DF68649B836 6 612345674689A6B82486CD6486E32A6F39688AA866FCD797F868A62345674689A6C826CD648 6 E32A6F396986D39986586FCD797F8636B33C96CD6489A6A7F6AA6726A7F6A356F726A33CDD8 6 6D36934A 6586D 86 1 8FF86C38D586A6C365ACB868BB8DF489986986 A4F6C86DCB6B!DB6"3F89B68F6C869A68C36869A6"3F68BF69A 6 5ACB8686FCB6DB6"AC#658FF8653A4DF868BF68D68 8F669344D8686FCF8B698B6499CB4DB6C46DCB6 DF 6 8$8D4369869CB6BC$8DF698B6A3F4BADB686DF3863386"A98C3% A368D68 8F69A6"3F68CF6DCB6BC338D3866FCF6""8DF6496D868CF6D56&F386C8BF4D6AFF8D386 C363858358369A6BA8BB86C468BF658'645C386B!DD!"8686(D8C36365""86496D!6A6AB6)8 6 C36&F3868C38C#6496D!6A6AB6)86C3649B8368F6B8694(383686FCF8B698B6499CB4DB6DC3348B6A36 9A 6 53A4DF8 6 8 6 9A 6 "3F% 6 *4 6 (D 6 D"(38 6 8DF38 6 DCB 6 B8 6 38D8DF 6 "A98C38C# 6 8D 6 5C3ADF 6 A3+B 6 CD6 (D8C36499CB438658BF6C49B6BDF68D6C&F86CD864""3FA94F6C49B6DAFF84D3DF6,A"A4B68F6C46D86 8CF6D56&F386BC358686(D8C3%-458BB8B 6 DD8C3B 6 A55C"C9AF4D 6 8 6 9A4B43B 6 DD 6 D58BBA438B 6 8F 6 DD.DAFC389B 6 D8 6 BDF 6 C8 6 8B6 98C338B6A3698BC89B6DCB653!DB6$A4D53869AD4BB86869A6"3F6C4638$48DF6FC,C3B6FADF6C86DCB6 DA$DB6AB6 A4F698654#68649B836C36AFF84D3869A6BA8BB86$34FA(98% /C36B86C343686586"A96496DCB6 ACF65DB43836C869A6"3F6D8BF6348D6C36DCB69A6"3F6FADF6 5D 3""8DF6AC6"AF34A94B"8645C386BA3AF4D6C653B68F6869)"860C468998."&"868BF6 "AF34899868F65"B86AF"8B16A$856899864BA3A2F6FCF86B8DB4(494F68F6D56FCF86BC 3AD58686 C46C33A4.,86D56A$4368C36B469A6"3F68BF69A6 4D686FCF86B8DBAF4D636 44DB46589C4686FCB698B6"AC#6C46DCB6DD869869CB6338C369A6"3F6D8BF6348D6C36DCB6C4BC86 FADF6C86DCB68#4BFDB6DCB."&"8B69A6"3F6D8BF6AB68F6C86CAD69A6"3F68#4BF86DCB6D86B""8B6 9CB%67D569A6"3F6D8#4BF86D46C3698B6$4$ADFB6D46C3698B6"3FB6C4BC89986DA6348D66 A4386A$85698B6 38"483B68F6C8698B6B85DB6D86BDF69CB%5 4CBB4669A6C8BF4D686BA$436B46CD86BA8BB868BF6BB4(986 A58669A6"3F64968BF683"4B6863D386C4 6 8D638DADF6C368#8"986945C34B"86B468D68 8F6D65DB4+386C86986BB4(986B86 4D4F65""8658 6 DF698#4BF8D586D8DF3A2D86AC5CD865DF3A45F4D6D68CF68DB836C869A683B85F4$86869A6"3F6D8DF386 AB 6 8D 6 5DF3A45F4D 6 A$85 6 9A 6 3858358 6 CD8 6 583FA4D8 6 3"8 6 8 6 BA8BB8 6 6 9AC8998 6 583FA4DB6 49B8B6BDF6A3$8DCB6ADB694BF4386869A68DB86C"A4D8%
1645C386 8AA866 4 8% 5645C386E8FF3866D58%6
44DB46/9AFD6ADB6986/D6074A9C86B863C9ADF6C89C8B68C38B6A$ADF698#5CF4D686*53AF868F6 DCB63B8DFADF658683D48363&F66A 3DF8369A6"3F6A$8569A69CB63AD86B3D4F16DCB64F6C8698 6 49B86385835869A6"3F68F69FAF6C469A6BC4F6DD6AB6C496354869A6$4868F6C496AB43866"C343 6 A368BB4"4B"86"A4B6A3586C4968DB8669A64 38D58645C386C869)"868BF64BF4D5F86C653B 6 C468BF6C3689986CD868DF3A$868F6C869A6"3F65DB4BFADF6ADB69A6BA3AF4D6869)"86A$85698653B6 58FF8683D4+38638F3C$86A4DB46BA68BF4DAF4D6DAFC38998658BF..4386986"D864DF89944(98%6 86C46DA 6 348D 6 6 $43 6 (48D 6 $48""8DF 6 A$85 6 CD 6 C895DC8 6 98 6 C 6 BC4548 6 5A3 6 C3 6 &F38 6 8D 6 "8BC386 A 3DF836A4DB469A6"3F6496 ACF6B!6&F3863A36FCF86BA6$4863)58669A649B48%
A4B6DCB63F3C83A.F.D658B68C#6 3"8B686BA8BB8638B8DF6BC368B634D548B6"FA!B4C8B6 4D$34 4A(98B64D"DF3A(98B%66A4.,86AB6ACFADF6863A4BDB6865343868D694""AF34A94F6869)"86 $4386"&"868D6BD64""3FA94F6C86868DB8369865DF3A4386586C8BF69A6"3F6,8694D386D8BF.586AB6 589A6C46"8"&586A558366CD86$34FA(986BA8BB863 2D68 8F6B4968CF6!6A$4365DF3A45F4D68DF3869A6BA8BB868F69486869A6"3F6589A6$48DF686586C86 354B"8DF6,4D386FFA98"8DF69A6DAFC3868F69A63A4BD6"&"868658FF86"3F6C468CF66FCF6""8DF6"86 AC58368F6ADADF436FCB698B68 3FB6CD86$48%6EA6"3F68BF68D6586B8DB6586C4638D69A6$486A(BC38658BF. .4386C3$C8686FCF6B8DB% E863(9+"865D583D83A6D5645469863A3F66FA(94368DF38698B68C#6B4D4 45AF4DB6BB4(98B6C6F83"86 "&"8 6 8 6 BA8BB8 6 CD 6 57F 6 9A 697FC36 09A 6 B548D581 6 8F 6 8 6 9ACF38 6 9A 6F7489C96 0BA8BB8 6 3AF4C86 3C8D586B3D4F165""8DF6A5583669A6B85D86B46,86D86C4B6A$436AC5CD865DDA4BBAD58686586 C8BF69A6"3F63 EA6"3F6B4D8694D5DDC69869CB6FFA96,86D86C4B68DB8369A6"3F6ADB69A6"8BC3868689986D8BF6AB6CD6 (,8F6C4968BF6BB4(986865D58$436A36CD65D58F6F83"4D6A36CD864DFC4F4D6B8DB4(9865""8DF6 C33A4B.,86D56"86F83"4D836 A586694"8DBA(9863 A4B6B46354B"8DF69A6"3F68BF64"8DBA(986D8BF.586AB6A3586C865""869534F645C38689986D8BF6 348D6C36DCB6C46B""8B6(48D6$4$ADFB645468F6"A4DF8DADF68F6C869A6B8C986BA8BB86C46$A49986 A58669A 6 "3F68BF686$4$386986""8DF63B8DF6BADB63838F6C6ABB6D4653A4DF86869A$8D43% A3564C3+9868#94C86A4998C3B6ADB6B8B6!849 896C869A6"3F6D8BF6AB6653A4D3865A36899868BF6ADB6 93386869A6DAFC3868F6BC3FCF6A3586C89986D868CF6B46DCB6A553DB634D54A98"8DF6869A6$A98C36AC6 3B8DF6348D6DCB67F836 6
6"29989#A2 6 C8 6 A7C9 6 CDD8 6 349 6 8A 6 32A34A 6 58 6 E7C9 6 5C 6 CDD8 6 349 6 972C849# 6 A7C 6 28 6
F8974486486F856248632A86C86286 8DD862CD6CA68A62CD64846CA6F396532A86286 8DD8 6 2CD6F856"74 6D86FD296D74$68A6D86FD296 72A68C84484A6326%8636D86F 984A689A 6 $3D6F726A7296&689A6574 6 $3D63299C6 862C6F CA6&68A6D36F8A863FF33'A63C49C6 78 6 C49A34A34 86&6 36746486F82A6F85864C6D86F399 64C6D384C6&6 784A68468EE8A6F723CA#
9 746729684D886 862867296486F799 58(6F396)6 9 A36"C3436,8CD86C6$48C#68BF6BADB64"3FAD5869A6"3F6D868CF6DCB634$836C63B8DF6C468BF6A3 6 4D4F4D6586C86,86$4B645468F6"A4DF8DADF689986D868CF6DCB63A$436586C46D8BF69CB60986ABB16C6586C4 6 D8BF6AB68D538609A$8D431% E""86BA868BF6D56589C46C46C36A3A3AB836*4D'A6$4F6BADB653A4DF868F6BADB68B436C496534F6 C6DD68D694""3FA94F6869)"86C4BC86586C496 A4F6496986 A4F6ADB6986""8DF63B8DF6A3586C496 ,C86C86BD6A5F86A68D69C46"&"868F6C369C4."&"86CD86$A98C36C46986,CBF4 48% 8BF6C3C46A4998C3B6:ADF6ADB6BA649B4863AF4C865DB4+386C86B469A6"3A986D58BB4F869A6 53!AD5868D694""3FA94F6869)"8605""86BFC9AF6869A63A4BD63AF4C816586D8BF6AB68D6FADF6C86 5D4F4D6869A5F86"3A960AC6B8DB686986BC,8F6A43A4F6"3A98"8DF68D6$C86CD8635"8DB86ADB6CD86 ACF386$4816"A4B69CF7F65""86586C46DD86FCF6BD6B8DB669A5F86"3A968D638DADF6BB4(9869CD4D6 C6(D8C368F6869A6$83FC6C46D868CF6&F3863A94B6C86A36748C6ADB6CD6"D86BC3AB8DB4(98%6 8BF6 C3C46586D8BF6AB6B89D6:ADF69A638944D6C465DC4F669A6"3A986"A4B69A6"3A986C465DC4F669A6 38944D;% <968BF6D5683"4B6868DB836C86B46CD86BA8BB868BF6BB4(986 A58669A6"3F6589A6$48DF6869A65AA54F6 C6BC,8F66DD836CD6B8DB66BA6$4868F6D566BA6"3F% =C869D6534F6C6DD68D694""3FA94F6869)"86586C46 A4F6C869A6"3F6C33A6&F3868D$4BA86A$856 B3D4F658BF698654#64DF3836DF3868#4BF8D586ADB6CD65DF8#F86C469C46DD86B8DB6ADB69865A386 869A6D58BB4F6DAFC389986C36CD649B865""8645C386C6ADB69865A386CD63,8F64$4D6C36 C46534F68D694""3FA94F6869)"86$4386"&"86C3698B653F48DB68D69A63BC3385F4D68B653B% A4B6DCB643A.F.D64968BF6 A54986864BB83F836BC369A6"3F693BC8658998.546D865338BD6C36DCB6 C6CD8683B85F4$8694DFA4D8%6/C334DB6DCB6BCF8D43698B6"&"8B6F+B8B6B4689986BA$3A4F64""4D8DF86 8F6C86DCB69A6B8DF4DB6358686DCB63 2D68 8F69A6$484998BB869A6"A9A4868C$8DF65DF34(C836638D3869CB6B8DB4(98658FF8683B85F4$86C46C36 986""8DF6DCB6A3A2F694DFA4D868F6A(BF3A4F86"A4B6B468"A4D69D6"A38D6C86,86BC4B6AFF84DF6CD8 6 "A9A486C$ADF6"8FF386"8B6,C3B68D6AD836 83A4.,868D538638C$86869A6"&"86BA8BB86367ACFADF6 C86ADB658B65D4F4DB69A6BC 3AD586C69A6 AF4C865DF34(C83DF64D58BBA""8DF66"869863A8983% 46589A6496 ACF63D3865""86A35.4C3+986C86C89986C86B4F6DF3865D4F4D6496 ACF6$4$3865AC8 6 ,C365""86B465FA4F698683D4836C496 ACF65AC86,C36BA(4FC83669486C86DF386$486D86F48DF6C 6 CD6 496C468CF6&F3863"C66FCF6""8DF68F6C86C36589A64965D$48DF686$4$3865AC86""8DF68D68D 6 F43ADF6FCF69863 4F6C4968BF6BB4(986>6DD6AB6C496 A49986"34B836986ABB68F69A$8D436"A4B6B469D6 4F698B638D3868D65"F86589A6D864F6,A"A4B6&F386AC68DB6C63B8DF%
96A3564C3+986!849 896<<61;6F3A%6%6?348364D6 896*A7+ C84966@A994"A36/94A8%
;6 89A64F6CD86F89986$4B4D68B65B8B638B86BC369486C46DCB6B8"(9864B5CFA(986C496D868CF6!6A$436865D53AD58 6 8DF386986(D8C368F69A6$83FC69A6$83FC6BCBADF698638DD58"8DF6AC6(D8C36588DADF6D!.A.F.496AB6CD6(D8C36A43 6 "3A98"8DF636
2D68 8F68CF.&F386BC4B.,868BF4D66"C3436A5548DF8998"8DF6ADB68C686F8"B6"A4B6,8694D3868F6 C36"469A63(A(494F686C$436$4$3868D53869DF8"B6"86 A4F68338686$C869A65DB548D58686 94BBC86 AFA9868D638$AD586B469D6"A38D6CCD86"A9A4864"4DC8658FF863(A(494F6,86$A4B6&F386 BA4B46A369AD4BB8%6/C3C4636/A3586C86586D8BF6AB69A6"3F6C86,AC3A4B668D$4BA836"A4B6"A6"3F 6 C86,86$833A46A93B6B863 498366934'D% EA6"3F6A68D68 8F6C89C865B86A(BF3A4F6C46D8638D$4866348D686354B693BC869D6B4D86A36 586F83"869A6 4D4FC86869A63A94F6C"A4D8 6"A4B65""86986 A4F6F3+B6,CBF8"8DF638"A3C836A3F4D6 A8488364386 6D6"8C3F6 65DB4BF868D6C89C86B3F86694D8369A6"3F686B46 6
6 8FDC 3AC746586D36 3DCA 623C4862C636 729653496D896F7F7965896$84965 D386,6-46
82A66F3 8628465C934A6-4682A66 3 246589632A8968A697C#%86846%86A8F9674 6 F82A69846E3C863 7C86,672C674682A63C96 3286E7C96 86489A6B29A884A6F3967C6&6D8 6 746 86489A6F8974486 86E3CA658672C689A63C49C6384 63264C83265246 4884A62C 6 74 848 6 .C84 6 D3 6 3DCA 6 23C48 6 3C9 6 48 6 A72 8 6 F897448 6 84 6 F7F8 6 *C 6 B33C9 6 D 2C728636 A 6D86E3CA65896F3D8C89627AC5C844896 89A6.C846C C653496D86F3D86926D3 6 7A68AA867A62C69349692FFD 34 86F799C.D8689A689984AC8DD884A6D36C84486D367C C 6 748AC86846246 4884A62C68D/86526573C486F2.DC 6,6 89A60674628DD863C86 B C369A6"3F658BF6A(36"A6"3F6C658998686F896C6F89658BF6FC,C3B69A6"3F6CD6&F386A3F45C9483% 8BF6C3C468D683D4836948C6&F386BA86 A58669A6"3F6586D8BF6AB6B8C98"8DF6BA$436B863A38366BA6 3386"3F658BF6ACBB46&F3868D6"8BC38686BC3F8369A6BB4(494F69A6"3F6869ACF3865899868B6&F38B 6 C869D6A4"868F6DF6DCB638BB8DFDB694D,CBF4586&F38634$693BC49B6DCB6C4FF8DF% DCF869A64 45C9F65DB4BF86D5645466ABBC"836BA65D4F4D6&F386"3F8968D6ABBADF6869A63B4DAF4D6 69A558FAF4D6869A6"3F658BF..4386CD86BC"4BB4D6ABB4$866CD86 AFA94F6C46DCB6+B866CD86 5"38DB4D63AF4DD89986C65A3A5F+386DAFC3896869A6"3F6C46D8BF6348D6C36DCB66FADF6C86DCB6 B""8B6$4$ADFB% 6CB6D86BC4$3DB6D56AB64546A848836C463F8D6C86DCB6B""8B68B6&F38B6C369A6"3F66DD6 AB 6 C3 6 $A5C83 6 9A 6 4"8DB4D 6 F3A4C8 6 8 6 98#4BF8D58 6 C"A4D8 6 D4 6 C3 6 9C83 6 9A 6 4"8DB4D6 "FA!B4C86C86DCB65D +386DF3865D4F4D6&F386"3F896>6583F8B69""868BF6986B8C96&F386$4$ADF6 C46BA586C496$A6"C3436"A4B658BF6C36589A6C4964F6A5538368D53869CB686$A98C3669A6$486C496 D864F6AB6)5836BA6$486868C36869A6$4364BA3A2F38658BF6C3C464964F68DB83669A6"3F6DD6 AB 6 C3 6 8D 6 5C9F4$83 6 9A 6 4"8DB4D 6 F3A4C8 6 8 6 AED 6 "3(48 6 "A4B 6 AC 6 5DF3A438 6 C3 6 "48C#6 9A558F836"48C#69C46DD836CD6B8DB6A 4D686"48C#6$4$38%6
86C4683"8F6A 3DF8369A6"3F693BC86DCB69A6$!DB64D3866934'D686DF386$48658BF6
B 354B"8DF686B!6&F3863A368D6!68DBADF65AC86,C36A 4D686"48C#69A558F8365A36F36BC$8DF6 98B6""8B638 CB8DF6868DB83669A6"3F6698C36"3F68F665899868B6&F38B6C49B6A4"8DF6A3586C49B68D6 DF68C36 6 6 896789643134A6F26$2 C6D367A6D36C9/86DC$4734 8CD96986974A63C9 96F72 6 9868458682826586416F7C4A6F84986 F
A4B6 4DA98"8DF6B49638 CB86!68DB836D8BF.586AB6C49B6!68DB8DF6F36C6C496!68DB86"A9636 6127469C3$C48624647.865789653496D896 3'48968A6A7296 74534 966D367A 6
574A6D8962496 A34A6 3286B726 $7$ 966D36286589632A896 8262C689A84A67C84A6D82 6 F7F86 745CAC74653496 8DD86586D829698.D3.D8968A69868$3534A6D89624968A6D89632A89 6 38 6572D8268A69349689F 34 863AA84584A66D826A72689A6DC3$86586D36 745CAC746589 6 7896 G6
7ADB686F8998B65D4F4DB69A6C3BC4F86C6(D8C36D58BB4F86C865A5CD6A 3DF86DD6B8C98"8DF69A 6 "3F6"A4B6BA6"3F68D6 A58%6E8338C368658C#6C4638 CB8DF6868DB83669A6"3F6A3586C86589A698C368BF 6 4DBC3FA(986$48DF686586C8658BF6354B"8DF6A3586C49B6AF8DF658FF86AFF4FC86C869486869A6 "3F68BF6C368C#64DBCF8DA(98%
8BF 6 C3 6 58FF8 6 3A4BD 6 C8 6 DCB 6 5D59C3DB 6 8D 6 A3A3ABADF 6 6 DC$8AC 6 *4D'A 6 C4 6 4F 6 C8 6 9A6 49B486D8BF6AB6CD86"4FAF4D6BC369A6"3F6"A4B6BC369A6$48H%6
/A3658FF86 3"C986*4D'A6DCB64D$4F8665C$3436586C496!6A68D6DCB6F83D8966ABB836DF386 4D4FC8 6 4D4$4C8998 6 C3 6 4DA98"8DF 6 $A4D538 6 9A 6 "3F 6 A3 6 98#835458 6 CD8 6 8DB8 6 5AA(98 6 86 B4DF3836ADB69A6FFA94F6,86D86BC4B6CCD86A3F486C6FCF6"A4B6C46A369A68DB868BF68D6"8BC38686 8DB836986FCF%6 8BF6C3C46*4D'A6A 43"86C86"&"86B46348D6D8683"8F686C438694""3FA94F6 869)"86 6 6 8623C486486F82A6%A8684AC/884A65 A2CA8638 6D86 7F963C96CD689A8658DD8 6 28D286 79862C689A6 A848D6 I6 8FF86F83D4F6$8DADF6354B"8DF686586C869)"86FADF6B89D6*4D'A69486C653B66899868#4BF8686 FCF86F83D4F6ADB698DF8D8"8DF64$4D6ACC896,86A3F45486B89D69AFF34(CF6869A68DB8%6 8BF6D56A36CD863 98#4D6"8683"8FFADF6A558F8369A6"3F6FADF69A6"48DD86C86589986ACF3C46C86 ,86C33A46 A438698654#686$4$386B89D6CD86BA8BB8638BADF6BC369A65"38DB4D6869A6389AF4$4F686 9A6"3F68F698638,8F686FCB698B69438B68694"A4DAF4D63$8DADF686"D64D3AD586 A586658998.54% F6/AB5A96!849 89601FH6.66?3CDB5$4561996.6%6EA C"A1 G6<(46 H6 6246786DC.86486F84986632 2486 79867C49626D367A68A693693$8998689A62486 5CA3AC7464746586D367A63C9 6 586D36C86*FC47(36 63AC286;J6A3F486/3B4F4D6EKL<<6F3A%6 %64CD6@A3D483.M9A""A34D%6 I6<(46BJ6A3F4863B4F4D6KK<<<6
A368D68 8F68F6DCB638$48D3DB66DC$8AC6AC#6BFN548DB68F69CB6354B"8DF6645F+F86DCB6D86 8$DB6AB65D D38698B65B8B6C46D868D8DF6AB686DCB68F658998B6C468D68D8DF6496D86 8D6AB686"46&F386"3F896,86BA4B6C86,86D8654B43A46D469A6 3"86D4698C38686"A6"3F68D6 38$AD5864968D686"4686$4$386"A65D4F4D6&F386"3F896ADB6986(D8C36C6986"A98C368D6 54B4BBADF6865343866586C46DD83A66"A6$486CD6B8DB6"A9369A6"3F%
8BF6C3C46DCB6C$DB6A 43"836CCD86BA8BB868BF6BB4(986 A58669A6"3F6$4386"&"86C86 9CB48C3B 6 3"8B 6 8 6 BA8BB86 BDF6 BB4(98B 6 45C38 6 /9AFD 6 *4D'A 6 C3 6 D8 6 54F83 6 C8C# 6 DCB 6 38DF698B6"!8DB6868DB836CD86$486B8DB86$43868C38CB86"A9369A6"3F%
A4B6496D86 ACF6AB6C(94836C496D86BA4F6C86CD86BA8BB86BB4(986D58BB4FADF6C369AFF84D386CD6 8 3F6DD6B8C98"8DF6863 98#4D6"A4B68CF.&F386ACBB4686$9DF%6<96 ACF6D56C36&F386BA86 A5866 9A6"3F6CD863AD86 3586)"86"A4B6ACBB46CD863AD86C"494F65A36AC5CD68DF386DCB6D868CF 6 A 43"83 6 C49 6 AC3A 6 58FF8 6 358 6 ,CBCAC 6 (CF 6 58BF 6 C3C4 6 DCB 6 8$DB 6 A98"8DF 6 5C9F4$83 6 9A6 5"ABB4D68F69A65"38DB4D68D$83B658C#658'6C4658FF86 3586B86"8F66"ADC83%6
