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Petit portrait de Becker en pragmatiste

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HAL Id: hal-00771888

https://hal-mines-paristech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00771888

Submitted on 9 Jan 2013

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Petit portrait de Becker en pragmatiste

Antoine Hennion

To cite this version:

Antoine Hennion. Petit portrait de Becker en pragmatiste. Pierre-Jean Benghozi. Howard Becker et les mondes de l’art, Editions de l’Ecole Polytechnique, pp.185-193, 2013. �hal-00771888�

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