• Aucun résultat trouvé

Migration-based Traveltime Waveform Inversion of 2D Simple Structures: the Synclay Model

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Migration-based Traveltime Waveform Inversion of 2D Simple Structures: the Synclay Model"

Copied!
32
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)Migration-based Traveltime Waveform Inversion of 2D Simple Structures: the Synclay Model Guy Chavent, François Clément, Susana Gómez. To cite this version: Guy Chavent, François Clément, Susana Gómez. Migration-based Traveltime Waveform Inversion of 2D Simple Structures: the Synclay Model. [Research Report] RR-3502, INRIA. 1998. �inria-00073183�. HAL Id: inria-00073183 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073183 Submitted on 24 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Migration-based Traveltime Waveform Inversion of 2D Simple Structures: the Synclay Model Guy Chavent, Franc¸ois Cl´ement, Susana G´omez. N ˚ 3502 Octobre 1998 ` THEME 4. ISSN 0249-6399. apport de recherche.

(3)

(4)   

(5)  !#" 3  546,. 3 '789'769:;<. $% &' 3>= 8, =. () *+, & - .$0/21. >6+. ?@ACBD'EGFHJI)KMLONQPSRTMEUI WYV XZ\[ B]JJ^H _`HJI)KQNQPbac@ [ EdISE?eX ^ _`HYfYg hikl j m&l2n.oqpsrtmuGvtwOxyrtzJ{|lxzY}Gxyr~m&rt€w%xr‚zY{ ƒ l„ Gyx l j m&l†9‡zJmˆ}Gvtl,‰Gl  ŠŒ‹ z%Žlx9yxrtm&l ‘ wO}’}Uz ‹ x ƒ l ‹ l ‡ i l ‹ ‡ i l“{.”O•J–O—J˜™o›š ‡xyzYœ ‹ l& žJžOŸ„oq˜%Ÿ&}’wO Ol . ¡>¢£ ¤¥M¦’§%¤J¨© ‹ l,ª«z ‹ muGv~w%xyrtzJ{>z%ªcx i l‡,v~wO€yr~‡wOvUvtl wJyxy¬­€®su’w ‹ l '¯wQ°Olª«z ‹ m±rt{Y°Ol ‹ rtzJ{*} ‹ zJœGvtl m²r~} ‹ zJ}UzJl ƒ xyz ‹ l x ‹ r‚l °Olx i lœ’wJ‡´³Y  ‹ zJu’{ ƒ °Jlvtzs‡r‚xµ ª ‹ zJm²u ‹ ª¶wJ‡,l+lr~m&r~‡ ‹ l,·dl†‡,xyrtzJ{ ƒ w%xwd¸ h z„l v‚r~m&rt{dw%xylx i l2} ‹ zJœGvtl m z ªvtzs‡ w%v)m&r~{Grtmˆwd¹dwˆ‡ i wO{G JlzOªud{’³s{GzM¯{ r~}Ul ‹ ª«z ‹ m&l ƒkº x i l ƒ l }’x i‹ l·dl ‡xyrt°sr‚xµ >r~ ‹ l }Gv~wO‡l ƒ œJ |w ‹ l·dl ‡,¬ % xyrt°sr‚xµ r~{»x i lxrtm&l ƒ zJmˆwOrt{6x i’‹ zJuG  i w m&r‚  ‹ wOxyrtzJ{»xyl†}k¸ hi lr~{’‡ ‹ l†wOl„rt{™mz ƒ l v‚r~{G ‡,zYm&}’v‚l‰srtxµ |rt x i l } ‹ rt‡l.ª«z ‹ x i lˆl {’vtw ‹  Jl m&l {Yx+zOªŒx i l*w%xyx ‹ wJ‡,xr‚zY{ ƒ zJmˆwOrt{™z%ªŒx i lˆ OvtzJœ’wOvm&r~{Gr~m.u’m|¹)¯ i r~‡ i w%vtv‚zM¯+ª«z ‹ x i l u’lz%ª'wˆv‚zG‡ w%vkzJ}’xyr~mrt¼ wOxyrtzJ{m&lx i z ƒ ¸ © {su’m&l ‹ r~‡w%vkr~mˆ}Gvtl m&l {YxwOxyrtzJ{|¯rtx i w½U{Grtxyl ƒ r¿¾Àl ‹ l {’‡l„wO‡zJu’xyr~‡ rtmuGvtwOxyz ‹ r~ ƒ l xwOr‚vtl ƒ ¸'ÁŽ{Y°Jl ‹ yrtzJ{ z%ªwˆ{GzY{s¬­vtwQ Jl ‹ l ƒ ˜%“yvtzM¯{Gl†m&z ƒ lv)r~}Ul ‹ ª«z ‹ m&l ƒ ¸ ÃÄYÅÀƁÇ.È ¥MÉÊ£J¨ r~{J°Jl ‹ yl} ‹ zYœGvtl m|¹dxrtm&lª«z ‹ m.uGv~w%xr‚zY{k¹UwJ‡,zJudyxrt‡¯wQ°Ol†¹d½U{Grtxyl ƒ r¿¾Àl ‹ l {d‡,lO¹zJ}’xyr~mrt¼ wOxyrtzJ{k¹ œ’wJ‡´³J  ‹ zYu’{ ƒ °OlvtzG‡,rtxµ *rt{Y°Jl ‹ yrtzJ{k¹ ‹ l,·dl†‡,xr‚°srtxµ >rt{Y°Jl ‹ yrtzJ{. ËÍÌ&ÏÎ Ð­Ñ Ò Ï+ Î ÓÔ~Ð\Õ­Ö,× Ø)نÚÜÛUÝßÞyÛßÞyàÝ\á­Ù9âkàÛáyàÝ\ÝßÚÜÞyã9ä´å†æÀàÛUçMàÝßæUäèOæ\ÙQÞé ގÚÜÛ\êÚÜáëÍìí,ގÝ\ÛßÚÜä´ìYî†ïގä´çQÙð Û\ÚÜáyàñOò2äãQގñÜÚÜìQóSàìQãôÊçQçQñÜÚÜáyà€æ\ÚÜä´ì†ÛkõÀä´ìQÛ\ä´Ý¶ö æßÚÜåQê2÷dØkÙQÞSàå†æßÙQä´Ý\ÛcÙQގÝ\ގø,ð2àá­ùìQäyâÊñÜގãQó´ÞSæßÙQÞ'Û\åQç†çOä´Ý¶æcçQÝ\äyí†ÚÜãQގãøðæßÙQÞSÛ\ç%ä´ìQÛ\ä´ÝßÛ)äèdæßÙQÞbé ë¶ïò2ôúõÀä´ìQÛ\ä´Ý¶æ\ÚÜå†ê2÷ û k õ üýcüò2ôþücî ÿÊì†Ú í,ÞyÝßÛ\Ú æÞãQÞdàÝßÚÜÛßö«þàåQçQÙQÚÜìQÞ´î çQñ~÷dãQåòàÝގá­ÙMàñOãQÞsà€æ¶æ\ÝßÞãQÞ'ØGàÛßÛ\ÚÜó´ì,ð,îsö

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9) ’àÝßÚÜÛcõގãQÞ†÷  UÝßäßÞµæcüdÛßæßÚÜêÞ  ëßë«ò2ôéOîÊà€æ\ÚÜä´ìQàñGÿÊìQÚ í,ގÝßÛ\Ú æÍð+äèdò2Þ†ÚÜáŽäQîMôÊçOã†äQ÷Gä´Û¶æ­àñ€ö

(10) †î%ò2Þ†ÚÜáŽäþŒ÷ À÷.

(11) #$% '. 76, ', . +. y ˆ+, &. 4„. $% &'!. +. 4. 6#4„8 76. y  6. 6. 5 >+  ,. 3>= 8, =. 4„. )''78976. 5,&   / 1.  546. 4ú 76 :e,. ¨ {Gl ‹ l,ª«z ‹ muGvtwOxyrtzJ{ ƒ u } ‹ zYœGv l j m&lˆ‡,v~wO€yr~®suGl ƒ l m&zOr~{ ƒ ‹ l ‡ w ‹€‹l   ƒ r~{Y°Ol ‹ r‚zY{ }dw ‹ ª«z ‹ m&l Ä  £

(12) Ä   ƒ zJ{ ƒ l Ê j }’w ‹ xyr ‹ ƒ l ƒ zJ{d{ l l† ƒ l9u ‹ ª¶wJ‡,l ƒ lrt€m&rt®suGl¬  l xÊ} ‹ zJ}UzJ l lS}UzJu ‹c‹ lx ‹ zJu’°Ol ‹ v‚l9mz ƒ lj vtl ƒ lŒ°Yrtxyl†l w ‹l, ·dl‰Gr‚zY{k¸ Š zJu ‹l  v‚r~m&rt{’l ‹ vtl„} ‹ zYœGv l j m&l ƒ l„m&rt{’rtmˆw*vtzG‡wOuG‰À¹’ud{6‡ i wO{G Jl m&l {Yx ƒ rt{d‡,zJ{d{Yu’l ƒ l ‹l, ·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚x l  ‹ l  wOv‚r~ l  º v~w ‹l, ·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚x l  l {2} ‹ z%ª«zY{ ƒ l u ‹ l x ‹ l†mˆ}GvtwJ‡ l  l'}’w ‹ u’{’l ‹l, ·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚x l l { xyl†mˆ}’c}’w ‹ u’{Gl l xwJ}dl ƒ l l x   ‹ m&r‚  wOxyrtzJ{k ¸  wOuG Yml†{Yxw%xr‚zY{ ƒ lbv~w‡zJmˆ}Gvtl,‰Gr‚x l  ƒ lŒvtw+mz ƒ l vtrt€w%xr‚zY{l†yxÊv‚l9} ‹ r¿‰}dzYu ‹ u’{ l v~w ‹  Or~€yl†ml†{Yx ƒ u ƒ zYm&wOrt{’l  ƒ  w%xx ‹ wO‡,xr‚zY{ ƒ umr~{Gr~m.u’m“ OvtzJœ’wOvß¹M‡,l9®suGrG}dl ‹ m&lxv  uGxr‚vtr~wOxyrtzJ{ ƒ u’{’l9m l  x i z ƒ l ƒ zY}Gxyr~m&rt€w%xr‚zY{ vtzs‡ w%vtlO¸ {Gl™r~mˆ}Gv l  m&l {Yx€w%xyrtzJ{ wQ°Jl ‡»u’{Cyr~m.uGv~w%xl u ‹ wO‡zJu’xyr~®suGl»}’w ‹ ƒ r‚¾ l  ‹ l†{’‡,l†*½U{’r‚l†>l x ƒ l x€w%rtv‚v l lJ¸ ƒ  u’{mz ƒ lj vtl ƒ l vtl {Yxl u ‹ ˜%“{GzJ{x ‹ w%xr¿½ l  l†yx  ‹ l  wOv‚r~ l lO¸   r~{J°Jl ‹ yrtzJ{ . ;È ¤ £ Æ §  Ä  ¨ } ‹ zJœGv l j & m l„r~{Y°Ol ‹ lO¹dª«z ‹ m.uGv~w%xr‚zY{l 6 { xl mˆ}’ ¹zY{ ƒ l†wJ‡,zJudyxrt®suGl†¹ ƒ r‚¾ l  ‹ l†{’‡,l†½U{Grtl  ¹ÀzJ}Gxr¿¬ m&rt€w%xr‚zY{k¹Gr~{J°Jl ‹ ytr zJ{ ƒ  u m&z ƒ lj vtl ƒ l2°Yrtxyl†lO¹drt{Y°Ol ‹  rtzJ{ ƒ l v~w ‹l, ·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚x l .

(13)  

(14)   "!#$

(15) %'&() * &()+,

(16) .-& /

(17) 01 *.#$2 134657

(18) .# 8. •. () ˆ >»789', . 9. wQ°Ol,ª«z ‹ m0r~{Y°Ol ‹ r‚zY{„zOª ‹ l,·dl†‡,xyrtzJ{&lr~m&r~‡ ƒ w%xw i wJœdl l {&rtmˆ}’wOr ‹ l ƒ œY „x i ll,‰Gx ‹ l m&lvt „}UzYz ‹ œdl i wQ°sr‚z ‹ z%ª ix + l vtl wOxŽ¬µ€®Yudw ‹ l  ƒ wOxw„m&r~Ž½dx9¯rtx i>‹ l €}dl†‡,xSxz.x i l+vtzM¯¬ßª ‹ l ®suGl†{’‡, &‡,zYm&}UzJ{’l {Yxbz%ª)x i lv‚zM¯{Gl†bmz ƒ l v º €w%xu ‹ wOxyrtzJ{ l,¾Àl ‡,x€.wJ{ ƒ v‚zG‡wOvbm&rt{’rtmˆw i wQ°Jl>} ‹ l °Ol†{Jxl ƒ v‚zG‡ w%vSzY}Gxyr~m&r‚¼†w%xyrtzJ{ wOv‚ Jz ‹ r‚x i m xyz6 Jlx.‡v‚zYylˆxz x i l OvtzJœ’wOvÀm&r~{Gr~m.u’m|¸ w ‹ rtzJu’ˆwO}d} ‹ zYwO‡ i l† i wQ°Olœdl l {x ‹ r‚l ƒ xz zM°Ol ‹ ‡,zYm&l x i rt ƒ r >‡u’v‚xµ º ª ‹ l†®suGl {’‡ ‡,zY{Yxyr~{Yudw%xyrtzJ{ ˜ \¹ ‹ª l ®suGl {d‡, wJ{ ƒ xyr~m&l ‡,zY{Yxyr~{Yudw%xyrtzJ{ ¿ — ­¹'œdzJx i vtrtm&rtxyl ƒ œY ™x i l vtzM¯ vtzM¯¬ßª ‹ l ®suGl†{’‡, ‡,zJ{Yxl {Yx„z%ªlr~m&r~‡ ƒ wOxw d OvtzJœ’wOvzY}Gxyr~m&r‚¼†w%xr‚zY{ ¿†˜G¹)†– ­¹’vtrtm&rtxyl ƒ œJ x i l„v~w ‹  Ol2{su’m.œUl ‹ z%ªÊrtxyl ‹ wOxyrtzJ{’ ‹ l ®suGr ‹ l ƒ xyz>wO}d} ‹ zYwO‡ i x i l» OvtzJœ’wOv+m&rt{’rtmu’m|¸ ‘ l ‡l {Yxyvt O¹xµ¯9z wO}d} ‹ zYwO‡ i l† i wQ°Ol6œUll†{ } ‹ zJ}UzJl ƒ ¹¯ i r~‡ i yl l m#xyz i wQ°Ol6x i l }UzOxyl†{Yxyr~w%vz%ªzOvt°srt{’ ™x i l} ‹ zYœGv‚l†m º x i l r¿¾Àl ‹ l {YxrtwOvpsl m.œ’vtwJ{’‡,l»š }Gxyr~m&r‚¼†w%xr‚zY{ ¶Â„p’š  +wO{ ƒ x i l ƒ ‹  h ‹ h  h h ‹  h i  h h ‹ i rt  w%xr‚zY{s¬ wJyl wQ°Jlv rtm&l 9ª«z muGvtwOxyrtzJ{ ’¹À• ­¸ l ª«z m.uGv~w%xr‚zY{ wOœdl l {™€u’‡,¬ +‘ ƒ w%xw u’yr~{G  w yr~mˆ}Gv‚l 9z ‹ { ‘ wQ m&z ƒ lvtr~{G  ¿n ­¸ ‡,l†yª¶uGvtv‚ wO}d}Gv‚rtl ƒ xyz>x i l.r~{Y°Ol ‹ r‚zY{ zOª ‹ l†w%v l hh ª«z ‹ m.u’vtwOxyrtzJ{ ¯ i l†{ w6mz ‹ l ‡,zJmˆ}Gvtl,‰  i w%vtvbr~{Y°Ol xyrt JwOxylˆr~{ x i r~.}dwO}Ul ‹ x i l ‡ wO}’wJœGr‚vtrtxyrtl zOªx i l ½U{Grtxyl ƒ r¿¾Àl ‹ l {’‡l„wO‡zJu’xyr~‡ª«z ‹ ¯w ‹ ƒ m&z ƒ l v‚r~{G *r~u’yl ƒ ¸. : BA. =. F. HC F G. (G. <;. @= ? 6?. D. 9. F G %G L. I= E ? F G. :KJ. >= ?. F G. @C 0D= 6E? 4= ? 9. hh ª«z ‹ muGvtwOxyrtzJ{k¸ hi l&½ ‹ yx2zYœ’yl ‹ °MwOxyrtzJ{»r~2x i w%x¹)ª«z ‹  l ‹ l ‡ w%vtv½ ‹ x2x i l>} ‹ r~{’‡,r~}Gvtlˆz%ªŒx i l ‹ i i } J z œGvtl mˆ ¹x lúzJ}’xyr~mrt¼ wJœGrtv‚rtxµ z%ª„x l™vtl wOxŽ¬µ€®Yudw ‹ l  ƒ wOxw m&r~Ž½Ux|‡ wO{ œUl ‹ l xyz ‹ l ƒ œJ l w ‹ ‡ i r~{G  ª«z ‹ ‹ zs‡´³ } ‹ zJ}Ul ‹ xyrtl  ª¶u’{’‡xyrtzJ{ zOª9x ‹ wQ°Jlvtxyr~m&l ‹ wOx i l ‹ x i wJ{ ƒ l }’x i ¿ ­¸ hi l hh wJ}’} ‹ zJwJ‡ i r~.œ’wJyl ƒ zY{ ix lˆ€wOm&l*} i rtvtzJzJ} i O¹k¯rtx i xµ¯9z ƒ r >‡uGvtxyrtl €}Ul ‡,r‚½U‡&xyz»˜% ¶z ‹ •O } ‹ zJœGvtl mˆ º x i l ‹ lˆrt2{Gz6u’{’rt®suGl v‚ ƒ l½U{Gl ƒ6ƒ l }Gx i ¬\xz%¬­x ‹ wQ°Ol v‚xrtm&lx ‹ wO{dŽª«z ‹ mˆw%xr‚zY{k¹dwJ{ ƒ x i lœ’wO‡´³Y  ‹ zJud{ ƒ vtzM¯{Gl €¹d¯ i rt‡ i }’vtwQ G{Gz ‹ zJv‚lr~{  } ‹ zJ}dw% JwOxyrtzJ{k¹l {Yxl ‹ .x i l6}Grt‡xu ‹ lO¸ hi l|r ƒ l w™rt&x i l { xzúm&r~{Gr~mrt¼l|x i l|€wOm&l vtl wJyxy¬­€®su’w ‹ l  ƒ w%x€w m&rty½dx ¹bœ’uGx¯r‚x i ‹ l €}dl†‡,x.xz ƒ r‚¾Àl ‹ l {Yx.zY}Gxyr~m&r‚¼†w%xyrtzJ{ °Qw ‹ r~wOœ’v‚l† º rt{dyxl w ƒ z%ª+m&rt{’rtm&rt¼r~{G  ¯rtx i ‹ l†}Ul ‡x xyz6x i l>v‚zM¯{Gl†2m&z ƒ lv À¹ÊwJ2zJ{Glˆ¯9zJuGv ƒ ƒ zrt{úx i l>‡,v~wO€yr~‡wOvvtl wJyxy¬­€®su’w ‹ l  ¯wQ°Olª«z ‹ m r~{Y°Ol ‹ r‚zY{k¹kzJ{’l m&rt{’rtm&rt¼l ¯r‚x i|‹ l €}Ul ‡,xxz>w €} ‹ zJ}’wO Jw%xz ‹ u’{’³s{GzM¯{ wO{ ƒ w yxrtm&l ‹ l,·dl†‡,xr‚°srtxµ u’{’³s{GzM¯{ J¸ ƒ l½U{Gl |x i l m&zszOx i v‚zM¯{Gl† œ’wO‡´³Y  ‹ zYu’{ ƒ hi l } ‹ zJ}’wO Jw%xz ‹ ´¹¯ i r~‡ i r~ ‹ l†}UzJ{dyr~œGvtl™ª«z ‹ x i l ³Yrt{’l mˆw%xrt‡ „l,¾Àl ‡x ¸ hi l xrtm&l ‹ l·dl ‡xyrt°Yrtxµ |wOv‚vtzM¯xyz yxz ‹ lO¹rt{ x i l xrtm&l ƒ zJmˆw%r~{k¹x i l|‡u ‹€‹ l {Yx r~{sª«z ‹ mˆw%xyrtzJ{`zJ{`x i l i r‚  i ª ‹ l†®Yu’l {’‡ ‡,zYm&}UzJ{’l {Yx |z%ª2x i l»vtzM¯{Gl €¹Œ¯ i r~‡ i r~ ‹ l €}dzY{’yr~œGvtl|ª«z ‹ x i l ‹ l,·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚xµ l,¾Àl ‡,x€¸ hi l6{Gl ¯ u’{d³Y{’zM¯{ i wJˆl,‰’wO‡xyvt x i l€wOm&l6x ‹ u’‡,x€u ‹ lwO{ ƒ`ƒ r~m&l {’rtzJ{wOˆx i l ƒ wOxw º r¿ª >r~mˆw ƒ lz%ª | i zOx JwOx i l ‹  J¹Uzˆrt .mˆw ƒ lzOª  i zOx JwOx i l ‹  O¸ hi l ‹ l ‡zJ{’x ‹ u’‡xyrtzJ{ z%ªx i l ƒ l }Gx i yl†‡,xyrtzJ{ ‹ l ®suGr ‹ l†x i l.³s{GzM¯vtl ƒ  Ol2z%ª'x i l ª ‹ zYm x i l„xyr~m&l.yl†‡,xr‚zY{ ‡u ‹‹ l {Yx„} ‹ zJ}’wO JwOxyz ‹ rtx„r~„}dl ‹ ª«z ‹ m&l ƒ œY ú} ‹ l†yx€wO‡´³ ƒ l }Gx i mrt  ‹ w%xrt{’ 6l wO‡ i  i zOx Jw%x i l ‹ ú¯rtx i x i l œ’wJ‡´³J  ‹ zYu’{ ƒ ¹wO{ ƒ xwJ‡´³Yrt{G úx i l™m&r‚  ‹ wOxyl ƒ  i zOx Jw%x i l ‹  ¸ hi rt ‹ l†uGvtxˆr~{ w ƒ l }’x i ‹ l,·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚xµ °Ol†‡,xz ‹  Jr‚°Jl {|œY . $;. ON. S. ^] _]. 4P. Oq. o C$SpD. RQ. S. TP. TU. a`cb. N W C$SpD. MC. SnA. ZN [ \U ]+d egf.f.fheR]jilk mN [. = ?. "U. ilk q0r s o CYSDwU o o7tud+v. F G. 0D. NXW6CYSD. VU. Q. VU. Q U dXe.f.fgfheRU ilk U6o. `_b\P. Cy D yx. ¯ i l ‹ l rt™w } ‹ l†yx€wO‡´³ ƒ l†}Gx i m&rt  ‹ w%xr‚zY{CzY}dl ‹ wOxyz ‹ ª«z ‹  i zJx ¯rtx i x i l œ’wO‡´³Y  ‹ zYu’{ ƒ vtzM¯¬ {Gl† ´¸ i ‹ l,·Ul ‡,xr‚°srtxµ Á­ª+¯9l ƒ l {GzJxylœJ x i l ‹ zJuG  i v‚zM¯{Gl†&‡,z ‹‹ l €}UzJ{ ƒ r~{G »xz x i l ƒ l }Gx ` ¹b¯9l ‡wJ{ ½U{’wOv‚vt wJzG‡,r~w%xylxyz*wO{Y ‡ u ‹€‹ l†{Jx9°Mw%v~uGl2z%ªx i l} ‹ zJ}’wO JwOxyz ‹ wO{ ƒ z%ªx i  l xrtm&l ‹ l·dl ‡xyrt°sr‚xµ „w&vtzM¯{Gl € ƒ r~yx ‹ r~œ’uGxr‚zY{ œY . zNXW vC$SD. {NX[ C q D. yN. q ‡zJmˆ}’uGxl ƒ œY ~Cy D¸  rt{dw%vtv‚ J¹%x i l F rt  ‹ w%xr‚zY{s¬€GwJyl ƒ. S. |U. q. N r NXW6C$SpDnL{NX[XC q D. C\˜}D. ¯rtx i. h‹ wQ°Jlv h rtm&l ‹ l,ª«z ‹ muGv~w%xyrtzJ{.z%ªx i lvtl wOxŽ¬µ€®Yudw ‹ l ʯ9wQ°Jl,ª«z ‹ m ,‡ zY{’rtx'r~{ˆ}dl ‹ ª«z ‹ m&r~{G r~{ˆx i r~'v~w%xyxl ‹ x i l ‡ i wO{G Jl9zOª)u’{’³s{GzM¯{ ƒ l,½{Gl ƒ œY  wJ{ ƒ r~{’‡,v~u ƒ l† ‹ l }Gv~wO‡rt{G 6x i l l w ‹ ‡ i ª«z ‹ x i l ƒ l†}Gx i ‹ l·dl ‡xyrt°Yrtxµ œY ™x i l l w ‹ ‡ i ª«z ‹ wxyr~ml ‹ l·dl ¯ i r~‡ i rtŒx i l ˜M  Ol†{Gl ‹ w%vtr‚¼†w%xr‚zY{k¹Oœ’wJyl ƒ zJ{>m&rt  ‹ w%xyrtzJ{)¹Oz%ªkx i l.  ƒ l†}Gx i ¬­xyzO¬\x ‹ wQ°Jlvtxyr~m&lx ‹ wO{’yª«z wO{ ƒ l‰G}’vtwOrt{’x i l„{’wJml Jr‚°Jl { xyzˆx i rt ‹ l,ª«z ‹ muGv~w%xyrtzJ{)¸. KN^‚ƒCYSneUD 9. q. ZC D. rt{Y°Jl ‹ y rtzJ{ hi rt. C\˜lD´¸. U hA. ‡xyrt°sr‚xµ O¹ ‹ mˆw%xr‚zY{. hi  l }’wO}Ul ‹ r~ˆz ‹  JwJ{Gr‚¼ l ƒ wJª«zOvtv‚zM¯ ¸ l ‹ l ‡ w%vtv9 i z ‹ x v‚ J w { ƒ rtvtvtu’x ‹ w%xl|{su’m&l ‹ r~‡wOv‚vt rt{`x i | l ½ ‹ x ƒ ƒ i i ‹ ‹ i i ‹  l ‡,xr‚zY{ x lSvtr~mrtxwOxyrtzJ{’)z%ªGx Œ l ‡,v~wO€yr~‡wOvMv‚l†wOxŽ¬µ®su’w † l wJ}’} zJJ w ‡ k ¸ ÁŽ{2x lŒyl†‡,zJ{ l ‡xyrtzJ{k¹†¯Œl l €‡ rtU œ l'x i l. ýcý. „g†   ì.

(19)  n. F G. / 2

(20) '&  #

(21) . 3

(22) . &a2 p53  X 3

(23)

(24) . hh wO}d} ‹ zYwO‡ i ª«z ‹ x i lŒr~{Y°Ol ‹ r‚zY{2z%ªUlr~m&r~‡ ƒ wOxwu’yr~{G  w˜M½U{’r‚xl ƒ r‚¾Àl ‹ l {’‡l r~m&}’v‚l†ml†{Yxw%xr‚zY{„zOª’x i l ‹ ‹ wO‡zJu’xyr~‡+r~m.uGv~w%xz ¸ÊÁŽ{|}’w xyr~‡u’vtw ‹ ¹Y¯Œl ƒ l†‡ ‹ r~œdlx i l€m&zYzJx i %‹ zYuG  i }dw ‹ wOm&lxl ‹ r‚¼†w%xyrtzJ{ˆzOªcx i l2vtzM¯{Gl € hh;‹ lª«z ‹ m.uGv~w%xr‚zY{k¹dwJ{ ƒ wO{ ƒ x i l&} ‹ l†yx€wO‡´³ ƒ l }Gx i m&r‚  ‹ wOxyrtzJ{zY}dl ‹ wOxyz ‹ ¯ i rt‡ i w ‹ lx i lœdwOrt+z%ª'x i l ƒ ƒ i  h h ‹ ¯9l r~‡ u’„x l>r~mˆ}Gvtl m&l {YxwOxyrtzJ{ wJ{ ‡,zYm&}duGxwOxyrtzJ{’wOvb‡,zYyx„zOª ¸ l|} l l {Yxx i l zJ}Gxrtm&rt¼ w%xr‚zY{ ƒ ƒ ‹ i i ‹ ‹ ‹ x w%xyl  O „r~{&x lx r l ‡xyrtzJ{k¸ÁŽ{ˆ}’w xyr~‡uGv~w ¹%¯9lxwO³Olw °MwJ{Jx€w% JlŒzOªÀwmuGv‚xrt€‡wOv‚l ‹ l } ‹ l l {Yx€w%xyrtzJ{z%ªÀx i l © ƒ ‹ ‹ } zJ}’wO JwOxyz ¸ { rt{ x i lª«z ‹ x i wO{ ƒ vtwJyx2l ‡,xr‚zY{k¹À¯ŒlˆwO‡xu’wOv‚vt 6m&rt{Gr~m&r‚¼ lˆx i l&v‚l†wOxŽ¬µ®su’w ‹ l†¯wQ°Olª«z ‹ m m&rty½dxœY w v‚zG‡wOv  ‹ w ƒ rtl {Yx m&lx i z ƒ ¸ hi rt|w%vtv‚zM¯ xyz`rt{Y°Ol ‹ x y G{Yx i l xyr~‡ ƒ w%xw ª«z ‹ x i l ª¶uGvtv2vtzM¯{Gl € ߜUzOx i œ’wJ‡´³Y  ‹ zJu’{ ƒ wJ{ ƒ i rt  i ª ‹ l†®Yu’l {’‡ ‡zJmˆ}UzJ{Gl†{Jx r~{™rtxu’wOxyrtzJ{’¯ i l ‹ l.x i l‡vtwJr~‡w%vÊv‚l†wOxŽ¬µ®su’w ‹ l† hh r~{Y°Ol ‹ r‚zY{ˆrtŒx i l†{ u’l ƒ wOSr~{Grtxyr~w%vÀ Ju’l € ª«z ‹ m.u’vtwOxyrtzJ{&ª¶w%rtv~¸ hi l2yvtzM¯{Gl† ‹ l ‡zJ{’x ‹ u’‡xyl ƒ œY ˆx i l r~{™w>‡vtwJrt‡ w%vÊv‚l†wOxŽ¬µ®su’w ‹ l†m&rt{Gr~m&r‚¼†w%xr‚zY{k¹À¯ i rt‡ i } ‹ zM°Yr ƒ l†x i l½U{’wOvÊxzJu’‡ i xyz x i l&rt{Y°Ol ‹ xl ƒ vtzM¯{Gl € l ‡,xr‚zY{k¸ r~{’w%vtv‚ J¹Ê¯9l>wO{dw%vt Y¼ l*{Yudml ‹ r~‡wOv‚vt »x i l>r~{s·UuGl†{’‡,l>zOª9x i l*r~{Gr‚xrtwOvb YuGl €wO{ ƒ zOªx i l>{su’m.œUl ‹ z%ª  i zOx Jw%x i l ‹ 2zJ{ x i l ®su’wOv‚rtxµ ™zOªx i l>r~{Y°Ol ‹ xl ƒ v‚zM¯{Gl†m&z ƒ l v߸ l i wQ°Jl*r‚vtvtudyx ‹ wOxyl ƒ wOv‚vbx i l|yl†‡,xyrtzJ{d ¯rtx i {su’m&l ‹ rt‡ w%v ‹ l €uGv‚x€zJœGx€w%r~{Gl ƒ ¯rtx i x i l„ G{Yx i l xyr~‡ps s{d‡,v~wQ m&z ƒ lv ƒ l†‡ ‹ r~œdl ƒ rt{ © }’}Ul { ƒ r¿‰ © ¸ hi l zOx i l ‹ wJ}’}dl†{ ƒ r~‡,l† w ‹ l ƒ l °OzOxl ƒ xyz6w>ª¶u’v‚v ƒ l†‡ ‹ r~}Gxr‚zY{»z%ª9x i l&½U{’r‚xl ƒ r¿¾Àl ‹ l {’‡l&wJ‡,zYu’yxrt‡&rtmuGvtwOxyz ‹ wJ{ ƒ x i lmrt  ‹ w%xr‚zY{k¹%x i lm&zszOx i M‹ zJu’  i ƒ l ‡,zYmˆ}dzYyrtxyrtzJ{k¹YwO{ ƒ x i l‡,zYm&}duGxwOxyrtzJ{&z%ªx i l  ‹ w ƒ rtl {Yxz%ªUx i lvtl wJyxy¬ hh ‹ lª«z ‹ m.uGv~w%xr‚zY{k¸ €®Yudw ‹ l m&rty½dxwMª«xl ‹. . F G. C. D. . . F G. F G. 9. F G. /. 9. . . ,8„`c)

(25) U 7„.  *+, & -„ . .  5´ ',  . z] r C ]+d egf.fgfhe,]+i7kXD9w*‡zOvtv‚l†‡,xyrtzJ{ z%ª' i zOx Jw%x i l ‹ 9xyz>œUlrt{Y°Jl ‹ xyl ƒ ¹'NpC ejDŒx i l‡u ‹€‹ l†{YxvtzM¯{Gl €m&wJ} wO{ ƒ r C  d e.f.fgfne  i7k D.x i l6‡z ‹€‹ l†}UzJ{ ƒ rt{G ú‡,zJv‚vtl ‡xyrtzJ{ zOª  G{Jx i lxrt‡ i zOx JwOx i l ‹  ¸ hi l|v‚l†wOxŽ¬µ®su’w ‹ l† ¯wQ°Ol,ª«z ‹ m ƒ w%xwˆm&r~Ž½dxúwO€yzG‡,r~w%xl ƒ xyzHN rt ilk ilk  r s  o r s ˜  ] o  o   e CߕjD o7t d oltud ¯ i l ‹ l f r~w+¯9lrt  i xl ƒ 9u’‡,vtr ƒ l wO{{Gz ‹ m zJ{ i zJxy Yw%x i l ‹  ßC r‚xrt{d‡,v~u ƒ l 'wudm&mˆwOxyrtzJ{„zY{.wOv‚v ‹ l ‡,l r‚°Jl ‹      ƒ wO{ wOv‚vÊxyr~m&l.wJmˆ}Gv‚l†´D ¸ hi l.¯Œl r‚  i x"!$# wJ‡‡zJu’{Yx9ª«z ‹ x i l.m.uGxrt{’ >z%ªx i l ƒ r ‹ l ‡x+w ‹€‹ r‚°Mw%v~wO{ ƒ ª«z ‹ x i l wOmˆ}Gvtrtxu ƒ l„‡z ‹€‹ l†‡,xr‚zY{*ª«z ‹ x i l Ol zJm&lx ‹ r~‡wOvk} ‹ l w ƒ r~{G d¸ hi l&%Œv~wO€yr~‡wOv Êl wJyxy¬Žps®su’w ‹ l† 'C % p b D ª«z ‹ m.uGv~w%xr‚zY{ zOªÊ¯wQ°Ol,ª«z ‹ m²r~{Y°Ol ‹ r‚zY{>r~ º ½U{ ƒ)& N ( ¯ i r~‡ i m&r~{Grtm&rt¼l†* Ort°Ol†{*œJ ßC •jD ¯ i l ‹ l+x i l  o w ‹ l‡,zYm&}duGxyl ƒ ¯r‚x i x i lv‚zM¯{Gl† ÀN ¸ cl x. µÁ xr~¯Œl ‚v v‚¬µ³Y{’zM¯{>x i % w xx i rtª«z ‹ muGv~w%xyrtzJ{)¹Gx i Y z uG  i O ° l ‹ €w%xrtyª¶wO‡xyz ‹ *r~{} ‹ r~{’‡rt}GvtlO¹’€us¾Àl ‹ ª ‹ J z m wˆmˆwMŽz ‹ º i ‹ „ i ‹ i ‹ i ·UwQ¯ w Ê{su’m&l zJ’ O u kvtzG‡wOvJm&rt{’rtmˆw¯rtx l € }Ul ‡,xcyx zx lbvtzM¯¬ßª l ®suGl†{’‡, ‡,zJmˆ}UzJ{Gl†{Yx)zOªGx l9y vtzM¯{Gl € À¸. uN. . 4 CLS MBTT (s=d) MBTT (s=true). 3.5. least-squares misfit. 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -20. . -15. -10 -5 0 5 10 constant slowness perturbation (%). 15. 20. C d ]     . r‚ Yu ‹ l+ º ps‡wJ{’czOªdx i lŒvtl wJyxy¬­€®su’w ‹ l )  m&r~Ž½Uxcª«z ‹ ‡zJ{’xwJ{Jx}dl ‹ x€u ‹ œ’w%xr‚zY{’czOªdx i l9v‚zM¯{’l € ¶r~{.}Ul ‹ ‡,l†{Yxw% Jl z%ªrtxm&l wJ{ °MwOvtuGl ¸ hi l2vtl wJyxy¬­€®su’w ‹ l m&rty½dxr~{Gz ‹ mˆw%vtr‚¼ l ƒ Y œ >x i l°MwOvtuGl ¸. D. $;. . %. %C. D. hi ~r  ƒ r >‡uGvtxµ *r~Srtv‚v~u’x ‹ w%xyl ƒ J z { tr  Ju ‹ . l +¯ i l ‹ l+x i l 'pˆ‡u ‹ O° l ¶r~{ ‹ l ƒ ' i zM¯'x i w%x9vtzs‡ w%vmr~{Gr~mˆw ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹ ‹ w l2} l†y l†{Yxbª«z ‡,zJ{dyx€wO{Yx9vtzM¯{Gl €  }dl €x u d œ w%xyrtzJ{d9wJmˆw%vtv)wO Q– ¸ ©   wˆ‡,zY{’yl†®suGl {’‡lO¹Gm&rt{’rtm&rt¼ w%xr‚zY{. ,+. ëý)ëÍô.

(26)  

(27)   "!#$

(28) %'&() * &()+,

(29) .-& /

(30) 01 *.#$2 134657

(31) .# –. . z%ª »¯r‚x i wv‚zG‡wOvU  ‹ w ƒ rtl {YxŒm&lx i z ƒ r~u’{sª«l wJyr~œGvtlO¹Gu’{Gvtl € 9x i l r~{Gr‚xrtwOvk JuGl†Œz%ªcvtzM¯{Gl €br~9¯r‚x i r~{ w.ª«l¯ }Ul ‹ ‡,l Y { x€z%ª'x i l.x ‹ uGlyzJvtuGxr‚zY{k¹d¯ i rt‡ i r~+ud{ ‹ l†w%vtrtxyr~‡ ª«z ‹ O w {Y } ‹ wJ‡,xrt‡ w%vc}’u ‹ }UzJlO¸ hi r~‡ wO{6œUl.ll {zY{ ƒ ƒ ‹ i ‹ i i r‚ Yu lž„¯ l lx l2v‚zM¯{Gl†Œm&z lvÀzJœGx€w%r~{Gl œJ ˆx l '* p wO}d} ‹ zYwO‡ i ¯rtx i w®su’wOr¿¬+l ¯xyzY{ˆzJ}Gxrtm&rt¼l ‹ ƒ zsl {’zOx ƒ l†}’w ‹ x9ª ‹ zYm r‚x€‡,zY{’xwO{Yxr~{Gr‚xrtwOv)°Mw%v~uGl. . %. ,&  

(32)  . &+'5. <™ 6´. » ú+ 8. 8 7c8. 5 >6+  . 9. C. lŒ‡,zY{’r ƒ l ‹ ~r {x i r~c}dwO}Ul ‹ wª«z ‹ ¯9w ‹ ƒ m&z ƒ lvtrt{’ +œY w+˜% ½U{’r‚xl ƒ ‚r ¾l ‹ l†{’‡,lŒwO‡,zYu’xyr~‡Syr~m.u’vtwOxyz ‹ ƒ † l ‡ ‹ r~œdl ƒ © ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ i i i ‹ ‹ r~{ }’}Ul { r‚‰ ´¸ l„u’}d}dzYyl2x w%xx l l {’rtxµ r~m&zszOx wJ{ ³ {GzM¯{k¹’wO{ s ¯9l2¯9wJ{Yxxyz l x ‚r l °Ol2x i l ƒ ‹ i i i ‹ v‚zM¯{Gl†m&z  l v bª zYm x l„‡zOvtv‚l†‡,xr‚zY{ zOª zOx JwOx l  ¸. VGzD 9 NpC ejD. ] r C ] d egf.f.fue,] i7k D. F G. 4N. hh ‡ i wJ{G Ol.z%ªSu’{’³s{GzM¯{k¹ÀzY{Gl i wJ½ ‹ xxyz|yl†}’w ‹ w%xl„rt{ x i lˆ} ‹ zJ}’w%¬ ŽÁ {6z ‹ ƒ l ‹ xyz|}dl ‹ ª«z ‹ m x i l ƒ ‹  JwOxyrtzJ{»wJ{ l,·dl†‡,xr‚zY{6l,¾Àl ‡x ¸ Áµxrt ¯9lvtv¿¬µ³s{GzM¯{x i w%x x i l†yll,¾Àl ‡,x€2w ‹ l. OzM°Jl ‹ {Gl ƒ ‹ l €}dl†‡,xr‚°Jlvt |œY 6x i l ƒ i i vtzM¯ewO{ rt  }dw%xyr~w%vª ‹ l ®suGl†{’‡, »‡zJmˆ}UzJ{Gl†{Jx€2z%ª À¹)¯rtx i x i lˆr~{Yxyl ‹ m&l ƒ r~w%xl&ª ‹ l†®Yu’l {’‡r‚l† i wQ°Yr~{G |v‚rtxyxv‚l i r~{s·UuGl†{’‡,lzY{ x l ƒ w%x€w Žª ‹ l ®suGl†{’‡,  JwO} &‹ l }Uz ‹ xyl ƒ r~{ ž ´¸ ƒ cl x+u’ l {’zOxyl&œY

(33) x i l&}’wJ‡,l„zOªbœGrtv‚r~{Gl w ‹ vt |rt{Yxyl ‹ }UzOv~w%xl ƒ ª¶u’{d‡,xyrtzJ{d+zY{6x i l.½U{Grtxyl ƒ r¿¾Àl ‹ l {d‡,l.  ‹ r ƒ z%ªx i l™wO‡zJu’xyr~‡6rtmuGvtwOxyz ‹ ¹9¯ i l ‹ l6x i l™yvtzM¯{Gl† *v‚rt°Ol†¸ l™}Ul ‹ ª«z ‹ m ½ ‹ x w €mzszJx i %‹ zYuG  i ƒ l†‡,zJmˆ}UzJr‚xr‚zY{ zOª |œY ‡ i zszJr~{G xµ¯9z*udœ’}dwO‡,l† ƒ  wO{ 2z% ª ±u’‡ i x i w%x º ßr +rtmˆw ƒ lz%ªyvtzM¯v‚ ƒ ƒ ‹ i ‹ ‹ zYuG  i )ª¶u’{’‡,xr‚zY{’9wO{ ƒ ¶rtrtr  °Mw srt{G  €m&zYzJx cª¶u’{’‡xyrtzJ{’ ¹ ßr‚r  r~bmˆw lz%ª wO}Gr vt .zJ€‡,rtvtvtwOxyr~{G  ƒ ƒ i ‹ r~x l r l ‡,x€u’m z% ª wO{ %¸ š u ‹ r~m&}’v‚l†ml†{Yxw%xr‚zY{ zOªcx i rtr~œ’wOl ƒ zJ{ wˆm.uGvtxyr~‡ w%vtl ƒ l ‡,zYmˆ}dzYyrtxyrtzJ{ z%ªÊx i l„€}’wO‡ l >¸Á­ªx i l   ‹ r ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ‹ i i ‹ ‹ ‹ ª«z r~x  l ¬­x Jw r~‡ l,½U{’l m&l {Yx9z%ªwˆ‡zJw l+r~{Gr‚xrtwOvk  r mˆw l z%ªw.ª«l ¯Cl v‚l†ml†{Yx9zJ{Gvt O¹Gx i l { zJ{’l ƒ r‚°sr~yrtzJ{d ‡wJ{„‡ i zszJlSª«z ‹ 'x i l}dwO‡,lŒz%ªUœ’r‚vtrt{’l w ‹ vt r~{Yxyl ‹ }UzOv~w%xl ƒ ª¶u’{d‡,xyrtzJ{dÊzY{„x i lŒ  ‹ r ƒ zYœGxwOrt{Gl ƒ œY  z%ªkx i l+‡,zYw ‹ yl  ‹ r ƒ ß —   ´¹YwJ{ ƒ ª«z ‹ +w„‡,zYm&}’v‚l†ml†{YxSxy z 9r~ { *¸ l ‹ lª«l ‹ xz © }d}dl†{ ƒ r‚‰ ª«z ‹ w} ‹ l ‡rtl ƒ l €‡ ‹ r~}GxyrtzJ{&z%ªkx i l+m.u’v‚xrt€‡wOv‚l ƒ l†‡,zYm&}UzJrtxyrtzJ{&z%ª *¹swO{ ƒ zOªkx i l+œdwOrtª¶ud{’‡,xr‚zY{’SzOª 9wO{ ƒ %¸ hi l{su’m.œUl ‹  z%ª ‡ w%vtl &z%ª x i l6v‚zM¯{Gl†&€}’wO‡l

(34) ¯ i r~‡ i w ‹ lu’l ƒ xyz œ’uGrtv ƒ x i l6€}’wO‡l

(35) z%ª €mzszJx i yvtzM¯{Gl €l 9rt ƒ lxl ‹ mr~{Gl ƒ œY {su’m&l ‹ r~‡wOvl‰’}dl ‹ r~m&l {YxwOxyrtzJ{ ¯ i l ‹ l¯Œl ‹ l ®suGr ‹ l x i w%x º. cN BQ D. ^CgP. W. W. = X? D HNpC u

(36) e }D 'W '[. 'C D '[. '[. C. aN. Q. C.P. W 4D. 9. C D 'W BQ D. ^C.P. [. . C D. W % W '[ W. 9. W. W. w& G{Yx i l xyr~‡ Jl {Gl ‹ wOxyl ƒ ¯rtx i . zN [. w ƒ’ƒ r~{G >w ‹ zJu’  i yvtzM¯{Gl† x i lx ‹ wQ°Jlvtxyr~ml†¸ . aN W. wˆm&zszOx i vtzM¯{Gl € rt{. [. xyz w>m&zszOx i. r~{

(37) . W. ƒ zsl {’zOx‡,zY{Jx€w%r~{ rt¼l wJœGvtl ‹ l,·Ul ‡,xr‚zY{’ ¹. zN W. yvtzM¯{Gl†. r~{. W. ƒ zsl +{’zOx+wOv‚xl ‹ r‚ Y{Gr‚½U‡wJ{Jxv‚ . [. ©  ¯ wQ xz l {du ‹ l»x i rt v~wOx } ‹ zJ}Ul ‹ xµ ª«z ‹ m&l ƒ r~u’m z%ªvtrtm&rtxyl ƒ ‡,zYm&}’v‚l‰srtxµ r~ xyz ‡ i zszYylª«z ‹ x i l z ‹ x i zO OzY{’w%v‡,zYmˆ}Gv‚l†m&l {Yxxz rt{! *¹ ‹ wOx i l ‹ x i wO{ x i lˆ{dw%xu ‹ wOv ßzJœGvtr~®Yu’l ‡,zYm&}’v‚l†ml†{Yx2wJzG‡,r~w%xl ƒ xz x i l„. m uGvtxyr~‡ w%vtl ƒ l ‡zJmˆ}dzYyrtxyrtzJ{ z%ª *¸ l i wQ°Ol'rtvtvtu’x ‹ w%xl ƒ r~{ r‚ Yu ‹ lŒ˜x i lŒ€mzszJx i %‹ zYuG  i ƒ l ‡zJmˆ}UzJr‚xr‚zY{2zJ{2x i lpY G{’‡vtwQ yvtzM¯{Gl €)m&z ƒ lv z%ª r‚ Yu ‹ l*OO ¸ +zOxrt‡l„x i w%xx i l.udm zOªx i l.€mzszJx i wO{ ƒ ‹ zJuG  i ‡zJmˆ}UzJ{Gl†{Jx€ ‹ l ‡,zY{’x ‹ u’‡,x€l,‰’wO‡xyvt x i l ª¶uGvtv)r~{Gr‚xrtwOvcv‚zM¯{Gl† ¸ i wO.œUll†{ ‡ i zYyl†{k¹ š {’‡" l  t¹Œx i l|m&zszOx i M‹ zJu’  i ƒ l ‡zJmˆ}UzJr‚xr‚zY{ z%ª# i wO&œdl l { ‡ i zJl {k¹¯9l ƒ l½U{Glx i l„} ‹ zY}’w% Yw%xz ‹ u’{’³s{GzM¯{ |wJ{ ƒ x i l ƒ l }Gx i|‹ l,·Ul ‡,xr‚°srtxµ u’{’³s{GzM¯{ œY . . 9. . ; ;. NXW+zJ{ x i _NX[zY{|x i. ‡,zsl >‡r‚l†{Jx€z%ª ‡zsl >‡,tr l {YxzOª. S. D. . 

(38)  S. W. S r q3r. OC. W. . W [. q. l„œ’wJyr~z%ª Q¹ l„œ’wJyr~z%$ ª O¸. q ¹d¯ŒlwO€zs‡rtwOxyl2w*yvtzM¯{Gl†aN|œY N r N W C$SDuL{N [ C q Df. pYzˆxyz>wJ{Y } ‹ zJ}’wO Jw%xz ‹ 6wO{ ƒ|ƒ l }’x i6‹ l,·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚xµ . . cS. q. C¶n+D. hi lvtl wJyxy¬­€®su’w ‹ l 9m&rty½dx ú‡ wO{|{GzM¯ œUl„‡,zY{’r ƒ l ‹ l ƒ wJw&ª¶u’{’‡,xr‚zY{|z%ªÊx i lxµ¯9z&°Mw ‹ r~wOœGvtl  6wJ{ ƒ ¸ +zJxyr~‡,lx i w%x¹Jx i wJ{’³s'xyzx i lwOœUzM°Olm&l {YxyrtzJ{’l ƒ Žª ‹ l ®suGl†{’‡, „ YwO} ¹Mx i l‡ i zOr~‡,lz%ª% rtb{GzOxSz‡ ‹ r‚xrt‡ w%v\¸ +zJxyr~‡,lw%v~yz x i wOx¹9œJ ‡zJ{’x ‹ u’‡,xr‚zY{k¹Sx i l|€}’wJ‡,l& r‚x€yl v¿ª i wOˆw muGvtxyr~‡ w%vtl x ‹ u’‡,x€u ‹ lJ¹bwO&rtx&‡zJ{YxwOrt{d  h i ‹ ‹ €‡w%vtl —  ' ¸ rt¯r‚vtv} zM°Jl>l,‰Gx l†ml v‚ u’l,ª¶uGv9ª«z ‹ x i l ƒ l xyl ‹ m&r~{’w%xr‚zY{ z%ªx i l|} ‹ zJ}dw% JwOxyz ‹ ƒ º ¯9l> i wOv‚vŒu’yl>w6muGvtxyr~‡ w%vtl*zJ}Gxrtm&rt¼ w%xr‚zY{ú¯r‚x i ‹ l†}Ul ‡xxyz )¹ i ‹ t¹'x l>œ’wO‡´³Y  zJud{ vtzM¯{Gl €. Be 7e.fgf.fpe W. C

(39) . ýcý. „g†   ì. P. N W C$SpDwD. W. Q. W. HS. S.

(40) E. / 2

(41) '&  #

(42) . 3

(43) . &a2 p53  X 3

(44)

(45) .  0. 0. 250. 250. 0.67 0.67 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.25. ABOVE 0.046 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.014 0.006 -0.002 -0.010 -0.018 -0.026 -0.034 -0.042 -0.050 BELOW. 500. 750. 1000 0. 250. 500. 750. Depth (m). ABOVE 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.25 BELOW. Depth (m). Slowness (s/km) Slowness (s/km). 0.050 0.050 0.046 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.014 0.006 -0.002 -0.010 -0.018 -0.026 -0.034 -0.042 -0.050. 500. 750. 1000. 1000. 0. 250. Horizontal distance (m). 500. 750. 1000. Horizontal distance (m). 0.7 full slowness smooth slowness rough slowness. 0.6. slowness (s/km). 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 0. . . 200. 400 600 depth (m). 800. 1000. |C. ‚r  Yu ‹ l|˜ º psm&zYzJx i %‹ zYuG  i ƒ l ,‡ zYmˆ}dzYyrtxyrtzJ{ zOª+x i l6pY G{’‡vtwQ v‚zM¯{’l €.m&z ƒ lv\¸`psm&zszOx i yvtzM¯{Gl € ¶xyzY} vtl,ª«x wO{ ƒ ‹ Y z uG  i yvtzM¯{Gl† ßxyzJ} ‹ ‚r   i x ¸ Š9‹ zO½dv‚l†w%x i z ‹ rt¼zJ{Yx€w%v ƒ r~yx€wO{’‡l„•J–%—&m \œdzJxyxzJm ¸. D. C. D. C. HD. aC }D 7egf.f.fhe W D © 9¯9l ‹ l ‡ w%vtv‚l ƒ r~{ x i l2rt{Yx ‹ z ƒ u’‡xyrtzJ{k¹Gx i l} ‹ rt{’‡rt}’v‚l z%ªx i l F rt  ‹ w%xr‚zY{s¬(GwJyl ƒ hʋ wQ°Ol v h r~m&lwO}d} ‹ zYwO‡ i ‡,zY{’rtx2r~{ }’w ‹ wOm&lxl ‹ r‚¼ rt{’  x i l ƒ l }Gx i ‹ l·dl ‡xyrt°sr‚xµ q œY ™w|xyr~ml ‹ l,·Ul ‡,xr‚°srtxµ 4J U ¹)ª ‹ zJm ¯ i rt‡ i4q ‡ wO{ œUl ƒ l ƒ u’‡,l ƒ œY m&rt  ‹ w%xr‚zY{k¸Áµx9r~ i l†{’‡,l2r~m&}Uz ‹ xwJ{Yx9xz&udyl2x i l ‹ l2w&x ‹ uGlwJm&}’v‚rtxu ƒ l2m&rt  ‹ w%xr‚zY{k¹GwOx i rt¯rtv‚v l {du ‹ l2x i wOxx i l ƒ w%xw&x i l mˆlvt°Ol w ‹ lw& Ozsz ƒ rt{Grtxyr~w%vc JuGl†Œª«z ‹ x i lxyr~m&l ‹ l·dl ‡xyrt°sr‚xµ |UJ¸ cl x  o œUl|x i l|ª«z ‹ ¯9w ‹ ƒ m&wJ} ¯ i r~‡ i ¹Œxyz wO{Y mSne q wO€yzG‡rtwOxyl x i lÀ x ¬­x i y G{Yx i lxyr~‡ i zOxy Yw%x i l ‹  o ‡,zYmˆ}’uGxyl ƒ œJ x i l2½U{’r‚xl ƒ r¿¾Àl ‹ l {d‡,l„‡,z ƒ l ª ‹ zJm x i l„v‚zM¯{Gl† Jr‚°Jl { œJ 4¶C n+D ¹ o  r  o CYSne q D x r l€e ˜+egf.fgfe6`_bpf Áµxr~{GzM¯C¯9lvtv¿¬µ³s{GzM¯{= J%¹kY¹c Ÿc ? x i w%x  [  o r     q o CYSne€—}D

(46) ^C ] o   o CYSne€—}D D l w ‹ ‡ i r~{G ½ ‹  xSª«z ‹ x i l  Ol†{Gl ‹ % w vUx ‹ l { ƒ % z ªcx i l vtzM¯{Gl € ßwOx9€‡wOv‚l— ¹GwJ{ ƒ x i l { wOv‚vtzM¯r~{G .m&z ‹ lwJ{ ƒ m&z ‹ l ƒ l xw%rtv~xyz*l {Yx l ‹ x i l„G ƒ ‹ ‹ } rt‡xu l ¶r~{Yx z u’,‡ r~{G *x i l„‡ w%vtl    ´¸. 3C.     x. r~Êw} ‹ l†yx€wO‡´³xµ¯ŒzO¬\¯wQ ‹  l °Jl ‹ yl¬\xrtm&l ƒ l }Gx i ¬­m&rt  ‹ w%xl ƒ l ‡xyrtzJ{2ª«z ‹ x i l À¬­x i  i zJxy Yw%x i l ‹ ¹ ¯ i r~‡ i r~{ Jl G { l ‹ wOv ƒ zsl {’zOx} ‹ l l ‹ °Ol Œx i l„O ƒ ƒ ƒ ‹ i ‹ i ‹ ‹ w mˆ}Gvtr‚x€u l zOª ll } l°Jl {Yx ¸bpYzˆzJu ‡ zOr~‡,lª«z x l x u’l„wOmˆ}Gvtr‚x€u lm&r‚  wOyx rtzJ{ zJ}Ul ‹ w%xz ‹ r~{ ‡ i w ‹ O   lˆzOªx ‹ wJ{’yª«z ‹ mr~{G x i l>xyr~m&l ‹ l,·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚xµ rt{Yxz6x i l ƒ l G } x i ƒ ‹ l,·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚xr‚l† i ‹ w { O xwJ‡´³Jr~{G &x l l €uGvtxrt. CYSD v q d e.fgf.fhe q ilk. !. U r C(U d e.f.fgfneRU ilk D.   C$SD r !  q d YC Sne—jD fgf.f v.  li k $C Sne€—}D  e q. C\–}D 9. ¯ i l ‹ l 5r~9w ƒ r~w% OzY{’w%vd¯Œl ‚r   i xSmˆwOx ‹ r¿‰ˆxyz ‹ l†yxz ‹ l9x i lwJmˆ}Gv‚rtxu ƒ l Œz%ªkx i  l m&r‚  ‹ wOxyl ƒ l°Ol†{Yx ¸ l ‹ l,ª«l ‹ © ƒ ƒ ‹ i i xyz } }dl†{ r~‡,l† CJ ’ w { ª«z x „ l ‡wOvt‡ uGv~w%xyrtzJ{ % z ªx „ l wO‡,xr‚zY{ zOª — z {|wO{Y >xrtm&l„l ‡,xr‚zY{k¸ J. zG. %.  ![ C$Sue }D . ëý)ëÍô.

(47) .  

(48)   "!#$

(49) %'&() * &()+,

(50) .-& /

(51) 01 *.#$2 134657

(52) .# hi l. F G. hh. ‡ i wO{G JlzOª ‹ l,·Ul ‡,xr‚°srtxµ u’{’³s{GzM¯{ ¯ ‹ r‚xl {GzM¯. ilk   CYSDwU r ! s  q o $C Sue—jD U6ope v oltud  wJzG‡,r~w%xyl ƒ {GzM¯0xyz>x i l.} ‹ zJ}’wO JwOxyz ‹ » S wJ{ ƒ xyz x i q r. z*x i wOx+x i l.y G{Yx i lxyr~‡ œY . C EjD yU„r~ Jr‚°Jl {. lxyr~ml ‹ l·dl ‡xyrt°Yrtxµ . r CYSne q D r CYSne CYSDU Df v ¶¦’¤  È È U Ç  ¤ ¤ Ä  ¥ È  ¦

(53) U¦’¤ È ¥ ) S¸. C lD. . l„ i wOv‚v)€wQ >x i w%x. . rtx i l ¥ Ä £  . 0. 0. 250. 250. ABOVE 0.046 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.014 0.006 -0.002 -0.010 -0.018 -0.026 -0.034 -0.042 -0.050 BELOW. Slowness (s/km) Depth (m). Slowness (s/km) 0.050 0.050 0.046 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.014 0.006 -0.002 -0.010 -0.018 -0.026 -0.034 -0.042 -0.050. ABOVE 0.046 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.014 0.006 -0.002 -0.010 -0.018 -0.026 -0.034 -0.042 -0.050 BELOW. 500. 750. 1000 0. 250. 500. 750. 0.050 0.050 0.046 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.014 0.006 -0.002 -0.010 -0.018 -0.026 -0.034 -0.042 -0.050. Depth (m). 9. 500. 750. 1000. 1000. 0. 250. 500. Horizontal distance (m). 0. 0. 250. 250. ABOVE 0.046 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.014 0.006 -0.002 -0.010 -0.018 -0.026 -0.034 -0.042 -0.050 BELOW. 500. 750. 1000 250. 500. 750. 0.050 0.050 0.046 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.014 0.006 -0.002 -0.010 -0.018 -0.026 -0.034 -0.042 -0.050. Depth (m). 0.050 0.050 0.046 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.014 0.006 -0.002 -0.010 -0.018 -0.026 -0.034 -0.042 -0.050. 0. 750. 1000. 500. 750. 1000. 1000. 0. 250. 500. Horizontal distance (m). . 1000. Slowness (s/km) Depth (m). Slowness (s/km) ABOVE 0.046 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.014 0.006 -0.002 -0.010 -0.018 -0.026 -0.034 -0.042 -0.050 BELOW. 750. Horizontal distance (m). %C. Horizontal distance (m). D. ‚r  Yu ‹ l• º hʋ G u l ‹ zYuG  i vtzM¯{Gl € ßxyzY}»vtl,ª«x ´¸ u’wJ{Jxr‚x€w%xr‚°Jlm&r‚  ‹ O w xyrtzJ{6zOªbx i l ƒ w%xw ¯r‚x i x i l&x ‹ uGl&} ‹ zO¬ ‹ ‹ i i i ‹ ‹ ‹ }’wO Jw%xz ßxyzJ} tr   x ´¹Ê¯rtx x l wOˆ m } } zJ}’wO Jw%xz ߜUzOxxyzYm vtl,ª«x wO{ ƒ ¯rtx i x i l ‡zJ{’xwJ{Yx„} ‹ zY}’w% Yw%xz ‹ ‹ i ߜUzOxxyzYm ‚r   x ¸. C. C. D. D. 9. C. . D. . l i wQ°Olˆrtv‚v~u’x ‹ w%xyl ƒ r~{ r‚ Yu ‹ lˆ•x i l>®su’wO{Yxr‚x€w%xyrt°Ol*m&rt  ‹ w%xyrtzJ{ z%ªx i l pY G{’‡,v~wQ ƒ wOxwz%ª r‚ Yu ‹ l|J '€u’‡ ‡,l €r‚°Jlvt .¯rtx i x i l+x ‹ uGlpY G{’‡,v~wQ ˆ} ‹ zY}’w% Yw%xz ‹ z%ª rt Ju ‹ l˜G¹Y¯rtx i w ‹ wOmˆ}*} ‹ zJ}dw% JwOxyz ‹ ¶¯ i r~‡ i i wJx i lx ‹ uGlu ‹ ª¶wO‡l wJ{ ƒ œUzOxxyzYm °QwOvtu’l  ¹ŒwJ{ ƒ ¯rtx i wú‡,zJ{dyx€wO{Yx} ‹ zJ}dw% JwOxyz ‹ ¶¯ i rt‡ ii wOx i l|x ‹ u’l m&l wJ{6°Mw%v~uGl ´¸ lˆyl lx i w%x x i l&yx€wO‡´³|zM°Ol ‹ x i lr~{ ƒ rt°sr ƒ u’w%vtv‚ »} ‹ l†yx€wO‡´³|mrt  ‹ w%xl ƒ  i zOx JwOx i l ‹ +rt2m&z ‹ l ‹ i ‡,zY{’x u’‡,xr‚°Jl¯rtx x i lx ‹ uGl„} ‹ zJ}’wO Jw%xz ‹ ¶xyzY} ‹ rt  i x bx i wO{|¯rtx i x i l¯ ‹ zJ{’  ‹ wOmˆ}|} ‹ zY}’w% Yw%xz ‹ ߜUzOxyxzJm vtl,ª«x ´¹b¯ i r~‡ i r~&r‚x€yl v¿ª2m&z ‹ l ‡,zY{’x ‹ u’‡,xr‚°Jl x i wO{`¯r‚x i x i l|°Jl ‹ ¯ ‹ zY{G  ‡zJ{’xwJ{Jx&} ‹ zJ}’wO Jw%xz ‹ ߜUzOxyxzJm ‹ r‚  i x ¸ Á­ª¯Œl*vtzszJ³»{GzM¯²w%xx i l*xyr~m&l l ‡,xr‚zY{’2z%ª r‚ Yu ‹ l*n|zYœGxwOrt{’l ƒ œY »ª«z ‹ ¯w ‹ ƒ m&z ƒ lvtrt{’ 6x i l m&rt  ‹ w%xl ƒ ƒ ‹ i i  ‹ ‹ l ‡,xr‚zY{’ˆz%ª r‚ Yu l•ú¯rtx x l»‡,z l €}dzY{ r~{G  } ‹ zY}’w% Yw%xz ‹ ¹ t¹zJœGx€w%r~{Gl ƒ œY ‹ l rtmuGv~w%xyrtzJ{`z%ª2x i l ƒ ƒ ‹ i i ‹ ‹ pY G{’‡vtwQ w%x€w>zOª rt Ju l J„¯rtx x lx u’lO¹ wJm&}6wJ{ ‡zJ{’xwJ{Jx} ‹ zY}’w% Yw%xz ‹ ¹’¯9lll.x i wOx+x i l&œUlxxyl ‹ ƒ i ‹ i ‹ ‹ i ‹ ‹ ‡,z l l {d‡, z%ª x l»m&rt  w%xl l ‡xyrtzJ{ ª«z x l6x uGl6} zY}’w% Yw%xz ‹ ßxyzY} ‹ rt  i x } ‹ z ƒ u’‡,l†ˆw xrtm&l6l ‡,xr‚zY{ ƒ i i ‹ ¯ zYyl6l °Ol {Yx€ wQ°Ol6wJm&}’v‚rtxu l  ‡v‚zYyl xyz x i l ƒ wOxw x i wO{x i zJl»z%ª2x i l»xyr~m&l l ‡,xr‚zY{ Ol {’l ‹ w%xyl ƒ œY ix l+vtl €b‡,z i l ‹ l {YxSm&rt  ‹ w%xyl ƒ yl†‡,xr‚zY{&ª«z ‹ x i l+¯ ‹ zJ{’  ‹ wJm&}*} ‹ zY}’w% Yw%xyz ‹ ߜUzOxyxzJm±vtl,ª«x ´¹sx i l†m&lvt°Ol†b‡v‚zYyl ‹. C(U r ]+D D. D. D. D 9 . . C. D. . . C C. 

(54)  C. D. C. ýcý. „g†   ì. C. C. D.

(55) 980. 980 20. 980 20. 980 20. 20. 980. 980 20. 980 20. 980 20. 980 20. 20. 0.4. 0.4. 0.6. 0.6. 0.6. 0.6. 0.8. 0.8. 0.8. 0.8. 1.0. 1.0. 1.0. 1.0. 0.0. 0.0. 0.0. 0.0. 0.2. 0.2. 0.2. 0.2. 0.4. 0.4. 0.4. 0.4. 0.6. 0.6. 0.6. 0.6. 0.8. 0.8. 0.8. 0.8. 1.0. 1.0. 1.0. 1.0. C. D. 20. 980. 0.4. 980 20. 0.4. 980 20. 0.2. 980 20. 0.2. 980 20. 0.2. 980. 0.2. 980 20. 0.0. 980 20. 0.0. 980 20. 0.0. 980 20. 0.0. 20. . / 2

(56) '&  #

(57) . 3

(58) . &a2 p53  X 3

(59)

(60) 980 20.  Ÿ. C. r‚ Yu ‹ l&n º –Q¬µ i zOx ƒ wOxw ¶xzJ}úvtl,ª«x ´¸|–M¬­ i zOx ‹ l rtmuGv~w%xyrtzJ{ z%ªx i l ƒ w%x€w|¯r‚x i x i l>x ‹ u’lˆ} ‹ Y z }’w% Yw%xyz ‹ ¶xyzY} ‹ r‚  i x ¹s¯rtx i x i l ‹ wOmˆ} } ‹ zJ}dw% JwOxyz ‹ ߜUzOxxyzYm ‚v lª«x ŒwO{ ƒ ¯rtx i x i l,‡ zY{’xwO{Yx} ‹ J ‹ z }’wO Jw%xz \œdJ z xyxzJm ‹ r‚  i x ¸ ƒ ƒ ‘ l†}Ul ‡xyrt°Olvt •JŸ ¹d˜ ²wO{ ƒ J i ‹ z%ªx l w%x€& w w l2l‰G}’vtwOrt{Gl ¸. D. +. ,+. +. C. D. C. D. x i O w {x i zYylz%ªx i lxrtm&ll ‡xyrtzJ{ Ol {’l ‹ w%xyl ƒ œY „x i lv‚l†l ‹ ‡,z i l ‹ l {Yx'm&r‚  ‹ wOxyl ƒ l ‡,xr‚zY{„ª«z ‹ x i l°Jl ‹ ¯ ‹ zY{G  ‡,zY{’xwO{Yx} ‹ zJ}’wO Jw%xz ‹ ߜUzOxyxzJm ‹ rt  i x ´¸ l {’‡l2x i l‡,z i l ‹ l {d‡, *z%ªÊx i lm&r‚  ‹ wOxyl ƒ l ‡,xr‚zY{>r~x ‹ wO{’v~w%xyl ƒ r~{ ƒ ƒ ‹ i ‹ xyl m z%ªwOmˆ}Gvtr‚x€u l z%ªÊx l l rtmuGvtwOxyl l ‡xyrtzJ{ rt{|x i lxyr~ml ƒ zJmˆw%r~{k¸ i i  h ± h ‹ l w%v~yz»ll x wOx„x l l r~m.uGv~w%xr‚zY{™ª«z ‹ ¯w ‹ ƒ m&wJ} lvtrtm&r~{’w%xl .x i l|} i wOl> i r¿ª«x€} ‹ zYœGv‚l†m º ix l l °Ol {Yx€„r~{ x i l ‹ l rtmuGvtwOxyl ƒ yl†‡,xyrtzJ{d.zOª rt Ju ‹ l n™w ‹ l wOx.x i l €wOm&l xrtm&l|v‚zG‡wOxyrtzJ{k¹x i zJuG  i x i l l ƒ ƒ ‹ i ‹ l ‡,xr‚zY{’„w lˆl°MwOvtu’wOxyl ¯rtx ®suGrtxyl r¿¾Àl l {Yx.œ’wJ‡´³Y  ‹ zJu’{ ƒ } ‹ zJ}’wO Jw%xz ‹ ¸ © „w6‡,zY{’yl†®suGl {’‡lO¹ÊzJ{Gl*‡wJ{ ƒ i i ‹ l,‰’}Ul ‡x+x w%xx l zYmˆw%r~{ zOªbw%xx wO‡,xr‚zY{|z%ª'x i l OvtzJœ’wOvcm&rt{’rtmu’m ª«z ‹ x i l.vtl wJyxy¬­€®su’w ‹ l  ƒ wOxw*m&r~Ž½dx ߕ hh ‡ i wJ{G Ol z%ª'u’{’³s{GzM¯{ ¯rtv‚vcœUl„r‚ Y{Gr¿½‡wO{Yxv‚ >l†{Gv~w ‹  Ol ƒ œY >x i l rt Ju ‹ lˆO¹’œGv~uGl„‡u ‹ °Jl ¸ hi l hh ‹ lª«z ‹ m.uGv~w%xr‚zY{>z%ªx i lvtl wJyxy¬­€®su’w ‹ l Œ¯wQ°Ol,ª«z ‹ m²r~{Y°Ol ‹ r‚zY{>r~x i l†{ º. C. 9. F G ( ¯ ½U{ ƒ Sh( e U„. F G. D J. . F G. i r~‡ i m&r~{Grtm&rt¼l. . 4C . mCߕjDŒ¯.  Ort°Ol {|œY . i l ‹ l. . C jD. D. SneRU.œY mC lD¸. rt ‹ l rtmuGv~w%xyl ƒ ª ‹ zJm. hi l*{su’m&l ‹ rt‡ w%v ‹ l €uGv‚x€} ‹ l l {Yxyl ƒ r~{™x i l*v~wOx2l ‡xyrtzJ{ú‡,zY{s½ ‹ m x i l*l‰G}Ul ‡xyl ƒ l†{Gv~w ‹  Ol m&l†{Jx ¹)wO ¯9l i Q w °Jl œdl l { wJœGvtl xyz ‹ l x ‹ r‚l °OlJ¹zY{ y G{Yx i lxyr~‡ ƒ w%xwd¹'x i l  OvtzJœ’wOvŒm&r~{Grtmu’m œY w6v‚zG‡ w%v9  ‹ w ƒ rtl {Yx.m&lx i z ƒ xw ‹ xyr~{G &ª ‹ zJm °Jl ‹ >}dzsz ‹ r~{Grtxyr~w%v) YuGl €z%ªx i l„} ‹ zY}’w% Yw%xyz ‹ ¸ © {’zOx i l ‹ }Gvtud.zOª+x i l hh ª«z ‹ m.u’vtwOxyrtzJ{ ‹ l €uGvtx.ª ‹ zYm zYu ‹ ‡ i zOr~‡,l>zOªwO{ wOmˆ}Gvtr‚x€u ƒ l} ‹ l†yl ‹ °sr~{G  º ‹ ‹ m&r‚  wOxyrtzJ{™ª«z r‚ª „wO{ ƒ  ƒ l {GzJxyl*x i l>} ‹ zJ}’wO Jw%xz ‹ wO{ ƒúƒ l†}Gx i ‹ l,·dl†‡,xr‚°srtxµ »¯ i r~‡ i i wQ°Jl ƒ ƒ ‹ i i  Ol†{Gl w%xl x l wOxw d¹’x l {  ˆ¯r‚vtv)œdl„‡v‚zYyl xyz  ¯ i l ‹ l x i l2Œw ‹ x i r~r‚vtvtudmr~{’wOxyl ƒ œY >x i l ‹  h i lr~m&r~‡+l‰G}Ul r~ml†{Yx¸ r~u’ O Ol†yx€bx i w%xx i l ƒ w%x€w ˆx i l mˆlvt°Ol†9w ‹ l r~{>ª¶wJ‡,xwO{ wO}’} ‹ zQ‰GrtmˆwOxyrtzJ{*zOªÊx i l ‹x uGl2xyr~m&l ‹ l,·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚xµ  ¹’r‚ª€u’‡ i xyr~ml„l ‡xyrtzJ{ l,‰Gr~yx€  hi l|} ‹ zYœGvtl m z%ªx i l|l,‰Grtxyl†{’‡,l|z%ª+w xyr~m&l ‹ l,·Ul ‡,xr‚°srtxµ  €u’‡ i x i w%x&x i l ‹ l rtmuGvtwOxyrtzJ{ zOª  ƒ ƒ i i i i ¯rtx  ‡, z

(61) t{’‡r l S¯rtx ˆrt9mˆw%x l mˆw%xrt‡ w%vtv‚ >zOvt°Ol ¯ l†{ w„vtr~{Gl w ‹ rt¼l ƒ ª«z ‹ ¯w ‹ ƒ mz ƒ l vÀrtu’l ƒ  n \¸ uGx¯rtx i x i lª¶uGvtvÊwO‡zJu’xyr~‡ª«z ‹ ¯9w ‹ ƒ m&z ƒ lvtrt{’ *¯Œl„u’l i l ‹ lJ¹’x i l} ‹ l °sr‚zYu’x i l z ‹ lxrt‡ w%v ‹ l €uGv‚x ƒ zYl†{GzJx wO}d}Gv‚ J¸'psz¯Œl i wQ°Jl‡ i l ‡´³Ol ƒ {Yudml ‹ r~‡wOv‚vt O¹OzJ{&x i ly G{Yx i l xyr~‡+pY G{’‡,v~wQ ƒ wOxw .z%ª rt Ju ‹ lJO¹%x i ll,‰Gr~yxl {’‡l z%ª'wO{ ¯ i zYyl ‹ l r~m.uGv~w%xr‚zY{ ¯rtx i ¯9wJ°Ol ‹ ‡v‚zYylxz*x i l ƒ w%x€w d¸ hi lxyr~m&l ‹ l,·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚xµ  r~Œ i zM¯{ˆr~{ r‚ Yu ‹ l2–2¯ i l ‹ lzJ{Gl+ll†bx i w%xŒr‚xŒrt9w ƒ l ‡,zY{Y°OzOvt°Ol ƒ wO{ ƒ*ƒ l¬­muGvtxyr~}Gv‚rtl ƒ °Ol ‹ r‚zY{&z%ª)x i l ƒ wOxwd¹. G. F G. S. q C$SpD S v ] C$S D] v U ]. mU. . S. ]. q. IU. U. 0] ^]. . = ?. VU. ëý)ëÍô.

(62)  

(63)   "!#$

(64) %'&() * &()+,

(65) .-& /

(66) 01 *.#$2 134657

(67) .# C¶¯. wOrtx&mrt  ‹ w%xr‚zY{ ‹ l,·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚xµ J¸. i r~‡ i. 9. D. ‡,zJ{Y°JzOv~uGxyrtzJ{ú¯rtx i. r~{Y°OzOvt°Ol†.w. ž. x i lyzYu ‹ ‡l r~°Ol ‹ . F G. ‡,vtzJl xyz. x i l x ‹ uGl ƒ l }Gx i. hh ‡ i wJ{G Ol+z%ªÊu’{d³Y{’zM¯{k¹Yud}>xyzx i l2€}dl†‡,r‚½U‡w%¬ l i wQ°Jl+{GzM¯ ‡,zYmˆ}Gv‚l xyl ƒ x i l ƒ l†‡ ‹ r~}GxyrtzJ{>z%ª)x i l i i i ‹ ‹ ‹ i ‹ xyrtzJ{d)z%ªGx lS¯9lrt  x #rt{‡ w  Olz%ª l xyz r~{G x l yx uGlSwJm&}’v‚rtxu ƒ l r~{2x i lŒmrt  ‹ w%xr‚zY{ zJ}Ul ‹ w%xyz ‹ ƒ l½U{Gl ƒ rt{ \– ¸ © m&wOx i l†mˆw%xyr~‡wOv‚vt *yzYu’{ ƒ ‡ i zOr~‡,l+ª«z ‹ q¯9zJuGv ƒ œUl wJ{ wO}d} ‹ zQ‰Gr~mˆw%xyrtzJ{ˆxz.x i l2rt{Y°Ol ‹ l z%ªÀx i l l €rtwJ{zOª |¯r‚x i*‹ l†}Ul ‡x'xyz Ÿ’¹J– ­¸ uGxbx i l‡zJmˆ}’uGx€w%xyrtzJ{&zOªx i l l†rtwJ{&rtS‡zJmˆ}’uGx€w%xr‚zY{’w%vtv‚ l,‰Gx ‹ l†ml v‚ 6l‰’}dl†{’yrt°OlJ¸ z ‹ l zM°Ol ‹ ¹¯Œl ƒ z{GzJx2{’ll ƒ r~{»ª¶wJ‡,x2x i l*uGvtxyr~mˆw%xl ±¹cwO zJ}’xyr~mrt¼ wOxyrtzJ{ ¯r‚x i º r‚ª ‹ l €}dl†‡,xxyz 9¯rtv‚vd‡z ‹€‹ l†‡,xcª«z ‹ }UzJ€yr~œGvtl ƒ lª¶wOuGvtxr~{ !u’{ ƒ l ‹ l xyr~m&wOxyl†Êx i lwOmˆ}Gvtr‚x€u ƒ lzOªzJm&l m&r‚  ‹ wOxyl ƒ l°Ol†{Yx \wO+r‚xrt ‡,vtl w ‹ vt x i l‡ wOl„rt{ rt Ju ‹ l.•d¹UxzJ} ‹ r‚  i x¹Uª«z ‹ x i l.¯w%xl ‹ œUzOxxyzYm ‹ l,·Ul ‡,xr‚zY{ ¹ x i lzJ}Gxrtm&rt¼ w%xr‚zY{>¯rtx i‹ l €}dl†‡,xxyz 2¯rtv‚v)œUzszJxx i l„wJm&}’v‚rtxu ƒ l zOªÊx i l„‡,z ‹‹ l €}dzY{ ƒ r~{G .xrtm&ll °Ol {Yx€ŒzOª ßwJ+rtx2‡wO{ œdlˆll {»rt{ rt Ju ‹ lˆ–*ª«z ‹ x i l¯w%xl ‹ œdzJxyxzJm ‹ l,·dl†‡,xyrtzJ{ ¹Àrt{ ud‡ i w>¯wQ x i wOxx i l&m&rt  ‹ w%xl ƒ l°Jl {Yx ‹ lxu ‹ {’xyz>rtx‡,z ‹€‹ l ‡,xwJm&}’v‚rtxu ƒ lO¸ hi rt+rt+¯ i ¯9l i wQ°Ol„‡ i zYyl†{>ª«z ‹ r~{x i r~l‰G}Ul ‹ r~ml†{Yxw °Ol ‹ >r~m&}’v‚l¯9lrt  i x} ‹ zJ}Uz ‹ xyrtzJ{’wOvxzˆx i lr ƒ l {Yxr‚xµ |m&wOx ‹ r¿‰k¹. !. ~C }D. J. U. . q = ? G. F. C. 9. !. S. J. !. C$SpD 'D cU. !. r É e. !. ;. v. !. D. CߟjD. r~ ƒ l xyl ‹ m&r~{Gl ƒ. ¯ i l ‹ lJ¹Gª«z ‹ † l wO‡ i } ‹ zJ}’wO Jw%xz ‹ )¹dx i l.‡zsl >‡,rtl {Yx vtl wOxŽ¬µ€®Yudw ‹ l 9mr~y½dx r~m&rt{Gr~m.udm ¸. . Q. !. . HU. . C. P. œY ‹ l ®suGr ‹ r~{G ˆx i w%xx i l.‡,z ‹‹ l €}dzY{ ƒ r~{G . lb‡,zY{’‡,v~u ƒ l'x i rtl ‡,xr‚zY{2œJ 2‡,zYmˆml†{Yxyr~{G x i lbrt{’‡ ‹ l†wOl'rt{‡zJmˆ}Gvtl,‰Grtxµ wO{ ƒ ‡,zJmˆ}’u’xw%xr‚zY{’w%vOrt{Yxyl†{’r‚xµ hh ‹ lª«z ‹ m.uGv~w%xr‚zY{k¸ r~{’‡u ‹€‹ l ƒ œJ x i l r ‹ x¹’x i l ƒ r~m&l {’r‚zY{z%ª ßx i lwJml„wJ r~m.u’‡ i v~w ‹  Ol ‹ x i wJ{x i wOxz%ª ¸ uGx+x i r~r~+{GzJx ‹ l†w%vtv‚ w.} ‹ zYœGv‚l†m|¹swJbx i l zJœsŽl†‡,xyrt°Ol+ª¶u’{’‡xyrtzJ{ rt{Gl†w ‹ v‚ ˆ®su’w ƒ ‹ w%xrt‡ w%v¯r‚x i ‹ l €}dl†‡,xŒxyz ßwOŒ¯rtx i|‹ l†}Ul ‡xbxyz ¹ z&x i w%x‡zJ{Qyu’ Jw%xl2  ‹ w ƒ rtl {Yx9xµ s}Ul„w%vt Oz ‹ rtx i m&‡ wO{|œdl„u’l ƒ ¸ pYl†‡,zJ{ ƒ ¹’x i l.l°MwOvtu’wOxyrtzJ{|z%ªx i l ƒ wOxw*m&rty½dx '¹U Ort°Ol {|zY{Gl„yl xz%ªS}’w ‹ wJm&lxyl ‹  ™wO{ ƒ J¹ ‹ l ®suGr ‹ l†x i l ‡,zYmˆ}’uGxwOxyrtzJ{ z%ªw|} ‹ l†yx€wO‡´³ ƒ l†}Gx i m&r‚  ‹ wOxyrtzJ{™z%ª J¹kª«zJv‚vtzM¯9l ƒ œY ™w ª«z ‹ ¯w ‹ ƒ m&z ƒ lvtr~{G d¸ hi r~2rt{’‡ ‹ l†wOl r~{ ‡zJmˆ}Gvtl,‰Gr‚xµ {GzOx2zJ{’v‚ »muGv‚xrt}’v‚rtl œY –’¸ n|x i l*‡zJmˆ}’uGx€w%xyrtzJ{ xyr~m&lˆª«z ‹ x i l&l °Mw%v~u’w%xr‚zY{™zOª '¹Êœ’uGxwOvtz mˆwO³Ol l‰Gx ‹ l m&lvt |‡ u’m.œUl ‹ zJm&l„x i l ƒ l xyl ‹ m&rt{dw%xyrtzJ{»z%ª'x i lˆw ƒ ŽzOr~{Jx+l ®su’w%xr‚zY{’ª«z ‹ x i l&‡zJmˆ}’uGx€w%xr‚zY{z%ª x i l&wJ{’w%vt sxyr~‡w%vÊ  ‹ w ƒ rtl {YxzOª ¯r‚x i™‹ l €}dl†‡,xxyz wO{ ƒ ¶xyz  Ol xwO{»r ƒ l†w’¹ÀvtzYzY³w%x © }’}Ul { ƒ r‚‰»Â&¹k¯ i l ‹ l ¯9l ƒ l €}Ul ‹ w%xyl v‚ &x ‹ rtl ƒ xyzm&wJ³%lrtxbvtzszJ³&yr~mˆ}Gvtl ¸bš+ª)‡,zYu ‹ ylJ¹Ox i l‡,z ƒ r~{G „zOªkx i zYyll†®su’w%xr‚zY{’Sr~bxyrtv‚vÀm&z ‹ l ƒ l v‚r~‡wOxyl º w2vtzOxSzOª ƒ l œ’uG J Or~{G 2rtŒ{Gll ƒ l ƒ œUl,ª«z ‹ lx i lwJ{’w%vt sxyr~‡wOvG  ‹ w ƒ rtl {Yx' Ort°Ol†{ˆœJ x i lw ƒ ŽzJrt{YxSl†®Yudw%xyrtzJ{d ‡, z

(68) ~{’‡,r ƒ l S¯r‚x i x i l+½U{Grtxyl ƒ r‚¾l ‹ l†{’‡,l  ‹ w ƒ rtl {YxSzJœ’xw%r~{Gl ƒ œJ ˆ}Ul ‹ xu ‹ œGr~{G v‚rt  i xv‚ &l wJ‡ i }’w ‹ wOm&lxl ‹ zY{Gl+wOx wxyr~mlJ¸ uGxzJ{’‡lx i rtr~ ƒ zJ{’lO¹Gx i l ‡zJmˆ}’uGx€w%xyrtzJ{dw%vk‡,zYyxŒª«z ‹ x i l l °Mw%v~u’w%xr‚zY{>z%ªÊx i l2  ‹ w ƒ r‚l†{Jx9z%ª ™¯r‚x i ‹ l €}dl†‡,xxyz wO{ ƒ rtwOvtz*–G¸Ü˜.xrtm&l†vtw ‹  Jl ‹ x i wO{ x i l„‡zJx9zOªx i l  ‹ w ƒ r‚l†{Jx9¯rtx i‹ l†}Ul ‡xxyz À¸. F G. . UHC. . . _G. $. %. S. 4 . F G. q OG ^UC _S. z]+D. D. S. U. qD. U. *. UC. . U. HN        

(69)               #                 ! "     . '&.   ', . )'  =. |C jD. . ƒ l½U{Gl ƒ œJ ߕ ʯr‚x i*‹ l†}Ul ‡x hh wJ}’} ‹ zJwJ‡ i ¹MzJ{Gl i wO'xz„mr~{Gr~m&r‚¼ lx i l+v‚l†wOxŽ¬µ®su’w ‹ l†m&r~Ž½Ux ÁŽ{ˆx i l xyz x i lxµ¯Œz u’{’³s{GzM¯{’ ß} ‹ zY}’w% Yw%xyz ‹ 9wJ{ ƒ ¶xrtm&l ‹ l·dl ‡xyrt°sr‚xµ ¹¯rtx i x i l&} ‹ zY}’w% Yw%xyz ‹ ™œUlr~{G  rtxlv‚ª ƒ l†‡,zJmˆ}UzJl ƒ zJ{.w m.u’v‚xrt€‡wOv‚lœ’wOr~¸'pYz2x i l ‹ lw ‹ lŒmˆwO{Y „}UzJ€yr~œGvtlŒ¯wQ Gcxz2rt{Yxyl ‹ xµ¯r~{Gl9x i lzY}Gxyr~m&r‚¼†w%xyrtzJ{d ¯rtx i ‹ l €}dl†‡,xxyz wOx°Mw ‹ r‚zYu’‡ w%vtl  ¹ÊwJ{ ƒ ¯r‚x i ‹ l†}Ul ‡xxyz J¸ © ª«xyl ‹ w6y Gxyl†m&wOxyr~‡ˆl,‰’}Ul ‹ rtm&l {Yx€w%xyrtzJ{)¹ ¯9l i wQ°Ol ‹ l xw%r~{Gl ƒ x i l&yx ‹ wOxyl J ¯ i r~‡ i6i wJ ‹ l°Ol†w%vtl ƒ x i lm&zJx+l¾l†‡,xyrt°Ol º¤ Ä

(70) ¶¤  £ §J¦  Ä ¦ «¤ Ä ¥  ¦G¤ Ä £ ¤¥M¦G¤ Ä Å © ¬ hh ¹k¯ i l ‹ l&w%xl wO‡ i ‡ w%vtl„zJ{Gl&zJ}’xyr~mrt¼l†½ ‹ x+¯rtx i ‹ l†}Ul ‡x+xyz ™wJ{ ƒ x i l {™¯r‚x i ‹ l €}dl†‡,x xyz ßw%x2€‡w%vtlˆ—’¹ &rt r~{Grtxyr~w%vtr‚¼ l ƒ œJ ¹)x i l*‡,zYm&}duGxwOxyrtzJ{’wOvÊl¾z ‹ x ß{su’mœdl ‹ zOªŒm&rt{’rtm&rt¼ w%xr‚zY{ rtxyl ‹ w%xr‚zY{’ „œUlr~{G  ƒ l ‡ ‹ l†wOl ƒ ª«z ‹ wJ{ ƒ r~{’‡ ‹ l wJyl ƒ ª«z ‹ wJx i l6‡ w%vtl  Jzsl .ª ‹ zYm —™xz  ˜G¸ © { d ƒ ƒ ƒ i wOwOvtzˆœdl l {}dl ‹ ª«z ‹ m&l w r‚xr‚zY{’w%v 'p mr~{Gr~m&r‚¼†w%xyrtzJ{ ¯rtx i‹ l†}Ul ‡xxyz u’r~{G >wO9r~{Gr‚xrtwOv)°Mw%v~uGlx i l ‹ l ‡,zY{’x ‹ u’‡,xl ƒ ª ‹ zJm x i l*zY}Gxyr~mˆw%v hh °MwOvtuGl†2z%ª v‚zM¯{Gl† ¯r‚x i wO{ ƒ J¸. U. ýcý. HS CF F G D yUC nU D % 0N r NXWC$SpDcL@N [XC q D. „g†   ì. OSC. D. U|C. D. S. ~U. S 4qVr. v. y]+D HN C$SDwU. U. C. 3S. F G. W r. cS.

(71) / 2

(72) '&  #

(73) . 3

(74) . &a2 p53  X 3

(75)

(76) . .  —. C % BD N. ÁŽ{„z ‹ ƒ l ‹ xz wOv‚vtzM¯ ª«z ‹ ‡,zYmˆ}’w ‹ rtzJ{)¹†¯9l i wQ°OlbwOvtz+r~mˆ}Gvtl m&l {Yxyl ƒ x i l § ¶¦d£ £  §J¦  Ä ¦’£ ¤ Æ £ ¦G¥ Ä £ p ƒ r ‹ l†‡,xv‚ >¯rtx i‹ l €}dl†‡,xxyzˆx i lyvtzM¯{Gl €m&z ƒ l v À¸ ‹  x % w xyl  O J¹Y¯ i rt‡ i ‡,zY{’yr~xr~{ m&r~{Grtm&rt¼r~{G *x i l„mr~y½dx © vtv){su’m&l ‹ rt‡ w%vl,‰’}Ul ‹ rtm&l {Yx€w%xyrtzJ{d i wQ°Ol2œdl l {|m&w ƒ l ¯r‚x i w½’‰Gl ƒ {su’m.œUl ‹ zOªcr‚xl ‹ w%xr‚zY{>¯rtx i|‹ l†U } l ‡x ‹ l,ª«l ‹ 9xyz*x i l„‡ w%vtlw%x¯ i r~‡ i x i lzJ}’xyr~mrt¼ wOxyrtzJ{ rt}Ul ‹ ª«z ‹ m&l ƒ º xyzˆl†wO‡ i °Qw ‹ r~wOœ’v‚l ¶r~{ ƒ l‰ zOª. . 3C. . ¡ Æ  

(77). S •J— S  ¹d– UJ¹d˜%— S d ¹k†— UO¹k†— S. EJ—O— N. 

(78). . ¹)Q–. D. UJ¹snJ— NÀ¹. *%. hi l{su’m.œUl ‹ zOªUrtxyl ‹ w%xr‚zY{’ʪ«z ‹ x i l 'p„x ‹ w%xl J i wOœdl l {&‡ i zJl {.rt{&€u’‡ i w¯wQ x i w%xx i l‡,zJmˆ}’u’xw%xr‚zY{ xyr~m&lrt ‹ zYuG  i vt *x i l„wJml ª«z ‹ œdzJx i yx ‹ wOxyl  Ortl  ¸ © vtvsx i lwJœdzM°JlŒm&rt{’rtm&rt¼ w%xr‚zY{’ i wQ°Ol9œdl l {&}dl ‹ ª«z ‹ m&l ƒ u’rt{’ x i l ‹ zJu’xyr~{Gl ƒ l°Ol v‚zY}dl ƒ wOxÊÁ ‘ Á © ¸ hi r~m&r~{Gr~mrt¼l ‹ zOvt°Ol†.u’{d‡,zJ{dyx ‹ wOrt{Gl ƒ } ‹ zJœGvtl mˆ.œY w6°Mw ‹ r~wOœGvtl,¬µyxz ‹ w% Jlˆ®su’wJyr‚¬+l¯xzJ{ m&lx i z ƒ ¸ © x l wJ‡ i r‚xl ‹ w%xyrtzJ{)¹w ƒ l €‡,l†{Jx ƒ r ‹ l ‡xyrtzJ{ r~ ƒ l xyl ‹ m&r~{Gl ƒ ª ‹ zJm wO{ wJ}’} ‹ zQ‰sr~mˆw%xr‚zY{ zOª2x i l™r~{Y°Ol ‹ l6z%ªx i l l†r~wO{k¹Êx i l†{ w6yxl }úv‚l†{G Ox i rt ƒ lxl ‹ mr~{Gl ƒ wOv‚zY{G x i wOx ƒ r ‹ l†‡,xr‚zY{úœY úwv‚r~{Gl,¬µl w ‹ ‡ i } ‹ zG‡,l ƒ u ‹ lO¸ hi l wO}d} ‹ zQ‰Gr~mˆw%xyrtzJ{ zOª’x i l9rt{Y°Jl ‹ ylSzOª’x i l l†rtwJ{r~czYœGxwOrt{Gl ƒ x id‹ zYuG  i w ߀m&wOv‚v k½’‰Gl ƒ {su’mœdl ‹ zOª’r‚xl ‹ w%xyrtzJ{d  pˆª«z ‹ muGv~wO ¸ z%ªx i lrt{Y°Ol ‹ l z ‹ l ƒ lxwOr‚v~‡wJ{ œUl2ª«zJud{ ƒ rt{ s¹k • \¸. J. G. D. 76 © ¹½ ‹ x>¯r‚x i –.  i zOx€. 980. © }’}Ul { ƒ r‚‰. rt{. 980 20. 20. 980. 980 20. 980 20. D. yl x ƒ l†‡ ‹ r~œdl ƒ. 980 20. ƒ w%x€w. 980 20. i Q w °Ol6r~{Y°Ol ‹ x l ƒ x i lúy G{Yx i  l xyr~‡™pY G{’‡vtwQ ‹ rt Ju lˆO ¹’wO{ ƒ x i l {|¯rtx i nd   i zOx€¸ 980 20. l. 980 20. C. 20. 9. C =  ?. 980 20. () *+, &. . J. F. 0.0. 0.0. 0.0. 0.0. 0.2. 0.2. 0.2. 0.2. 0.4. 0.4. 0.4. 0.4. 0.6. 0.6. 0.6. 0.6. 0.8. 0.8. 0.8. 0.8. 1.0. 1.0. 1.0. 1.0.  9. C¶vtl,ª«xD¸Œ–M¬­ i. rt Ju ‹ l„– º –Q¬µ i zOx ƒ wOxw. . U  C ‹ rt  i xD¸. zOxx ‹ uGl2xrtm&l ‹ l,·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚xµ . U. S r S. . l i wQ°OlŒ½ ‹ yxSm&r~{Grtm&rt¼l ƒ |¯r‚x i*‹ l†}Ul ‡xxyzx i lxyr~ml ‹ l,·Ul ‡,xr‚°srtxµ ª«z ‹   Ort°Ol†{œY rt Ju ‹ l˜ ƒ  h i ‹ i ‹ ‹ i ‹ ¶xzJ}|vtl,ª«x ´¸ rt l €uGvtxyl r~{x lxrtm&l l,·Ul ‡,xr‚°srtxµ >z%ª r‚ Yu l.–G¹’¯ zYyl l rtmuGv~w%xyrtzJ{  JwQ°Jl wˆ°Jl ‹ > Ozsz ƒ ƒ i ½dxxyz™x l w%xw™wO&žO• z%ªx i l ƒ w%xw™w ‹ l>l,‰’}Gv~w%r~{Gl ƒ ¸ l†{’‡,l r‚x&‡wO{ œdl|‡,zJ{dyr ƒ l ‹ l ƒ wJ„x i l x ‹ uGl xyr~m&l ‹ l,·dl†‡,xyrt°sr‚xµ †¸ hi rt i zM¯Œx i wOx9x i l hh ‡ i wJ{G Olz%ªÊ°Mw ‹ r~wOœGvtl+r~{GzOxu’{ ƒ l ‹ ¬­}dw ‹ wOm&lxl ‹ r‚¼ rt{G U¹JwJ{ ƒ hh ‡ i wO{G JlzOªud{’³s{GzM¯{|¯ i l {w&½U{Grtxyl ƒ r¿¾Àl ‹ l {’‡l„wO‡zJu’xyr~‡  Ort°Ol†wˆ{Yudml ‹ r~‡wOvsyu’xyr‚½U‡wOxyrtzJ{xyzˆx i l ƒ ƒ m&z lvtrt{’ &r~u’l ¸ © ¬ hi l†{k¹’¯9l i wQ°Ol2r~{J°Jl ‹ xyl ƒ x i l.–Q¬µ i zOx+pY G{’‡,v~wQ ƒ wOxw*lx¯rtx i x i l hh p x ‹ w%xl O J¹G¯r‚x i ix l+vtrt{Gl†w ‹S‹ wOmˆ}*wJSr~{Gr‚xrtwOvd YuGl €¸ r‚ Yu ‹ l „€u’mˆm&w ‹ rt¼l†'x i l ‹ l €uGv‚x€SzOªÀx i r~br~{Y°Ol ‹ r‚zY{k¸ hi l ƒ l ‡ ‹ l†wOlz%ª x i lzJœsŽl†‡,xyrt°Ol ª¶u’{d‡,xyrtzJ{|r~xyz*œUl„yl l {|w%xx i lxzJ}|vtl,ª«x¹dx i lzY}Gxyr~mˆw%v)} ‹ zJ}’wO JwOxyz ‹ w%xx i lxyzJ} ‹ r‚  i x9wJ{ ƒ x i l„zJ}GxrtmˆwOv)xyr~m&l ‹ l·dl ‡xyrt°Yrtxµ .w%xx i l.m&r ƒdƒ v‚l.v‚lª«x¸ hi l {k¹w%xx i l.m&r ƒ’ƒ v‚l ‹ r‚  i x¹’¯9l ƒ l }’rt‡xx i l ‹ zJu’  i }’w ‹ x l†yxrtmˆwOxyl ƒ œY m&rt  ‹ w%xr‚zY{k¹’¯rtx i x i l} ‹ l °sr‚zYu’œ’wO‡´³Y  ‹ zYu’{ ƒ wJ{ ƒ xyr~m&l ‹ l·dl ‡xyrt°sr‚xµ J¸š {Gl„‡ wO{|yl l ix w%x'x i l ‹ l,·Ul ‡,xz ‹ w ‹ l‡z ‹€‹ l†‡,xv‚ vtzG‡w%xl ƒ ¹Ol°Ol†{.x i l ƒ ll†}dl†yx'zY{GlO¸ ©+ƒdƒ rt{’  x i l€mzszJx i wO{ ƒ ‹ zJuG  i }’w ‹ x€ } ‹ zM°sr ƒ l†+x i l { x i l&r~{Grtxyr~w%v Ju’l € \œdzJxyxzJm vtl,ª«x ª«z ‹ x i l&½U{’wOvxyzJud‡ i 'pzJ}’xyr~mrt¼ wOxyrtzJ{k¹k¯ i rt‡ iú‹ l†u’v‚x€ ƒ ƒ i i ‹ i  h i r~{ x l„v‚zM¯{Gl†m&z lvÊw%xx l„œUzOxxyzYm r‚  x ¸ rt+yvtzM¯{Gl €m&z lv)l‰G}’vtwOrt{’žd ±zOªÊx i l ƒ w%x€w’¸. C. D. ZU. . +. F G F G. . "N [. J. F. "E. L %. S. U. C. F G. D. %. +. ëý)ëÍô.

(79)  

(80)   "!#$

(81) %'&() * &()+,

(82) .-& /

(83) 01 *.#$2 134657

(84) .#. J. 0. 0.6 0.5 least-squares misfit. 250. 0.4. ABOVE 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.25 BELOW. 0.2 0.1 0 0. 20. 40. 60 80 iterations. 100. 120. Depth (m). Slowness (s/km). 0.3. 0.67 0.67 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.25. 500. 750. 1000. 140. 0. 250. 500. 750. 1000. 750. 1000. 750. 1000. Horizontal distance (m). 980. 980 20. 980 20. 980 20. 20. 980 20. 0. 0.0. 0.0. 0.2. 0.2. 250. 0.4. 0.4. 0.6. 0.6. 0.8. 0.8. 1.0. 1.0. ABOVE 0.046 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.014 0.006 -0.002 -0.010 -0.018 -0.026 -0.034 -0.042 -0.050 BELOW. Depth (m). Slowness (s/km) 0.050 0.050 0.046 0.038 0.030 0.022 0.014 0.006 -0.002 -0.010 -0.018 -0.026 -0.034 -0.042 -0.050. 500. 750. 1000 0. 0. 74% of data explained. 0.67 0.67 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.25. 250. Slowness (s/km). 500 ABOVE 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.25 BELOW. 750. 1000 0. 250. 500. 750. 0.67 0.67 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.25. 500. 750. 1000. 1000. 0. Horizontal distance (m). . Depth (m). Depth (m). ABOVE 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.25 BELOW. 500 Horizontal distance (m). 250. Slowness (s/km). 250. 0. 91% of data explained. E. F. F G. 250. 500 Horizontal distance (m). L %. º ÁŽ{Y°Ol ‹ rtzJ{6zOªŒx i l*–M¬­ i zJxpY G{’‡vtwQ ƒ w%xw|lxu’rt{G |x i l © ¬ hh r‚ Yu ‹ l p™yx ‹ wOxyl J 6yx€w ‹ xyr~{G  ‹ª J i ‹ ‹ i ‹ Œ Š ‹ z m x l wOmˆ}yvtzM¯{Gl € ¸'Âl†‡ l wOl2z%ªx lvtl wJyxy¬­€®su’w l m&r~Ž½dx ¶xyzY}|v‚lª«x ¸ zJ}’wO JwOxyz ‹ wMª«xl ‹ x i lv~wOx ƒ | i ‹ ‹ i i ‹ ‹ m&rt{’rtm&rt¼ w%xr‚zY{>¯rtx l†}Ul ‡xŒxz ¶xzJ} rt  x bwO{ –Q¬µ zOxŒxyr~ml l,·dl†‡,xr‚°srtxµ >wMª«xyl x i l vtwJyxm&rt{’rtm&rt¼ w%xr‚zY{ d ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ. i ‹ € ‹ ‹ ¯rtx l €}Ul ‡,xŒxyz ßm&r v‚l vtl,ª«x ´¸ Œz l†}UzJ{ rt{’  l }’x i ‹ l,·Ul ‡,xr‚°srtxµ ßm&r ƒdƒ v‚l ‹ r‚  i x 'wJ{ ƒ ‹ l ‡,zY{’x ‹ u’‡,xl ƒ ‹ v‚zM¯{Gl† ߜUzOxxyzYm vtl,ª«x ´¸*psv‚zM¯{Gl†2w%ª«xyl m&r~{Grtm&rt¼ wOxyrtzJ{ ¯r‚x iú‹ l €}Ul ‡,x xyz yx€w ‹ xyr~{G  ª ‹ zYm x i l ‹ l ‡zJ{’y¬ ‹x u’‡xyl ƒ v‚zM¯{’l € \œdzJxyxzJm ‹ rt  i x ´¸. C. ýcý. „g†   ì. 3UC D KC. S4C D % D. D. %C. VC. D. mN. D.

(85) . †˜. 0. 95% of data explained. 0.8. 0.67 0.67 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.25. slowness (s/km). Depth (m). ABOVE 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.25 BELOW. 500. 0.6. 0.5. 0.4. 750. 0.3 1000 0. 250. 500. 750. 0. 1000. 200. 400 600 depth (m). Horizontal distance (m). . . true initial inverted (CLS) inverted (MA-MBTT+CLS). 0.7. 250. Slowness (s/km). / 2

(86) '&  #

(87) . 3

(88) . &a2 p53  X 3

(89)

Références

Documents relatifs

Dans chaque ville et pour toutes les lignes de tramway considérées, il faudrait disposer des trafics avant et après ouverture d’une ligne et de plusieurs projections d’évolution

Le fait d’écrire à partir d’une oeuvre d’art visuelle ressemble à une forme de contrainte; nous croyons par ailleurs que cette pratique a eu un effet durable sur l’écriture

variables d'ordre psychologique: soit f.amiliale ou personnelle, soit so- ciale, soit professionnelle, soit une combinaison de ces facteurs. Ce patient a récupéré

For the two coolest objects in Figure 3.6, HD 4539 and PG 1716+426, both at Ta &lt; 27, 000 K, there is a good match between the predicted synthetic spectra and the FUSE data: the

lui inculquer le registre li'lquistioue, les l1abitudes alimen- taires et vestimentaires ainsi que le comportement des bour- geois de Québec. Pierrette Paul doit

La conciliation emploi-famille : des mesures à développer dans les milieux de travail Tableau 4 : Les dispositions favorisant la conciliation travailfamille dans les

Figure 2.4 Predicted (continuous lines) and observed values (filled circles: stands aged from trees with root collar; open circles: stands aged from trees without root collar)

Cette posture permet de dégager deux idées centrales : le poids des milieux professionnels locaux dans l’intermédiation et le transit des idées, modèles et pratiques