HAL Id: hal-00772072
https://hal-mines-paristech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00772072
Submitted on 9 Jan 2013
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Construire le ” médium ” : de la TSF à la radio
Cécile Méadel
To cite this version:
• C. Méadel, Construire le « médium » : de la TSF à la radio, in H.
Gévarec (dir.), Histoire de la radio. Ouvrez grand vos oreilles, Paris :
Musée des arts et métiers / Silvana Editoriale, 2012.
! "#$%&'()'*!+*!,!-./)(-!0!1!/*!+2!345!6!+2!'2/)#! ! ".7)+*!8.2/*+! !"#$%&&%'"()(*+,-#*%(./01#./*%(&'23"1%'"%(4%&(51.%&(!/"1&67%-89(-8%"-8%'&%(/'(:%.0"%(4%(&#-1#*#;1%(4%(*+1..#</01#.! (
=1( */( 0%-8.#*#;1%( &/.&6$1*1&0%( $/10( &%&( 2"%>1%"&( 2/&( 4/.&( *%&( 0#'0%&( 2"%>1?"%&( /..3%&( 4'(@@%( &1?-*%9(-%(.+%&0(A'+/2"?&(*/(!"%>1?"%(B'%""%(>#.41/*%(A'%(-#>>%.-%()(&%(43<%*#22%"(-%(A'1( </( 4%<%.1"( */( "/41#(C( 4%&( -#.0%.'&( &#'&( */( $#">%( 4+3>1&&1#.&9( 4%&( /'410%'"&( "%;"#'23&( %.( /&&#-1/01#.&9( 4%&( 41&2#&101$&( 0%-8.1A'%&( A'%( *%&( />/0%'"&( &+/22"#2"1%.0( %0( 0"/.&$#">%.09( 4%&( #";/.1&>%&(&0"'-0'"/.0(-%&(-#.0%.'&(%.(&0/01#.&(#'(2#&0%&9(%09(%.$1.9('.(&0/0'0(4/.&(*+%&2/-%( 2'D*1-(%.;/;%/.0(*/(*#1(%0(*%(2#*101A'%E(:+%&0(/'(-#.$*'%.0(4%(-%&(A'%&01#.&(A'%(&%(43$1.10(%.0"%( *%&(4%'F(;'%""%&(*%(>341/("/41#28#.1A'%E( ( 9$!*%:27*!:(;+)7!6!/)%&2$7*!/(!:#+)&)<(*! G+'.%(4%&(2"%>1?"%&(A'%&01#.&(4+1>2#"0/.-%(%&0(-%**%(4'(&0/0'0(4%(-%00%(/-01<103(C(*/("/41#(%&06 %**%( '.%( /$$/1"%( 2'D*1A'%( #'( '.%( /$$/1"%( 2"1<3%(H( =+/;1061*( 4'( !"##$( 4%( A'%*A'%&( />/0%'"&( 2/&&1#..3&(#I(*/(2'1&&/.-%(2'D*1A'%(.+/("1%.()($/1"%(H(J'(*/(>1&%()(41&2#&101#.(4+'.%("%&&#'"-%( 4%( *+%&2/-%( 2'D*1-( K*%&( #.4%&( 8%"0L1%..%&M( %F1;%606%**%( /'( -#.0"/1"%( *+1.0%"<%.01#.( 4%( *+,0/0(H( 7%**%(%&0(*+/*0%"./01<%(A'+/$$"#.0%.0(0#'&(*%&(2/N&(#I(&%(43<%*#22%(*/("/41#E(5/1&(*/(O"/.-%(4%( *+%.0"%64%'F6;'%""%&(&%(41&01.;'%(4/.&(-%(43D/0(2/"(*/(2*/-%(A'+%**%(*'1(4#..%(C(%**%($/10(4%(-%00%( A'%&01#.( '.%( 2#*3>1A'%( 4'"/D*%( 4%( &#.( %&2/-%( 2#*101A'%9( '.%( &#'"-%( 4%( -#.0"#<%"&%&9( 4%( 0%F0%&( 4%( *#19( 4+/";'01%&( P'"141A'%&9( 4%( 43D/0&( 2/"*%>%.0/1"%&Q( &/.&( P/>/1&( 0"/.-8%"( 2%.4/.0( 2"?&(A'+'.(A'/"0(4%(&1?-*%E((
G%&( 43$%.&%'"&( 4'( &%"<1-%( 2'D*1-9( &N.41-/*1&0%&( #'( 2/"01&( 2#*101A'%&9( 2%.&%.0( A'%( *+,0/0( 4#10( ;/"4%"( *%( >#.#2#*%( 4%&( -#>>'.1-/01#.&( "/41#41$$'&3%&9( 0#'0( -#>>%( 1*( -#.0"R*%( 4%2'1&( 2*'&1%'"&( &1?-*%&( *%&( -#>>'.1-/01#.&( 2#&0/*%&( 2'1&( 03*328#.1A'%&SE( G%&( T(*1D3"/'F(U( )( */(
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
-#>>%( %.( B"/.4%6^"%0/;.%9( %.( `#"<?;%( #'( %.( a**%>/;.%9( >/1&( 2/"$#1&( /'&&19( -#>>%( /'F( ,0/0&6b.1&9( &%*#.( '.( "3;1>%( 2'"%>%.0( -#>>%"-1/*E( W.( $/109( *+#22#&101#.( 2"1<3c2'D*1-( %&0( &/.&( 4#'0%( /&&%L( 0"#>2%'&%9( %.( O"/.-%( -#>>%( 4/.&( */( 2*'2/"0( 4%&( /'0"%&( 2/N&9( -/"( */( "/41#( %&0( 4+/D#"4(4/.&(&%&(0#'0%&(2"%>1?"%&(/..3%&(4+%F1&0%.-%('.%(/$$/1"%(4%(-*'D&9(4+/&&#-1/01#.&9(%.( '.(>#0(C(4+/>/0%'"&E(W.(-%*/9(.#&(&0/01#.&(4+/</.06;'%""%(#.0('.(2/"$'>(A'%(*+#.("%0"#'<%"/( 4/.&( *%&( /..3%&( SXdZ9( *#"&A'%( $*%'"1&&%.0( 4%&( 1.101/01<%&( 2"1<3%&( 4%( 2"#P%0&9( 4+3>1&&1#.&9( 4%( 2#&0%&eE( :%2%.4/.09( .%( 2#'&&#.&( 2/&( *%( 0"/10( 0"#2( *#1.(C( #.( .+N( "%0"#'<%"/10( 2/&( */( >[>%(
%F2*#&1#.( %.( .#>D"%( 4%( &0/01#.&9( */( >[>%( %$$%"<%&-%.-%( 2#*101A'%9( */( >[>%( >#D1*1&/01#.( &#-1/*%E(
(
=*!/#(;+*!%*7&*('!:')>.?:(;+)7!
]/.&(*%&(/..3%&(SXe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ef9(A'1(/--#"4%( '.%( /'0#"1&/01#.( 4+3>%00"%( 2"#<1"%( )( 0"%1L%( &0/01#.&( 2"1<3%&( %.( /-01<103( *%( YS( 43-%>D"%(
SXed9(T(%.(/00%.4/.0('.%(*#1(#";/.1A'%(UYE(!'1&&/.0%(323%(4%(]/>#-*?&(A'1(.%(0#>D%(P/>/1&(
>/1&(%.-#'"/;%(*%&("/41#&()(*/(-1"-#.&2%-01#.(\(g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
W.( $/109( *%( 43<%*#22%>%.0( 4%( */( "/41#41$$'&1#.( %.( O"/.-%( %.0"%( *%&( 4%'F( ;'%""%&( -#.0"%410( *%&( 08?&%&(0"/4101#..%**%&(&'"(*%(T(-#*D%"01&>%(U(4%(*+,0/0E(G/("/41#41$$'&1#.(&+%&0(1.&0/**3%(&%*#.('.%( *#;1A'%( *#-/*%9( /*#"&( A'%( 0#'&( *%&( 1.&0"'>%.0&( P'"141A'%&( 4+1.0%"<%.01#.( 30/1%.0( %.( 2*/-%(h( *%&( &0/01#.&( 2'D*1A'%&( %0( 2"1<3%&( #.0( 2'( &%( 43<%*#22%"( %.( */1&&/.0( *+1.101/01<%( /'F( 2"#4'-0%'"&( "3;1#./'FE( G/( B"/.4%6^"%0/;.%9( 0#'P#'"&( -103%( -#>>%( -#.0"%6%F%>2*%( 43>#-"/01A'%9( #20%9( %**%9(2#'"('.%(-%.0"/*1&/01#.(D%/'-#'2(2*'&(2#'&&3%(4%(&%&(&0/01#.&(4%(7=OiE(
j'%($#.0(/*#"&(*+,0/0(%0(*/(2'1&&/.-%(2'D*1A'%(K*%(>1.1&0?"%(%.(-8/";%(4%&(2#&0%&M9(A'1(%F%"-%.0( */( 0'0%**%( &'"( *%&( "/41#&( 2'D*1A'%&( %0( /&&'"%.0( *%( -#.0"R*%( 4%&( "/41#&( 2"1<3%&(H( W.( /'-'.%( >/.1?"%9( */( "/41#( .%( 4%<1%.0( '.( 1.&0"'>%.0( 2#*101A'%E( k*( %&0( <"/1( A'%( 2#'"( */( 0"#1&1?>%( _32'D*1A'%9( &%'*%( -#>20%( */( 2"%&&%( 3-"10%9( A'%( *%&( 8#>>%&( 2#*101A'%&( &/<%.0( >/.1%"9( >/.12'*%"(%0(&#'<%.0(-#""#>2"%lE(G/("/41#(/22/"/m0(4+/D#"4(-#>>%(*%(P#'%0(4+'.%(2#1;.3%(4%(
e(781%""N(G%$%D<"%9(%1(31210++&(4&'(5140"'(+0#5&'(67899:78;7<9(,4101#.&(`#'<%/'(5#.4%ck./9(eZZfE( Y(:/"#*1.%(b*>/..65/'"1/09(=10''1/,&(4>./(-*401?(@0'2"05&(A"+020B.&(4&(+1(5140"(&/(C51/,&(678D7:78E7<9(Gno/">/00/.9(SXXXE( i(!/44N(=-/..%**9(T(!'D*1-(=%"<1-%(^"#/4-/&01.;(/.4(>#4%".(*1$%(U9(F&401G(H.+2.5&(1/4(I",0&2$9(<#*E(SS9(.p(e9(SXfX9(2E(SYl6SqqE( l(r%/.6`#s*(r%/..%.%N9(%>J5K&/2(,1,!*(L(-0+0&.M(4>1NN105&'(&2(A".O"05'(A"+020B.&'(41/'(+1(C51/,&(4.(PP% ('0Q,+&9(O/N/"49(SXfiE(
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t(</1.%>%.0(t()(1.0%"41"%(*%(43<%*#22%>%.0(4%(*+1.$#">/01#.("/41#28#.1A'%qE(
(
"#--($2(&.%!2(/)&')7*%!
j'+/00%.46#.( /*#"&( 4%( */( "/41#(H( ]/.&( '.%( ;"/.4%( %$$%"<%&-%.-%( 1>/;1./01<%9( *%( .#'<%*( 1.&0"'>%.0( 4%( -#>>'.1-/01#.( &'&-10%( K-#>>%( k.0%".%0( /'P#'"4+8'1M( *%&( 2"341-01#.&( *%&( 2*'&( $/.0/&>/01A'%&(C( */( 7=O( /D#*10( *+%&2/-%( %0( 2%">%0( 0#'&( *%&( 3-8/.;%&9( %**%( >%0( %.( -#.0/-0( *%&( 1.-#..'&9(*%&(30"/.;%"&(%0(*%&(<#1&1.&(h(%**%(/22#"0%()(0#'&(*/(>/..%(-3*%&0%(4%(*/(-'*0'"%9(4+'.%( */.;'%(2"#2"%9(4%&(-#../1&&/.-%&(2/"0/;3%&E(J.(2%.&%(/*#"&(A'%(*/("/41#(</('.1$1%"(*%(0%""10#1"%( ./01#./*9($#'".1"()(*/(-/>2/;.%(*%&(3*3>%.0&(4%(*/(>#4%".103(&/.&(2#'"(/'0/.0(-#""#>2"%(&/( T(2'"%(u>%(<1**/;%#1&%(Ud9(%0(>[>%(*'00%"(-#.0"%(*+%F#4%("'"/*Q(:%&(/00%.0%&(&+1.&-"1<%.0(4/.&(
*/( -#.01.'103( 4%&( 2"%>1%"&( />/0%'"&9( -%&( T(5140":!1-'(Uf( 4'( 43D'0( 4'( &1?-*%( 4#.0( */( 2/&&1#.(
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o1&0#1"%(/(D%/'-#'2(&#'*1;.3(*%("%0/"4("%*/01$(4%&(2/N&(>3410%""/.3%.&(4/.&(*/(41$$'&1#.(4%(*/( "/41#( K*/( "%>/"A'%( 30/.0( /'&&1( /<3"3%( 2#'"( */( O"/.-%M9( "%0/"4( A'%( *%&( /'0%'"&( /00"1D'%.0( /'F( T(>%.0/*103&(U( K'.%( $/V#.( 4%( 41"%( A'%( *%&( &#-1303&( >3410%""/.3%..%&( &#.0( /"-8/vA'%&M9( )( *+3*%-0"1$1-/01#.( 4'( 0%""10#1"%( K/";'>%.0( 2%'( -#.</1.-/.0( A'/.4( #.( &/10( A'%( */( 2*'2/"0( 4%&( "3-%20%'"&($#.-01#..%.0(/<%-('.%(D/00%"1%M9(/'F(1.3;/'F(43<%*#22%>%.0&(3-#.#>1A'%&(K>/1&( */( -#""3*/01#.( %.0"%( .1<%/'( 4%( <1%( %0( 41$$'&1#.( 4%( */( 7=O( $#.-01#..%( /&&%L( >/*MQ( WF2*1-/01#.&( 0#'0%&( /&&%L( 1.&/01&$/1&/.0%&9( #.( *%( <#10E( k*( &%>D*%( 0#'0%$#1&( A'+#.( 2%'0( 0"#'<%"( A'%*A'%( 3-*/1"-1&&%>%.0()(-%("%0/"4(4/.&(*%(2"#$1*(4%&(/'410%'"&(K4/.&(*%(-/&(4%(*/(O"/.-%(/'(>#1.&M9(A'1( .%( &%( -#.4'1&%.0( 2/&( %.( -#.&#>>/0%'"&( %F03"1%'"&( %0( 1.41$$3"%.0&( >/1&( >#D1*1&%.0( 4%&( -#>230%.-%&(0%-8.1A'%&(#'(/"01&01A'%&9(2/"01-12%.0()(4%&("3'.1#.&9(2"#2#&%.0(4%&(3>1&&1#.&E(( k*&(#.0(&#'<%.0(D%.(4%(-#../1&&/.-%&(2/"01-'*1?"%&(2#'"($/1"%($#.-01#..%"(*%'"&("3-%20%'"&(C( %.( O"/.-%( 2/"( %F%>2*%9( */( 2"#4'-01#.( 4%( 2#&0%&( 4%>%'"%( P'&A'+)( */( ]%'F1?>%( B'%""%( >#.41/*%( %&&%.01%**%>%.0( /"01&/./*%( %0( *+/-8%0%'"( 2/"01-12%( &#'<%.0( /'( >#.0/;%( 4%( &/( "/41#9( <#1"%( */( -#.&0"'10( 0#0/*%>%.0E( :%"0%&9( '.%( /'0"%( $1;'"%( 4'( -#.&#>>/0%'"( 3>%";%( 2%'( )( 2%'9( &#'<%.0(2"3&%.03%(4/.&(*/(2'D*1-103(&#'&(*%&(0"/10&(4+'.%($%>>%(4#.0(*+1.4#*%.-%(/1>/D*%(&1;.%(
q(:3-1*%(53/4%*9(@0'2"05&(4&(+1(5140"(4&'(1//*&'(25&/2&?(R.('1/':N0+0'2&(S(+>1.402&.59(W-#.#>1-/9(SXXiE( d(r%/..%(=/1.06o';'%&9(w!/N&/.&x9(%&(A&202(T140"9(Y(&%20%>D"%(SXYeE(
*+1.-#>230%.-%(%0(A'1(.%(<%'0("1%.(&/<#1"(4%&(/--'>'*/0%'"&9(4%&(/.0%..%&(%0(4%(*/(;%&01#.(4%( *+/&&#-1/01#.E( 5/1&( *%( &/.&6$1*1&0%( L3*3( %0( -#>>'.1-/01$( "%&0%( 0"?&( 2"3&%.09( )( *+3-#'0%( -#>>%( 4/.&(*+#";/.1&/01#.(4%&("/41#&(%0(*%'"&(2"#;"/>>%&E(
(
=2!,!'2/)#-#':@#%*!0!
G%&(&0/01#.&(4#1<%.0(%.(%$$%0(1.<%.0%"(-%(A'1($%"/(*%'"&(2"#;"/>>%&(%0(2#'"(-%*/9(%**%&(<#.0(&%( &/1&1"( 4%( 4%'F( 0N2%&( 4%( -#.0%.'&(C( *+'.( <%./.0( 4%( *+1.$#">/01#.9( &#'&( */( 4#'D*%( $#">%( 4'( P#'"./*(%0(4%(*/(-#.$3"%.-%9(%0(*+/'0"%(4%&(/"0&(<1</.0&9(*/(>'&1A'%(/'(2"%>1%"(-8%$(>/1&(/'&&1(*%( 083u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h( >/1&( /'&&1( '.%( "%43$1.101#.( 4%&( /'410%'"&9( A'1( <#.0( [0"%( 2%'( )( 2%'( >1&( %.( &-?.%( %0( "%.4'&( 2"3&%.0&( )( *+/.0%..%( 2/"( 4%&( 3>1&&1#.&( %.( 2'D*1-9( *+1.0%"<%.01#.( 4+'.( 4%( *%'"&( "%2"3&%.0/.0&9( '.%("830#"1A'%(&23-1$1A'%Q(
W.( >[>%( 0%>2&( A'%( &+1.<%.0%( */( >/01?"%( "/41#28#.1A'%( &%( >%0( %.( 2*/-%( */( $/V#.( 4%( *+#";/.1&%"( %0( 4%( */( "32/"01"( t( */( T(>1&%( %.( ;"1**%(U( t9( A'1( &'22#&%( '.%( >/m0"1&%( 4'( 0%>2&9( */( "3230101#.( 4%&( 3<3.%>%.0&( 2#'"( 43$1.1"( 4%&( "%.4%L6<#'&( /<%-( *%&( /'410%'"&9( >/1&( /'&&1( *%'"( "%.#'<%**%>%.0(2#'"(.%(2/&(*%&(*/&&%"E(
(
:%00%(23"1#4%(4%(*+%.0"%64%'F6;'%""%&(%&0(4#.-(4+'.%(%F0"/#"41./1"%($3-#.4103(2#'"(*/("/41#(h( %.('.%(A'1.L/1.%(4+/..3%&9(%.0"%(SXel(%0(SXiZ9(&+1.<%.0%.0(0#'&(*%&($#">/0&("/41#28#.1A'%&E( =+1.<%.0%.0( *%&( >#N%.&( 0%-8.#*#;1A'%&( A'1( 2%">%00%.0( 4%( "%.4"%( *%( >#.4%( 2"3&%.09( 2/"( %F%>2*%( /<%-( *%&( >1-"#&( 4+/>D1/.-%9( 4+/**%"( )( &/( "%.-#.0"%9( /<%-( *%&( 0%-8.#*#;1%&( 4%( "%2#"0/;%9( 4%( *%( 41$$3"%"9( /<%-( 4%&( 41&2#&101$&( 4+%."%;1&0"%>%.0( &'"( 41&A'%(h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