• Aucun résultat trouvé

Raffinement et de déraffinement de paramétrisation pour l'estimation de transmissivité hydraulique

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Raffinement et de déraffinement de paramétrisation pour l'estimation de transmissivité hydraulique"

Copied!
30
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)Raffinement et de déraffinement de paramétrisation pour l’estimation de transmissivité hydraulique Hend Ben Ameur, Guy Chavent, Jérôme Jaffré. To cite this version: Hend Ben Ameur, Guy Chavent, Jérôme Jaffré. Raffinement et de déraffinement de paramétrisation pour l’estimation de transmissivité hydraulique. [Rapport de recherche] RR-3623, INRIA. 1999. �inria00073054�. HAL Id: inria-00073054 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073054 Submitted on 24 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Raffinement et de d´eraffinement de param´etrisation pour l’estimation de transmissivit´e hydraulique Hend BEN AMEUR, Guy CHAVENT, J´erˆome JAFFRE. N ˚ 3623 1999 ` THEME 4. ISSN 0249-6399. apport de recherche.

(3)

(4)   

(5) 

(6)     

(7)  

(8) 

(9) "!#$%!#& ')( *+

(10) , 

(11) !#-.

(12)  0/10

(13) 3 25467& ' "86& 91:<;=?> @BADCE?@FHGJILKNMOPRQ596C S@BA1TVUWKYX :<Z []^`\ _ :aX`CbbG6@%c degif h7g6jHkmlonphHqsrutwv"nuxzy%g{v#xL|sv"nph7np},twv"npxzy ~ g}0€o}0v gif h7gi} ixzh|+rpgƒ‚„gi} † x)‡0g{v#ˆ }0v"nph‰g Š tw|+|x † v ~ g † gi e g †  e g‹y6Œ%zސL6k ‘<’z’z’Hk ‘Wj‰|tL“zgi}. –” —]• ˜)™›š —• œž xzqs}aixzys}"n ~ g Ÿ † xzy+}‰rpg | † xL¡+r gif h7g ~ g¢r¤£¥gi}0v"nphatwv"npxzy ~ g¢v † tLys}"h7nu}"}"n§¦on§v giŸ } e € ~ † tLq+rpnp¨`qsgi}©ªx † h1qsr g Ÿ ie xzh7h‰g«† rut?h7Ÿ npysnph‰Ÿ np}† twv"npxzy¬tLq­}giys} ~ gi} h7xznpy ~ † † Ÿ gi}%Wt †"† giŸ } ~ £¥qsy+gV©®xzŸ ys{v"npxz† ysy+girprpg ~g{Ÿ ¦zf tLrpq+tLy]v¢† r¤£ giŸ Wt † v¯~giy]v † † g«rpgi} tLqsv"giq }*|n gi°ixzh g{v np¨`qsgi}g{±²gi{v"n§¦gih‰giy³v´h7gi}"q gigi} g{v igirprpgi}WtLrpiqsr gigi} |t rugBh7x girpg|xzq qsy5‡"giq gBv tLys}¶µ h7nu}"}"n§¦on§v Ÿ giŸ } ~ xzysy gLŸ ·Y¸tLys}¹† ig{v6t† † v"npirpgysxzqs} e g † †  e xzys}¹qsf y+~ g1Ÿ |²t † † tLh g{Ÿ v † † np}twv"nuxzyºxL† |sv"nph‰tLru~ g ~ gH~ rªt‰v † tLys}"h7np}}"n§¦on§v g Ÿ }"qs|s|† xz} gig¢ixzys}0vtLŸ y]v"g¢|t h7x igWtLqo‚† » ie g¢¨`qsn g{¦o† npgiy]v ~ t g{v"g h7nuys† g qsysg¼ |²t †v"n§v"npxzy q xzh‰tL† npys~ g¼v"girprug ¨]~ qsg rut%~ v tLys}"h7† np}}"~ n§¦on§v † g1gi}0v¹ixzy+}0vtLy³v"ga~ }"q ~ Ÿ † tL¨]qsg7|t v"np~ g gig{v0†v"g|²tŸ † v"n§v"npxzy· xzq igirut¢ysxzqs}† npy]v x qsnp}"xzy+} gi} npy npWtwv"† giq } g tw½‰ysgih7giy]v¹g{v g g tw½‰ysgih7giy]v grut%|²t tLh g{v np}twv"nuxzyºg{v6ysxzqs}h‰xzy³v xzy+}¹ixzh7h7giy]v1rpgi} q„v"nurpnp}"g · ¾À¿sÁ ˜{ÂÃ³Ä —?• œ | † xL¡+r gif h7gnpy]¦g † }"gL»gi}0v"nph‰twv"npxzy ~ g5|t † tLh g{f v † gL»|t † tLh g{f v † nu}twv"npxzy»sv † tLys}"h7np}}"n§¦on§v g Ÿ e € ~ † tLqsrpnu¨]qsg. ÅpÆÈÇÊÉÌ˧ͤÎ{ÏÊ˪АÑLËuÒÊÓ Ôí Õ+׮֛ÖÈî›×ÙØÈ×®áNÚ)àuÛÈä¤ïWÜÊð¶ÝLñiÞ#ãwß²ÜÊÝLܶðÊÝ)ï,àªãwá›äÙâ´ò0Ú)ÜÊóÈãwäæã)å›ô çèõ²ÝwäÙöwçêé<é"÷ƒÚ ëìܶä Ýiòøå›çêÝ)äÙçêé<Ú ëùä ú ׮֛î›×®áNàuä¤ïWð¶ñiãwÜÊÝLðÊï,ãwäÙò0Ú)û,ܶä¤ï,â´Ü*ûƒé"üä¤Ü"å›çèÝwäÙçêé<Ú ëùä Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France) T´el´ephone : 01 39 63 55 11 - International : +33 1 39 63 55 11 T´el´ecopie : (33) 01 39 63 53 30 - International : +33 1 39 63 53 30.

(14) ‰  5

(15)  !# , !R 

(16) ²   

(17) "!  W! À

(18) 2*s

(19)  

(20) "!  ! R25467& '  

(21) ² "²²"/1¶

(22) o4 

(23)  ˜ Á  à Á  œ  gixzys}"n ~ g † v e g5| † xL¡+rpgie h xz©›gi}"v"nph‰twv"npys“ e € ~ † tLqsrpnp† B~ v † tLys}"h7nu}"}"n§¦o† n§v怉e tL}~ v e g5rpgW~ tL}0ve }"¨`q+t † gi}h7npy„~ µ nph‰np°Wtwv"npxzy%xz©Nt6©®qsys{v"nuxzyag{¦ztLrpq+twv"npy+“¹v g h7np} +v ¡g{v e gigiy h7gW† tL}"q g |+nugi°ixzh7g{v np gWt † }tLy v † twvWtLrpiqsrutwv"ge Bnpv e v e gh7x ~ gir›©ªx † t%“zn§¦giy v † tLys}"h‰np}"}"n§¦on§vø€z e € ~ † tLqsrpnp5v † tLys}"h7np}}"n§¦on§v怠tL}"}"qsh‰g ~ v"xa¡g|+np· gii¶g yVBv nu}"g¹np}Bi|²xztwys|}0vg tLy]vi» g1 }"egig npJe tLnpyJ} gixL¨`|sqsv"npn§h‰¦ztLtLrpgir›y³|vBt v"xtLh7+g{y v"~ g npysnp°W“7twt7v"npxz|y«t † xzv"©n§v"vnpxzy g xz©Nv e g † ~ xz~ h‰tLnpy%}"~qs e v e † twvv e † g5v † tLys}h7np}"}"np¦`n§~ vø€np}† ixzys}0vtLy]vxzy e gWtL e † |t † vxz† ©Nv e g |t † v"n§v"~ nuxzy· se x † v e e np} |+q † |xz}"g g#nuy³v x qsig#npy nuWtwv"x } xz© g +ysgih7giy]vtLy ixt }giysnpys“1xz©v g#|t tLh7g{v"g nu°Wtwv"npxzy tLy g } x  !x –v"xHqs}"g v e gih¢· " $— #  % &¿ ' ˜œ nuy³¦g † }g| † xL¡+rpgih¢»z|t † tLh7g{v"g † gi}0v"nph‰twv"npxzyY»|t † tLh7g{v"g † np°Wtwv"npxzy»`°ixzy+twv"npxzy» e € ~ † tLqsrunp v † tLys}"h7np}0µ }"np¦`n§vø€.

(24)  

(25) !¹7&È

(26) "!  ~ ~ † † f ~ e ~ £¥q+ys¸g tLysgiŸ ¨`} q+twg v"npxzysy xzh1|²¡ t † gitwqs¡}xzgirp}anp¨`twqs|sgL|+· ru>5npWy twv"npixzxzysys}‰}n | ~ gf †€ogJ}"np¨`rpg qsgiW}itL»}¢}"g¯x q f |xzi}"g«gVirpx]g¢g{½‰| ixLnu¡+giy³r giv h7~ g g{Ÿ |gig¯y ~ rÌ£¥gi~}0v"gJnph‰rutRtwv"¦Lnpxzt y † nªtw¡+q rpg ix]~ g{£¥gi½‰}0|inutLgiiy³gLv » ixzh7h‰†g Ÿ L£¥gi}0v7f † rpg¼WtL} ~ ~ gi}v † tL~ ys}h7np}"}"np¦`† n§v giŸ } e € ~ † tLq+rpnp¨`qsgi}1giy e † € Ÿ ~ † xz“ giŸ † xzrp~ xz“znpgL@· † ?g¼~ ix`g{½‰inpgiy]v|Ÿ giq„f v1¦zt † npg † † ~ g ©Ù t iA xz† y ~ gi“zq+rpn g † gL»oh‰tLnp} tLysŸ } gBysxzh6¡ ~ giqoŸ ‚7† WtL}nur„|giq„vtLqs}"}ns| gi}"giy]v"g gB©®x v"gi~} Ÿ † np}"† ixzy]v"npy`qsn§v gi† } t6r¤£¥npy]v"g ©®tLiŸ g gie y]v ~ † g giqo‚¹©ªx h‰twv"npxzys}›“ gixzruxz“znp¨]~ q+gi} n§± † g giy³v"gi}i·loxzq„¦gi~ y]v›xzy1|giq„† vNCh giB h7f † g ixzys}"n f g ~ g Ÿ ¨`qs† gigi}N† v tLy+}"h7np}"}n§¦`npv gi} € tLqsrpnp¨`qsgi}}"xzy]vBixzys}0vtLy]v"gi} tLys}´ig vtLnpy+gi}B°ixzysgi} xzy³v#rpgi}´© xzy³v"n g gi}#}"xzy]v t g{v"g h7nuysg · D £¥gi}0v"nph‰twv"npxzy ~ gi} v † tLys}h7np}"}"np¦`n§v giŸ } e € ~ † tLqsrpnu¨]qsgi}B}i£¥g{±²gi{v"q+g1|²t † rut † giŸ }"xzrpq„v"nuxzy ~ £¥q+y¢| † xL¡r gif h7g6npy]¦g † }"g ~ tLys} rpgi¨`qsgirrpgiŸ }xL¡+}g † ¦Ltwv"nuxzys†}}"xzy]f v ~ gi~ }h7gi}"q † gi} giy«ig † vtLnpys}5~ |† xznpy]v"} †"~ † q Ÿ ~ ~ xzh‰tLnpysFg EÙ|+qsnpv"1} G,H· ?gH| † xL¡+r gif h7~ gnpy]Ÿ † ¦g † }"g gi}0v† |xz} gixzh7h‰† gqsy | xL¡+r gih7† g Ÿ gh7nuysŸ † nph7np},twv"npxzy¯h7xznuy gi} Wt gi} tLysŸ}5rpgi¨]q+†girÈxzyRh7~ npysf nph‰np}"g¹ru†t np± g giys~ ig giy]v g%rpgi}1xL¡}"g ¦ztwv"npxzys}Hh7gi}"q gigi}gƒ‚o| g nph7giy]vtLrpgih7giy]vHg{vigirprpgi}HWtLrpiqsr gigi}H|t rpgah7x girug7|xzq q+y¼‡"giq g |† Ÿt ~ † tLh g{f v † gi}i0· I#y+g ~ gi} ~ n§½‰f iqsrpv giŸ } gi}"}"giy]v"npgirprpgi} | † xW† ¦onpgiy]v ~ gB† ig#¨`Ÿqs† g† rpgBysxzh6¡ † † g ~ gi}|xznpy³v"† } ~ ~ gBh7gi†}q † gi} gi}"v v † gif } Ÿ g q+n§vi»sgiy v"xzqs}WtL}Bv"xzq„v t©ÙtLn§v´npys}"qs½‰}tLy]v |xzq |xzq„¦xzn gi}"| g g gi}0v"nuh7g qsysg5¦ztLrpgiq grªt6v tLys}"h7np}}"n§¦on§v g |t † †hatLnprprpg ~ g´~ WtLrpiqsrÌ· ¶rogi}0v ~ Ÿ xz~ ysy giŸ igi†}"},tLn ~† g ~ g e xznp}"n † q+ysg |t † tLh † g{Ÿ v †~ np},twv"npxz† y ~ gif }† v † tLys}h7np† }"}"np¦`n§v † giŸ } ¨`~ qsn`|+qs† np}}"g v"gi† ysn fixzh|sv"g † g´rut5¨]qtLy³Ÿ v"n§v g g´h7gi†}"q gi} np}0|xzysn§† ¡rpgi}i·Ll„n„rp~ g´f ysxzh1¡ g †"g† |t tLh † g{v gi~ } † gi}0v v xL|a“ tLy†"† »³tLrpx } rpg |~ xL¡+r gih7g† }"g thatL† r|xz} Kg J+}i£¥nprgi}0v´v † xL|¯f |g{v"npv´tLrux }† rpg5h7x † girpgysg5~ |xzq † t6|²tLŸ } † giy g5ixzh|+v"g¹ix gi{v"giŸ h7giy]v e €gi}5~ † h7xz“ gigi}Ÿ qxzrpxzgi“z}inpL· gL>5· y giy³¦xznpgrpg1rpgi{v"giq Nt MPO`»›4‘ Q$R›|xzq qsysg g{¦`qsg gi}#|t tLh g{v nu}twv"npxzys}5rpgi}#|+rpqs}#q„v"nprpnu} gigi}#giy ?´gi} ~ g † ysn g f † gi}tLysy giŸ gi}qsysg5ysxzqs¦girprpgtw|s| † x` e g5t g{Ÿ v g6Ÿ | † xL|xz} giŸ Tg Ssrut1|t † tLh g{Ÿ v † np}twv"npxzy¢hHqsr§v"n giŸ  e girprp g M ’` » UVR¤· D g| † xL¡+r gif h7g ~ £¥gi}"v"nph‰twv"npxzy ~ gH|t † tLh g{f v † gi}6gi}0v † giŸ }xzrpq ~ g©Ù t iA xzyºn§v g Ÿ † twv"n§¦g7giyRn§v g Ÿ † tLy³v ~ gi} giŸ  e girprugi}¹rpgi}5|+rpq+} “ † xz}}"n gf † gi}¹~ ¦g † }¹rp† gi}5~ |+rpq+} ysgi† }iH· ?g| † x`igi}"}"q+} npv ~g Ÿ †† twv"np©gi†"}"† v1Ÿ t †"† g{B v g‰Ÿ rpx † }"¨]Ÿ q+e gHru~ gH e tLys“zgih7† giy]Ÿ v ~ ~ £ giŸ  e girpŸ rpgy+† g|g † µ h7g{v1|+† rpqs} g7©Ù~ tLn g ~ nuh7np† y`qsg † rut ©®f xzys{v"npxz~ y?h7xznpy gi}W~ t gi}i† W· ?g{f v0v"† gah g{v x g%t¯tw|s|~ x v g gi}1tLh † Ÿ girpnux twv"npxzys} nph7|x Ÿ vtLy³v"gi} ~ tLy+} ~ n§¦† g }Hf | ~ xL¡+†r gih‰gi} £¥gi}0v"nph‰twv"nuxzy † ga|²~ t tLh g{† v giX} f M ]† »* R¤Y· ?† g{|giy tLy³vgirp~ rpga| † gi}"giy]v"g¢r¤£¥nuyoµ ixzy]¦ giysnugiy³† v gHixzy Ÿ q+n g † t gi} tw½‰y+gih7giy³v"}q+ysnp©®x h7gi} gi}#|²t tLh g{v gi}¹tLrpx }5¨`qsgH}"giqsrp} gi} tw½‰ysgih‰giy³v"} rpx`WtLD qo‚ }"g Ÿ tLenpgiy]~ vBy giigi}"},tLn gi}i· ~ ~ † ~ † ~ †Ÿ † ~ g Ÿ † tw½at–yshgih7g{v giy]x vt‰g?|¨`xzqsq g † xLys¡„xz‡0qsg{}Jv tL~ rpg rpxz† y+gi}¯h |g Ÿ ~ ginpg }†giy³tLv"q g ~ ginuŸ i©ÙtLn1q„g{v v«~ ¨`g6qsrªn1t7qsh v"npg{Ÿrpvnp}"e g x ~ gHgi}Jh1npqsy rpv"n nugiŸW twe v"gigirpq ruZg } E † twg ½aystwgi½ah7ysgigiy]h7v#giqsy]ysvJnu©ªx g{† v h‰4g g G v"~ xzq„v¹giy«giy«ixzD y+}"g ~† ¦zŸ tLy³v¹rpgi~ }¹tW¦LtLy]vtL† “z~ giF} EÌt<‡0qsŸ † }"v"gih7giy³v ~f q y+xzŸ † h6¡ † g ~ g1|²t † tLh g{f v † gi} t%f rut%¨`q+tLy]v"n§v g Ÿ ~ g ~ xzysy giŸ gi} nu}0|xzysn§¡+rpgi!} G,· £¥n gig¹gi}0v g5|tL}}"g gr¤£¥npv g twv"npxzCy [ tr¤£¥npv g twv"npxzCy [ \–‘¹giy¯t<‡"xzq„vtLy]v#xzq¢giy¢giy+rpg{¦LtLy]vqsy xzq |+ruqs}"npgiq † } ~ gi“ † giŸ f } ~ g‰Ÿ rp† n§¡g † v g7Ÿ ¨`qsn*}"xzy]† v6}~ giŸ rpgi{v"npxzy+y giŸ ~ }H}qsn§¦ztLy³v¹igi}Hnpy ~ † nuWtwv"giq †~ } ~ g † tw½‰ysgih7giy]v ~ g‰~ † ©® t iA xzy †"¨]† qsŸ g r¤£¥xL|+v"nph7np}twv"nuxzy† t7~ r¤£¥n§v g ~ twv"nuxz]y [F\–‘1| x qsnp}g#qsy+Ÿ g nph7† nuy]q„v"nuxzŸ y%e nuh~ |x~ vtLy³Ÿ v"g g¹~ rut©®xzys{v"npxzyVh7~xznpy gi}´† Wt gi}i· I ysg6©®xznp}#rpg¹“ t nugiy³v g¹ig{v0v"g©ªxzy+{v"npxzy¯WtLrpiq+r g EÙ|t ruth g{v x g g¹r¤£ g{vtwv¹t ‡"xznpy]1v G,»igi} npy npWtwv"giq }}i£¥xL¡„µ v"np† giŸy+ysgiy³vŸ |~ t † ~ gi}´WtLruiqsrp}}"nph|rpgi} g{v´|giq%i^x q„B v"giqo‚;· I#ysg ¦zt † nutLy]v"g ~ g5ig{v0v"gh g{Ÿ v e x ~ g¹t ~ gøŸ ‡ tf g{Ÿ v gŸ ¡ † n g{f ¦gih‰giy³v | gi}giy³v gig ~ Ÿ tL† ys_} M $j R¤·Ÿ ?´xzys}"n g xzy+}r¤£ gi¨]qtwv"npxzy `ba^c \ ~ np' ¦ Eef“ † t ~ c GTgih ~ tLys } jbk E¶l‘ G a;d xe mq f ~ j† gi}0Ÿ v%qsy xzq„¦g † v Ÿ ~ 'g nKoRxzpq nT~qoŸ » g{vax q–f ŸrutJ¦zt † nutw¡+rpg ~ ~ g v"gih~ |+} d tw|s|t † v"npgiy]v tRf r¤£¥npy]v"g † ¦LtLrurpFg † RrQk d† s Ÿ Mê·ˆ y € † xz“ gixzrpxz“znpg¹ig{Ÿ v0e v"g ~ gi† ¨`q+twv"npxzy h7~ x girpnp}"g rpgi} † giixzqsrpgi` h‰giy³v"} Ÿ £¥gWtLq tL~ ys}qsysg y+tw|s|g#Wtw|+v"n§¦gL· ʁi n f † g{| gi}gi† y³v"g rut#v tLy+}"h7np}"}e n§¦`npv g €† tLŸ qsrpnp¨`qsŸ g † qHh‰nprpnpgiq6|x giqo‚²» rpg ix g{½‰inpgiy]v £¥gih‰h‰tL“tL}"npysgih‰giy³vi» h q+y1v"g h7g´}"xzq igL» g{v c t gi}0vBrut Ÿ tLqsv"giq |+n gi°ixzh g{v nu¨]qs~ gL· ~ ig{v0v"g gi¨]q+twv"nuxzy¢xzyVtL}"}x]inpg gi}ixzy n§v"nuxzys}tLqo‚ rpnph7n§v"gi}´g{v ~ gi}ixzy ~ npv"npxzys}´npysnpv"nutLrpgi} † vxw k EefÀ“ † t ~ c Gxy:['giz u }"q {† v}| k c g cu }"q  Eæ$ G ~ ~ E 7 Q W G g L t + y  } € j k c c fx Xq [ gi}"v rut‰ysx † h‰tLrug¹gƒ‚`v g Ÿ † nugiq † g tf j g{vx q f v}w g{v v}| }"xzy]v rpgi}B|t † v"npgi} ~ qV¡x † ~¯~ /g j ¨`qsn›}"q„|s|x † v"giy]v ~ gi} ixzy ~ n§† v"npvxxz|ys} ~ gH¸ n † np e rpg{v#g{~v Ÿ ~ g ž ~ giq+h‰tLysy † gi}0|gi{v"n§¦gih7giy]vi·Nloq †€vxw rut e tLq„v"giq † |+n giŸ °ixzh g{Ÿ v † np¨`qsggi}0v ~ xzysy giŸ g g{vB}q xzy¢ixzysy+tLnpvBrpg g{¡+n§v £¥gWtLq· î›î Ý @‚!ƒ!„1‚ <. =.

(27) j Ÿ ~ †Ÿ Ÿ † Ÿe ~ ~ Ÿ Ÿ e †~ ~t tw|+?´v gigiŸ } ggitL¨`qoq+‚¼twv"| npxz† xLys¡+}5r gi}"f xzh‰y]giv }x npq¢f}" rpgg{v"inpx`} gig{gi½‰}5i|²npgit y]vrut‰f h ¦zt g{†v npg x ¡gWg tLqsgii} xzq„gi|Vr gih7g{v giy]~ v"g} ©Ùt +iysA xznu}y h7~ npnù}‚oiv"xzgiy³}¶µv"npy`€]qs¡ gL· n gi}/M Ž$R›¨`qsnNgi}0v ¡+npgiy   !  '    5/  ² ` Ÿ e ~† ~ D † † ~ n † gi{v"t gih7v gitLy]ysvi}"· h7¶nurp}"}‰}"n§}"¦oxzn§y]v gvagiy € “ gitLŸ y qsg Ÿrp†np¨`tLqsr5g gi}0f v"nph g{v giŸ }¼rpg¯giy¬ix`Wg{tL½‰rutLiy]npgivay]hav tLy]£¥giqsh7giruh‰rpgih7tL“gitLy]}"v‰nuysrpgig¢h7h7giy]x v ~ gif rpg ystf g ~ }"gixz}‰y]v%h‰|²gitL}"}aq † h7gi} gi}~ q g twe ¡+tLrpqogi}µ v"giq Ÿ † e }´|+~ n giŸ °ixzh g{Ÿ v † np¨`qsŸ † gi}#g{±²† gi{v"q giŸ gi}5giy ~ np± f g Ÿ † giy]v"}´|+qsnpv"}i·„¸5~ tLy+}rut}"qsnpv"gL»„|xzq † ` }nph|+rpn +g † rªt6| † giŸ }"giy³vtwv"nuxzy ~ grut h g{v D x gL»²xzy¢}i~ £¥npy]v g gi}"~ }"f g t‰}"giqsrpgih‰giy³v Ÿ trÌ£¥gi}0v"nph‰twv"npxzy g f giy¯}"qs|s|xz}tLy³v ~ † ixzy+y]q†·† Ÿ g† WtLrue tL“zg qJ† h7x Ÿ girpggiŸ }0v¹† g{±gi{v"q g‰giy«h7nuys† npŸh7np},tLy³v qsysg©ªxzy+{v"npxzy«h7xznpy gi}#Wt gi} h7gi}"q † tLy]Ÿ vr¤£ giŸ†"W† t † v giy]v ~ g¹rpgi} tLq„v"giq }Ÿ |n gi°ixzh g{v np¨`qsgi} † c   † h‰gi}"q ~ gigi}#tLq„†‚%|xznpy]v"!}  g{Ÿ v#e tLqo~ ‚¼† v"gih|+} d  g{v#rpgi}´¨]qtLy³v"n§v gi}#ix gi}¶µ |xzy tLy]v"gi}WtLrpiq+r gigi}#ti¦giHrutH¦ztLrpgiq ixzq tLy³v"g grutHv tLys}h7np}"}"np¦`n§v g € tLqsrpnp¨`qsxg S TE-fbGWg ‘ " c E&  k d  GKe c   o' EÌ7 G # %$ $ t +y ~ £èti¦xzn † qsy7iLx q„B v ~ gWtLrpiqsr ~g{Ÿ |giy ~ tLy³vrpg´h7xznpys}*|xz}}"n§¡+rpg ~ q7y+xzh6¡ † g ~ g´v † tLy+}"h7np}"}n§¦`npv giŸ } t¹f gi}0v"nph7g † » Ÿe ~ ~ ~ ~ † ~ † † ~ †ystLxzh q+}g{f v q„† giv"np}irp»Ynp}}"g xzn§xzv ysi}Bgirurpgirpgi} } h q„g{v"npv rpnp},x tLy³givB} rug6£¥“xL†|st v"~ nph7nuginuy³}v twv"~ npxzg y  rp· git}5nu|+ysrp}"qsnY} ysg{xz½‰q+W}#tLq„iv"ginu} rpnp}"g tL† ysxz}y+}rpgHrpg¹WtL| } † xz“ £¥†qstLyJh7“ h7tL)g y (J+ys* xzh1ž ¡ ‘H¡g tL} gHgŸ |}"q t)†µ ru~ tah g{Ÿ Ÿ v e x ~ g~ ~ gH¨]q+tL}nùµ ž g † Bv"xzy ~ npv"g ~ )g ~ , .-¹l Mê‘ R¤· D gHWtLrpiqsr ~ q Ÿ “ † t † ~ npgiy]v ~ /g  }i£¥g{±gi{v"qsgH|t † rut7h g{Ÿ v e x ~ g g6r¤£ g{vtwv t ‡"xznpy]vi· ž xzqs} tw|s|girpxzys}inùµ gi}"}"xzqs}ig6WtLrpiqsrg{±gi{v"q g1©®x h7girprugih7giy³vi· >y¢npy]v † x ~ qsn§vrut©ªxzy+{v"npxzysysgirprug ¦ E-f76 c G c I e5143_h c I 0 E c k c I Jf€GTg2143 ` a^c c I e5143 ~ np' ad D † g{vBrug tL“ tLys“znugiy 8 E c k c I Jf€GYg 8 ‘ " c E&  k d  GTe c   o \ 1:9 ; 0 E c k c I kf€G '  %$ $  d xzq„v"g6}xzrpq„v"npxzy c ~ g E¶‘lG,» Eæ$G#}twv"np}"©ÙtLn§v E 8 c k c I Jf€GYg<WE-f€G1k+¨`8 qsgirp¨`qsg}"xzn§v c I g{vBxzyVt ~ xzysL»sv"xzqw‡"xzq † }´|xzq † v"xzq„v c I » a  g a E c k c I Jf€G a^c \ a E c k 8 c I JfbG ' af a^c af af >5y¯ e xznp}n§vBtLrpx † } c I v"girN¨]q£¥nur}twv"np}"©ÙtL}"}"grpgi} giŸ ¨]q+twv"nuxzys}Bt ~ ‡"xznpy]v"gi} a E c k c I Jf€GWgiQ`»+L£¥gi}0v t f ~ n † g a^c I ` ac e ~ n§X ¦ E-f76 c I GTg " E c E&  k d  G}e c   G ~ tLys{ } j€k ad E¤j G Ic gQ}"q {† v}w k Eef “ † t  ~ c I G}y['gQ}q {† vx| k } jbk c E ds GYgQ ~ tLys{ x q f d =?> RrQk ds Mê · >y¢giy ~ g Ÿ ~ qs8 npvBtLrpx † }r¤£¥gƒ‚o| † gi}}"npxzy ~ q¢“ † t ~ npgiy³v a  E c k c I Jf€G4@:fig a E c k c I JfbG4@f g a E 1 9 ; 0 E c k c I Jf€GG4@:fg 1 9 ; 1A3 @f 6 c I 6 cCB B$d ' f f f a. t c. a. a. . . npys}"nNrpg¹“ † t ~ nugiy³v aa f  }i£¥gƒ‚o| † nph7g1tLnp} giŸ h7giy]v giyV©ªxzys{v"nuxzy ~ g c »+}"xzruq„v"npxzy ~ q | † xL¡+r gif h‰g ~ n † gi{v_E¶‘lG,» Eæ$G,»Yg{v ~ g I »o}"xzrpq„v"nuxzy ~ qa| † xL¡+r gif h‰g#t ~ ‡"xznpy]v E¤jG,· D g ix^q„B v ~ gB}"xzy¼WtLrpiq+r+gi}0vnpy ~ g{Ÿ |giy ~ tLy]v ~ q‰ysxzh1¡ † g ~ gB|²t † tLh g{f v † gi} ׮֛î›×®á.

(28) U. Ÿ Ÿ† † † †Ÿ † † † † † Ÿ Ÿ† Ÿ † † ~ f ~t g6gi}0iv"x nph‰~ gig } ·~?g{Ÿ ¦ggiWrpxLtL|srui| qsg6Ÿ ro}gixz}0v*qs}tL}"rp}"gq rpxzg “z|nuit npgir qs~ y1g| WtLxzrp“ iqstLrNh‰©ªx h7† h‰g©®gix r (Vv tLtwy|rp“ g giMy  g R¤· gB|t - t ‡i»wq+yH“ giy g twv"giq tLq„v"xzh‰twv"nu¨]qsg  q«rugH“ † tLy ~ ysxzh6¡ † g ~ £¥npysixzysy`qsgi}/E¤qsysgH¦ztLrpgiq † ~ g1v † tLys}"h7nu}"}"n§¦on§v g Ÿ e € ~ † tLqsrpnu¨]qsg¹|t † h‰tLnprprpg ~ gHWtLrpiqsr#G,» r¤£¥xL|+v"npD h7np~}twŸ v"nuxzy † ~ g%rªtV©®~ xzys†{v"Ÿ ~npxzy † h‰xznpy ~ † gi}† Wt †"~ † giŸ } † gi† }0v"g f y gW† Ÿ tLysh‰~ xznpys}† ixLq„B v"giqs}g¢g{v7}"xze q„Ÿ ¦† giy]v7y£ètw¡xzq„v"n§vhCgiB h7g Ÿ |~ tL}W~ · £¥n Ÿ gigHtL~ rux }5gi}0v g D g qsn g6e rpgHysxzh1~ ¡ g ~g6|²t tLh † g{v ~ gi} † g1}"x v"gH¨]q£¥nurN~ }"xzn§v5~ iŸ † x g giy]v6ti¦giruta¨]qtL†y³v"n§v g ~ gg ~g{xzŸ v"ysg y † gih7gi}npysg †np}0|qsxzy ysysn§¡+xzruh1gi}i¡ · † g t~ g5v"gi| t †y+tLnp¨]h q+g{f g v † gigi}#}inpxzy y]¦npgiWy+twv"twgi¡+q rugL}· g tw½‰ysgih‰giy³vBg{v g g tw½‰y+gih7giy³v#ysxzqs}|g h‰g{v .   

(29) 

(30) À    

(31)  

(32) "²

(33) !#. † v ~ gi}B| † xL¡+r gif h7gi} ~ £¥gi}0v"nph‰twv"npxzy ~ g¹ix`g{½‰inpgiy]v ~ g{Ÿ |giy ~ tLy³v ~ g6rut¦zt † nutw¡rpg ~ £¥gi}0|tLig ~ tLys} ¸  L t s y. } u r 7 t + | p r „ q  | t ~ gi} giŸ ¨`q+twv"npxzys}tLqo‚ ~ g Ÿ † n§¦ giŸ gi}5|t † v"npgirprpgi}B|t † tw¡xzrpnp¨`qsgi}i»snprÈgi}0v5nprprpq+}"xzn † g ~ g1¦xzqsrpxzn † gi}0v"nph‰g † qsy+g¹¦ztLrpgiq † ~ g6ig ix`g{½‰inpgiy]v† |t † ha†tLnprprpg ~ q h‰tLnurprutL“zg ~ gWtLrpiqsr]·sˆy¢g{±g{vBrpgi} ~ xzy+y giŸ gi}Bh7gi}"q † giŸ gi}B}"xzy]vgiy¢¨`q+tLy³v"npv g1Ÿ npys}"qs½µ }tLy]v"g¹|xzq † ig6©®tLn gL· Ÿ f † ~ † ~ ~ Ÿ † ~ † †? tL£¥h gi}"g{v Ÿ v † |np}xztwq v"np¨]xzyq+xz~ n xzxzy³y­vrpgigi}"}v¯|²tLt h7† v"ginpgiy } g ~ t g5©®npx y]† v h7x gi} qs~ n npgV¦g qs† }"ysgig }´i|x t †"† v"ginp}"v"|npxzxzy y ~  gi y³v tf q ~ gixz}´h‰°ixztLy+npy+gigJ}x twq¢f|+|rpg5gir igix`gJg{½‰|²t inpv"gin§y]v"vnpxztfy gi}0v"gJnph7|gt)†µ gi}0v%ixzys}0v~tLy]vi·loq † rpg¼|+rutLy | † † twv"np¨`~ qsg rpgi}7¡x † ~ ~ } ~ gi}|Ÿ t Ÿ † v"nugi} ~

(34) g  «† }g † xz† y³v%}"q„|s|x † v giŸ gi}‰|t † rpgi}‰t † g{B v"gi} ~ q h‰tLnurprutL“zg gWtLrpiq+ r xzq¢|t rpgi} nutL“zxzy+tLrpgi} g}"gi} gir gih7giy]v"} EÙ¦xzn +“zq g7‘ E¤4 GG,· Ÿf D ~ †Ÿ ~ † Ÿ~ † f† † † † Ÿ † ~ †|t v"npgigi}} ~ g gi“ ig{giv0} v"g|g%t rp† n§v"¡n§v"g nuxzv yg »`g{q vi»s|xzty tLrÌ£¥h gi}0g{| v gf † gagL»„v gitLy ysys}"h7xzh1np}¡ }"n§† ¦og n§v v g † gif tV}npgiys}0© v"g Ÿnp†h7npgig q † }"tLxzqoy]‚¼vHysgiy xzh6ys¡ xz† h1g ¡ ~ g g hagi“tLtLnprprrpgitL} q ~ ysg xzh6`¡· t g npys}g n ~ e tLiqsysg ~ ~ gi}|²t † tLh g{Ÿ v † † np}twv"nuxzy ~ g5† rut1v † tLys}"h‰np}"}"Ÿ n§¦on§v g Ÿ ¨]qsg5r¤£¥xzy ixzy+† }"n ~ gf †† gix †"† gi}0D |xzy ~ e tf qsysg#|~ t † v"n§v"npxz~ y  ~ † q ~ xzg ha† twtL½‰npysysg gih‰ggiWy³tLv ruig{qsv r]~ }g q ~gruŸ gi† ¨]twqs½‰giysr`giruth7v giy]tLv ys¦L}"h7t6nuys}"xz}"qsn§¦o}*n§v |g g gi† }0h‰v g{iv0xzv ys† g}"v~ tLg#y³v"igxz|yst}0v † h7q+n x † g´iqsgWystLq„gB‚²v"·girprpg´tB|²v"git  † v"n§ysv"npnp¨`xzqsy%g ti¦gigi}ȁ5nuqsy y7npysWxztwh1v"gi¡ q † g } ~ g¹|t † v"npgi}tLqs}}"n|g{v"n§v´¨]q+g5|xz}}"n§¡+rpgL· .  "!$#&%('

(35) &!)%* +,!$-.!$/0&!21 %(3-564! "%(7'8*9:. ˆ v~ tLy³v † ~ xzysy g#Ÿ q+ysgB|²t † tLh g{Ÿ v † † np}twv"nu† xzy npys~ n§v"nutLrugL»³L£¥gi}0v† t~f ~ n † ~ g#qsysg#|t † v"n§v"Ÿ npxzy ~ ~ g#† |t † tLh g{Ÿ v † nu}twŸ v"npxzy»„rpgi} np†y † ~ nuWt)µ † v"giq } † g tw½‰y+gih7giy³vy+xzqs}|g † h7g{Ÿv0v Ÿ xzy]† v grpx`WtLrpnp}"g ~ Ÿ gi† } np}"ixzy]v"npy]q+n§v gi} g v † tLys}"h‰np}"}"n§¦o~n§v g5¨]q+n|†xzq † tLnpgiy]v gƒ‚„np}0v"g g{v6¨]†q+n*y£¥xzy]v¹~ |tL}6† giy+ix Ÿ g† g{v g‰| np}" *gi}† Ÿ giy iŸ xzys}"n g f twv"nue xzy ti¦gi%i† g{v0v"g7f |²† t v"n§v"npxzyŸ »Yg{f v g7i†xzys}0v Ÿ qs† n gqsy+g ysxzqs¦girprpgH|t†"† v"n§v"nuxzy ~ g|t tL~ h g{v np},†twv"~ npxzy† · giinu} gih7giy³vi» t¼ tL¨`qsg|t tLh g{v g‰t<‡"xzq„v g t¼ruta|t tLh g{v np}twv"npxzy npy+n§v"nutLrpgL»„ix gi}"|xzy qsy npy nuWtwv"giq g tw½‰y+gih7giy³vi· Ÿ † Ÿ~ Ÿ † † f f † e € ~ ž† tLxzqsqsrpnp}¨`tLqsrpg%ruxzgiys}0} v‰| ixzx]ys }"g vtLgy³v"}"gq ~ qstLy¼ys}gƒ‚„v"gixzhq„v‰|+rprugLg · ~ž xzxLh‰v"xztLysnpys}bg E<;>E +=!G“zq rpg#† gJ| 7‘ xLEÙ¡¡ r GgiG,h7· g#ž x xzq qs}‰xzy¼tW¦}"xzqsys|s}%|tLxzru}"x gB† ¨`}qsqsg y rut¹}"giv qstLrys|}"th7† tLnp}h }"n§g{¦of v n§†v gg t¼f gi}0v"nuh7g † g{v6}"xzn§~ v f I rut%}"xzruq„v"~ npxzy ~ qJ| † † xL¡r gif h7g ~ fgh7npys† nuh7~ np}twv"npxzyVix †"† gi}0|xzy ~ tLy³Ÿ vi·Nlo† q„|+Ÿ |~xz}xzys~ }5h‰tLnpy]v"giy+tL~ y³v ¨`† q£¥xzy }"g7|rutLiŸ g ~ tLysŸ }1† rug‰WtL} g%rut +“zq g¢7‘ E¤4 G,»† x q f ysxLv g xzh‰Ÿ tLnpfy+g‰gi}0v}"q„|s† |xz} ga©ªx D h g g giqo‚R°ixzysgi}~ † g v tL†"y+† }"Ÿ h7npf }"}n§¦`npv g n§± g† giy]v"gi}i· ž xLv"xzysX} E<; o Grpg¼| xL¡+r gih‰~ g¯tL~ }"}"x`in g t«† ig{v0v"gV|t v"n§v"nuxzy· I tJ©®xzI ys{v"npxzy h7xznpy ~ gi} Wt † gi} f tRh7~ nuysnph7np}g gi}0v h‰tLnpy]v"giy+tLy]Ÿ v¼q+ys†g¯©®~ xzys{v"npxzy g ~ giqo‚¬¦zt nutw¡Ÿ rpgi}i»g{v }"I xznpXv E-f I = kf o G‰rut }"xzrpq„v"nuxzy q |† xLe ¡+r †gih7e g ~ gVh7np† ysnuh7fnp}tw† v"npxzy I tL}"}"x`iIn gL· ÊI y]v x †"† qsnp}"xzy+}~ rut f np}ixzy³v"npy`qsn§v

(36) g ? ~ g f = epf o · lo>n ? gi~ }"† vaixzys†"y`† qŸ » rut gi g  g q¼|²t tLh g{v bg f g E-f = kf G ix gi}"|xzy truth7npy+nph7np}twv"nuxzy g6rut©ªxzy+{v"npxzy¢h7xznpy gi}Wt gi}  }"xzq+}#rut‰ixzy³v † tLnpy³v"+g f = I e f o† I g@?‰L· >5y o † gih‰t † ¨`qsg1tLrux † }#¨`qsg1rpg¹| † xL¡+r gif h7Fg E<;>=!G giŸ ¨]qsnp¦LtLq„v t‰f ig1| † xL¡r gif h7g ~ g h7nuysnph7np},twv"npxzy%tW¦gi1rªtixzy³v tLnuy³v"Ag ? gQ`· î›î Ý @‚!ƒ!„1‚.

(37) Ž k. f. f = f o. k. (a). -./ " " 0 21 " "435. ‘. (b). (c).    

(38)      !"$# %'&)(+*,. 9;:=<?> $SA@+B   * +  

(39)  m

(40) !r"$

(41) %$.    

(42)      !"$# %'&)(768,. I I Ÿ Ÿ† Ÿ † † ~ † f† † Ÿ“ giy g ¸HŸ † tL£¥qsrpnuy+}"gg6©®git yDiA xzCy¢f“ gig y g ? tLxrugLq0f »²?}"nxzgiy¢}0v#nuy³rpg5v ¦x gi{qsv"ginpvYq † [J~ |np}"t ixztLy]h v"g{npy`v qsgin§}#v g Ÿ }"q„EFE |s| Hr G gi=1h7G =JgiI y³vILtLKn gig{}ivM»„CÀrutHgii}0xzvBy³ruv ttLhanpy³twv"v gb† npf i=gb[e'f> o E[Zg \–? ‘lG}"g NOO ‘ e‘ Q Q · · · Q RR OO Q ‘ e¹‘ · · · · RR Cmg Q Q ‘ e‘ · · · ' ·P · · · · · · S Q Q · · ·3‘ e¹‘ t gi}0v%qsysg¢hatwv † npig ~ g † tLys“ [ e ‘ ~ xzy]varªt ~ g † ysn g f † g¯ixzrpxzysy+g¢gi}0varÌ£¥xL|s|xz} g Ÿ ~ gVrut«}"xzh7h‰g ~ gi}aixzrpxzysysgi} | † giŸ  g Ÿ ~ gi†Hy]v"† giŸ}i· ~ † † f ~ xzq gi}"xzq g‰rpg7| xL¡+r gih7g g78 h7nuysnph7np},twv"npxzyJ}"xzqs}Hixzy³v † tLnuy³v"g S WE-f I G_g TVh7UVWYnpy X WE-f€G¹xzy npy]v † x ~ qsn§vrpg D tL“ † tLys“znpgiy ~g Ÿ +ysn|t † x q`f Z¢gi}0v#qsy¼¦gi{v"giq † ~ g ~. E-f k Z GWg TE-fbG\\[]Z kC{f e ?_^ nph7giy+}"npxzyF[ 8 · t rux † }@f I }twv"np}©®tLn§vrugi}ixzy ~ n§v"nuxzys}. ~ £¥xL|sv"nph‰tLrun§v g Ÿ. a 8 -E f I k Z I YG g 6 WE-f I G a \ C U Z I giQk fa a E-f I kZ I GWb g Cf I e ?  g Q' Za f rut6ixzy]v † tLnpy]v"gcCfmg ?a·`ˆy Z I gi}"vrug#hHqsr§v"n§|rpnpWtwv"giq † ~ g D tL“ † tL8 ys“zgtL}"}"x`in g Ÿ t1 v"giy+tLy]v#ixzh7|sv"g ~ gi} giŸ ¨`q+twv"npxzys}+E̎7,G »xzy¢xL¡+v"npgiy³v a. a ? Z. E-f I k Z I G X W  g a ?  E-f I G X W  edZ I  g Q' a $ $. E U$G E̎7G. ~g Ÿ † n§¦ztLy³v´r¤£ giŸ ¨]q+twv"nuxzy E U$G g{v´giy E O$G. † gi}"}"nuxzy¯h7xzy]v † gH¨]qsg I h7x ~ giŸ runp}"g¹rut7¦Lt † nutwv"npxzy ~ g6rut¦ztLrpgiq † xL|sv"nph‰tLrug ~ g1rut©®xzys{v"npxzy h7xznpy ~ † gi} Wt† †"† giŸ }¨`q£¥xzy ~ xL¡sv"npgiy]v1† gi~ y † † tw½ay+$tLy³v$ rut¢|t † tLh g{Ÿ v † † np},~ twv"Ÿ np~ xzy ~ g‰rutV©Ùt iA xzy f | † xL|† xz} † giŸ gL~ ·T?g%hH† qsr§v"n§f|+† runpWtwŸ v"giq † ~ g D t)µ “ tLy+“zgL»oxzq¼npy ~ npWtwv"giq g tw½‰ysgi~ h7Ÿ † giŸ y]vi»`|gi~ qsv g{B v g † ~ g qs† npv ©ÙtLinprpgih7giy]v † t¹|t Ÿv"n † g#rut6| gi† h‰n g g gi¨`q+twv"npxzy E̎7G,· ¸tLys}#rpgWtL} grÌ£¥gƒ‚ogih|rpgixzys}"n g gL»²r¤£¥npy npWtwv"giq q tw½‰y+gih7giy³v´| xL|xz} g¹}"q rut “zq g‘7E¤4G´gi}"v   Z I g a E-f I GYg e a E-f I G ' fa /= fa o t npys}nÈ},tLys} † giŸ }"xzq ~ † gHrug1| † xL¡+r gif h7g E<; G,»YrpgWtLrpiqsr ~ e g † Z I ysxzq+}#|g † Ÿ h‰~ g{v ~ Ÿ †g ~ n † gH}"ngiy«npy³v † x ~ q+np}tLy]v qsy+g† o ~ ~ ~ † † † ixzq ~¡gŸ ¨`† qsn|t vtL“zg6ysxLv † g xzh‰~ tLnpysggiy giqo‚ °ixzysgi} ~ † g¹v tL†"ys† }"Ÿ h7nu}"}"n§¦on§v gi} n§± g giy³v"gi}W»+~ ysxzqs}´|† xzq„¦xzy+}xL¡sv"giysn qsy+g † gi xz† np}"},tLysig#nuhŸ |x vtLy³v"g grut6©ªxzys{v"nuxzy‰h7xznpy gi}*Wt gi}W·`¸tLys}v"xzq„v"gBrªt}"qsn§v"g gBigBv ti¦ztLnpr¤»`qsysgv"girprpg ixzq ¡g}g t7tw|s|gir gigg f"ixzq„|ig ho· ׮֛î›×®á ?g{v0v"gHgƒ‚o|.

(43) O. (a) Coupe verticale. (c) Coupe-damier. (b) Coupe horizontale. . (d) Coupe oblique. 9;:=<?> S (;$

(44)  2%(V) "  *l   

(45) ~# !". † † f e †e †|t tLI h y¢g{Ÿ Wv †tLnp}´} giŸ|²gat |v"t npi† qs¨`rpnuq+g twv gi† }0g7v´¦zitLgirprpgiq+q n† x }q ¨]r¤q£¥xz£¥giy rurpg | g † gi y ~g ¨`qsg † g{| † giŸ }"giy³v giŸ gi} ~ tLys}´rªt +“zq † g¹`·. tf ~ † {g Ÿ v"g † h‰npysg † † }"nrut1v ~ † tLy+~ }"h7np}"}n§¦`npv g Ÿ e € ~ † tLqs† rpnp¨`qsg† |giq„v€g{B v † g }q qsysg|²t v"n§v"npxzy q xzh‰tLnpy+ggiyº¨]qtwv g|t v"nugi}¹v"girprpgi}. U

(46) . U. U . U. . 9;:=<?> S !

(47) 

(48) &%. 

(49) !#" $

(50) &%1% %V"}4 9(;$

(51)  

(52) & "2!}4 !". D. gi} ~ np}ixzy³v"npy`qsn§v giŸ }´giy]v † g¹rpgi} ~ n§± g Ÿ † giy³v"gi}#°ixzysgi} ~ g¹v † tLys}"h7nu}"}"n§¦on§v g5Ÿ }i£ giŸ  † n§¦giy]vS E =  o g f =Te f o k. E o  g f o e f  k. E q  g f q e f  k. E =  q g f =YeXf q. '. ig Ÿ ¨`q+twv"npxzysŠ }Ÿ ysŸ g † † g{| † giŸ }"giy]v"giy³† v giy©ÙtLn§v›† ¨`qsg*v † xznp}›ixzy]v † tLnpy]† v"gi}npy ~ g{Ÿ |giy ~ tLy]v"gi}Èg{vÈnpr]©®tLqsv›nph|xz}"g † E3=  o e E =  q e E o   · g gi np¦xzys}#igi}Bv xznp}ixzy]v tLnpy]v"gi}B}xzqs}rut©®x h7g ?gi}. E  E E w. ‘ e¹‘ D tBh‰twv † npig?C }W£ giŸ  † n§v ~ xzys Cig P ‘ ‘ ‘ e¹‘ ¦g † v"nuWtLrpg E-f/~ = g f † q kf o g f  G,»²rªt‰}"giixzy ~ g qsy+gixzq„|gƒµ tLh7npg E-f =g f  kf o g f q G,· î›î Ý @‚!ƒ!„1‚ N. g. g. g. E-f }= \ f q G}e -E f o \ f  G1k -E f }= \ f o }G e E-f q \ f  1G k -E f }= \ f  }G e E-f o \ f q G '. E q  g. E G. ‘ e‘ Q D † f † Ÿ e¹‘ e‘ S ' t| gih7n g g gi¨]q+twv"nuxzyFE  GNix †"† gi}"|xzy ~ t#f qsysg ixzqs|g e¹‘ ‘ t%f qsy+g6ixzq„|g e x † np°ixzy]vtLrpgFE-f/= g f o kf q g f  Gg{vrut7v † xznp}"n gif h‰g tf.

(53) Ÿ D † f† Ÿ † ~ † †~ D † f ~ g6ixzt y³v | † tLginuh7y³v"n gig }+g E  giG¨`q+}i£twgiŸ v" np† xzn§y]v E̎7GȨ`qsn`|g h7g{v gWtLrpiqsrpg rughHqsr§v"n§|rpnpWtwv"giq g tL“ tLy+“zgMZ7tL}"}"x`in gtLq}0€o}0v gih7g  Z = \ Z o \ Z q g e a E-f I G1k fa /= eZ = \ Z o e Z q g e a f  E-f I G1k a o E̒7G  Z3=We Z o e Z q g e a E-f I G1k af q eZ3=We Z o \ Z q g e a f  E-f I G ' a  D gi} ixzh|xz}tLy³v"gi;} Z3=W» Z g{v Z ~ qH¦gi{v"giq † hHqsr§v"n§|+runpWtwv"giq † ~ g D tL“ † tLys“zg}xzy³v rpgi} npy ~ npWtwv"giq † } ~ g † tw½‰y+gih7giy³v ¨`~ qsnoix †"† gi}0|xzy ~ giy³v † gi}0|o gi{v"n§¦giq h‰giy³v tLqo‚ixzq„|gi}¦g † v"npWtLrugL» e x † np°ixzy]vtLrpg´g{v tLq ~ tLh7nug †  † g Ÿ g#Ÿ |t † rpg † xznp}gih7giy³v g6igi}Bixz† q„|gi}i· f Ÿ † twv"npxzy [ rªtJ¦LtLrugiq † ~ g¯rutº©®xzys{v"npxzy h7xznpy ~ † gi}7Wt †"† giŸ }¼ysxzqs}anpy ~ np¨`qsg }"nBrut«|t)µ  ˆ ¬ y | w t " v p n ` ¨ s q L g » º t + q s y ¢ g § n v g † tLh g{Ÿ v † np}twv"npxzy tHf ig{v0v"g¹npv g Ÿ † twv"npxzy gi}0v}twv"np}©®tLnp},tLy³v"gL·+longirprpg ysg r¤£¥gi}0v|tL}i» tHf |t † v"n † ~ q%“ † t ~ npgiy]v ~ g rªt6©®xzys{v"npxzy h7†xznuy ~ † gi}Wt †"† giŸ } ~ gøŸ ‡t5~ WtLrpiqsr gLŸ »y+xzqs} ~g Ÿ ~ ~ qsnp}"xzy+} ~† gi}Ènuy ~ npWtwv"giq † † } ~ g † tw½ays† gih7giy]vix †† gi}0|xzy ~ tLy]v tf ~ n§± g Ÿ † † giy]v"gi} ©®x h7gi}#g{v#|† xz}"n§v"nuxzys} g¹~ ixzq„|gi† }i^· ?gi}#~ Ÿnuy † npWtwv"giq }´ysxzqs}Bh‰xzy³v gi~ y]v#}n|t h7nNigi}#ixzq„~|† gi}#npr|†"gi† q„Ÿ v´€¯ti¦xzn qsy+g xzq |rpqs}"npgiq } ¨`qsn²¦xzy³v xzysysg qsysg gi xznu}"}tLysig}"nu“zysn +Wtwv"n§¦g g5rutH©®xzys{v"npxzy h7xznuy gi}Wt gigi}iL· ?giinysxzqs} |g ~ † h7g{v ~ g6†  ~ e xznp† }"n † rpg¹h‰ginprprpgiq ~ †B† tw½‰ysgih7giy]v † taf q„v"nprunp}"g † taf r¤£¥n§v g Ÿ †† twv"npxz'y [F\ ‘z»²}"xzn§v i† girpqsnN¨`qsn›ix †"† gi}0|xzy ~ tf ~ gi} npy npWtwv"giq } g tw½‰ysgih7giy]v xzy]vBrpgi}´¦ztLrpgiq }tw¡+}"xzrpqsgi}B}"xzy³v girutwv"n§¦gih7giy]vBnph7|x vtLy³v"gi}i· .  "!$#&%('

(54) &!2 4! %* + &!$-.!$/ &!)13%* - 64! "%(' * 9:. ~ xzysy giŸ gqsysg1|t † v"n§v"nuxzy & ]»xzy g{Ÿ v"q ~ nug ~ tLys}5ig|t † tL“ † tw| e g1r¤£ g{Ÿ ¦giy]v"q+tLrpn§v gaŸ x q f ig{v0v"g7|t † v"n§v"npxzy gi}0v. ˆ  v L t ³ y v v † xL| Š +ys†g5g{vBx qVf xzy¢}"xzq e tLnpv"g ~ xzys~ Ÿ † † Ÿ giŸ qsys† nŸ † Ÿ i~ g † vtLnpysgi} ~ g}"gi}´† |t † v"npgi}i· f qsysg5| † gih7n gf † g g{Ÿ vtw|g6xzy { g | i g s y z x + y  } ¤ r ¥ £ ƒ g „ ‚ i g  h + | p r  g i  z x s y  } n g ¹ g | i g  g i g ‰ h 7 h i g ³ y E +“zq g‘lG´g{vB}"qs|s|xz}"xzys}´¨`q£ t v t † g{Ÿ †v"giy`q¢† rutHixzq„|g ~ g5† rut “zq Ÿ † † gH‘7† E¤4G ~ g5}"x † v"g¨`I qsgrut1I |t † v"n§v"npxzy † }"xzn§v´©®x † h giŸ ~ g|t † ~† giqo‚a|t † v"npgi}ŸS„qsysg5°ixzysg npy]v † g f npgiq g#g{vqsysg tLq„v ~ g gƒ‚`v g npgiq gL· ž xLv"xzys~ }@† f = g{v†"† f Ÿ o rpgi}¦ztLrpgiq ~ } Ÿ † xL|sv"nph‰tLrugi} g † rut¹v tLys}"f h7~ nu}"}"n§¦on§v gBxL¡sv"gi y`qsgi†} †twtw| ½agiys}6g h7† |npysrpqsnph‰}#nptW}¦LtwtLv"npy]xzvy xzy g1g{Ÿ ruv"t%q ~ ©®xznpgys{~ v"n§np¦xzgyJ† }"h7gi} xznpiy xzq„|gigi} } Wg{t v5xzgiy }gi}"y«q„|+i|xzxzys}}"g6n ¨`g qstLg y³~ vgiiq„g{‚ v0v"~ g£¥gi|y³t v † v"gHn§v"ginpxzrurpy gi}Bt xzy]vgiqorp‚Vgi}#°inuxzy ys~ ginp}iW·twv"gixzq q † } ~ g † tw½‰y+gih7giy³v´rpgi} |+ruqs} nph7|x † vtLy³v"}i;· >5y † g{v"npgiy]v ~ xzys igi} ~ giqo‚‰ixzq„|gi}¨]q+g#r¤£¥xzy¼ysxLv"g >=g{v o E +“zq † g#j G,· . =. . f =o f =q = f = o. f o . j. c  "     1  .     %     / 

(55)  c 1 . 9;: < > )S (:* 9:(; "   

(56) -" %V"2"!

(57) :*  "{%()/*  7(  . t |t † v"npv"npxzy­xL¡s~ v"giy`qsg tf † r¤£ g{Ÿ vtw†|g«| † giŸ  g Ÿ ~ giy]v"g g{Ÿ v† tLy]v tLrux † } ~ ~ n§¦onp} giŸ gJgi†y­|+† ruqs}"npgiq † † }‰|t † v"npgi}i»rut ¨`qsgi}0† v"npxzy gi}0v Ÿ † h‰tLnp†y]v"giy+tLy]v Sef xz†n§v¶µæxzy g{Ÿ v"† giysn † v"xz~ q„v"g?ig{v0† v"gR|t v"n§v"npxzyxzq xzn§v¶µæxzŸ y ~ gi“ † xzq„|g ¨`qsgirp¨`~ qsgi}¢}"xzq+}¶µÌ|† t v"npgi} npy]v g npgiq gi} tW¦girut|t v"npgBgƒ‚ov g npgiq g g#rut|²t v"n§v"npxzy ho·$¶rysxzq+}©ÙtLq„v g{v"q npg r¤£¥npy +q+giysig g rut¹}"qs|s| gi}"}npxzy ׮֛î›×®á D. . .

(58) ’ ~ g#rut ~ np}"ixzy]v"npy]q+n§v g Ÿ ~ gv † tLys}"h7np}}"n§¦on§v gŸ giy³v † g#qsy+g}"xzqs}¶µÌ|²t † v"npgBnuy³v g Ÿ † npgiq † gg{vrut|t † v"npggƒ‚ov g Ÿ † npgiq † g ~ gBrªt|t † v"n§µ v"~ npxzyY»s}"q † rutH¦ztLrpgiq † xL|+v"npI h‰tLrpg ~ I grut©®xzŸ ys{v"npxzy¯h7xznpf y ~ † gi}´Wt †"† giŸ }i· D g| f † xL¡+r gif h‰g ~ £¥†xL|sv"nph7=nu}twv"npxzy tf ~ giqo‚¼°ixzysgi}i» xzy]v† rut7}xzrpq„v"npxzy gi}0v f = g{v f o »gi}0v gi¨]qsnp¦LtLrpgiy]v t‰igirpq+n›ixzys}np}0vtLy]v tah7npy+nph7np}"g TE-f = kf = o kf = q kf o GB}"xzqs}5rpgi} ixzy]v tLnpy]v"gi} f = = eNf o g f = I eNf o I k f = o eNf o g f = I eNf o I k E¶4‘ Q7G I I ' f = q eNf o g f = eNf o ?gi}#ixzy³v † tLnpy³v"gi}#}i£ giŸ  † n§¦giy]v#}"xzq+}rut©®x † h7g¹h‰twv † npinpgirprpg = NOO f = I eNf I Q RR N ‘ Q Q e‘ Q NOO f = Q RR oI I o f f N e f = = P Q ‘ Q e‘ S P f = q S g P f = I eNf o I S ' Q Q ‘ e‘ f o f = I eNf oo I lof qs|s| † nph‰g † † rut6|t † v"= npg ~ g#ixzqs|g } g{Ÿ |t † tLy]v´rpgi} ~ giqo‚‰°ixzysgi} † ~ gv † tLys}h7np}"}"np¦`n§v {g Ÿ f = = g{@v f o »]|t † gƒ‚„gih|+rpgL» † g{¦onpgiy³v th‰npysnph7nu}"g WE-f = kf = o kf = q kf o G }"xzqs}rpgi}Bysxzq„¦girprpgi}Bixzy³v tLnuy³v"gi} f = = eNf o g Qk f = o eNf o g f = I eNf o I k E¶‘z‘lG f = q eNf o g f = I eNf o I ' D g ¦gi{v"giq † h1qsrpv"n§|+rpnpWtwv"giq † ~ g D tL“ † tLy+“zg Zig E Zo=  = kZ o=  kZo=  GtL}}"x]in g Ÿ tLq¬}0€o}0v gif h7g ~ g¢ixzy]v † tLnpy]v"gi} E¶4‘ Q7G o q ¦ g Ÿ † n +g¹rÌ£ giŸ ¨`q+twv"npxzy EÌ7Ž G¨`qsn}i£ giŸ  † n§v eZ ==  o g a f  = E-f = I kf o I G1k a = eZ o=  o g a f  o E-f = I kf o I G1k a = E¶‘)$ G I I a E-f = kf o G1k eZ q=  o g a f =q a  E-f = I kf I G ' Z ==  \ Z o=  \ Z;q=  g o o o o af o D gi} Z  = k Tg$‘ k, k%}"xzy³v tLrpx † }Brugi}npy ~ nuWtwv"giq † } ~ g † tw½‰ysgih7giy]v#¨`qsnix †"† gi}"|xzy ~ giy³v tLqo‚¢ixzq„|gi}#tL}"}"x`in giŸ gi} tLqo‚¢}"xzq+}¶~ µÌ|t † † v"f npgi} ~ grut°ixzysg6np~ y³v g Ÿ † nugi~ q † gL· ?xz† y+y+~ tLnp}"† }tLy]vrpg}"nu“zysg ~ †"g† rut ~ np}"~ ixzy]v"npy]f q+n§v g Ÿ f = I e f o I rpg¹ruxzys“ † ~ gi~ gi} i~ xzŸ q„|† gi}i» £è†tw| gi} E O$G rpg´W†tLrpiq+r gi}*nuy npWtw† v"giq } † g tw½‰y+gih7giy³v~ ix gi}0|†xzŸy tLy]v t~ igi} ixzq„|gi}*ysxz† q+}*|g h7Ÿ † g{v † g g{v"g h‰npysg † »L}"qsn§¦ztLy]Ÿ vN† rpgiq † }›~}"np“zysgi}Èg{v† rpgiq }N¦LtL rpgiq † }i»<r¤£¥nuy +qs† giysig g r¤£ètL“z“ gi“twv"npxzy £¥qsysg~ }"xzqs}¶µÌ|†t v"npg*np~ y]v g npgiq † g ~tW¦g gi~Hg Ÿ rª† tHtw½‰|t ysgiv"h7npg¹gigƒy]‚ov vhog · npgiq g g¹rªtH|t v"n§v"npxzyY· xzq ig{v0v"g tLnp}"xzy¢y+xzqs}Btw|s|girpxzys}Bigi}Bnpy npWtwv"giq } f"nuy npWtwv"giq } . .  . 9%(   -.!. ~ † ~ ~Ÿ † Ÿ ~ D ~ Ÿ† † † e ~inùµ gi}"gi}"} xzqsnp}± ¨`g qsginYy]t v"}g{Ÿ vnuy gHŸ h7npWnptw}´v"gigiyq 6}Ȩ`q„qs¦ g† g y+~ xzqstLys} }¦girpgiys}xzysgƒ‚o} | g Ÿ g † npgigy++iy+gi}Bn y`|qsgih q„¦g Ÿ †ginpy³¨`vqsg{Bgiv }i· gBq„v"nurpnp} gi} ixzh7h7g tLys}*rÌ£ètLrp“zx n§v h‰g ‘z· Êysnpv"nutLrpnp}twv"nuxzyS+ e xznp}"n † qsy h‰tLnprprªtL“zg ~ g5|t † tLh g{Ÿ v † nu}twv"npxzy

(59)  o· ]· ¿ ™  g $‘ k, k ' ' '   — ‡"qs}"¨`q£ tf ixzy]¦g † “zgiysig `· (¯nuysnph7np}g † rut¢©®xzys{v"npxzy h7xznpy ~ † gi}¹Wt †"† giŸ }|xzq † ~ gi}1v † tLys}h7np}"}"np¦`n§v giŸ }|²t † tLh g{Ÿ v † np} giŸ gi}}"q †  ¯giy WtLrpiqsrutLy]vB}"xzy¯“ † t ~ npgiy]vi· ¿ ™   e tL¨`qsg|t † v"nug ~ g    — jo· î›î Ý @‚!ƒ!„1‚.

(60) . .  .  .

(61) ‘4Q U]·. Ž`· ]O ·.  . . . . ·. . † ur gi}#npy ~ npWtwv"giq † } ~ g † tw½aysgih7giy]v ¨`qsnNix †† gi}0|xzy ~ giy]v t7f v"xzq„v"gi}rpgi} ixzq„|gi}B¦g † v"n§µ WtLrpgi}#g{v ~ e x † un °ixz† y³vtLrpgi}B}"q„|s|~ x † v giŸ gi}´|t † rpf gi}Bt † g{B v"gi} ~ q h‰tLnprurutL“zg ~ gWtLrpiqsr3o» † tf Ÿ v"xzq„v"gi†}Brpgi} i~ xzq„|gi}¶µ tLh7~ npg ¨`Ÿ qŸ £¥girprugi}Bnpy ~ qsnp}"giy]vi»sg{v t‰v"xzq„v"gi}5rpgi}Bixzqs|gi} xL¡+rpnu¨]qsgi}B}"q„|s|x v gigi}#|t rpgi} nªtL“zxzy+tLrpgi} gi} gir gih‰giy³v"} q h‰tLnurprutL“zgo· ' — ¿ ™  ?´tLrpiqsrug † rut5|+rpq+~ } “ † tLy ~ g¦z~ tLrpgiq † tw†¡}"xzrpqs††g ~ gv"xz~qs} rpgi} npy ~ npW~ twv"giq † } ~ † g † tw½aysgih7giy]v WŸtL† rpiqsr † giŸ }i·  † † ˆ ‚ov Ÿ tLn g rpgif }Nixzq„|gi} xzy³v›rpgi}Nnpy np† Wtwv"giq }ix gi}0|xzy† tLy]v"}N}"Ÿxzy]v g ¦LtLrugiq }Ntw¡+}xzrpqsgi}N}q„| g npgiq gi} xzq gi“tLrpgi} t Q  E¤ig6|xzq igiy³vtL“zg¹|giqs€v g{B v g1t<‡"qs}0v 4g G,· ~ tLys}Bq+ysg¹|t † v"npg ~ g  7qsysg6xzq¯|+ruqs}"npgiq † } ~ g6igi} ixzq„|gi}#npy ~ qsnp}"giy]v´qsysg6|t † v"n§v"npxzy ~ g6ig{v0v"g |t † v"npggiy¢|+rpqs}"nugiq † } ixzh|xz}tLy³v"gi} ixzysysgƒ‚„gi}i»   — ?´tLruiqsrpg † rpgi} npy ~ nuWtwv"giq † }%¨]qsn ix †"† gi}"|xzy ~ giy³v¢tLqo‚–|t † v"npgi} ~ gJigi}¢ixzqs|gi} tL}"}x]in giŸ gi} t f  e tLiqsysg ~ gigi}Bixzh|xz}tLy]v"gi}Bixzysy+gƒ‚ogi}i· ?´tLruiqsrpg † rut¼† |+ruqs}5“ † tLy ~ g¦z~ tLrpgiq † tw¡+}"xzrp~ qsg ~ gv"† xzqs}6rp†gi† }6npy ~ npW~ twv"giq † } ~ g † ~tw½aysgih7giy]† v  Ÿ † WtLrpiq+r gi}i·ˆ ‚ov Ÿ † tLn g † rpgi}¼ixzŸq„|gi} f xzy] v rpgi}¼npy npWtwv"giq }aix gi}0|xzy tLy]v"} }"xzy]v gV¦ztLrpgiq } tw¡+}xzrpqsgi}´}"q„| g npgiq gi}xzq gi“tLrugi} t Q  · ' — igi}#ixzq„|gi}}"qs“z“ gf † giy]v t7f r¤£¥q„v"nprpnu}twv"giq † ~ g¹ysxzq„¦girurpgi}´ixzq„|gi}i»   — f igi}Bixzq„|gi}i· ?´tLruiqsrpg † rpgi}nuy ~ npWtwv"giq † } ~ g † tw½‰ysgih7giy]vBix †"† gi}0|xzy ~ tLy]v t † tLy ~ g¦ztLrpgiq † tw¡+}"xzrpqsg ~ gv"xzqs}6rpgi}6npy ~ npWtwv"giq † } ~ g † tw½aysgih7giy]v ?´tLruiqsrpg † u r ¼ t + | u r s q 5 } “  WtLrpiq+r giŸ }i·ˆ ‚ov Ÿ † † tLn † g † rpgi}¼ixzŸq„|gi} ~ f xzy] v rpgi}¼npy ~ npWtwv"giq † }aix †† gi}0|xzy ~ tLy]v"} }"xzy]v ~ gV¦ztLrpgiq † } tw¡+}xzrpqsgi}´}"q„| g npgiq gi}xzq gi“tLrugi} t Q  · ' — (¯nuysnph7np}g † rªt ©ªxzy+{v"npxzyºh7xznpy ~ † gi}Wt †"† giŸ }1|xzq †  e tLiqsysg ~ gi}6|t † v"n§v"nuxzys}¹tL}"}"x`in giŸ gi}HtLq„‚«ixzqs|gi} gƒ‚`v † tLn§v"gi}i· Š g{v"giysn † rpgi}*ixzqs|gi}¨]q+n ~ xzysysgiy]v rut ~ giŸ  † xznp}"}tLysig#rut |+rpq+} ©ªx † v"g ~ grut5©®xzys{v"npxzyah7xznpy ~ † gi} Wt †"† giŸ }i· ~ † † † ~ † † g{v"giy`qs^ gi}i‘1»xztLq rpx }"† /n }7&i 7girutJixz}"y³npv"“znuy+giy³n +v g¼|+¨]rpqsq+} g ru£¥tVqsys|gt † |²v"tnpg v"inpgLx »+†"†g{giv5}0|}"nYxz|²y t~ tLy]|v"t g v"~ nug g  g &gi }0v |+rp~ qsnp}¦`npnpgi} q giŸ g }´giiy xzq„|+|rpqsgi}#}"nu}"gixzq y³† v} }"xzqs}¶µÌ|²t † v"npgi}i»snpr©ÙtLq„vBtLrpx † }   — ?´tLruiqsrpg † rugi} nuy ~ npWtwv"giq † } ~ g ~g Ÿ † tw½‰ysgih‰giy³v¨`qsn›ix †† gi}0|xzy ~ giy]v tLqo‚ ixzq„|gi}5tL}}"x]in giŸ gi} t f igi}#}"xzqs}¶µÌ|t † v"npgi}i· Š g{v"giysn † rut¢|²t † v"npg ~ gaixzq„|g%¨]q+n ix †"† gi}"|xzy ~ tf r¤£¥npy ~ npWtwv"giq † ~ g ~ g Ÿ † tw½aysgih7giy]v ~ g‰|+ruqs} “ † tLy ~ g5¦LtLrugiq † tw¡+}"xzruqsgL· ' — (¯nu}"g t#f ‡"xzq † ~ g  · ' — ¿ ™  ?´tLruiqsrpg.

(62)  . . .  . ’`· 4‘ Q`·. . . . . ‘z‘z· ‘)]· ‘<`· ‘Wjo·.  . . . . . .  . . . . ‘lU]· ‘<Ž`· ‘lO]·.  . ‘· ‘<’`· Q`· ]‘z· z]· L`·. . . . . . .  .  .  .  . . . 

(63) &¹&  "86& D gi}gƒ‚o| g Ÿ † npgiy+igi} y`qsh g Ÿ † np¨`qsgi} ¨`qsgy+xzqs} | † giŸ }"giy]v"xzys} inùµ ~ gi}"}xzqs} |x † v"giy]v }"q † ¨`qsgirp¨`qsgi}*}n§v"q+twv"npxzys} }"nph|+rugi} ¨`qsn y+xzqs}1xzy]vH|g † h7† Ÿ np} ~ g7Ÿ v"gi}0v"g † rpgi† }1v"gi†  e y+e np¨]q+gi† } Ÿ ~ Ÿ ~ g † tw½‰y+gih7giy³vH~ g{v ~ g ~ g Ÿ † tw½aysgih7e giŸ y]v ~ ga|~ t † tLh g{Ÿ v † np}twv"npxzy ¨`qsgysxz~ qs}#† ti¦xz† ys}B| † gi}"~ giy]v gigi}tLq¯† |t tL“ tw| † g5~ | gi g † giy³vi· ¶r}i£ètL“zn§v Ÿ e £¥gƒ~ ‚„† gih|+rugi}}0€oy³v g{v"np¨`qsgi} ~ tLys}rpgi}"¨`qsgirp}´nur }i£ètL“znpv † g ~ g{v xzqs¦g † giqo‚VxzqVv xznp}#¦LtLrpgiq } g1rut7v tLys}"h‰np}"}"n§¦on§v g € tLqsrpnu¨]qsgg{v5rpgi}5°ixzysgi} tLys} rpgi}"¨`qsgirprugi} girprug5| giy igi}B¦LtLrpgiq }i· ׮֛î›×®á . .

(64) ‘z‘ ¸tLys} v"xzqs} † rpgi}#gƒ‚ogi† h~ |v}rpgiw }#xzyJt7}q„|s|~ xz} g¹Ÿ ¨`qsg6rpgi} ©®xzys{v"npxzys} cu k2z u g{v c† ~ gŸ ysnp}"}tLy]v † gi}0~ |gi{v"n§¦gih7† giy]v rp~ gi} ~ ixzŸ y n§v"npxzys}H}"q rpgaŸ ¡Ÿ x g{vrutVixzy n§v"nuxzy npy+n§v"nutLrpg]Eæ$G1}"xzy]vy]q+rprpgi}tLrpx }¨]q+garpg%}"giixzy h‰gih6¡ g h g r¤£ gi¨`q+twv"npxzy E¶‘lGt g{v g1}q„|s|xz} gŸ ixzys}0vtLy]vBgiy¯gi}"|tLig¹g{vBgiy v"gih7|+}i·  3'  #&!   #'9:@!$/ %(  !. &. g | † gih7np† g † ~ WtL} ~ g{Ÿ v"q ~ n g5Ÿ gi}0vigirpqs† n ~ g ~ giq„‚a°ixzysgi} ~ xzy]v r¤£¥q+ysgBgi}0vnpysiruqs}"g ~ tLy+}r¤£ètLqsv † g ~ g#h‰tL† y+n gf † g#¨`q£¥girprug Ÿ }"xznpv6tLqRigiy]~ v g q xzhatLnp~ ysg E +“zq g U$G,· † ž xzq+}¹npysn§v"nªtLrpnp}"xzys}#r¤£¥xL|sv"nph‰np}twv"npxz† yJgiyº}"qs|s|xz† }tLy³vrut%v tLys}"h7np}}"n§~ ¦o† n§v g ixz†"ys† }"ŸvtLy³v"g tLys}1v"xzq„v† rpg Ÿ xz† h‰tLnpysg]E “zq g¼Ž7G¹g{vysxzqs}1ixzh7h7giyKiA xzys}H|t h7npy+nph7np}"g rªt¢©®xzys{v"npxzy?h7xznpy gi} Wt gi}5ti¦gi1ig{v0v"g6|²t tLh g{v np}twv"nuxzy· D. 7. 7. 6. 6. 5. 5. 4. 4. 3. 3. 2. 2. 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 7. 9;: < > US $0"1 #"2"1-34

(65) 0m   B  :

(66)  ]*, -1%;;( ( % :

(67) *  #3 1". 1. 2. Ž. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9;: < > S 0"1 #"2"!#3l-

(68) 0/ -;

(69) 7* . 7. 3. 6. 2.5. 5. 2 4. 1.5 3. 1 2. 0.5. 0. ‚^Ssixznpy e¡²tL}“tLqs e egL» S+ixznpy e tLq„v ~ †~ † xzn§v. Sixznpy tLq„v“tLq+ gL»

(70) S+ixznpy ¡tL} xzn§v 1. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 9;: < > OS T %() 2

(71) /+ :%#"2"! !"€-  2$

(72) (1". +  

(73). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9;:=<?>  S  " 1%(V)!"7$ /~  1%! " %7

(74) ( B.  *8(" %

(75) -"_-  2$

(76) ()2". ol Ÿq † rut +“z~ q † gZO¯xzy † | e † giŸ }"giy]v"g%rªt ¦ztLrpgiq †† ~ gi}1npy † ~ npW†twv"Ÿ giq † } Ÿ ~ g † tw½aysgih7giy]v1giy?† ©ªxzys{v"nuxzy ~ gi} ~ D n§¦g † }"gi}6ixzq„|gi} E g{vtw|gZU gr¤£ètLrp“zx n§v h7g4G,·L?´gi}#¦ztLrpgiq }#}"xzy]v g{| gi}"giy]v gigi}6ixzh7h‰gqsysg6ixzq ¡g1ixzy]v"npy`qsgL· gi}5ixzq„|gi}5¨]qsn ix †"† gi}0|xz~ y ~ giy]v† tLq„† ‚Jnpe y ~ npW~ twv"giq † } rpgi}5|+ruqs~ } giŸ ~ rug{¦ giŸ }FEÙ|+rutw~ v"gWtLq«npysnpv"nutLŸ r ~ grut%~ ixzq † ¡g}"† q † e rut +“zq † g† O$G1»Y}"† xzy]v ~ gi} ixzq„|gi}¶µ tLh7npg ~ | x] gi} Ÿ gi}}xzh7h7~ g{v"} q † xzh‰tLnpysg ~g6Ÿ W† tLrpiqsrTE g{vtw|g/O grÌ£ètL~ rp“zx n§v † h‰g4G,»„†"¦† xzn +“z~q g · f rÌ£ g{vtw|g  gVr¤£ètLrp“zx npv e h7g E g tw½‰ysgih7giy]v1G^S rpgi}%npy npWtwv"giq }7ix gi}"|xzy tLy³v%tLqo‚ >y¬|tL}}"g xzy+ tR † ¨`q+~ twv gaixz† q„|gi}¶µæixznpy tL}"}"x`† in giŸ gi} t¯f  e tLiq+~ ysg ~ gi}H¨`q+twv~ † g7ixzq„† |gi}¶µ ~ tL† h7npg † }xzy³† vtLrpx † }HWtL~ rpiqsr giŸ Ÿ }i· *5q+† twv † g ~ g7† igi} npy npWtwv"giq }#}"xzy]v |rpqs}B©®x v"}5¨`qsg1igiq„‚ gi} ixzq„|gi}¶µ tLh7nug g{vrpgiq }B¦ztLrpgiq } }"xzy]vnpy np¨`q gigi}B}q rªt +“zq gO |t † rugi~ }}0€`h1¡†xzrpgi}#‚²» ]» g{v ]·›loq † rut +“zq † g’¼xzyºt † g{| † giŸ }"giy]v gaŸ rpgi}¨`q+twv † gixzq„|gi}¶µæixznpy«ix †"† gi}0|xzy ~ tLy]v tf igi}#npy npWtwv"giq }i· î›î Ý @‚!ƒ!„1‚.

(77) ‘) 7. 7. 6. 6. 5. 5. 4. 4. 3. 3. 2. 2. ‚S+ixznuy e¡tL}“tLqs e egL» S+ixznpy e tLq„v ~ †~ † xzn§v. S+ixznpy tLqsv“tLqs gL»

(78) S+ixznpy ¡²tL} xzn§v 9;: < > ’ S  " 2%(V) "  2%- 2%$1 !" % 7$

(79) '( B  *8(" %!

(80) -" -  27

(81)  ()2" 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9;:=<?> ‘4QS 

(82) -

(83) &% :

(84)  ;(   *  W   *        /-

(85) 0 7

(86) %. ~ ~ ~Ÿ † † D †Ÿ † † e ~ f† Ÿ † gi{vtLy+£ètL“z“ qsrugitL“n tw† g#v"npxztLyq‰igigBy]iv gi† g}´¨`~ q+q tw~ v xzgBh‰itLxznpqsys|g´gi©®}0x µæ† ih xznpgiŸy¼gB}"|qst “z† “ ~ g gig} |E g{t v† twv"|npgig} ‘)~  gi} ig xzr¤q„£ètL|rpgi“z}x † npg{v v"gih7y`qsg4giG } tf g#r¤i£¥xzn§v ysg Ÿ }† ntwv"g nuxzgy7| qs† ysgiŸ gB g Ÿ i~ xzgiqsy]|v"gg f ig{v0v"g5ixzq„|g#h‰xzy³v † g ¨`q£¥npr²gi}0v rug|+rpq+} ©®x † v|²t † h7n²igiqo‚ EÙ¦xzn † +“zq † g6‘4Q7G,· D g#WtLrpiq+r ~ g r¤£¥npy ~ npWtwv"giq † tL}}"x]in g Ÿ tH ¨`qsnxzy]v g{Ÿ v g1Ÿ WtLrpiq+r giŸ }_E¤}0€oh6¡xzrpg  }"q † rªt +“zq † g_O$G,· ž xzqs} † g{v"giysxzys} ~ xzysig{v0v"g6ixzq„|gL· † † f ~ f Ÿ† † tLh ž g{Ÿ v xz† qsnp}}Htwv"|nptLxz}"y¢}xziysx }1†† gigiy+}0|}"qsxzyn§v"~ g tLtVy]v rªt tf rut1giqo|‚„t n † giv"h7n§v"g%npxzy n§v g WtLtwruv"inpqsxzr y giŸ g g{tvf r¤ys£¥n§xzv qsg Ÿ †}Htwiv"xznpxzh7y¢h7| gi† yKgiŸ  iA g xzŸ ~ y+gi}1y³|²v"gLt »²|+h7qsnunu}ysnpysh7xzq+np}} g † g{–| † tigi¦ysgixz y+}rªt¢|xz|q t)†µ  e tLiqsysg ~ gi}°ixzysgi} ~ gv † tLys}"h‰np}"}"n§¦on§v g5Ÿ rpgi}´Ch giB h7gi} g{Ÿ vtw|gi} ¨`qsg ~ tLys}´rut| † gih7n gf † gnpv g Ÿ † twv"npxzy· 0.9 0.8. 7. 0.7 6. 0.6 5. 0.5 0.4. 4. 0.3 3. 0.2 2. 0.1 0. 9;: < >. 0. ‘z‘$ S. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. T%$(

(87) 2   :%$r"1" ! !" # 1 .

(88) (1"  

(89) 

(90) .

(91) %#" -  2$

(92) (1"     

(93)  "16

(94) %7*  . 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ) ‘ S  0"! r"1"1-34

(95) ) 27* :()*V4   

(96) )  $

(97) %$ :

(98) 2%$(l0!" 2%! !" )% 7

(99). 9;:=<?>.

(100)  ()1"_*  " * (" %

(101) -". 6. 7.   *     ( B # $ 1 . † rªt|+rpqs} giŸ rug{¦ giŸ g ~ gi}Nnuy ~ npWtwv"giq † } ~ g † tw½‰y+gih7giy³vȁWtLrpiqsr giŸ }›ix †"† gi}0|xzy ~ tf ~ giqo‚¹ixzq„|gi}YE “zq † g´‘)$G,· t ´ z ¦ L t p r i g q D t|t † v"nug1tLq¯igiy]v † g ~ q ~ xzh‰tLnpysg † g{v"giy]qsg t7 f rªt| † gih7n gf † g6n§v g Ÿ † twv"npxzyJgi}0v5tLrpx † }B|t † vtL“ giŸ ggiy¯v † xznp}|t † v"npgi}i»+ig Ÿ ~  ~ Ÿ † † f f ¨`Ÿqsn+y+xzqs} tLh~ giysg t g{† v"q e npg rpgi~ } g tw½‰ysgih‰giy³† v"}|xz}"}"n§† ¡+rugi† }iŸ·7I#yaWŸ tLrpiqsr † ~ gi}*v † xznu†} npy ~ npWtwv"giq † } ~ g ~g Ÿ † tw½‰ys† gih‰giy³v E g{vtw|g%‘<’ g1r¤£ètLrp“zx npv h7g4G xzy]v#rugi}B¦ztLrpgiq }#}"xzy]v g{| gi}giy³v gigi}¹}"q rut“zq g7‘z‘ E¤}0€oh6¡xzrpg $Gh7xzy]v g1¨]qsg }"f giq+rpg~ rut }"xzqs}¶µÌ† |t † v"npgigiy]Ÿ v † tLŸrpg ~ g rªtB|²t † v"npg npy³v g Ÿ † nugiq † ggi}0v tf † g{v"giysn † E “zq † g ‘<7GȁWt † L£¥gi}0v igirprug¨`qsnoix †"† gi}0|xzy ~ trÌ£¥npy npWtwv"giq rug5|+rpqs} girpg{¦ gL· ¸† tLys}%qsys†g¼Ÿ v † Ÿ xz~ np}"n gif h7g¢g{v ~ g † ysn gf † g¢n§v g Ÿ † twv"npxzy xzy¬WtLrpiqsrug¢~ † rut v † tL†"ys† }Ÿ h7np}"D }"np¦`† n§v g Ÿ }"q † rut |t † v"npv"npxzy v † xzq„¦ giŸ g tf Ÿ r¤£¥npv g twv"npxzy–| gi g giy³v"g«gify–h7npy+† npŸ h7np}tLy]vrutº©®e xzys{v"npxz† y–f h7xznpy gi}7Wt gi† }W· † x }"¨`Ÿ qsg¯rug¯† h7npy+nph1q+h gi}0Ÿv¼twv0v"ginuy³vi» ig{v0v"g† ©®xzys{v"npxzy%gi}0vy]qsrurpg t1rut| giinu}"npxzy%h‰tL nuysg| gi}g{v´ysxzqs} ti¦xzys} g{v xzq„¦ g5rpgi}v tLys}h7np}"}"np¡+nprpn§v gi} gƒ‚stL{v"gi} E +“zq g‘Wj G,· ׮֛î›×®á D.

(102) ‘< 7. 7. 6. 6. 5. 5. 4. 4. 3. 3. 2. 2. 1. 1. ‘<. 2. 3. 9;: < > S $!

(103) 

(104) %$ ( B   +-

(105) 0 7

(106) %. 4. 5. 6. 1. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ‘Wj)S  0"1 #"2"!#3l-

(107) 0 %!

(108) - 7*  2$* (0*l4    *    X

(109) 0  $

(110) &% :

(111)  7*    * 

(112) 0"! r"1"1-34

(113) )  B  :

(114) 5)   5 4 .  

(115)  (;   *  Y   * . 9;:=<?>.  3'  #&!   #'9: !&!$/ % 4! !. &. g ~~ ig qo~ ‚„n gif h7g1WtL}¨`qsgysxzqs}5tLrprpxzy+}B| † giŸ }giy³v"g † gi}"v5igiruqsn ~ £¥qsysg6nuysirpqs}"nuxzy ~ xzy]v5rªt7|xz}"n§v"nuxzy¯y£¥gi}0v5|tL}tLq † igiy]v g q zx h‰tLnpysgL· D. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. ‘. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9;:=<?> lUS 

(116) ;"1 r"1"1-34

(117) )   B  :

(118)   *, -2%$;;(( % :

(119) *  #3 1". t †f Ÿ Ÿ f ~ Ÿ † D † † † † tw|+|x t † v v t%f tLysi}"g{h‰v0v"npg}"}"in§xz¦oysn§v }0g%vtLgiy]}0v"v7gL»Ynpysxzn§y v"nªtLg{Ÿ rpv"npq } gi~ g npg6tJrugiq+} ys~ g¼n§¦ig xz† ys}"}0giv} tLiy]xzv"g¢q„|}"giq }5iv"xzxzysq„}"v7n ~ rpg gŸ † giŸ gixz} hataf tLr¤npys£ g{Ÿ gLv·tw|g | U gi~}7gHti¦r¤£èxztLn rp“zx h‰† n§npv yse nph7h7g¹nu} g‰g{v|xzt y xL¡+}g † ¦ga¨`qs~ g‰v † xznp}6~ ixzqs|gi†}Hix †"† gi}"|Ÿ xzy ~ giy³v † tf ~ gi}Hnpy ~ npWtwv"giq † } ~ g7¦ztLrpgiq † }¹}q„| g Ÿ † npgiq † gi} tf †  Q † Ÿ ~ gaŸ rut ¦ztLrp† giq † h‰t)‚„nph‰tLrug gi}npy npWtwv"giq }1WtLrpiqsr gi} E +“zq gV‘<Ž`» }0f €oh6¡xzrpgi} † k ~ > k G,·Y?gi}ixzq„|gi}}"~ xz† y³v g{| †"† giŸ }giy³v gigi}‰}q f rut +“zq † gHl‘ O]· D t +“zq † gH‘  h7xzy]v † g5¨`qsg |t †´† tw|s|x † v tH rut1¦LtLrpgiq g rªt1©®xzys{v"npxzy h‰xznpy gi} Wt gi}xL¡+v"giy]qsg tHrut | † gih7n gf † gBnpv g Ÿ † twv"npxzy»o† rut¹ixzq„|† g#igiy³Ÿ †v † tLrug ~ xzy+ysgqsysg~ |+rpqs}“ † tLy ~ g ~giŸ  † xznp}"}† tLy+ig ~ g#ig{v0v"g5©ªxzys{v"nuxzy·)? £¥gi}"vig{v0v"g ixzq„|g¨`q£¥xzy¢ixzys}g ¦g¹|xzq r¤£¥npv g twv"npxzy¢}"qsnp¦LtLy]v"g £¥xL|sv"nph‰np}twv"npxzy E +“zq g‘<7’ G,· t ~ f Ÿ† † † † Ÿ† †"† ~ ftRrutJ|rut t † v"npv"ginpqoxzy‚on giWh‰tLrpg¢iqsn§r v giŸg g twtºf v"npxzr¤£¥ynpv » g Ÿ †xztwy v"npixzxzy¬h7| h7† gigiŸ  y+g Ÿ i~ g¢giy³|v"t gL»h‰|+qsnpysnu}7nph7xznuy¬}"g WtLrpiq+tWrp¦g¢gi¯rpgi}arut«npy |~ t npWtLtwh v"gig{q v † } np},tw~ v"g npxz† y tw½aix ysgih7gi}"gi|y]xzv y ~ tLtLysy³v}  e tL†iqsysg ~~ gi} ~ giqo† ‚ °iŸ xzysgi} ~ g¢Ÿ † v † tLys† }"h7f np} }"n§¦on§v gLŸ ~ · ¸5giqo‚¬ixzq„|gi†}aix †† gi}0|xzy ~ Dgiy]v%tLq |+rpqs† }‰©ªx † v%npy f ~ nuWtwv"gi† q † » f rp†gi} tLq„v gi}1npy npWtwv"giq } g{vtLy]vHnuys© g nugiq } t Q g7ig{v0v"ga¦ztLrpgiq h‰t)‚„nph‰tLrugL· t ixzqs|g g{v"giy]q+g t rut | gih7n g g n§v g Ÿ † twv"nuxz† y%gi}"v |²t † vtL“ giŸ ggiŸ y‰v † xznu} |t † v"npgi}i»]g{†v ~ gi}npy ~ † npWtwv"giq † } ~ g ~ g Ÿ † tw½‰y+† gih7gi~ y³v´ix †"† gi}0|xzy ~ tLf y]† v t1f  e † tLiqsy+† g ~ g igi}6†"† |t v"npgi~}¹}f xzy³v¹W~ tLrpiq+r gi } † E¤}0€oh6¡xzrpg † %}q rut † +“zq g‰ Q7G,·Èlogiqsrpgrªt‰|²t v"npg q«h7nurpnpgiqJgi}0v t g{v"giy+n Wt girprug ix gi}0|xzy tr¤£¥npy npWtwv"giq rpg5|+ruqs}´©ªx v E +“zq g6]l‘ G,· î›î Ý @‚!ƒ!„1‚ . .

(120) ‘Wj 3 7. 2.5. 6. 2. 5. 1.5 4. 1 3. 0.5 2. 0. 0. ‘<Ž. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 9;: < > S T %() 1

(121) {{ :%#"2"! "Y-  2$

(122) (1". +  

(123). 1. ‘. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9;:=<?> lOS T %$(l0!" 2%$1 !" % 7$

(124) ( B  *8(" %

(125) -". -  2$

Références

Documents relatifs

Dans chaque ville et pour toutes les lignes de tramway considérées, il faudrait disposer des trafics avant et après ouverture d’une ligne et de plusieurs projections d’évolution

Le fait d’écrire à partir d’une oeuvre d’art visuelle ressemble à une forme de contrainte; nous croyons par ailleurs que cette pratique a eu un effet durable sur l’écriture

variables d'ordre psychologique: soit f.amiliale ou personnelle, soit so- ciale, soit professionnelle, soit une combinaison de ces facteurs. Ce patient a récupéré

For the two coolest objects in Figure 3.6, HD 4539 and PG 1716+426, both at Ta &lt; 27, 000 K, there is a good match between the predicted synthetic spectra and the FUSE data: the

lui inculquer le registre li'lquistioue, les l1abitudes alimen- taires et vestimentaires ainsi que le comportement des bour- geois de Québec. Pierrette Paul doit

La conciliation emploi-famille : des mesures à développer dans les milieux de travail Tableau 4 : Les dispositions favorisant la conciliation travailfamille dans les

Figure 2.4 Predicted (continuous lines) and observed values (filled circles: stands aged from trees with root collar; open circles: stands aged from trees without root collar)

Cette posture permet de dégager deux idées centrales : le poids des milieux professionnels locaux dans l’intermédiation et le transit des idées, modèles et pratiques