الأثار التنموية للسياحة دراسة مقارنة بين الجزائر، تونس و المغرب

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ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﻬﻤﳉﺍ

ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﱄﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ

ﺔﻨﺗﺎﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﲑﻴﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ

ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻢﺴﻗ

ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺷ ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺓﺮﻛﺬﻣ

ﺺﺼﲣ

:

ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ

ﺔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ ﻦﻣ

:

ﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﺷﺇ ﺖﲢ

ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷ

:

ﺸﻋ

ـ

ﺔﺤﻴﻠﺻ ﻲ

ﺃ.

ﺩ

.

ﺣﻼﻓ

ـ

ﱀﺎﺻ ﻲ

ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻨﳉ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ

:

ﺐﻘﻠﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﺳﻻﺍ

ﺒﺗﺮﻟﺍ

ـ

ﺔ

ﺔﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ

ﺔﻔﺼﻟﺍ

ﺃ.

ﺩ

.

ﻠﻋ

ـ

ﳘ ﻲ

ـ

ﻝﺎ

ﱄﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ

ﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ـ

ﺔﻨﺗﺎﺑ ﺔ

ﺎـــﺴﻴﺋﺭ

ﺃ.

ﺩ

.

ﻲﺣﻼﻓ ﱀﺎـﺻ

ﱄﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ

ﺔﻨﺗﺎﺑ ﺔـﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺎـــﻓﺮﺸﻣ

ﺩ

.

ﻲﺳﻮﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ

ﺮﺿﺎﳏ ﺫﺎــﺘﺳﺃ

ﺎﺟ

ﺓﺮﻜﺴﺑ ﺔﻌﻣ

ﺍﻮـــﻀﻋ

ﺩ

.

ﻆـﻴﻔﺣ ﺔـﻜﻴﻠﻣ

ﺮﺿﺎﳏ ﺫﺎــﺘﺳﺃ

ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺍﻮـــﻀﻋ

ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ

:

2004 / 2005

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

  

  

.

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 

   

    

 

   

       

.

         

         

      

  

.

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ﺔـﺣﺎـﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔـﻳﻮـﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎــﺛﻵﺍ

ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺪﻫﺇ ﺮﻜﺷ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﶈﺍ ... ... ... ﺝ،ﺏ ،ﺃ ﻝﻭﺍﺪﳉﺍ ﺱﺮﻬﻓ ... ... ... ﺩ، ـﻫ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﻷﺍ ﺱﺮﻬﻓ ... ... ... ... ﻭ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ... ... ... 2 ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺎﻬﺴﺳﺃﻭ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ... ... ... ... 7 ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ : ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻮﻧﺃﻭ ... ... .... 8 ،ﻻﻭﺃ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ... ... ... 8 1 -ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ... ... ... 8 2 -ﺔﻴﻌﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ... ... ... 9 3 -ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ .... ... ... 10 4 -ﺢﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ... ... ... ... 11 ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃ ... ... ... ... 12 1 -ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ... ... ... ... 12 2 -ﺔﻴﻬﻴﻓﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ... ... ... 13 3 -ﺔﻴﺟﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ... ... ... ... 13 4 -ﺊﻃﺍﻮﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺳ ... ... ... 15 5 -ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺮﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ... ... ... ... 16 6 -ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺮﲤﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺳ ... ... ... 17 7 -ﺔﻴﺿﺎﻳﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ... .. ... ... 17 ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ : ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺲﺳﺃ ... ... ... 18 ،ﻻﻭﺃ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻟﺍ ... ... ... 18 ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺝﻮﺘﻨﳌﺍﻭ .. ... ... 19 ،ﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﻮﺴﺘﻟﺍ ... ... ... ... 21

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،ﺎﻌﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻔﻧﻹﺍ ... ... ... 22 ،ﺎﺴﻣﺎﺧ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ... ... ... ... 24 ،ﺎﺳﺩﺎﺳ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻﺍ ... ... ... 25 ﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﱐﺎ : ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ... ... ... ... 29 ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ : ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ .... ... ... 30 ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﳌﺍ : ﺮﺋﺍﺰﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ... ... ... 30 ،ﻻﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ... ... ... 30 ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻴﳜﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ... ... ... 31 ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﳌﺍ : ﺲﻧﻮﺘﻟ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ... ... ... 34 ،ﻻﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ... ... ... 34 ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻴﳜﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ .... ... ... 35 ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﳌﺍ : ﺏﺮﻐﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ .. ... ... 38 ،ﻻﻭﺃ ﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘ .... ... ... 38 ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻴﳜﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ... ... ... 39 ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ : ﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﺠﻠﻟ .... ... ... 43 ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﳌﺍ : ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍ .... ... ... 44 ،ﻻﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻗﺪﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ .. ... ... ... 44 ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱄﺎﻴﻠﻟﺍ ... ... ... 50 ،ﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ ﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻓ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﱃﺇ .. ... ... 52 ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﳌﺍ : ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺲﻧﻮﺘﻟ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍ ... ... ... 54 ،ﻻﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻗﺪﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ .. ... ... ... 54 ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱄﺎﻴﻠﻟﺍ ... ... ... 59 ،ﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ ﺪﻓﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺓ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﱃﺇ ... ... ... 62 ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﳌﺍ : ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺮﻐﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍ ... ... ... 64 ،ﻻﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻗﺪﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ .. ... ... ... 64 ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱄﺎﻴﻠﻟﺍ ... ... ... 67 ،ﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ ﺓﺪﻓﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺏﺮﻐﳌ .... ... ... 69 ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﻵﺍ .. ... .. 74

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ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ : ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﻵﺍ ... ... .... ... 74 ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﳌﺍ : ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﻵﺍ ... ... ... 74 ﻻﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ، ... 74 ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﳘﺎﺴﻣ ، ﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱄﺎﲨﻹﺍ ﻲﻠﶈﺍ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔ ... ... ... 77 ﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ، ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ... ... ... 78 ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﳌﺍ : ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﻵﺍ .. ... ... 79 ،ﻻﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ .... ... ... 79 ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﱄﺎﲨﻹﺍ ﻲﻠﶈﺍ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ﺔﳘﺎﺴﻣ ... ... ... 81 ،ﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ .. ... ... 82 ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﳌﺍ : ﻵﺍ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺛ ... ... ... 83 ،ﻻﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ... ... ... 84 ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ﺔﳘﺎﺴﻣ ﱄﺎﲨﻹﺍ ﻲﻠﶈﺍ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕ ... ... ... 85 ،ﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ... ... ... 86 ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ : ﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﻵﺍ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ،ﺮﺋﺍ .... ... ... 87 ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﳌﺍ : ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ .... ... ... 88 ،ﻻﻭﺃ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ... ... .... ... 88 ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ... ... ... 90 ،ﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ .. ... ... ... 92 ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﳌﺍ : ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻠﻟ ﻲﺸﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ . ... 93 ،ﻻﻭﺃ ﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺃ ﺔ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻲﺸﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ .... ... ... 94 ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺃ ﺔ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﻲﺸﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ... ... ... 95 ،ﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ ﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺃ ﺔ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻲﺸﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ .... ... .... ... ... 96 ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﲤﺎﳋﺍ ... ... ... 100 ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ... ... ... 101 ﺕﺎﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ... ... ... 102 ﻊﺟﺍﺮﳌﺍ ... ... ... ... 105 ﻖﺣﻼﳌﺍ ... ... .... 110

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ﻝﻭﺍﺪﳉﺍ ﺱﺮﻬﻓ  1 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻗﺪﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 ... ... ... 45  2 ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺓﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ 1990 -2002 .... ... ... 46  3 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺝﻮﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺐﺴﲝ ﺀﺍﻮﻳﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻃ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ 1991 -2002 .. 48  4 ﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻔﻨﺼﳌﺍ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﺋﺍ 1990 -2002 …… . ... 49  5 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻗﺪﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱄﺎﻴﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 … 50  6 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻦﻳﺪﻓﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﲔﺤﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 ... ... ... ... 52  7 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 .... ... ... 55  8 ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻨﺼﺗ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺳﻷﺍ 1990 -2002 ... . ... 56  9 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 ... ... ... 58  10 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱄﺎﻴﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 … . ... 59  11 ﺍ ﱄﺎﻴﻠﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﰲ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻨﺼﺗ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ 1991 -2002 .. .. 61

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 12 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻦﻳﺪﻓﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 …… ... 62  13 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻔﻨﺼﳌﺍ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 . .. ... ... 65  14 ﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻔﻨﺼﳌﺍ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﺓﺮﺘ 1990 -2000 .... ... ... 66  15 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻔﻨﺼﳌﺍ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱄﺎﻴﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 ... 68  16 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﲔﻣﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 .... ... ... 69  17 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 .... ... ... 75  18 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﱄﺎﲨﻹﺍ ﻲﻠﶈﺍ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ﺔﳘﺎﺴﻣ 1991 -2001 ... ... ... ... 77  19 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ 1990 -2002 ... ... ... 78  20 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1900 -2002 .. ... ... ... 80  21 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﱄﺎﲨﻹﺍ ﻲﻠﶈﺍ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ﺔﳘﺎﺴﻣ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1991 -2001 ... ... ... 82  22 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ 1990 -2002 ... ... ... 83

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 23 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 .... ... ... 84  24 ﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺋﺎﻋ ﺔﳘﺎﺴﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ﱄﺎﲨﻹﺍ ﻲﻠﶈﺍ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟ 1991 -2001 ……… ... 86  25 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ 1990 -2002 ... ... ... ... 87  26 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﲔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1985 -2001 … .. ... 89  27 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﲔﻠﻐﺘﺸﳌﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 ... ... ... 91  28 ﺸﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﺣ ﲔﻧﻮﻜﳌﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﰲ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻬ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻠﻟ 1990 -2002 ... 93  29 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﱄﺎﲨﻹﺍ ﻲﻠﶈﺍ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺩ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ 1991 -2002 … ... 94  30 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﱄﺎﲨﻹﺍ ﻲﻠﶈﺍ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺩ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ 1991 -2001 ... .. ... 95   31 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ﱄﺎﲨﻹﺍ ﻲﻠﶈﺍ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺩ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ 1991 -2001 ... .. ... 97

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ﻝﺎﻜﺷﻷﺍ ﺱﺮﻬﻓ ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 1 ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻔﻨﺼﳌﺍ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ) % ( ... ... ... 46 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 2 ﻴﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻗﺪﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱄﺎ 1990 -2002 ... 51 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 3 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻦﻳﺪﻓﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﲔﺤﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 ... ... ... 53 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 4 ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻔﻨﺼﳌﺍ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺳﻷﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ) % ( ... ... . ... 56 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 5 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱄﺎﻴﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 ... .... ... 59 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 6 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻦﻳﺪﻓﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 .... ... ... 63 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 7 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱄﺎﻴﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 .... .... ... 68 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 8 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻦﻳﺪﻓﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 . ... ... 70 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 9 ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻠﻟ 1990 -2002 ... ... ... ... ... 76 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 10 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 ... ... ... 80 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 11 ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 1990 -2002 ... ... ... ... 84

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ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ : ﻝﻭﺪـﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﳌﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﰲﻭ ﺎﺜﻳﺪﺣﻭ ﺎﳝﺪﻗ ﻱﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﺋﺎﻜﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﲜ ﺲﻴﻟ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻥﺇ ﻝﻭﺪـﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺎﻬﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻀﺗ ﺔﻳﺮﻳﺪﺼﺗ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃ ﻞﺑ ﻪﻴﻓﺮﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻫﺰﻧ ﺩﺮﳎ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺗ ﱂ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﺗﻬﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ . ﺎـﳌ ﺍﺮﻈﻧ ،ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﰲ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻌﻧﺎﺻﻭ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﺘﻣ ﺔﻴﳘﺄﺑ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻲﻈﺣ ﺪﻗﻭ ﻥﺍﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﳍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻟ . ،ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺬﻨﻣ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﺑﻬ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺪﻳﺍﺰﺗﻭ ،ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻬﺘﺴﻳ ﻻ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍﻭ ﺎﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺍﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻪﻟﻼﻐﺘـﺳﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﺘﺴﻳ ﺎﳑ ﻪﺟﻭ ﻦﺴﺣﺃ . ﻝﻮﺧﺩ ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﰲ ﻢﻫﺎﺴﺗ ﺓﱪﺘﻌﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﺋﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺎﺑ ﺢﻤﺴﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺍﺰﳌﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺩﺮﻣﻭ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ . ﺎـﻫﺭﺎﲦ ﻲﻄﻌﺗ ﺕﺃﺪﺑ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺓﺪﺋﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺍﺰﻳ ﻻ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﰲﻭ ﺪﻴﻌﺻ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺳ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﺏﺎﻴﻏﻭ ،ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﳍ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ ﰲ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﺠﺘﻳﻭ ،ﻪﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺡﻭﺍﺮﻳ . ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺎـﺑﻭ ﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺀﺎﻄﻋﻹ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻨﻌﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﺗﻬﺪﺑﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﻋﻮﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻉﺎ ﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﻨﳌﺍ ﺭ ﻤﻠ ﱂ ﺔﻴ ﲑﺜﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﻳ . ﺩﺮﳎ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺪﻌﺗ ﻻ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻧ ﺔﻠﻘﻧ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﻹ ﺔﻣﻮﺳﺮﳌﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﻍﻮﻠﺑ ﻥﺈﻓ ﰒ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺎﺳﻮﻤﻠﻣ ﺎﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺎﻧﻬﻮﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻝﺎﻣﺁ . ﻪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﺔﻬﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﲏﻌﻳ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺔﳉﺎﻌﻣ ﻥﺇ ،ﺔﺣﺎﻴـﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﳍﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﻹﺍ ﻞﻇ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺑﺎﳚﺇ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻨﻜﳝ ﺍﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺎﻌﻓﺩ ﻪﺋﺎﻄﻋﺇﻭ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﲡﻻﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻛﺮﳛ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻈﺘﻨﺗ ﺖﺌﺘﻓ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻧﻬﺃ ﻻﺇ . ﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﺸﻜﻳ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﺔﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻦﻜﻳ ﺎﻤﻬﻣﻭ ﺕﻭﺎﻔ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺰﺠﻋ ﺖﺒﺜﻳ ﺎﳑ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺬﻫﻭ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻞﻴﺧﺍﺪﻣ ﰲ ﲑﺒﻜﻟﺍ . ﻙﺍﺭﺩﻹﻭ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻖﺋﺎﻘﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻣﺃ ﺎﻣ ﺀﻼﺠﺘﺳﻻ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻮﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﺘﺴﻳ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺟﺎﺣ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘﻟ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛﻭ ،ﻥﺍﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ،ﺔـﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎ ﺔـﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﺀﺎﺳﺭﺇﻭ ،ﲔﻨﻃﺍﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﺸﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﲔﺴﲢﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻋﻮﻓﺪﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻢﻋﺩ ﰲ ﺎﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﺎﻨﻛﺭ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﺔﻓﺩﺎﻫ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺳ . ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ : ﻉﺎﻄﻘﺑ ﺽﻮﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﰲ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ ﺭﻮﺤﻤﺘﺗ ﺐﻛﺍﻮﻳ ﻪﻠﻌﺟﻭ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺬﻟ ﰲ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻞﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺗﺯﺮﺣﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﻞﻘﺗ ﻻ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻝﺎﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﺗ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ) ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻣﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻀﺣﻭ ( ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﳝ ﺎﳑ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻴﺜﻣ ﻦﻋ ﻪﻠﻌﺟﻭ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻜ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺩﻭﺩﺮﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ . ﺗﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺆﺴﻣ ﻰﻘﺒﺗﻭ ،ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﻖ ﱂ ﱵﻟﺍ

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ﻡﺎﻣﻷﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻋ ﻊﻓﺪﻟ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻒﻴﻇﻮﺗﻭ ،ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﺑﻬ ﺽﻮﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﻞﻤﺤﺘﺗ . ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻊﺿﻮﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻑﻮﺳ : 1 -ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻜﻠﺘﲤ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻣ : ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ، ؟ 2 ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺘﻟ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻝﻼﻐﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﻒﻴﻇﻮﺗ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﻯﺪﻣ ﺎﻣ ؟ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺖﲢ 3 -؟ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﺑﺮﲡ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺼﻠﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻣ 4 -ﻮﻣﻭ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﺑﻬ ﺽﻮﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ ؟ﻩﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻝﻮﲢ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻮﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻬﺟﺍ 5 -ﶈﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻘﻘ ﺍﻭ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺖﳘﺎﺳ ﱵﻟ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﳌﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﺧﻭ ،ﻝﺎﳌﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻢﻛﺍﺮﺗ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﰲ ﺙﺪﺣ ؟ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ 6 -؟ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﳍ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﳉﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﻵﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻣ ﱪﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭ : ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺡﺎﳒ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻪﺗﺯﺮﺣﺃ ﺎﻣﻭ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﻩﺪﻬﺷ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻘﻓﺪﺘﳌﺍ ﺓﱪﺘﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺋﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﱄ ﺎﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﳘﲑﻏﻭ ﻦﻳﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﱯﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﺪﻘﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﱄ ﺮﺧﺁ ﺎﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﺰﺠﻋ ﺏﺎﺒﺳﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻮﻗﻮﻠﻟ ،ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺩﻼﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻫﺎﺴﻳ ﻪﻠﻌﺟﻭ ،ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﺑﻬ ﺽﻮﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﺳ ﺩﺎﳚﺇ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ . ﺮﺼﺣ ﻦﻜﳝﻭ ﻠﲨ ﰲ ﺕﺍﺭﱪﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔ : 1 -ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺮﻓﻮﺗ ﻢﻏﺭ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻩﺩﻮﻛﺭﻭ ،ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺓﱪﺘﻌﻣ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻦﻳﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﻞﻘﺗ ﻻ . 2 -ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺘﻳﺩﻭﺪﳏﻭ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﰲ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺎﻬﻘﻘﺣ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺎﳍﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ . 3 -ﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﳚﺇ ﻴﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﺽﻮﻬﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻠﻴﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﺴ ﻱﺩﺆﺘﻟ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎ ﻥﺄﺸﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻠﺜﻣ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﰲ . 4 ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺘﻟ ﺎﻳﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﺎﻃﺮﺷ ﺪﻌﺗ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﻤﻌﺗﻭ ﺮﺸﻧ ﻥﺍﺪﻴﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺓﱪﳋﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺪﻘﺘﻔﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻤﻴﺳ .

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ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ : ﺲﻧﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﺘﻧﺭﺎﻘﲟ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺄﺗ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ . ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﺮﺼﺣ ﻦﻜﳝﻭ : 1 -ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺖﲢ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ . 2 -ﻮﲢ ﻝﺍﺰﺗ ﻻﻭ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻮﻌﳌﺍ ﺮﺼﺣ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﻮﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﺑﻬ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻝ ﺍﺪﻳﺪﲢ . 3 ﻦﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗﻭ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﲔﺑ ﻕﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺇ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﳏ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﻮﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﻞﺣ ﰲ ﺔﳘﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺚﻴﺣ . 4 ﺀﺍﻮﺿﻷﺍ ﻂﻴﻠﺴﺗﻭ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﻹﺍ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺇ ﺔﻳﺪﺟﻭ ﺔﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑ ﺎﳍﻼﻐﺘﺳﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻼﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ . ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻣ : ﻑﻮﻗﻮﻠﻟ ﻥﺭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺪﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﻮﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﻵﺍ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍﻭ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﰲ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ . ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺪﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺪﻗﻭ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻖﺋﺎﻘﺣﻭ ،ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﲟ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺀﺍﺮﺛﻹ ،ﺔﻳﺰﻴﻠﳒﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ . ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗﻭ ،ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺳﻮﻣﻭ ﺖﻴﻧﺮﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﰲ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻣﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻣﻭ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﺙﻮﲝﻭ ﺐﺘﻛ ﰲ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﻣﻮﻳﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﻭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻀﻳﺃﻭ . ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻢﺘﻴﺳﻭ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ،ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻠﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺯﻮﻛ ﺔﻴﲰﺭ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺎﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﻻﺎﻛﻭﻭ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﺷﻭ ،ﺀﺎﺼﺣﻺﻟ ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻳﺪﻟﺎﻛ ﺔﺻﺎﺧﻭ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻫ ،ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ . ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺗ ،ﻝﻮﺼﻓ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﱃﺇ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﰎ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺯﺎﳒﻹﻭ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﺎﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﺼﺘﳐ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻫﻭ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﲔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺩﺭﻭ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺢ . ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺀﺎﺟﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﰲ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻢﻴﻋﺪﺗﻭ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ،ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺲﺳﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ . ﺎﻣﺃ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﺼﻴﺼﲣ ﻢﺘﻓ ﺲﻧﻮﺗﻭ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻞﻜﺷ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﳜﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ،ﻥﺍﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﻣ ﺯﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ،ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺬﺟ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻘﳌﺍ ﻚﻟﺬﻛﻭ . ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﻵﺍ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﻳ ﻦﻣ ،ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﳏ ﻥﺍﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻴ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺇ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻘﶈﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﻹﺍ ،ﱄﺎﲨﻹﺍ ﻲﻠﶈﺍ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﲑﺧﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﳘﺎﺴﻣ ﺔﺒﺴﻧﻭ ،ﺔﺒﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﻟ ﻥﺍﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﻓﺪﻣ ﻦﻳﺯﺍﻮﻣ ﰲﻭ . ﺎﻬﺘﳘﺎﺴﻣ ﻯﺪﻣﻭ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﻚﻟﺬﻛﻭ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﻞﺣ ﰲ

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ﻣ ﱐﺎﻌﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺍﻮﳉﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻧﻬﺎﻜﺴﻟ ﻲﺸﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﲔﻨﻃﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﲔﻳﻼﻣ ﻪﻨ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻷ ﺔﻴﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍﻭ . ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺼﺗﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻞﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﰎ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﺘﻨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺖﻟﻭﺎﻨﺗ ،ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﺻﻼﺧ ﻞﺜﲤ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﲤﺎﺧﻭ ﺍ ﰲ ﻲﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺘﻟ ﺔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﺍﺮﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺩﻼﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﻹ ﻞﺜﻣﻷﺍ ﻝﻼﻐﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﻞﻘﺗ ﻻ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻝﺎﻟﻤﺠﺍ . ﻊﺿﻮﻟ ﻝﺎﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﲔﺼﺘﺨﳌﺍﻭ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻈﻧﺃ ﺕﺎﻔﻟﻹ ﺔﻌﺿﺍﻮﺘﻣ ﺔﳘﺎﺴﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻰﻘﺒﺗﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﳘﺃ ﺎﳍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺡﺮﻃﻭ ،ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺀﺎﻄﻋﺇ ﰲ ﺭﺎﻤﻀﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻖﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﳍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﲡ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛﻭ .

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  :       : ﺎـﻣﻭ ،ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻑﺎﺸﻜﺘﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺐﺣﻭ ﺰﺋﺍﺮﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﻊﻓﺍﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻳ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﺇ ﺎﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱪﺘﻌﺗ ﻦﻋ ﺮﺠﻨﻳ ،ﺎـﻬﻋﺍﻮﻧﺃ ﱴﺸﺑ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻼﻃﻹﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﳌﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍﻭ ،ﻙﻮﻠﺴﻠﻟ ﺐﻳﺬﺗﻬ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻞﻴﻫﺎﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻛﺍﻭ . ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺭﺬﺟ ﺕﺍﲑﻐﺗ ﺖﺛﺪﺣ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻘﺣﻼﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣﻭ ﺎﻬﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﰲ ﰒ ﻦﻣﻭ . ﻟﺬﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﰲﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﰲ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﺘﻣ ﺔﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻞﺜﲤ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃ ﻚ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻏﺃ . ﺔـﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﻷﺍ ﰲ ﱪﻛﺃ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺫﻮﺤﺘﺴﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻦﻣﻭ ﻣ ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﰲﻭ ،ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﳌﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﰲ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻜﺑ ﻰﻈﳛ ﺎﻋﺮﻓ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺎﻬﻨ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺮﺼﻣ ﻞﺜﻣ . ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﲑﺒﻛ ﺕﺎﺌﻔﻟ ﻕﺯﺭ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺎﻫﲑﻏ ﰲﻭ . ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺘﺑ ﻢﺘﺗﻬ ﺔﻴﳌﺎﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﳏ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺖﺌﺸﻧﺃ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣﻭ . ﺎﳘﻭ ﲔﺜﺤﺒﻣ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴﺳ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ : ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ : ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻮﻧﺃ . ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ : ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺲﺳﺃ .

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ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ : ﻭ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻮﻧﺃ . ﺘﻟﺍ ﲑﻳﺎﻌﻣ ﻉﻮﻨﺘﻟ ﺎﻌﺒﺗ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺢﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺖﻋﻮﻨﺗ ،ﺎﻬـﻨﻴﺑ ﺰﻴﻴﻤ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﻣ ﺭﻮﻬﻇﻭ . ﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﻮﺿﻷﺍ ﻂﻴﻠﺴﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻖﻠﻄﻨﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣﻭ ﻮﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻩ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺍ : ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ،ﻻﻭﺃ : 1 -ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ : ﺰﻋ ﻪﺑﺭ ﱃﺇ ﺪﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺮﻘﺗ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻭ ﻦﻣ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺎﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺎﻨﻨﻳﺩ ﱪﺘﻋﺍ ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﻮﻗ ﰲ ﺕﺎﺤﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﲔﺤﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺡﺪﺘﻣﺍ ﲔﺣ ﻞﺟﻭ " : ﺪﻣﺎﳊﺍ ﻥﻭﺪﺑﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺒﺋﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺮﻣﻵﺍ ﻥﻮﺤﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﻭ ﲔﻨﻣﺆﳌﺍ ﺮﺸﺑﻭ ﷲﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﳊ ﻥﻮﻈﻓﺎﳊﺍﻭ ﺮﻜﻨﳌﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻥﻮﻫﺎﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﻑﻭﺮﻌﳌﺎﺑ " ) 1 ( ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﻮﻗﻭ ، ..." : ﺕﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﺕﺎﺤﺋﺎﺳ ﺕﺍﺪﺑﺎﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﺋﺎﺗ ﺕﺎﺘﻧﺎﻗ ﺕﺎﻨﻣﺆﻣ ".... ) 2 ( ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﻮﻗ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻈﻔﻟ ﺕﺩﺭﻭﻭ ، " : ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻮﺤﻴﺴﻓ ﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ﷲﺍ ﻱﺰﺠﻌﻣ ﲑﻏ ﻢﻜﻧﺃ ﺍﻮﻤﻠﻋﺍﻭ ﺮﻬﺷﺃ ﺔﻌﺑﺭﺃ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻱﺰﳐ ﷲ ." ) 3 ( ﻻﻮﲡ ﻭﺃ ،ﻡﻮﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﻼﺼﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﻘﻟﺎﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺮﻘﺘﻠﻟ ﺎﻣﺇ ﺪﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺳ ﺔﳝﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﲎﻌﻣﻭ ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻟﻮﻗ ﰲ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻪﻘﻠﺧ ﰲ ﻪﺗﺎﻳﺁﻭ ﻖﻟﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﻮﻜﻠﻣ ﰲ ﻞﻣﺄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﺒﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﰲ " : ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻭﲑﺳ ﻞﻗ ﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﺊﺸﻨﻳ ﷲﺍ ﰒ ﻖﻠﳋﺍ ﺃﺪﺑ ﻒﻴﻛ ﺍﻭﺮﻈﻧﺎﻓ ﺮﻳﺪﻗ ﺀﻲﺷ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﷲﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺓﺮﺧﻵ " ) 4 ( ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﺍ ﺓﲑﺴﻣ ﺎﻣﺇﻭ ، ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻢﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﰲ ﻥﻮﺑﺮﻀﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ . ﻱﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﱐﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﲏﻌﺗ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﻖﺒﺳ ﺎﳑﻭ ﻙﺮﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﻢﻴﻟﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﻤﲜ ﺪﻴﻘﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺰﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻮﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﻼﺼﻟﺎﻛ ﲏﻳﺩ ﺐﺟﺍﻭ ﻕﺎﻔﻧﻹﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻓﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻮﻬﻠﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺎﻔﻧﻹﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺒﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﺮﶈﺍ ﰲ ﻉﻮﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻋﻭ ،ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻪﻴﻓﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺗﺎﻃﺎﺸﻧﻭ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺣﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺒﳌﺍﻭ ﺐﻌﻠﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻴﺿﻭ ،ﻪﺘﻠﺋﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ . ﺓﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻡﺰﻠﺘﺴﻳ ﺎﳑ ﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻠﺿﺎﻔﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻧﺯﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻜﻫﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻞﻗﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﳊ . ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﲑﺧﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻰﻧﻬ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﻈﳏ ﰲ ﻉﻮﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻳﺩﺎﻔﺗ ﲔﺤﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻦﻣ ﺎﺗﻬﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﻦﺴﺤﺘﺴﻳ ﻦﻨﺳﻭ ﺏﺍﺩﺁ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺇ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﻳ ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ . 1 ﺎﻬﻤﻗﺭ ،ﺔﺑﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ 9 ﻢﻗﺭ ﺔﻳﻵﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻣ ، 112 . 2 ﺎﻬﻤﻗﺭ ،ﱘﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ 66 ﻢﻗﺭ ﺔﻳﻵﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻣ ، 05 . 3 ﻢﻗﺭ ﺔﻳﻵﺍ ،ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺔﺑﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ 02 . 4 -ﻤﻗﺭ ،ﺕﻮﺒﻜﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﺎﻬ 29 ﻢﻗﺭ ﺔﻳﻵﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻣ ، 20 .

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2 -ﺔﻴﻌﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ : ﱐﺎﳌﻷﺍ ﻯﺮﻳ " ﺮﻠﻳﻭﺮﻓ ﲑﻳﻮﺟ " " Guyer Freuler " ﺑ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺄ " ﺮـﺼﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻫﺍﻮـﻇ ﻦـﻣ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻲﻋﻮـﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍﻭ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺶﻴﻌﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻂﻴﶈﺍ ﻮﳉﺍ ﲑﻴﻐﺗﻭ ﻡﺎﻤﺠﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺎﳍﺎﻤﲜ ﻉﺎﺘﻤﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺓﻮﺸﻧﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﻝﺎﲨ ﻕﻭﺬﺗﻭ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ." ) 5 ( ﻱﻭﺎﺴﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ " ﻦﻣﻮﻬﻨﺗﺍﺮﺷ ﻥﲑﻟﻮﺷ " " Schullard.H.V " ﺎـﻧﻬﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﺣﺎﻴـﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﺮـﻋ ﺐـﻧﺎﺟﻷﺍ ﺭﺎـﺸﺘﻧﺍﻭ ﺔﻣﺎﻗﺇﻭ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻱﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻠﻄﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﻄﺻﻻﺍ ﺍﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻢﺑﻬ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗ ﺓﺪﻠﺑ ﺔﻳﺃ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺝﺭﺎﺧﻭ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ . ) 6 ( ﺎﻧﻬﺄﺑ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺖﻓّﺮﻋﻭ " : ﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﲑﻏﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﺎﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻖﻘﺤ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺐﺴﻜﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻴﻟ ﺓﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﻹ ﺔﺘﻗﺆﻣ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﻪﺘﻣﺎﻗﺇ ﻞﳏ ﲑﻴﻐﺘﺑ ." ) 7 ( ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﻯﺮﻳﻭ " ﲑﻛﱰﻫ " W.Hunziker ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﻱﺮﺴﻳﻮﺴﻟﺍ " ﰲ ﲔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﱪﳋ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﳌﻷﺎﺑ ﻪﻟ ﺮﺸﻧ ﺚﲝ 1959 ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ " : ﳎ ﺔـﻣﺎﻗﺇ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺮﻔﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﺗﺮﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺮﻫﺍﻮﻈﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻤ ﻩﺬـﻫ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗ ﱂ ﺎﳌﺎﻃﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﺔﻣﺎﻗﺇ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﺗ ﻻ ﺔﺘﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﻣﺎﻗﻹﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﳌﺎﻃ ﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﰲ ﱯﻨﺟﺃ ﺺﺨﺸﻟ ﺔﺘﻗﺆﻣ ﱯﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﳍ ﺎﲝﺭ ﺭﺪﻳ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﺑ ﺔﻣﺎﻗﻹﺍ . ) 8 ( ﻜﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺪﻴﻔﺗ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺢﻀﺘﻳ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺓﺩﺎـﺘﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﻮﻟﺄﳌﺍ ﻪﺘﻣﺎﻗﺇ ﻥﺎ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺱﻮﻘﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺝﺭﺪﻨﺗ ﺪﻗﻭ ﻪﻴﻓﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻩﱰﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻪﺗﺎﺒﻏﺭ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﺇ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﺃ ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ﺝﻼﻌﻟﺍﻭ . ﻞﺧﺪـﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎـﻳﺯ ﰲ ﺎﻳﺩﺎﻳﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻱﺩﺆﺗ ،ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻﻭ ﺎﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻧﻬﻮﻛ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﻭﺪﺒﺗﻭ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﲔﺴﲢﻭ ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﱯﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﺪﻘﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺮﻳﺇ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻫﺎﺴﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ،ﺕﺎﻋﻮﻓﺪﳌﺍ . ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱪﺘﻌﺗﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎـﻀﺣ ﺔﻟﺎـﺳﺭ ﺎـﻧﻬﺃ ﻱﺃ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻺﻟ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺍﻮﳉﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﻻ ﺎﻴﻓﺎﻘﺛﻭ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺎﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺏﻮﻌﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻣﻸﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻞﺻﺍﻮﺘﻠﻟ ﺍﺮﺴﺟﻭ . ﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻚﺷ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻣﻭ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﻉﺎﺒـﺷﻹﺍ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﻼﺣﺭ ﰲ ﻍﺍﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺃﻭ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺟﻹﺍ ﻝﻼﻐﺘﺳﺍ ﰲ ﻢﻫﺎﺳ ﺩﺮﻔﻠﻟ ﻲﺸﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻸﻟ ﻲﺣﻭﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻟﺍ . ﲔـﺑ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻠﻟ ﺎﺟﺫﻮﳕ ﻞﺜﳝ ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﰲﻭ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﺍﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﺴﳚﻭ ﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ﺏﻮﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﲔـﺑ ﻢﻫﺎـﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼـﺣﺇﻭ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﺒﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻓﺮﻌ ﺏﻮﻌﺸﻟﺍ . ،ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻼﻃﻻﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺎﳍﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺬﻓﺎﻧ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﲏﻌﻳ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ 5 ،ﺶﻳﻭﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻳﺭ ﻦﻋ ﻼﻘﻧ " ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻﺍ " ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﻣ ،ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ، ) 1997 ( ﺹ ، . 11 . 6 ﻊﺟﺮﳌﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ . 7 ،ﻢﻴﻜﳊﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻠﺳ ﻼﻋ " ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺮﺼﻣ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺃ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ " ﺋﺎﻗﻭ ، ،ﻁﺎﻴﻣﺩ ،ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺮﲤﺆﻣ ﻊ ) 20 / 4 / 1986 ( ﺹ ، . 20 . 8 ﺩ ﻦﻋ ﻼﻘﻧ . ،ﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗﻭ ﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ،ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺩﻮﻤﳏ ) ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ : ،ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ 1975 ( ﺹ ، . 16

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ﺎﻳﻮﻤﻨﺗ ﺎﻴﺟﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺎﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻧﻬﻮﻜﻟ ﺎﻳﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﺍ ﻻﺎﳎﻭ ،ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺰﺋﺎﻛﺭ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺰﻴﻛﺭ ﺪﻌﺗ ﻚﻟﺬﺑﻭ . ﻳﺃ ﺪﻌﺗﻭ ﺍﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﺎﻀ ﻲﻛﻼﻬﺘﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﺃ ﺐﻳﺬﺗﻬﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗﻭ ﻞﻣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﲑﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﳘﺎﺴﻣ . ﻦـﻣ ﺔﻠـﺴﻠﺳ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﲑﻏ ﻦﻋ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﺗ ﻥﺫﺇ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺎﻓ ﺃ ﻦﻣ ،ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒﺑ ﺔﻄﺑﺍﺮﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﺎـﲟ ﲔـﻌﻣ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻥﺎﻤﺿ ﻞﺟ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻢﺗﻬﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣﻭ ﻢﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃﻭ ﻢﺗﻬﺎﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ ،ﲔﺤﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﺣﻭ ﻡﺀﻼﺘﻳ . 3 -ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ : ﻮﻫ ﺡﻭﺮﻄﳌﺍ ﻝﺍﺆﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ : ﺐﻴﺠﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻦﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﺟﻺﻟ ؟ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺪﺟﻭ ﺍﺫﺎﳌ ﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺟﺎﺣ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺑ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻭ ﺔﺟﺎﳊ ﺩﻭﺪـﺣ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺒـﺷﺇ ﱃﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﻳ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺪﺠﺘﳌﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺪﶈﺍ ﲑﻏ ﻥﺎﺴﻧ ﺔﺣﺎﺘﳌﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ . ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻯﺮﻳﻭ " Donald E. Lunberg " ﺓﺩﺪـﳏ ﱪﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﺇ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﻴﺘﺣﺍ ﺓﺪﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺄﺑ ﱃﺇ ﺍﺩﻮﻌـﺻﻭ ﺓﺪـﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦـﻣ ﺀﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﻹﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﳘﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﻩﺬﻫﻭ ،ﱐﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻙﻮﻠﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻤﻘﻟﺍ . ) 9 ( ﺓﺎﻴﳊ ﺔﻳﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﻪﺗﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻞﺜﲤ ﻡﺮﻫ ﻞﻜﺷ ﰲ ﺔﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺔﺒﻏﺮﻟﺎﻛ ،ﻡﺮﳍﺍ ﺔﻤﻗ ﰲ ﱐﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻊﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﲤ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﺗﻭ ،ﻦﻜﺴﳌﺍﻭ ،ﺲﺒﻠﳌﺍ ،ﺏﺍﺮﺸﻟﺍ ،ﻡﺎﻌﻄﻟﺎﻛ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻣ ﺓﺭﺎﻳﺰﺑ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻪﻴﻓﺮﺘﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺩ ﻚﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﰲ ﺝﻼـﻌﻟﺍ ﺐـﻠﻃ ،ﺓﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﻑﺭﺎـﻌﻣ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻛﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺏﻮﻌﺷ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻔﺸﺘﺳﻻﺍﻭ . ﺔـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺎـﻃﺇ ﰲ ﺔﺣﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﺎﻬﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻺﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﰐﺄﺗﻭ ﻃ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻳﲑﺒﻛ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺎﺑﻭ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﺑ ﺖﻴﻈﺣ ﱵﻟﺍ ،ﺕﺎﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﲔﻴﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍﻭ ﲔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﻈﻨﻣ ﻑﺮ ﲔﻴـﺳﺎﻴﺳﻭ ، ،ﻝﺎﺜﻣﺃ " ﺲﻛﺭﺎﻣ ﻝﺭﺎﻛ " " Karl Marx "، ) 10 ( ﻭ " ﱘﺎﻛﺭﻭﺩ "" E.Durkheim "، ) 11 ( ﳘﲑﻏﻭ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﺑ ﲔﻤﺘﻬﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﳘﺃ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘﺑﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﳊﺍ . 4 -ﺢﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ : 9-

Donald E. Lunberg, the Tourist Business, Fourth Edition CBI, Publishing CO, 1980, p.57

10 ﺭﺎﻣ ﻝﺭﺎﻛ ﺲﻛ ) 1818 -1883 ( ،ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺟﺎﺣﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻖﻠﻄﻨﺗ ﻻ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻯﺮﻳ ، ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ﺎﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺓﺩﺪﶈﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻖﻠﻄﻨﺗ . ﺾـﻌﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﺟﺎﺣ ﺪﻳﺍﺰﺘﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺮﻌﺳ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﻮﲢ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﳜ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﰲ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺟﺎﺤﻠﻟ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﺇ ﻥﺃ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻨﺘﺗﻭ ﻊﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﲔـﺑ ﻞـﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﻮـﻗ ﻞﻘﻨﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺐﻠﻄﻟﺍﻭ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﻢﻈﻨﻴﺳ ﲑﺧﻷﺍ ﰲ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺲﻛﺭﺎﳌ ﺢﲰ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺀﻲﺸﻟﺍ ،ﻯﺮﺧﻷ ﺺﻗﺎ ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻫﺩﺪﲢ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﺇﻭ ﻝﺎﳌﺍ ﺱﺃﺮﻟ ﻱﻮﻀﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﻤﻈﻨﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻢﻈﻋﻷﺍ ﺢﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻠﻟ ﻊﻀﺨﻴﺳ ﻉﻭﺮﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﺈﻓ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﻹ ﺎﻬﺋﺎﻨﺘﻗﺎﺑ ﺢﻤﺴﺗ ﻻﻮﺧﺩﻭ ﺕﺍﲑﺧ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﰲ ﺞﺘﻨﺗ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺓﺮﺋﺍﺩ ﻥ . ﺭﺎـﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎـﺗ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻟﺩ ﻑﺭﺎﻋ ،ﺮﻈﻧﺃ ،ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ) ،ﻖﺸﻣﺩ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺸﻨﻣ 2002 ( ﺹ ، . 420 . 11 ﱘﺎﻛ ﺭﻭﺩ ) 1859 -1917 ( ﺎﺗﻬﲑﻈﻧ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﲣﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻭﺪﳏ ﲑﻏ ﺎﻧﻬﻮﻜﺑ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﺗ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺟﺎﺣ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻩﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺐﺴﺣ ، ﻻ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺒﺷﺇ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﻥﺍﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺔـﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻭﺃ ﻊـﻤﺘﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﰲ ﻞـﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺔﻴﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺓﻮﻗ ﻞﻌﻔﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺪﳊﺍ ﻡﺰﻠﺘﺴﻳ ﺎﳑ ،ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺕﺎﻴﺟﺎﺣ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺪﻟﻮﺘﺗ ﻞﺑ ،ﺎﻬﺻﺎﻘﻧﺇ ﲏﻌﻳ . ،ﺮـﻈﻧﺃ M.

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ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﰲ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﲔﺳﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺎﺑ ﺢﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻰﻈﳛ ) ،ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﳉﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ( ﻲﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﺺﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﻷﺍ ﰲﻭ ، ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﲏﻌﳌﺍ . ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻌﻓ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺔﻴﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ : ﺍﺮﻬﺷ ﺓﺮﺸﻋ ﱵﻨﺛﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻗﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﺘﻌﳌﺍ ﻪﺘﺌﻴﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺮﻓﺎﺴﻳ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻱﺃ ﺐﺴﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻐﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺔﻟﻭﺍﺰﻣ ﻑﻼﲞ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺽﺮﻏ ﻱﻷ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻣ ) 12 ( . ﻦﻜﳝ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺃ ﺙﻼﺛ ﻁﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳﺍ : ) 13 ( 1 -ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﻥﺎﻜﳌ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻢﳍﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺮﻜﺘﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺳﺍ ﻊﻣ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﻠﻟ ﺓﺩﺎﺘﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺧﺁ ﺽﺮﻏ ﻱﻷ ﻭﺃ ﻕﻮﺴﺘﻠﻟ ﻭﺃ ﻼﺜﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﺎﻴﻋﻮﺒﺳﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﻣﻮﻳ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ؛ﺮ 2 ﻦﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﱪﺘﻌﻳ ﺓﺪﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺕﺯﻭﺎﲡ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻚﻟﺫ ،ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻣ ﺍﺮﻬﺷ ﺓﺮﺸﻋ ﱵﻨﺛﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻣ ﻯﺪﻌﺘﺗ ﻻ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻴﻘﻣ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﺮﺟﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ؛ 3 -ﻮﻜﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻐﻟ ﺔﺘﻗﺆﳌﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ ﺪﺒﻌﺘﺴﺗ ﱴﺣ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺽﺮﻏ ﻱﻷ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻟﺍ ﻥ . ﻡﺎﻋ ﻢﻣﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺼﻌﻟ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﻹﺍ ﺀﺍﱪﺧ ﺔﻨﳉ ﺖﻓﺮﻋ ﺎﻤﻛ 1937 ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺢﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ : ﺍﺪﻠﺑ ﺭﻭﺰﻳ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻱﺃ ﻦﻋ ﻞﻘﺗ ﻻ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻢﻴﻘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﲑﻏ ﺎﻣ 24 ﺔﻋﺎﺳ . ) 14 ( ﻔﺤﺼﻠﻟ ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﳊﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﲔﻴ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺢﺋﺎﺴﻠﻟ ﻩﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ﺎﺴﻧﺮﻔﺑ ﲔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ : ﻊﻔﺘﻨﻳﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻣﺎﻗﻹﺍ ﺩﺎﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻖﻓﻷﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺎﻣ ﺽﺮﻐﻟ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻡﺎﻤﺠﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺘﺟﺎﺣ ﺪﺴﻟﻭ ﺔﺒﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻱﺃ ﺖﲢ ﻉﻼﻄﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﰲ ﻪﺘﺒﻏﺭ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﻹ ﻪﻏﺍﺮﻓ ﺖﻗﻮﺑ ﺔﻌﺘﳌﺍﻭ . ) 15 ( ﻞﻛ ﻮﻫ ﺢﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﰲ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻔﺘﺗ ،ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﺘﻌﳌﺍ ﻪﺘﻣﺎﻗﺇ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻙﺮﺘﻳ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻦﻋ ﻪﻴﻓﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻪﻓﺭﺎﻌﻣ ﻊﻴﺳﻮﺘﻛ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻷ ﻭﺃ ،ﻪﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻳﺪﲡ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺣﻭﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻧ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﺣ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﻹ ﺎﺒﻠﻃ ﻩﺩﻼﺑ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻴﻗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺒﺷﻹ ﺢﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻌﺴﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ،ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻭﺃ . ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃ : ﺕﻼﺣﺮﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻴﻗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺒﺷﺇ ﺩﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﺢﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭﻭ ﺕﻻﻮﻴﳌ ﺎﻌﺒﺗ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﺗ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻨﳌﺎﻋ ﰲ ﻊﻤﺘﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﻩﺪﻬﺸﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻀﳊﺍﻭ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻴﺷﺎﲤ ،ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ . ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ . 1 -ﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘ : 12 -ﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﻢﻗﺭ ﲏﻓ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ،ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﺼﺣﻹ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺗﻭ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ،ﺔﻴﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺣ 1 ، ) 1995 ( ﺹ ، . 10 . 13 ﺩ . ،ﺭﺪﳍﺍ ﺮﻃﺎﳐﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﲔﺑ ﺮﺼﻣ ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣﻭ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ،ﻥﻮﺘﻳﺯ ﺎﻴﳏ ) ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ : ،ﻕﻭﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ 2002 ( ﺹ ، . 17 . 14 ﻡﺎﻋ ،ﻢﻣﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺼﻋ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﻹﺍ ﺀﺍﱪﺧ ﺔﻨﳉ ﺮﻳﺮﻘﺗ 1937 ـﻫ ﺮﻈﻧﺃ ، . ﻥﻮﺴﻨﺑﻭﺭ ﺹ ،ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، . 10 . 15 -ﺹ ،ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﺶﻳﻭﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻳﺭ . 14 .

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ﺎﻧﻬﺄﺑ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱪﺘﻌﺗ " ﻝﻼـﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻲﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﻊﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻡﺎﻤﺠﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﻛ ﻞـﺜﻣ ﻲـﺣﻭﺭ ﺙﺍﺮﺗ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﱐﺎﺒﳌﺍﻭ ﻖﺋﺍﺪﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﳜﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﱂﺎﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﻯﺮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﺪﳌﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﱐﺍﺮﻤﻋ ﺙﺍﺮﺗ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻛﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﶈﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻔﳊﺍ ." ) 16 ( ﻥﺫﺇ ﻡﺪﻘﺗ ﺲﻜﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻬﺟﻭﺃ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﺑ ﻊﺳﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﲟ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﻌﺸﻟ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﺯﺍﻭ . ﺔـﻘﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻖﺋﺍﺪﳊﺎﻛ ،ﺔﻴﳜﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﱂﺎﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﺛﻷﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻳﺯ ﺎﻫﺮﻫﺎﻈﻣ ﻦﻣﻭ ﻭ ،ﺎﻴﻟﺎﻄﻳﺈﺑ ﻞﺋﺎﳌﺍ ﺍﺰﻴﺑ ﺝﺮﺑ ،ﺮﺼﲟ ﺓﺰﻴﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺮﻫﺃ ،ﻞﺑﺎﺒﺑ ﻰـﻠﻋﻭ ،ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺏﻮﻌﺷ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻋﻭ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﲑﺒـﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻜـﺷﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺧﺁ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻱﺃ ﻭﺃ ،ﺱﺎﺤﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻀﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺐﻫﺬﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺎﺠﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻛ ،ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﺃ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺩ ﻡﺃ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻭ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﺟﺮﻬﳌﺍﻭ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻫﺎﻈﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻀﺤﻛ ،ﲏﻔﻟﺍ . ﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﺃ ﺪﺣﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱪﺘﻌﺗﻭ ﰲ ﺺﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﺪﺴﲡ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ ،ﺔ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃ ﻡﺪﻗﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺣﻭﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺩ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ . ﺱﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺢﻀﺘﻳ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺍﺮﻣﺃ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺢﺒﺻﺃﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺰﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ﺔﺳﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻳﺯ ﰲ ﺔﺒﻏﺮﻟﺎﻛ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺣﻭﺭ ﺏﺎﺒﺳﺃ ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻢﻬﻌﻓﺪﻳ ﺃ ﰲ ﺎﻌﺋﺎﺷ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﲑﺜﻛ ﺀﺍﺰﺟ . ﺔﻨﻳﺪﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻥﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺞﳛ ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ ﻮﺑﺮﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻳﻮﻨﺳ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺪﻔﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻠﻟ ﺎﺑﺬﺟ ﺎﻫﺮﺜﻛﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺱﺪﻗﺃ ﺎﻤﻧﻬﻮﻜﻟ ﺓﺭﻮﻨﳌﺍ ﺋﺎﳍﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻷﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻚﻴﻫﺎﻧ ،ﺞﳊﺍ ﺔﻀﻳﺮﻓ ﺀﺍﺩﻷ ﻢﻠﺴﻣ ﱐﻮﻴﻠﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺮﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷ ﻱﺭﻭﺩ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﺓﺪﻓﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻠ . ﺔﻠﺻ ﺎﳍ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﻱﺃ ﻥﺍﺮﻔﻐﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻃﻭ ﻙﱪﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﺞﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﺘﻳﺎﻏ ﻥﺈﻓ ﲔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﻢﺗﻬﺪﻴﻘﻌﺑ . ﻲﻫ ﻢﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺱﺪﻗﺃ ﻦﻣﻭ " ﻥﺎـﻜﻴﺗﺎﻔﻟﺍ " " Vatican " ﻭ" ﺱﺪـﻘﻟﺍ " ﻭ" ﻱﺭﻮﺑﺮﺘﻧﺎـﻛ " " Canterbury " ﺲﻳﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ، " ﺩﻭﺍﺩ " " ST.David " ﰲ " ﺰﻠﻳﻭ " " Wales " ،ﺡﺎﻴـﺴﻟﺍ ﻦـﻣ ﺓﲑﺒﻛ ﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺃ ﺏﺬﺘﲡ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﻞﺜﳌﺎﺑﻭ " ﺩﺭﻮﻟ " " Laurdes " ﰲ " ﺰﻴﻧﺍﱪﻟﺍ " " Branis " ﺔﺴﻳﺪﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ " ﺱﻭﲑﺑﻮـﺳ ﺖﻳﺩﺎﻧﲑﺑ " " Bernadette Soubirous " ﺪﻌﳌﺍ ﻲﺋﺎﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﺒﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻳ ﺎﻣﻭ ، ﱐ ﻯﺪـﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﺑﺬﺘﺟﺍ ،ﺔﻳﺯﺎﺠﻋﺇ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﲏﻣﺯ ﻰﺿﺮﳌﺍ ﺡﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﻫ ﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺃ ﻞﻳﻮﻃ . ) 17 ( ﺔﻴﻣﻼـﺳﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﳌﺍ ﲔﺘﻧﺎﻳﺪﻠﻟ ﲏﻳﺩ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﺮﻈﻨﻳ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺳ ﻞﻛﺎﻴﻫ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ . ﺔﺒـﺴﻨﺒﻟﺎﻓ ،ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺎـﺑ ﲑﺒﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﻣﺎﳉﺍ ،ﻖﺸﻣﺪﺑ ﻱﻮﻣﻷﺍ ﻊﻣﺎﳉﺍ ،ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﻊﻣﺎﺠﻛ ﺪﺟﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻼﺜﻣ ﺪﳒ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻳﺪﻠﻟ ﺍﻭ ،ﺱﺪﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﺼﻗﻷﺍ ﺪﺠﺴﳌﺍ ﻡﺍﲑﺣ ﱪﻗ ،ﺎﻳﺭﻮﺴﺑ ﻱﺯﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺮﺨﻓ ﺢﻳﺮﺿ ،ﺩﺍﺪﻐﺒﺑ ﺓﺪﻴﺑﺯ ﺓﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱪﻘﻛ ﺔﺣﺮﺿﻷ ﻥﺎـﻨﺒﻠﺑ ﺭﻮـﺻ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺮﻘﻟﺎﺑ . ﺔـﻣﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺔـﺴﻴﻨﻛ ﻞـﺜﻣ ﺲﺋﺎـﻨﻜﻟﺍ ﺪـﳒ ﺔـﻳﺩﻮﻬﻴﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻴـﺴﳌﺍ ﺔـﻧﺎﻳﺪﻠﻟﻭ 16 ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﻬﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ 11 ﻱﺮﻔﻴﻓ ، 2003 ﺹ ، . 5 . 17 ـﻫ . ﺩ ﺔﲨﺮﺗ ،ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ،ﻥﻮﺴﻨﺑﻭﺭ . ﺀﺰﳉﺍ ،ﻡﺎﻣﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﳏ I ، ) ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ : ،ﻑﺭﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ 1985 ( ﺹ ، . 74 .