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Les voyages forment la jeunesse

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(1)Les voyages forment la jeunesse Mathilde Billottet. To cite this version: Mathilde Billottet. Les voyages forment la jeunesse : Quels apprentissages lors des voyages scolaires ?. Education. 2018. �hal-02364668�. HAL Id: hal-02364668 https://hal-univ-fcomte.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02364668 Submitted on 15 Nov 2019. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License.

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