CHAPITRE IV RECOMMANDATIONS AUX DÉCIDEURS POLITIQUES
1. Bâtir une économie résiliente
3.2 Mettre en œuvre des politiques de prix transparentes
Le prix est une incitation importante pour les producteurs et joue un rôle clef dans leurs processus GH SULVH GH GÆFLVLRQV 8QH ƄVFDOLWÆ H[FHVVLYH HW GHV politiques monétaires maintenant des taux de change DUWLƄFLHOOHPHQW VXUÆYDOXÆV GÆFRXUDJHQW JUDQGHPHQW l’investissement.
La détermination d’un niveau optimal d’imposition Ÿ} VWLPXODQW OHV UHFHWWHV SXEOLTXHV VDQV SRXU DXWDQW saper la rentabilité et nuire aux intérêts des investisseurs SRXUOHVHFWHXUGHVSURGXLWVGHEDVH}ŸHVWXQH[HUFLFH LQWULQVÅTXHPHQWGÆOLFDWVXVFHSWLEOHGHPRGLƄFDWLRQDX ƄOGXWHPSV½PHVXUHTXHODSURGXFWLYLWÆOHVFRQGLWLRQV du marché et les économies évoluent. Dans le cas des denrées alimentaires de base, cet exercice est d’autant plus complexe que les prix optimaux pour les producteurs et les acheteurs nets d’aliments rivalisent dans des directions opposées.
L’étude de cas consacrée à l’industrie du soja en
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des producteurs durant les périodes de conjoncture ÆFRQRPLTXH GÆIDYRUDEOH $YHF OD EDLVVH GHV SUL[
internationaux du soja, les taxes sur les exportations de ce produit ont été maintenues à des niveaux insoutenables, rendant la production de soja non rentable SRXUOHVDJULFXOWHXUV$SUÅVUÆYLVLRQGHFHVSROLWLTXHVOH VHFWHXUVpHVWUHGUHVVÆ$YDQWOHVHFWHXUGXFDFDR DX *KDQD VRXIIUDLW ÆJDOHPHQW GpXQH SROLWLTXH GH SUL[
non transparente qui transférait aux producteurs une
SDUW H[DJÆUÆPHQW IDLEOH GHV FRXUV LQWHUQDWLRQDX[ $X ƄQDO OHV DJULFXOWHXUV QpÆWDLHQW SDV LQFLWÆV ½ SRXUVXLYUH ou à accroître la production de cacao. Cette politique a SDUODVXLWHÆWÆPRGLƄÆHDƄQGHPRWLYHUOHVSURGXFWHXUV et de relancer le secteur, en associant notamment les DJULFXOWHXUVUHSUÆVHQWÆVSDUXQ}DJULFXOWHXUHQFKHI}
aux processus décisionnels, en leur allouant une part plus importante des prix mondiaux du cacao et en améliorant la concurrence en autorisant l’achat de FDFDRSDUGHVVRFLÆWÆVDJUÆÆHVHQSOXVGHOpRIƄFHGH FRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQSDUDSXEOLF
4. CONCLUSIONS
En l’absence d’événements imprévus, les prix des produits de base ne devraient augmenter que PDUJLQDOHPHQW MXVTXpHQ ½ OpH[FHSWLRQ SHXWÇWUH GHVSUL[GXSÆWUROH8QHWHQGDQFH½ODEDLVVH½ORQJWHUPH des prix, occasionnellement interrompue par quelques pics, continue de souligner la nécessité d’une saine gestion des recettes d’exportation des produits de base.
Il est indispensable pour les pays en développement tributaires des produits de base d’explorer la marge d’action dont ils disposent pour surmonter les obstacles à leur transformation structurelle.
Pour ce faire, il faudra améliorer la gouvernance en créant un environnement propice et concevoir et mettre HQ zXYUH XQ HQVHPEOH GH SROLWLTXHV HW GH PHVXUHV empêchant que la volatilité des prix des produits de base ne se répercute sur les économies nationales. Il s’agit notamment de politiques budgétaires, sectorielles et sociales, dont un grand nombre ont été examinées plus haut.
/D PLVH HQ zXYUH UÆXVVLH GX 3URJUDPPH GH développement durable à l’horizon 2030 et la réalisation des ODD nécessiteront des efforts concertés de la part des gouvernements, des milieux universitaires, du secteur privé et de la société civile. Les mesures politiques prises dans les pays en développement tributaires des produits de base devront aller au-delà d’une saine gestion macroéconomique. Par-dessus tout, l’adoption HW OD PLVH HQ zXYUH GH SROLWLTXHV GH UHGLVWULEXWLRQ UHVWHQWXQGÆƄPDMHXUSRXUOHVJRXYHUQHPHQWVGHFHV pays. Les mesures économiques décrites ci-dessus seront à compléter par des initiatives de promotion de l’inclusion sociale, l’alimentation, la santé et l’éducation pour garantir que la transformation structurelle ne laisse personne à l’écart.
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