que micr
Annexe 6 Normes d'exposition aux ELF
Les champs électrique et magnétique terrestres, extrêmement faibles, sont respectivement de l'ordre de 10-4V.m-1 et 10-5µT. L'exposition humaine la plus importante aux champs ELF est associée principalement à la production, au transport et à l'utilisation de l'énergie électrique. Les champs électriques et magnétique en-dessous des lignes électriques aériennes peuvent atteindre respectivement 12kV.m-1 et 30µT. A proximité des centrales et des sous-stations, les champs électriques peuvent atteindre 16kV.m-1 et les champs magnétiques 270µT. Les travailleurs chargés de l'entretien des lignes de transport et de distribution de courant peuvent donc être exposés à des champs très importants. Les champs électriques au voisinage de la plupart des appareils domestiques ne dépassent pas 500V.m-1 et le champ magnétique est généralement inférieur à 150µT. Dans les deux cas, le champ peut être nettement plus élevé à proximité immédiate de l'appareil, mais il diminue rapidement avec la distance [OMS, 2007b; Classic K, 2014].
L'International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), commission reconnue par l'OMS, a pour objectif d'établir des recommandations limitant l'exposition visant à protéger les personnes des effets des EF et MF 50Hz sur la santé. Un facteur de réduction est appliqué au niveau des recommandations et permet de prendre en compte l'hétérogénéité du grand public. Les restrictions de base des EF internes considérées comme acceptables dans le cerveau et la rétine sont 10-1V.m-1 pour l'exposition professionnelle et 2.10-2V.m-1 pour l'exposition du grand public. Les valeurs des champs électriques induits sont traduites en grandeurs électriques directement mesurables. Les niveaux de référence sont obtenus par modélisation mathématique à partir des restrictions de base et utilisent un facteur de réduction additionnel de 3 de manière à tenir compte des incertitudes dosimétriques. Les niveaux de référence de l'exposition aux EF et MF 50Hz sont [ICNIRP, 2010] :
- pour l'exposition professionnelle: 10kV.m-1 - 800A.m-1 - 1000µT; - pour la population générale: 5kV.m-1 - 160A.m-1 - 200µT.
L'Union Européenne a également émis des recommandations et des directives. Pour l'exposition du grand public, le Conseil de l'Union Européenne [1999] a adopté la recommandation 1999/519/CE relative à la limitation de l'exposition du public aux EMF. Pour l'exposition professionnelle, le Conseil de l'Union Européenne et le Parlement Européen ont arrêté la directive 2013/35/EU [2013] définissant les prescriptions minimales de sécurité et de santé relatives à l'exposition des travailleurs aux risques dus aux agents physiques (EMF). Les valeurs limites d'exposition de cette recommandation sont basées sur les directives de l'ICNIRP [2010]. La terminologie sur les "valeurs déclenchant l’action" (VA) utilisée dans la directive reprend la terminologie "VA basses" et "VA hautes". Pour les EF, ce sont les niveaux en lien avec les mesures de protection ou de prévention spécifiques établies dans la directive; et pour les MF, les "VA basses" sont les niveaux en lien avec les "valeurs limites d’exposition" (VLE) relatives aux effets sensoriels et les "VA hautes" sont les niveaux en lien avec les VLE relatives aux effets sur la santé.
Les niveaux de référence de l'exposition aux EF et MF 50Hz sont : - valeurs pour l'exposition professionnelle 50Hz :
▪ Champ électrique : VA basse de 10kV.m-1 rms et VA haute de 20kV.m-1 rms.
▪ Induction magnétique : VA basse de 1000µT rms, VA haute de 6000µT rms et de 18mT rms pour une exposition des membres à un MF localisé.
- valeurs pour la population générale 50Hz : ▪ Champ électrique : 5kV.m-1 rms. ▪ Induction magnétique : 100µT rms.
Les directives européennes doivent être transposées dans la législation des Etats membres. En Belgique, pour le grand public, la valeur du champ électrique généré par une installation de transport de l'électricité doit rester inférieure aux valeurs suivantes mesurées à 1,5m du sol ou des habitations :
- dans les zones habitées ou destinées à l'habitat sur les plans de secteur: 5kV.m-1; - lors des surplombs de routes: 7kV.m-1;
- dans les autres lieux: 10kV.m-1.
Il n'existe pas à ce jour une législation belge particulière au sujet de l'exposition à des champs d'induction magnétique.
Au niveau de l'exposition professionnelle, la directive européenne 2013/35/UE devra être transposée par la Belgique avant le 1er juillet 2016.
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