• Aucun résultat trouvé

Technologies collaboratives, applications et usages

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Technologies collaboratives, applications et usages"

Copied!
10
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)Technologies collaboratives, applications et usages Ewan Oiry. To cite this version: Ewan Oiry. Technologies collaboratives, applications et usages. 2007. �halshs-00162622�. HAL Id: halshs-00162622 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00162622 Preprint submitted on 14 Jul 2007. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) 

(3)    !#"%$'&'()+*,$-&#"%.!$- /0!-21- 43

(4) 5-)(7689;:=<>@?BAC--&<D<;:FEG HJIDKLJMONP

(5) N2Q+RSI8TUKDNVPSP

(6) WYXVN[Z\WY].R

(7) ^DI\T`_JWaVaP

(8) RSKWY]

(9) RSNVM7TbID]cTWQ+I\Td. halshs-00162622, version 1 - 14 Jul 2007. e79f"%3S<B1-<!gES-h!+f$9"% "7&`(ij9fkl

(10) fD(i8V"%-1m\D<B(i<nDi`1-<D(o(jpD<!9"ShB`Oq rs8f;GUtDuv-;!wx(i8U!$-E

(11) (jkDi<;y

(12) fDz1{`|"%-1m<(i<nj8}!<`"l&9-`f{~(Sj<Bp€9"l&;f‚&G1-hs(ji; !1-j-`"SiE.jƒ`f „†s

(13) "y`"Si‡@6ˆ()Š‰4‹8ŒYŽDo‘-’”“DŽ.‹B’9o‘•–‰J‹‹.‘-’ —i˜)™-‘›šœ‹’ Ÿž "S@9D-i(U1-<D<sD$9! "SiE `! S"%$|sDx<!&Bi29"%9fD!w¡'¡£¢Š¤¥:;rs8fGxƒ`f¦U1-l"%

(14) 5§zU$9"%$bES<.nD$U- ¨©ª{«¬sD' .@‡­2~®'!-iE'9" e79f(B*¯:¡2!m5§-w&`O1­m2!1-m¥fD O&[j<B%hniD8O&BG@1­js(iiD-h`Ok8"S!°-5-5§-`"&hD!8Ož..nD<<5)±w s;.?D1-m2<(i<n)±w (iin8f;GS".iƒ`f¦-wˆ@<1-i<(<BnDi-w'9"%1\:²¤z!‚!<`"§i8D8

(15) "%)l&-l&D`|@-1-mD!1mD`§s!$8!-{"%$-` &;4& "S!‡`O<5p2!9fDkz1-<D(o(<ƒ`f`4ž.&<`"(jˆs!i1-isD­(Y`S"J(œ1-<(i(i<Dƒ`fˆpD @-`f-(V³¡'D¡4¢µ´lƒ`f;Y &<8$z-G¥!-1-z„|f;”1-<(i(i<ƒ`fz³¶EG@‡!g´”-·fD%<8sD~&$2<55§$b³ˆ4¡'D¡4¢µ´8¤@wJ&'fDDU!9\f0 .sD$±1­j-()G@$`'ž%¡ D¡£¢Š¤!w&;&`&h¸\-oD{&;)<8f@nD89"7&`1-`"%i8&;j

(16) "Sj1-(j`¥: rs8f;Gy()¥fD}<.hnDiD-wœ<¹sD¥f"z1-<!i&D$!}ƒ`f†(j`z"%-1m\<(i<nDi8}1±<(i()pB<B!¥"SB`º@<B{"|fD2†&8 i<BB9"%i<BDg"%-1-m<D(i<Bnƒ`f0` ƒ`f;O8

(17) "'(b5§)¥fk¬sD@`fz„U`¥!<D1-ix(){¶@1-)-21-8œ!<D1-)-(j`„~!< &$9B­(<BssD-5§-`":£»x(i< §ƒ`f¬&-§()}sD(hfDsD

(18) "&`§&<B5­iD8§<¼1-<BD

(19) "%9"%~fD2½EG!<`"Si‡!¬$9"%1-mD {"S! fD|@<1-i<(<BnDiœ&`J"%±1mjƒ`f`ƒ`f--(i?;!1{<5¶5§-`"fD2 "%-1m2<(i<n¶{

(20) "s!<D&`fD#"%œ9"fD2 !<D1-i<(i<BnDix&8¾f0@nD8Oƒ`f;$9"Gf&iˆ(j8J-ESE.¥"!+@<1)¥fkl&x1-`J5§°-5§`"%-1m2<(i<ni{!w;<œ"S.<8fDx9D{1 (j8g"%-1m2<(i<ni{œ1±<(i()pB<B!¥"S#`gfz1-<E

(21) in8fD!9"%i<‚.sD$-1-iE.jƒ`f~<8¿¼!<D1i<(<BnDiz&`g"%-1-mjƒ`f`9" !<D1-i<(i<BnDi§&2f0!nD2&i-(i<Bn8f-{"`"S@|(i(j8gsD<8fDs!<Bs2<¦@'&œ5-j‡!!sDj&|9"="%$!9"ShD§&` -5$-()i<!9"%i<&{£(<BnDj1­j-(G1-<À9f0¾ž%Áj`!w8¢vj()()inD8!w8 <¦!<w¨©©ª-¤¥: ¡9")"%œs%<2kDi5§#"%$|-`"S@¶(i`x!1-j-D1-`x!<D1-i-()89"4()1{<1-s8"S<Bz&D`J"%-1-m<D(i<BnDi`1-<(i(jpD<! "SB8' 9fy&`41-<$-ƒ`f-1±2

(22) fD(jœ5|-j‡!&<B{"O1-`£"%±1m<(<BnDi`'@<B{"O1-<B2À9f`Â:2OU-ESE.¥"%w¦sD<8f"S<8f8"%{ (j8sD @<B2`ƒ`fB"S!¥D-i()(j-`"7&;1-'1-m2­5sDwi(ss!¥Ão"71-(i-h­5§-`"7ƒ`f'1<B21-s8"Si<9"0f0@nD` !<`"xsD{&9fDk¼5<5§-`"!ƒ`f;'!ºSf1-1-‡-&-`"&-D()~Dj}&0f}i<9"Si<º"%-1m<D(i<BnDiƒ`f}5§-

(23)  &9fkC-19"%hD#"%$8ƒ`f;O&<hD-`"¥)i{"%.sD$-$9"S@œE

(24) i‚&zs!<&`fD>!~&{œi<BB9"Si<;ƒ`f;J@$sD<B2&-`"'(j sD(#f0O­ESE.j1-{1--5§-`"YsD<¦!hpD()x9fDkpD8!<i;!$--(GO&2Yf"S)()G@9"%9fD ž.»'Ä!i1-mw¨©©ª{¤¥:-Oˆ¡'D¡4¢Åx-i;  sD

(25) "S19f;(jj‡!-5§­{"y&$9D-(i<ssD$ (j`}s!<D1-`

(26) fY¬& ³1-<1±s8"Si<Æ1--`"S@$-,f0!nD´w³` !GS"%$-†sD (Sof0!nD ´2wfD›³1-<D3.&`!hnDœ´›<8fÇfDƳ&8!hnDÆsD

(27) "Sj1-isD9"%oEY´›ž.’—•DŽ˜o’‘¹Èj‘UJ’‘Œœ˜j‘’J—’ŠÉœŽ8Ê¥‘-’ Ë ‘̐i‘’¥‘•UÍ8¤4<2¿y(i`Jf0@nD¥g@<B{"JiD1-<.s<!$`49fkz&)E%E.$@­{"%`JsmD{!8&`fzs!<D1-`

(28) fY&1-<1-s8".i< sD‚(iÎpDj- ,&;)-ƒ`f¦°9"%`¼

(29) "%¥"S)

(30) "%iƒ`f8!wU&Î5<D<n!smj8‚&Ç!#"Gf¥".i<,&¯"S!9B-)(jwU&ÏDj&$-< &;hf0!nD¥”-›-19"%hD#"%$-w§&;))5sD()-{"%9"Si<”-Ð!="%¹k2sD$!)5§-`"%-(§<2fÑ5°­5§v&v&$sD(i<j-5|-{"¬- !#"Gf9"S<BÒ9"GfD!-(i(jӞGÔ'<8fD(i()j!w¼tDuu8t¤¥:½rÐ"S!‡`Æ2<5œp!9f0@8Õ5§$9"Sm<D&<(i<Bn2–<`"Ö&8<1×$9"%$ 5<BpDj()G!$±2sD<8fD£"%{"%&1<B21-D<h&`J"%-1m2<(i<n)8ƒ`fVi`"%‡n!`"4(iœs(hf0ES<B

(31) "%5-`"OsD<¦.hpD(G (j8s!$-<D1-19fDsD "Si<;!$--(i(j2¾&`Vf0!nD &-(j`s@<1-` SfV¾&'1-<B21-s8"Si<;: O¶sD(hf0O&œ1-œ!<8f1­Ds!5-D­{"&ˆ59"G"G!'(Sf"%i()G!¥"%9fDJ¥fz1Ø'fDJ&`fls!<D1-` Sf0O&ˆ1-<1±s8".<B2w¦(j8 5œf;(=".isD(){~"S!9B9fDkÆ!9"G"%±1m$`·9fÙ¡ D¡J¢ sDS"%nD`"UfDÏ9"G"%-1m2-5|-{"y1-<B55œfƄ (j¯2<2"S<BÏ& 1-<<sD$! "Si<;:§¡ j8

(32) "CÑ-ESE.¥"‚1±ƃ`fD~(j9fD¼ÎsDS5|G¼&Ç@Æ&BGS".i8n8f¼&`¼&9fDkÚ& @1-osD()iD8 s!$-¥kD S"%`"%{68(

(33) j$9"Gf&'&`.?

(34) "%‡-58&0)iES<B!5§9"%i<B§&;hf;1-Û2"%$'ž%Ü8Ý)ݘ Ë ‘Þ ŽDi‹8Œˆ—h˜)‹8Ìß±à†—Ì—{á0‘Œ‘̐ âVã;ä.å0æ!çoåèhé!êhäëäìiíîå>ï-ðì äæñòó.åhçGäô!é!ç)è#åõ¥çGö é!ä÷Jòî-äéùø¥ê>êhæ.ú-ø¥çGæ!åièhø îô@å>çGø¥è#åiäæ%û-äùéêGü=ô!ý9ò±è#ñ±ä+ë¥òxþ8ÿìGæ õä ìëä ì  Gã

(35) ¦ø ú-ä!ç)åé!ï-ø!ú-æîè>æùîæ!ç)è=î-ä[ò-èhëä.çGëø¥îè0ä.å0ä!ç)åhçGæ!î-ë\çGèFú-ø ò±çGõä.åYæ.û-ä!éæ çGè=æþDæ!òç)æ 7çGæ ä.å#åæ'ëäêGü ÿ"!#$ ø ñ-ï±èhæ&V% î¥åiè²ñ±ø¥êhèiì(' 1.

(36) halshs-00162622, version 1 - 14 Jul 2007. ÌSÝ‹8’Œˆ—i˜)‹8ÌÑ“ ;ʐi‘Œ <8f  .¤¼Â"C&Æ(S)9f"S@Ö(iÆ1±<B21-s8"%i<B &`ŠssD()j1-9"%i<Š&`S".i$±2,9f;k <!&8i9"%9fDœi&h;j&`f-(Gœž|Ž8Œx—̊‰J‹8ŒVŽDi‘’ ̐i‘’ — Ë i˜)‹8̼<8f¡J .¤¥:V»x(i< ƒ`f~(i}&G!1-is(jiD~&8 .?;S"%‡-58&;)iDES<B!59"%i<½"S!¥D-)(i(j¬„·(j}1±<B21-s8"%i<B¼&{œ³œn!<;´¼.?;

(37) "%‡-58sD<2fDœ(2-`"S!s%)` žù@

(38) D¥fD &;G-`"S!s.)-wY$-1m-\nD2iES<B!5§9"Siƒ`f¦`&&<8$±2žG£r .¤%w[(i<n1­j-(G&œ!$`!@B9"%i<B2wV& 1-<55|-2&¶<8f·&"S@@-19"%i<Bz-{"S!1­(ij-`"!9"OES<8fD.G¥!9fD %¤!wV(i& 1-isD(oiD  ¡J '))5sD(i)ƒ`f¦&- (j†1±<B21-s8"%i<BŸ&`y<8f8"Si(G}iDES<B!59"%iƒ`f8yƒ`f;xsD!5§9")"%`"z&‚1<

(39) "SSfDh!ºf;Ÿ&i-(i<Bn8f¼-`"S!ºfD iD&Bhj&`f¬9"fD5§`1-miD¶G@<(i$-8:e7!ssD< "4„1-`&9fk}³5<D

(40) "S@`´z& @1-osD()iD-i!8!wV(i§¡'¡J¢ ¥j8

(41) "-E

(42) ES<!1-$U&0j<1-1¥fDsDgfD”&<B5§-iDUƒ`f)j(Gœ1±.D-G{"'5§-(¾"%<8f0'(j`&9fDky6V(S)<.nDG!¥".i<”&b(j 1-<<sD$! "Si<|&'sD9"%#"!n.<8fDsD`O&'sD !<82`Oƒ`f;D"S!ÂB-)()(j-`"¾!$`@-9fz<8fz¶n@<2fDsD`s%<9€@9"!¥:`O "%{"%`"C&;j "Sj19f(j¼(i8,pB8!<i,&2¼iD&Dj&`fY¼ <(i$8¼ž

(43) s!)Š-Ñ1-<D5œs8"%ÎsD¼(i  ¡J .¤¼¥"‚(i8 &o5§-!<;'1±<(i()±19".hB`'¥"<8.nDG!¥".i<-(j(){'&82?

(44) "%‡-5§`&;o !ES<ù59".<B2w¾(i8"S!9B9fk¬&-;'(j 1m2­5s &`f ¡ D¡J¢ <`"Ùs<8fD <8p¥€-1¥".iEÑ1-<D5¶5œf & "%`"% ³&;j$-ƒ`fhsD (j` i`"%!-19"Si<; s!<ES` !<-()(j8z&0)<8f"Si(G}i;

(45) "%9fD@`"l{"S!‚&`zsD¥!<8D`y&G

(46) "%{"%`|fγ-ESE.9"l&ºs!${!-1{g´ 

(47) fESE.G!-5|5§-`"sD

(48) "Si-{"œsD<8fD§ƒ`f½&}!$±­(j(j`U1±<<s$@9"Si<l&y"S@9D-)(s8f;G¥@,¬&$D-(i<ssDU„ "S!9B (j`7!$`!±9fk¶&'1-<B55œf)1{9"S<B;´ž.¡!&<w¨© © 8¤¥: OU!D-1-m±wV9f3.&-(j„&|1-¥"9"j"%-1m2­5§-`"41-<55fy„¶(S)i;

(49) "S

(50) f5-`"%¥"Si<Bz&|(j1-<D<BsD$!Â"S<Bz&-; (j8ˆsD¥"S#"!xn!<2fDsD{!w(

(51) joDES()¥".i<”1!<j¥!-`"%z&`'"G!¥DfkC&­D1-9"G"%z&8)!1-is(jiD~1-<&`f#" „lfD2l"S!‡{ n!2&U&Bh!#"%$U&¶"G!¥D9fDkDw&|5§-1-moD{x9"&|(i<ni1-j-(G¥:0 ù({

(52) "-oD!J&$-(j)1±9"&|s.<s<;!fD "G?\sD<(i<nˆƒ`f;5§9"G"G@#"&x(G)<!&8!x&DJ1±9"G"%'&8h !#"%$8:{rD!<"S@9D-i(jw;¡!&<|ž¨© © 8¤£s%<Bs2<¦@ "S<8f8"%ES<BGl&;)<!&<8U(

(53) j-;!-5œp;(j”&`¶"%±1m<(<BnDi8z1-<(i()pB<B!¥"SB`l­‚f"%o(iG-`"œ" .<G¶ù±pD(j8 1-<5œsD()$-5§-`"%-h!{6 3 (j'o‘ŒYJÊžù.?2D1-m8!<

(54)   `.?D1-m\!<B2¤!w 3 (S)‘Ê>J— Ë ‘xž%œs!$`@-1-

(55)   „'&BGS"%1{  D!-()(j

(56)  Gp\fD!-9fD¤ 3 9"(i84&BiE.E%$!-`"%{o‘ Ë  ÌD˜ Ž‘-Êg•D‘x’‘)J’ -Ê¥‘̐—o˜j‹8Ìz‘{[•D‘œ™-˜iÊ¥Ž8—DÈj˜oÊ —i˜)‹8Ìyž.¥f&Bi< GsDm<`" < jDi&$- < "%9pD(i±9 f S${1!¶iES<!5|¥".iƒ`f S5<#"%9fDVDj&$-< G@$--(o="%$+DoS"Gf(i()¤¥: Oˆf"Si()G!-`"71-{VD!jpD(j`!wi(&BGS".i8n8f ;@-5p(j`O&+"%-1m\<(i<nDi`&iE.E.$!-`"!6 ¨{: O`‘ÊhJ— Ë ‘ÊJ•D‘g•D‘ʁʥ˜iÌʍJ—’9—{á ʈ689k0: œi&±<&8!¥w--5œ¢v<.Ä0`"% "Si<w  t0: O`VŒ‘•D˜i—ÊhJ— Ë ‘Ê68¡<(i()pBw œ&-<2o2&<2wD¾m{fD&.h@'ž.9f&i<¦%sD-1-¤@w  ;: O`‹ŽDi˜)ÈiÊ Ë ‹‹. ’—o˜ Ý8ÊO—Ê ;Ì  Ë  ’‹8ÌD‘-Ê6­O<`"Gf0 !<`"%`@w`Ji\ÄB¢¯<B%ÄDw¡<<8!&8i¥"%<B%w «0: O`# "‰ Ë ‹‹. ’ —i˜ Ý8Ê6\¡4SfD)!@w2e7i¸-¸{±w2/Y<

(57) f5w  $D: O`”h& — %8È)‘—DŽ '-Èj‘ Ë h’¥‹8ÌD˜ Ž‘Ê6­O¥Ô'<D!&@w[5

(58) "%(w  )* O`V+Ê 0Ê- ,Œœ‘-ÊJ•D‘g.’ -Ž8ÌD˜)‹8ÌÊ ±È)‘ Ë h’¥‹8ÌD+˜ Ž‘­Êˆ68¡<B(ipBw®'!<8fDs;

(59) ?;S"%-5|!w8r<(hsDmi w  /* O`‘ÌD™-˜o’‹8ÌÌ;‘Œ‘̐hʏ™-˜o’9oŽ‘-È)ʈ6­rhD-w8*¼{ !h-w8/0!-­(>ÄD w  ¡<B55§"%<8f8"%{g(i{+"S?\sD<(i<ni{!w1--(i(j-3.1-8

(60) "&8)1¥f"%9pD(j8:; !(V<8f0x!-5œp;(j" <2f\"%ES<)ƒ`f7)-()(jsD!59" &¶@&8!§1-<5œs8"%§&|(j|& !#"%$|&8'i2<BD9"%i<g"%±1m8jƒ`f8gs@<&`fD#"%{'&-;'(j|&<D5-oD\:< f"Si()#"%$ˆ"%i-`""S<8f8"%ES<D)gsD(#fY9fDk¬kD-5sD()8ƒ`f7)-(j()&D<B\§ƒ`f;YsD!5|¥")"%{"&;)i(j(fY

(61) "S@(i|1-m-5sy& 1-9"j"%~&8G@1­isD()iDzƒ`fYG„·@<B”1-!-19"%‡@~kDm¥f0

(62) "%oE!:0‚-ESE.9"%wo(2<2f0xsD!¥Ão"xi{f".i(j1  0,9"œ@-&<2f"% )5sD<; !hpD(j2  0z&'s!<sD<¦@fD¶@sD$!nDxƒ`fB"%{"%!-#"¾

(63) "SiE

(64) j1-j-()(j-5|-{"&;j<B.nD @f;2 s!<D&`f19"Si< ƒ`f8

(65) "5@ƒ`f$-¶sD'(j|5œf(#".="Gf&|&8'-{"S!s.G!{œ!sD$-1-iE.jƒ`f`x<}1-<D<!&8<82$-`¥ : !§<8f0'(S)D<; $9B<ƒ`f$§1­3.&8 

(66) fY601-|ƒ`fE.-#"@$--()(j-5|-{"g( f#"%$U&D`+"S@9D9fDky!9"G"%-1m2$`9f”¡';¡J¢vw1-U!<`"(j` s!i1-isD`O1-<55œf;;O&ˆ(Sjss!<D1mˆ³xf0!O1--`"%@-&œ´|¥"(iSfDssD<BS"9fkl-19"ShD#"%${J&Dx1-<<sD$! "Si<;: O`U"%-1-m<(i<n2@wœ(){}5§$9"Sm<D&<(i<BnDi`·9"z(i`·$sD S"%$-5<(i<n`¬<`""S<8f€!<8fD y$9"%$¼&BhD !8y9"z(i 5œf;(=".isD(oj1{9"Si<&8V"S!¥D9fk§'ES!ˆ@-&<8f"%'„+(Sj±oƒ`fg@ES<B@1-21-<B@'1-9")"%&8hD !="%$8: r;J(jx&<B5-iDx&2"%-1m<(i<nj`O1-<(i(jpD<!9"ShD`@w;o(Y!-5œp;(jx&<B21ˆ&'s!o5§xpD<!&|ƒ`fx&`O$9"% "! &`U(ijfk¯&ºƒ`f-(j#"%$º<`"§$¥"%$½!$-(oG$`b9"§ƒ`f·" !-1-U&`§sD %sD-19"%B8U`S"§&D-`f¹&$­(jj1-9":£O !$--(i#"%$-wi(£2<2f0x!-5œpD(j|ƒ`f¦|(i~!#"Gf9"S<B}0j`S"sD`"S<8f8"„ES­="1--(i()±3.1-1-gsD!-&<8kD-(j­5§-`"%w[pD`. 2.

(67) halshs-00162622, version 1 - 14 Jul 2007. ƒ`fY)i(Gy­j-`"l5 z(j8|f0!n;`b9fÏ1Ø fDz&‚(j9fDU!$-ES(G9kDi<Dwˆ(j`|"S@9D9fDkŸ&`fÏ¡'D¡4¢ sD!(i-`"§sD9f &;hf0!nD8x³œ!$--(G´¬&U()¥fD '"%-1m<D(i<BnDi`Â:¦4¬-E.E.¥"%w¾(i8gfY!nD`$±B<ƒ`f${x1-i3.&D`¥

(68) f0!<`"(i|sD(fY !<8fD-{"1±9fk§&`1±<B21-s8"%9fD ¾9fkD3.5§°-5|{( 0lƒ`f;8"%`S"%`"Y(i¥fD <8f8"Si(GsD<2fD0"%`"%&g(i`-5§$-()i<! 0Ï<2fÏ1-¥fkŸ&[hf0nD½%sD$-1-)ESjƒ`f0`@w@<2fB-`"§s(j-1±$2yŸ&-m< z&‚(j9fD y1-<&#"%i<B;b&½"S!9D-j( 1-(i8 !jƒ`f8!w05¶G4&­D£fˆsD<;!#"%i<~.sD$±1­iE.jƒ`fœ&œ³ˆ" `

(69) "%¥fD ´U&;hfDD "%-1m8<D(i<BnDi8:8OU-ESE.9"%wV%[(j8 "S!9B9fk @1­j-`"%iE.jƒ`f`×9" (i8 s!<`" <`"G?8sD{ s!<(iiE!‡!`" &×(j 1-<55œf9f"%$ ¡'D¡4¢¯wÇ(i8 )5sD(j­{"%9"Si<!$9fY !j8O&ˆ(i<nj1-j-( O!`S"%`"7s(#f0! {Jž%® 

(70) f&iw£¨©ªª *¼.Ä8f0!w;¡<<(h?2w£¨©© u Ô<2 @w~¨©© $ x'( @<B2wœ-`!(j?wz¨©© 8¤¥:'¡9"z$¥"%Â"l&†ES-#"l!&Ÿ&$-(ij1{9"U(Sj­2-(o?;¼&8Uf0!nD8 s8f)!ƒ`f¦œ(

(71) j<~!-#"Oƒ`fœ(j8£f"Si()G9"%¥fD JsD<;.#"%i<$`4&;£fD|@Û(iœ&œ³1-<D3.1<B21-s8"%9fD´|0j<B{"sD` (j8œ5§°-5|{1-<5œsD<

(72) "%5-`"!ƒ`f~(j8'f".i(iG9"%9fD x³œ@$--( 7´‚9" ƒ`f~1-{¶!="Gf9".<BD&|"%`

(73) " ž

(74) 5°-5U !-1±<BD

(75) "S

(76) fD#"%{‚<8fÚ&D‚(jÎ1--&8@Î&;hf;2Îks$!i5|-{"%9"Si<8¤†@<B{"‚!;!pD(j-5§-`"”&iE.E.$!-`"%`C&` !#"Gf9"S<B;@$--(o(j8&;hf0!n'ž Ô!&iiw <

(77) D¥"Smw¨©© $ {¢¯<<(hnD!w¨©©V¨¥¤¥: ~"S!9B­j(ss!<ES<&£!{

(78) "%U&<1U${1-`¥@­> |sD<8fDx$9-(hfx9"2­(i?;x(j`'f0!n`x³œ!$±­(G´¬& 1-`"%-1-m2<B(i<nDi81-<(i()pB<B!¥"SB8¥: gf-()ƒ`f{£"S!9B9fDk}!!<`"&<82$`JsD<8fDO<2p€!±19".iE&0)-2­(i?;O1-8 f0!nD`z!$--(G¥:J*¼<`"S!{"lƒ`f,(S)i`"%$!°9"l&‚1-8U!-1-mD@1m8z8

(79) "§sD@À9fÏ&s8f;Gz(i<\n8"%-5œs;zsD~(j 1-<55f¥f"%$-w01-

(80) "%iD&1-`"S!9D¥fk¬@<B{"J5°-5§ˆ-(i9"%hD-5§­{"OD1-j­Dž Ô<8 !wJ¨©© ${¤¥:»xo;!w &‡`¬¨© © ¼-(i<B§ƒ`f½(i`§<8f"Si(G§1-<(i(j±pB<B@9"SiEùU@<B{"21-<!¬` @¸¬!!-5§-`"!$-(i(j-5|-{"&$sD(i<B?2$8 &;x(j`x-`"S@s.G!`@w7rbo .!hpDù2-wVO­5<1-iO9"19m2<2pB­j-¬5§‡­2-`"&`x$9"Gf&{x&U1-`œSfDˆ(j8 f0!nD`'!$--(Gx&§&BjE

(81) E%$!-`"!ES<B

(82) f5U'&-;f;Dn!-&D|-`"S@s.G!§&U£$-(j$-1-<55œf)1±9".<Byž¨©©©8¤¥: !()--(o?-`"4­iD!()8Jf0@nD8&¶1-iDƒ|"

(83) ?\sD`&0)<8f"Si(

(84) 1-<(i(j±pB<B@9"SiEù&)ESE.$!-`"!6;&9fkyES<

(85) f;5U@w¦fD !#"%|i`"S@D9"%w[fD}³ˆ<.ÄE

(86) (<2Ï´¬9"JfD¬<8f8"Si(O1-<(i(j-19"%iEg&|5§-nD­5§-`":; !() 1-<BD

(87) "%9"%`"&`f0nD8 9k\"S!°-5-5|-{"O&BhD !)E.j$`4&1-`£"%±1­m\<(<BnDi8-()(j8!3S5|°-5§8k8"S@°5§­5§-`"O&8h!`Â:2*Š-G!w05°-5U ¼s!--`"fDD·"%-1m2<(i<nº)&-{".iƒ`f±w (j`l&¥fkvES<

(88) f5U|sDlkD-5s(j-w'i( b±pB<2f"Sj¥!-`"§„”&` !$`Sf;(="%9"!sDG"Si19f()j‡!-5§-`"

(89) "Si5ˆf(j-`"!¥: <2f\"x&;j9pD<!&w£i(Gœ5<D`"S!{"xƒ`f~(21-<D1-s8"%¥fD &~1-¥"G"%¶"%-1m82<(i<n~E.-G-j­{"xi5¶sD()j1-#"%-5§-`" (S)m?sD<`"Sm‡{!}ƒ`f7f‚ES<

(90) f;5 ES<D19"Si<D}&}(#f)3.5§°-5U8: .(GsD­D!-j-`"ƒ`f}(i< !ƒ`fYj<BC&<B2}„}&8 -19"%¥fD O&;fD2ˆ-`"S@s.)gfD|5<?D-§&ˆ&G!19f0¥!i<§"&;j$-1mD-\nD-w;1-9fkB3.1-0& @19f"%{"9"7$-1m2-8nD-`": O`Jf0@n;{!$--(Gg5<D`"S!{"&;hfDœsDS"ƒ`fYii( s9fDD-`""S@‡`JpDi-~2œsD2&G!19f"%<2f·$-1m28n<8f ƒ`fY)i(GgsD¥f-`"4(i¶E%-o@sD4fy9f"S!1-2­(7ž.()|5§-)(<8f¬(i&G19f0¥!i<}iES<B!5§-()(j&|1-<8f;(<h!w0sD 9kB­5sD(j¤¥:`)-{"S!s.G!x$9"Gf&i$-xD-#"sDùE%-#"%-5§­{"j&{".iES)$1-9"G"%x&8oESE.j19f(#"%$'s8f;G!ƒ`f¦x&$@€„x„ˆ1±9"G"% $sD<Dƒ`f-wœ(i(j¼`¥!<D1-i-#"}.?

(91) "%$-5§9".ƒ`f­5§-`"b„†1m-19fŸ&`}ES<

(92) f5U}5|Gy-Î(jonDºfÎ-j5|¥"%9fD 1m2.nD$&œ!$sD<B2&8!„¶1±

(93) "%-i8ƒ`f`

(94) "%i<;!wY&;)-()j5§­{"%g(¶ES<

(95) f;5×!$-1{`-h!-wY&¶E%±B<B!)@g(j8 $-1mD-\nD`!w9"%1\:œ~"S@9D-i(+%sD$-1-)E.jƒ`fs;!5¥"G"S!#"&;j-)(j()¥fD '&0)j&-`"%iE

(96) jxD±1¶sD(fY&¶s!$-1-Gi< ƒ`f-(i()8'@<B{"(i81-<5œsD$¥"%1-8žù%sD${1­iE.jƒ`f89"i5sD<

(97) "%`"%{.¤ƒ`fD!<`"41--()(j`&0fbpB<Bz-j5|¥"%9fD &gES<

(98) f;5l: <2f\"%ES<BG@w+pD)-vƒ`f}"%<2f0l(i8U&9fDk¯&<2"%$`l&;j­j5U9"%¥fD !wg(i8l&9fDkÎES<

(99) f5|z$9"Gf&i$`l&D­Dz1-9"G"% {"S!s.G!Î2ÎES<1¥".i<-j-`"¬sD{‚&Î(iÎ5§°-5§Î5§­j‡@8:¡9"G"%Î&8iESE.$@­21-Î&-;‚(j`¬fY!nD8 ¥jksD()jƒ`f¶2<BUsD8sD&`kDinD-D1-`sDS".i1¥f;(j)‡!`&¶(iˆ"%-1m2<(i<n¶žSs8f;G!ƒ`f§18j2S"(i5|°-5§¤ 5§- ÏsDÇ(j 5§­j‡@ &<B{"Æ1±`ÆES<

(100) f;5§Õ)

(101) "Sj1±f(i-`"Ï9B-1 ()8Æs@9"Siƒ`f`Æs@<BE%`¥!i<D-(o(j8 {"%$!i9fD!`O&`sD<8"%`"S­(Gf"Si()G9"%9fD¥:-Ogs!-5|jE!<BSfD5›$9"Gf&B$ˆ$9"%-#"%sD$-1-oE%)ƒ`f¦'„gf;2'&Bi!-1¥".i< !$nDi<-(j‚&,(SG-{"S!s.G!‚¥"|sD<8G"%#"zSfD|fD†"Sm‡-5§ &‚5-n-5|-{":+ .(x‚$¥"%$½f"So(jG!$ºsD|f !<hk-`"%iD|&|sD !<8&U&BiE.E%$!-`"!h{9fk·mG$!!1mjƒ`f`'sD-&-{"JfDD¶sD$!i<D&|&0j­8Di!< &9fkÏ5<G¥:¡,s!<D1-`

(102) f0y&‚&${1- !<v8.?D1-m8@<BD‚9"l„‚&G

(103) "%21`‚‚sD!5G}&‚s!<D&`fDh!‚&D` s!<s<;.#"%i<Ÿ&Õn!<8fDsD`Ÿ&Ç"S!9B­i(¬"S!-&#".<B2­(SŸž

(104) !$9fD<Ÿ-1Õs!$`@-1{Õsm8?!)ƒ`fÑ&8 sD

(105) "S1­isD-`"!%¤¥:`Oœ

(106) f1{1-‡`4&ˆ1±ES<

(107) f5ÇsD¥f"&;hf;2ˆsD-

(108) "° "S!xÂ"j"S.hp8f$x„(Sj-)5§9"%i<Bl-E

(109) E.j1-±1`xƒ`f7)- 'ES­="[fg€9f'1{-&8@+ ›5§-GJj(V!-5œp;(jœ

(110) fD

(111) " <2f\"7ƒ`fDˆ!<U

(112) f1-1±‡2Y".i-{"¥fUES-#"7ƒ`f0'1±27sD !<D`@w ssDS"%{"O„œ()5§°­5§œ&i!-19"%i<|!$ni<D-(j-w¾@¶1±<B2­G¥@­j-`"O-{"S!œ-(i()84±B-`"O()œ(j-1{-5§­{"O&. 3.

(113) halshs-00162622, version 1 - 14 Jul 2007. 1-UES<BSfD5×9"ƒ`fb(i|s@<2pD(i‡-5§U&U5|-2nD-5|-{"gsD<;%$U$9"%#"fD}s@<2pD(i‡-5§U1-<1@9"9"1-<55ˆf;·& (j9fD-19"%hD#"%$ƒ`f<2"Si&j-8:Ob!±1-<B2&~ES<

(114) f;5Ú$9"Gf&i$§¶1±<B\`fzf;D&`S".i$±¶i8 8:D !(VB­="JsD<8fD <8p€!-19"%iEg&|ESB<B!)'(2$-1-m-\nD2-`"S!§&`x

(115) "%ni-i!`<ù>niD-h!8&¶sD(f0!j9fD'$9"%¥pD()G¥!-5§-`"! &|(S)-{"S!s.G!§ƒ`f;s

(116) "S1­isD-j-`"„œf;2|ES<B!5§9"Si<º.fD'(GG$B<B(#f"%i<}&D|(j9fDg@ÛB(j|&|5§-n;-5§-`" &`!{ !<8fD!1-{gm{f;5§-iD`¥:D ù(Y&DD-#"(j9fDsD!59"G"S@œ&1-<BEG@<B{"%(i8J"S!9D¥fkyiD&BhDj&`f0-(Gƒ`f7)i(

(117)  5§--j­{"&`fD!`"(2sD$!i<D&`O&;)i`"% !8 !<w;„'sD

(118) "SiO&`O<8.i-`"%¥"Si<B;O9"7<8f8"Si(Gs!<BsD<;!${J&J(j ES<ù59".<B”9"¬s!$sD!9"Si<”&`J€!<8fD.2$`{x&UES<ù5§9"S<B”„|D-i¥:[ !()nG¥!-#"&<1U!$--(i(j­5§-`" &;hf;Ï2%sD-1-v1-<(i(j-19"%iE}&†"S!¥D-i(U5|-G¬)(z){

(119) "y1{!-1¥"%$.)@$¯sD~f;2¹E%-pD(jv-19"%hD#"%$6 sD¥fÑ& s!<s<;.#"%i<J?l<`"O$9"%$ˆES-#"%{9"O1-(o(j8ƒ`f0<`"O$ "%$ˆES-#"%`4<B{"O$Â"%$ˆsD¥fy&8)19f"%$-`Â:8*¼°-5œ&<`"%$œ&;hfD j5|¥"%9fD!w¾fD”ES<B

(120) fD5 ƒ`fg

(121) fDssD<;!z&~E%­>!~&G19f"%&`xsD @<B\8ƒ`f;}!z1-<-G¥!-`"sD` ž

(122) sD@1-ˆƒ`fYj-()(j8J0jssD

(123) "%i--{"sD`49fz5§°­5§œ$¥"%9pD()G¥!-5§-`"¾&ˆ(SG-`"S!s% @¤

(124) fD£fDz

(125) f±€ ¥"ƒ`f7)i(

(126)  UD-{"'sD`1-<1@‡Â"%-5-`" ž

(127) s8fD)@ƒ`f~(j9fDˆ@ÛB(iz&~5§-nDœ&`'  $9"%="gfD¬!Û(i~³E)f"GfD´wJ„ )5§nDiD.¤J@­5œpD(j'&<1'D<>sD9fl&'1m-1±'& ES<D19"Si<Â: rl)9f"S@`'"G!9B9fDk‚&;j--(o?~&{ fY!nD`x!$--(Gœ<`" $9"%$U!$-(iG!$8ž e7$!<D1m±9fw£tDuu ®gf;i&!&<Bw tDuu  xh.?DwtDuu 1 /0!hpD<8fD.nDwtDuu ${¤¥:Y¡+{ˆ5<B2<Bn!sm)8x<8f0xiES<B!5§-`"x

(128) fDx(jb5§-j‡!U&<`" 1-`f0!nD8¥)i;1!h-`"O&D&`41-<BESin8fD!9"%i<<.nDG9"S<BD-(i(j2Â:D£<8f8"%ES<G!w0o(@­5œp(jœƒ`fYf 1--&8@"Sm$±<B.ƒ`fb!<D(oj&U9".sD$-1-iE.jƒ`f|E.-#"+­21-<!|&$-ES9f"sD<8fD!2&8!|1-<5œs8"%§&|()§&Bh!#"%$|& 1-`vfY!nD`Ï!$--(G¥:~2 (jonDÚ& !-1-m!1-m &8Î"S@9D9fk „ÐD-iÎsD<8fD.!-#"Ÿ&<1Ú°9"S! (i 1-<@<(ii&¥"Si<B&[hf;x"%(D1--&8!+"Sm2$-<.iƒ`f8: ¡ <B55§º<8f0U(SG9B<B;l$D<Dƒ`f$º1-i3.&8

(129) fY!w'(i†!<D1-i<B(<BnDj 0Ÿ9"¶†sD

(130) ".19f;(jjU(j,!<D1-i<(i<nDiº&8  f0!nD` 0ÐÎ&< ‚ "”&$

(131) €@„¹n!2&-5|-{"”1-<`"S.hp8f$Ÿ„¹sD<;!”(i`”s!-5)9l€!-(i<;C&Î1-Ÿ1--&8! "Sm$±<B.ƒ`f8:4(o(jÎsD<;!Æ-i; y(){ ES<&9"%i<;¼-Õs<Bs2<¦@`"¬fDÆ&$-E.iD#"%i<Õs!$±1­G@Ç&`fÑ"%.5§ ³ˆf0@nD ´:¦O±1!<hk”&$-E.iD#"­i;!J(j8x³ˆf0!nD2@<1-ifk´”1-<55§6[³&8x5<D&`x&0f"%i()G!¥".i<‚! 5§-)E%`

(132) "%{"y9D{1¹Sf;ESE.G-5|5§-`"y&†@$-19fD.!1- ¥"¬!<8f0¬(i ES<B!5 &0)m2±pD="Gf&`‚

(133) fE

(134) E% @-5|5§-`" i`"%$n@$-`”&-;º(¹ƒ`f<8"Si&j­29"%$ sD<2fD”¥)i;!$!”9"”¥)i5œsD<;!”&-”(S)$-`"%-i(§&8¬s!9"Siƒ`f8 19f(#"GfD!-(i(j` s!$±±kDGS"%`"%`@w½!›!s!<D&`fDh!Õ¥"¼$9B­{"Gf-(o(j-5§-`"‚@$`!G

(135) "%Š-Ù"%`"¼ƒ`fÆs!9"%iƒ`f8 .sD$±1­iE.jƒ`f8¬„Š&[j9f"S!`ys!9"Siƒ`f{”1-<B219fD.!`"%`·<2f–1-<82k`´Æž O-1!<hkDw}¨©©8«Dwœs0:G¨¥« 8¤ :gO(o(j &$9B­(<BssDœ5§°-5|x&D`1-<1±s8"!O1

(136) f1-j9fkb1-<5¶5§œ1±­(hf0&œ³œnD$D$--(i<nD)x&0f0nDg´lž ¥<8f 9" wtDuuu8¤ ƒ`fs!<Bs2<¦@'&g!sD(i-1-1­m2-ƒ`f+f0nD'&-Yf;2+"S!.€ ±19"S<h!'&`YfV@nD8&;fˆf"%i(oG9"%¥fDE

(137) i§&0)- s!<D&`fDh!+fD2'­2-(o?;@'&2?2D-5|jƒ`f8: *¼-G!wUpD)-у`f›ES<B2&-5§-`"%-(i`@w~1{`‚@$­E%()kDi<DÎ@<2fDESEG-`"C&;fDDÆ()j5|#"%ƃ`fyÙ@<2fB­{"C$9"%$ !<8fD(iin2$`Už%¡+!&<B2w ¨© © 8¤:;J¬E

(138) E%9"%ws!‡`x¥D<h's@<Bs2<¦@$U&`x&$ESi#"%i<D's!$-1-G!8x&{gf0nD`@w 1-9"j"%|!<D1i<(i<nDib@|1-<`"%{"%¶(is(hf0x!<8fD-`"4&1-<

(139) "%¥"%g(i¥fDg&h !#"%$9"4&;GksD(ijƒ`f'1--(j()±3.1` sD}(,sDm$-<D5‡-‚nD$­2$!jƒ`f†&†(SGss!<Bs%i9"%i<BϞ.®'.i5|-2&wˆtDuu 8¤}<8f›&‚³&<5`S".i1±9".<B´ ž i(h¥

(140) "S<±w h!1-m}¥"£*,<B.(±?2w¨©©8t 4-(i<\n}9"Ô-9f&<8f;i2w[tDuuV ¨ -&&<w[tDu u 8¤Â:BrsD(#f0@w (j~!<D1-i<(i<n|&8+f0nD`œ!UES<D1--(oG~@<2fB­{"'

(141) fD'(jU!9f(Vf".i(j @9"%9fD¥:O(i(j|!$sD

(142) " <B%i|(j2fY!nD8 ƒ`f}!<`"”ES-#"”sD¼&BiE.E%$!-{"%`‚sD @<B\8¼&;hf;Ñ5l°­5Æ<2f"Si(z5|-GŠ-(o(jÕ!Æ1-<`"%`"%Ç!<8fD`" &;j±k2s(jjƒ`fœ(iz&Bh!#"%$~&8'f0!n;`xsD()z& !#"@$~&`ss@<Bs.9".<BDœƒ`fg@<B{"x-(i()8@3@5§°-5§` 9k2s(j)ƒ`f$±2§sDl&`¶B!j±pD(j8z!<D1­<3S<B%nDG!9"Si<D-(i()8lž "%(i(j`lƒ`fº(

(143)  nD-w'(i,@±kB-w'()¬sD<¦%#"%i< &;(S)<.nDG@9".<B2w(S)j&­{".="%$gs!<BES{ !i<D-(i(j-wD9"%18:F¤ž Â<2f  "%wtDuuu`¤¥:eY<8fDG"%`"%w-(i< ƒ`fYhfD8.sD-1{ &Ñ&` !i;ŸsD

(144) "%nD${v0)Ç"%-1-mjƒ`f-5|-{"vƒ`fÕsD9f „ÇD<hŸD{1Çf .?;

(145) "%‡-5§Ñ&Õ!$9fi<; $-(i-19"S@<Biƒ`f8@w-(i(j'<59"7()gsD(hf0!<8fD-`"7&g!ssD<G"G£(i'&h !#"%$'&D'1-8Vf0@n;{9fDk~%sD$-1-)E.j1-#"%$8 "%-1m\jƒ`f2&;hf;y<2f"Si(G:;O`"S!9B9fk·&|(jb@<1-i<(<BnDj|&`f0!nD8x!<`"Jf"Si(j`s8f;G@ƒ`f)j(`

(146) "+9$!$ ƒ`fº(Sf0@nº&;hf;Š<2f"Si(x&$s-& &h!{19"%-5-{"§&`z1-!-19"%$%)

(147) "%iƒ`f8~@<1-i<D3.<.nD)¥"Si<B2-()(j8U& (Sof0!nD9"&½@<BC-8Dh!<-5§­{":<2f\"%ES<)@w4sD<8fD°9" !}1-<5œsD(j9"%w1-}1--&8@l"Sm2$-<B%iƒ`f}&!-#" sD< "%¥x9fk”1-!-19"%$!)S".ƒ`f2 &`x<8f"So(G'fU9"G"%{"Si<¬9fY !Jj5¶sD<G"%`"%Uƒ`fU1--(i(jUƒ`f;4`

(148) "sD< "%$- 9fk,1-!-1¥"%$!)

(149) "%iƒ`f8&`i2&Bh)&`fY¥:'!wJ18j`S"

(150) fD1-~sD<o{"ƒ`f~(i}1±<2fDs8fD!y$9D<Dƒ`f$-}13.&8 

(151) fY. 4.

(152) {"S!·@<1i<(i<n~&D`'fV@nD`9"œ@<1<(i<niz&8'"%-1mjƒ`f8œ{

(153) "x(iUs(hfYxs!<2pD($­5§9"%iƒ`f8:0r-;œ(j sD(#fDsD

(154) "&U1-`"S!9D¥fkDw£(j`x1±!-19"%$ùj

(155) "%iƒ`f8x&`x<8f"Si( x2~!<`"$9D<Dƒ`f$-` ƒ`f¶"S!‡`'!si&-5§-`"%w &;hf;25§-j‡!ˆnD$D$!iƒ`fœ1-<55§¶!Y(){<8f"So(G41-<B;."S="Gf­­{"fD¶" <2f\"m<5<BnD‡œ9"5<B2<(i#".mjƒ`f ž.¡!&<w¨© © `¤Â:. halshs-00162622, version 1 - 14 Jul 2007. r2<2" !ˆsD<i`"O& \f0-w;sD<8fD9k2s(j)ƒ`f+(jœ&h !#"%$§&`£f0nD`!w0)(V5§-ƒ`f¦œ&<1„œ(jl@<1-i<D(i<BnDi fDy1`±&8!|&;G-2­(i?;@U&`'<8f"Si(Gx&¶n`

(156) "%i<;:0¡9"G"%n

(157) j()(j|&0)-2­(i?;§&2o;S"S

(158) f5-`"!&¶nD8

(159) "Si<¬ $9"%$ºs%<Bs2<¦@$-‚Õ¨©©8tvsD 9"%1m{f- ( ¢¯­j(S:4r-s8f;)y-(i(j†‚$9"%$½"%{ "%$±‚„ºs(#f0!j9fDU!s!G!8 ž.®ˆi(hp

(160) "%wJ¨© © r¥D)&wJ¨©©ª 0xh.?Dw;tDuu8«¤¥:8(i(j¶-ssD@9Ãi"O&œ1-¶ES-#"4k8"S!°5|-5§-`"@<B(ij&8:;¡9"G"% n!i(o(jv&D$­5<`"S!vƒ`f (i8”o;S"S

(161) f5-`"!”& nD`

(162) "%i<Ç2Ö@<B{"}sD`”&{”<2p€9"!¬m2<5<nD‡8”5|-G (SG

(163) "S19f;(j9"%i< &Ù"S@<B)Ö$­(j$-5§-`"!v"S!‡`Ÿm$9"%$@<BnD‡2`6~fD 

(164) fDp0

(165) "S@Â"vES<!5-(iwºf;2ÐsDm)(i<[@<Bsmj nD`S"Si<BD-h@'9"0fDg!s@$`!{"%9"Si<|!)5sD()iE.j${'&`f§.Û(j'&`-19"%¥fD ž Â"%1m`f-( Ç¢¯­j(iw¨©©8t¤6 ¨ O|

(166) fDp;S"S!9"OES<B.5­(7&  f~i;S"S

(167) f;5­{"&${!onD(  -;!-5œpD(j|&`x

(168) fDssD< "!1±<B21!9"!&Dg(j`@ƒ`f-(

(169)  (j8o;S"S

(170) f5-`"!g iD1`.-`":8r-(SGkD-5s(j&`ES<

(171) f5|$D<Dƒ`f$`1-i3%&`¥Sf0!w01-|

(172) fDp0

(173) "S@Â"OES<B%5-( 1-<

(174) @`.sD<&›„¹(Gjo{"%!E.±1-¹iES<ù5§9"%iƒ`f sD”(i-ƒ`f-()(j†f;Îf"Si(j ¥"%9fD¬sD` @¯sD<8fD¬&$s2<¦@}fD s!<s<;.#"%i<º

(175) fDx(iUES<BSf;5U:Y¡9")"%|i{"%.E%-1-U¶fD¬-ESE!9"x

(176) fD(i8gf0!nD8's8fG!ƒ`fYG-(i(jb2|sD!5§9"sD 9kB­5sD(j¶ƒ`f&`$±1­mD-\nD`8.?D1-m8!<{¥:B4(o(jœsD.5§9"4&<11-G"%i;Jf0!nD85-G'-U!2&~¥f0¥  &;j9f"S!`i5sD<; !hp;(j8!wD1-<55|'(i8$-1-m2­\nD`J.?2D1­m\!<8sD9kB-5¶sD(j8: t Oœsmj(i<;!<sm)œn`

(177) "%i<-i!&1`¥"i

(178) "SSfD5|-{"1-<S!`.sD<&z„¶( ­D!-5œp;(j&D`.n8f5§­{"!ƒ`f;w Š&$-1!h-`"U@`U-ESE.¥"!U9"j"%&`f0@w+"%`"%”&º1<B{D-)21!º(j`l&BhU-1¥"%9fD l&;U(  <B.nD ¥".i< ƒ`f  j(G'<`"i`"%$@°9"„¶(  f"%o(iG¥:0¡9"j"%|&i5|-D!i<y|$9"%$sD9f”$D<Dƒ`f$-|&;'(j¶s!$`@-`"%9"Si<z!$--()G!${ 1-i3.&`¥Sf0J5§-GJi5s(j)1-#"%-5§-`"%wi(0ssD!¥Ão"71-()-i!-5§-8"ƒ`f'&;1{ ES<

(179) f5Õ1-<D5¶5§'&-;(j sD(hfDsD

(180) " &`ES<

(181) f;5§!w(j'5|G'-¶Ø'fD!g!sD<¦@ˆ

(182) fD()'1±<B8Dj19"Si<Dƒ`f (jx1-<D<BsD$@Â"Si<„'&G

(183) "%-1-gs!59"7& s!<D&`fDh!'s(hf0O&ˆ!${

(184) f(#"%9"!O1-<1!¥"!Jƒ`fx()g"S!9B-)(0G¥<(i$x&`O{19"%9fD¥: !§<2f0O9B<BD1-<S"%9"%$xƒ`f! 1-9"j"%¶smj(i<¦@<Bsmj~j`

(185) "4sD

(186) "Sj-(o(j-5§-`"!$±­(jG!${|&-;x(j|1-8&`fºs@­5jxES<BSf;5w-(j()U~ÂG`S"sD` D$ùiE.j${gsD<8fDV(iˆ@`1±<B2&;:  ;Og!s!$`!-{"%9"Si<|!)5sD(ojE.j$-'&`f§!Û(i'&{J±19"%9fD. 1±<BS!`%sD<B2&¶¥fUES-#"7ƒ`f (<B ¾& (j'1-<1-s8".i< ;& hf;Ui;

(187) "SSfD5-`"%w;(i81-<1±s8"%9fD !<`"$±1-` -h@­5l`"O1±<B2&`f;#"!4„ˆE%­>!œ&8Jm8?2sD<2"Sm2‡`!`4ž

(188) sD!ES<G )5sD()j1-#"%`%¤¶SfDx1-<55§­{"'i(JE%9f&8!-#"ƒ`f~(j`'f"%o(iG"%9fD œ@U1-<5œsD<G"%`"sD<8fxƒ`fU(

(189) jo;S"S

(190) f5-`" ES<219".<B2¶pD)- : !|<8f0'B<B;9fY !O$±B<ƒ`f$§1-i3.&`¥.f0ƒ`f|(j21-<D1-s8"%9fD'&`ES<B

(191) f5UxD-j-`" )5sD()j1-#"%-5§­{"'E%-#"x(S)m8?sD<8"Sm‡`@~ƒ`f}!<”<E

(192) EG@}9fDk†-(j!i$8'f;”<8fD-¥fŠ1---(&0)$-1-m2­\nD-wJ)(G D<`"¯(

(193) hf"%o(jG!¥:¬¡<S"%9"%`"¯ƒ`f 1±Â"j"%Ðm8?\sD<2"Sm2‡`! )$¥"%­="vsD`vD-()j&-w‚i( Ï<`"v2<55|$Ú&` j5|¥"%9fD &gES<

(194) f5|¥: ¡9")"%gn%o(j(j'&[j--(o?gsD!5|¥"&<1'&'5<`"S!ƒ`fgsD<2fD° "G!'1±<BS!-19"%5-`"7&$-E

(195) i#"%w8f;<2f"Si(&<#" &<1¬°9"S!¬&$-1S?8s8"%$ºSfD|1±`œ"S.<G§&Bi5§-;!i<D¥:£ !(8

(196) "(i< sD<; !hpD(j½&¬(j·@s!$`-`"%b@<2f0(j ES<ù5'&[hf;x"S.i-8nD(j6 8fp;S"S!9"0ES<!5-(. eYm)(i<;!<smj 5§-nD$!j-(j. ;=<?>A@B. s!$`@­{"%9"Si< !i5¶sD()jE.j$- &`f @Û(i &8 -19"%9fD. 

(197)  !#"$% '&(*)+!%, -.

(198) 0/213

(199) 4&5

(200) * '67 &686 "59&+"$% 3: 5.

(201) halshs-00162622, version 1 - 14 Jul 2007. <2f\"%ES<BG@w¦(`"S!9D¥fkl&ˆ(jœ!<D1­<(i<nix&`f0nD`4<B{"sD¥.5GJ&Dˆ5<`"S@Jƒ`f'(S)-2­(i?;'s!$-1-G! &`x<8f"Si(Gœ|sDù5§9"sD`&|!-2&8!~1±<B5œs8"%U&z()z&B !#"%$z&`'f0!n;`!$--()G$`xsDx&)ESE.$!-`"! -19"%¥fD ¥: !<8f09B<BD1-<S"%9"%$œ&D(

(202) j$9"Gf&œ&1-`Js@$`!{"%$-œ1-i3.&8

(203) fYƒ`fœ5°-5§ "%<2f0O(i8&9fDk &<`"%$`&;jj5|¥"%9fD !w(i8&9fk§ES<

(204) f5|0)<`"YsD`$ "%$4f"Si(j @$8& ( 5§°-5§ 5-j‡!\:­r9Dj&ž¨©©ª{¤ !$9f"Si(iG$½(j¬1--&8!~"Sm2$-<B%iƒ`f¬& 9"%1m{f-(g¥"ˆ¢¯-)('ž¨©©8t¤¶s2<2f25<B{"S!§ƒ`f¬1-`œf0@nD`!$--(G ž.(i< !ƒ`fY)i(GOkD S"%`"S¤1±<BS!`%sD<B2&`"7E%­="„+fD'

(205) "Sj19f(j9"%i<B­{"S!'(i81-!±19"%$!)

(206) "%iƒ`f8&'(S)<8f"Si( 9"(i`§1-!-19"%$!)S".ƒ`f2§&¬(S)<.nDG!¥".i<¼ƒ`f+sD¥f"%wg-(i()¬9f0¥!wg°9"S!¬&$-1.#"%}n -1-¬9f‚"S%hs8"

(207) ?2ƒ`f 1-<1-s8"Gf­(Y6Sfp

(208) "S!9"7ES<B%5-()wDsmj(i<¦@<Bsmjˆ5§-DnD$!j-(iœ9"7!s!${!{"%9"Si<~!i5s(j)E.j$-x&{J{19"%¥fD ¥: j­D-(h?;U&U1±|!ss!<D1m-5-{"'$¥D-`"Gf-(-`"S!|( )<.nDG!¥".i<¬9"fD¬<8f8"Si(8

(209) "O"S<8f8"%ES<G'!2&`f0 1-<5œsD()kBsD+(jE.-#"Oƒ`fœ(j8oD&h;j&`fY!w0(){n!<2fDsD-¥"J(j`<.nDG!¥".i<5<8pD)(j -{"fD~2<B5œp "S!‡`o5sD< "%`"&~

(210) fp0S"S!Â"!ES<B!5-(Gxž.(j`x&)E.E%$!-`"! <2f\"So(Gx&|nD8S".i<wsDx9kB-5¶sD(j¤!w&BiESE.$!-`"! $-(i$-5§­{"!&gsDm)(i<;!<smj 5§-DnD$!i-(j-wD9"%18:-œ2g!sD!$`!`"%9"Si<§-1-m `¥@$-'&x1-`&)E.E%$!-{"!sD; &;j<B.nD @9"%i<BsD!59"%wD9f§5<iVDG.f-()(j-5§-`"%wD&+%&8!'1±<5œs8"%'&'1- ")"%'1<B5s(jkD#"%$8:. ;.

(211) @  >@;

(212). ;=<?>A@B. 

(213)   !#"$% '&(*)+!%, -.

(214) 0/ 

(215)  "+ 5$ 7& 0"+ % 37

(216) 6 " * '&4   

(217) &+ +"  "  '& 2

(218) 4&5

(219) % '6 7 &6'6 "9&+ " * 3: OE

(220) iDwV¥f}!G!ƒ`f§&@­2&8!-1-<!ˆfDUs;¥f}sD(hf01-<B5sD(j±kB¶(SG--(i?;-wVi(<8f0x!-5œp;(j¶2$-1-8 -h &¶s@&8!§1-<5œs8"%§ƒ`fYf¬<8fD-(<8f"So(1±<(i()pB<B!¥"ShEg2|&<#"4sD`œ!¥f;(j-5§­{"'¥j

(221) "%i19f(j'B-1b(j8 ES<ù52s!$-kDG

(222) "%-{"%`'&|(Sj<B%nD­G@9".<B}5§-Gx9fY !OD-1|(j8'<8f"Si(Gx1-<(i(jpD<!9"SiEù&$.€„U±kDGS"%­{"!¥: j$`1-m2-1ˆ&0hf;§ES<B

(223) f5ÕG`

(224) "¾-o;!sD`J2$`1±`¥!-h-5§­{"&b„@<B§oD-ESE.j1-{1-#"%$ s@<Bs!'5-GJsD9f"%3%°Â"S! "S<8f8"O.i5s(j-5§-`"¥fzE.-#"¾ƒ`f0ˆ(j`4-19"%9fDJ&;hfDˆ-`"S@s!)!œ<8fz&;hfb

(225) Dj1-ˆsD!À±<hD-`"(iœ5§-)(0<8f 5§°-5|x(){J&G!19fY !<OoES<!5§­(j(j2¾1-<55§ˆ&`O<8f"Si( ¾1-<(i(j±pB<B@9"SiEùsD(hfV¾­E%E

(226) j1{-1-8¥:\»Î(jSf;="%ˆ&8 "S!9B9fk·&œ 'p@&­(žStDuu ${¤!wVsD<2fD1<5œs!-2&8!|(j2f0!nD8!wi(£2<2f0!-5œp;(jU$-1-8!-i!U&"%i 1-<5œs8"% & (G)i;1!hs8"%i<B &;f <8fD-(Õ<8f"Si(›1{<B(i(jpD<!9"SiEÚ&­D f sD<BG"%ES9f)(j(j &;)<8f"Si(

(227)  1-<(i()pB<B!¥"SoE!§<8¿vi('`S"5 §-Š1-<19fD.@1{·pDj-¼s(#f0§ƒ`f”1-<!j&$!$¬1-<55§½j5|5§$-&j9"%-5-`" sD

(228) "Si2­{":D¡ j`S"O&<B21 f;"S.j-8nD()œ2<2fB­(Y<8f"Si(1-<D<8sD$!9"SiE 0y<B%nDG!9"%i< 0ysD<BG"%ES9f)(j()&[j<2f"Si(G 1-<(i()pB<B!¥"SoE!ƒ`fJ!-5œp;(j¶(j§1--&8!ˆ"Sm$±<B.ƒ`f0()5|jfky„|5§°­5§„œ!-&8!§1-<5œs8"%&¶(j&Bh¥!#"%$ &`Vf0@nD`1±<B;S"%9"%$`Y!$--(i()-5§-`"7&D£(2¾<B.nD)9"Sj<BD¥:. 6.

(229) halshs-00162622, version 1 - 14 Jul 2007. ; <>@ B "! ; B B  ; >@$# . ;.

(230) @  >@;

(231).

(232) ?;=< . B ;=<?>@B. 

(233) 4  ! " * '& #)+ *, -.

(234) 0/ 

(235)  "+ 7 & 0"+ % 37

(236) 6 " * '&4   

(237) &+ ."  "  '&

(238)  &+ %:*

(239)  '6'68/21'&

(240) % '6 7&6'6 "9&+ " * 3:# 2

(241) 4&5

(242) % '67 &6'6 "59&+ "  3: O'& !#"%$'&8Vf0nD`iD&`f#"%gs;VfD|1±-&8!+"Sm$±<B!jƒ`f'9f0 !¦1-<5œsD(j±kBg!-ES<B@1-+f;2'1-<8D)1¥".i< ƒ`fg$-5§.nD”&}s(hfY§­¼sD(#fV§ES<

(243) "%-5-`"&;|(j”1`<55œf;29f"%$¬¡ D¡J¢ 6+)j('8

(244) "i2&BG.sD-;@±pD(j &;)i`"%$n!‚(i8¬f".i()G@9"%9fD C&-;‚(jÆ1-<B21-s8"%i<Õ&D`C<2f"Si(G!wU)(z8

(245) "”i()(hf0@<h!Ÿ&[j-8D @n½f 1-<1-s8"Si<Bσ`f;sD.Dj-&8!-#"y„Š­{".1­isDz"%<2f0·1-`~f0@nD`Â: !(œs!¥Ão"y&<1¼s(#fY}sD

(246) "SiD­{"y& ¥j<ù­{"%£B £fD2¶!<8f0!3!.sD$-1-)E%)1±9".<BUi#"%j­(jœ&84<2f\"So(G4ƒ`f;;sDù5§9"G"%9fk|f"Si(iG9"%9fD 4&¶!œ(i8 ss!<s8%)g

(247) fh­{"J(j`(i<nƒ`f0`4ƒ`f;(j9fD!<`"s!<s.{9"O&œ5§-D!w0&;£f}!{1-<&¶"%-5œs;@wf;D 2­(i?;'&$9"%-i(i(j$`'&'1±`Vf0!n;`7!$--(G-E

(248) i§& (j`E%<B.j!9"7&g(i{&$D-(i<ss;&VfgD!i< -5$-()i<!$-'&'(S)<8f"Si(Dž Ô-`"%(i?Dw8r<8fD.)!m2w¾¨©© $ 1m5|j&`"%w;o5<-w¨©©  `*,-()(j!&wtDu u 8¤¥:   

(249)   . »'Ä!j1­mz*v:Yž¨©©ª{¤!wVO`gf"%o(iG9"%9fD!w-19"%9fD  &|( i2<2B9".<B2w•DŽ Ë —o˜j‹8Ìx‘’ Œx—ÌD‘̐o‘­w ¨ 8«Dw ©3 ª\©;: Ô!&i+:7& <

(250) D¥"Sm½»:=:Vž¨©© ${¤.wJm}!<D1i-(1-<S"S

(251) f1Â"S<B”<E+"SmUsD @<B2-(1-<5œs8f"% f0@-w  ‹Ž8’ Ì—DÈ‹GÝ Ë ‹8ŒxŒœŽ8ÌD˜ Ë —o˜j‹8ÌwB#« $­ž 8¤.w;

(252) fD55§!w«Du3  $D: Ô-`"S(i?Î :x-&¹r<2fD%)!m¹eO:xž¨©© ${¤!w *,-&#f;5 B­

(253) f0¬5-1-mD-G!5U:8fDssD<BG"Si8n›1-<(i(jpD<!9"Si< "Sm8!<8fDnm19f0S"S<5o¸­9"Si<w "J’¥‹ Ë ‘-‘•D˜iÌ{á;ʏ‹Gݧ  ‘‰£“‰xš  Dw8r<!&8!-1m{"Â6±Á(#f§ ¥: Ô<2fD(i(j)VrU:\ž

(254) tDuu8t¤%w2O`¾$Â"Gf&`¾&;f0@nD868{"S!g<S5|-(j @9"%i<B9"Y.m$9" <B%iƒ`f-wÞÌÌ—DÈj‘ÊJ•D‘Ê Ë ‹8ŒxŒœŽ8ÌD˜ Ë —o˜j‹8ÌÊ#w $ ž 3

(255) «¤%w¾¨©u\3

(256) t¨u;:. 7.

(257) halshs-00162622, version 1 - 14 Jul 2007. Ô<2  -:ž¨©© $-¤!wg*¼Äo\nÎ#"<B%Ä0:J» ES)-(j&Î

(258) "Gf&`?Ÿ<E§‚¡'¡J¢ !U¥"G<8.ÄDw  ‘ Ì Ý‹8’ Œx—o˜j‹8Ì Ê¥‹ Ë ˜j‘{ [w¾¨¨w¨-ª\©83

(259) tDu ;: ¡!&<ˆrl:{ž¨© © 8¤!w`O`J@1-i-D1-`J@<1-i-(j89"Y(i85-1-miD2¾„'1-<<BsD$!%w Ê‘—DŽ'wDžùª $-¤@wV¨¨3 ${t0: rlo .!hpDù2¶»:=w¦O-5<1-iDJ0:=wV1m<8pDj-| :;ž¨©©©8¤@w¦O`<8f8"Si(Gg5xf;(#"%)5§$-&j­U@$`!-¥f¬1-<D5¶5§ 

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to