Conclusion

Dans ce chapitre nous avons passé en revue les fondements théoriques de principales approches de la pauvreté. Le courant utilitariste basé sur l’utilité a dominé durant de nombreuses années l’analyse du bien-être. Par ses divers critiques sur les théories qui l’ont précédé, l’approche des capabilités de Sen se présente comme un cadre conceptuel alternatif. Cette approche propose de voir le bien-être économique comme une extension des libertés substantielles (ou capabilités). De même, nous avons souligné que l’approche des capabilités n’est pas en rupture totale avec les utilitaristes, mais admet que le revenu seul ne peut décrire fidèlement la situation d’un individu.

Dans l’analyse de la pauvreté, l’approche des capabilités est purement normative. Cependant, elle est prolongée par d’autres travaux à vocation scientifique plus affirmée, afin d’opérationnaliser les approches de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle. Nous avons ainsi distingué les approches de mesure de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle en mesures axiomatiques et mesures non axiomatiques axées sur les données individuelles.

Ce pluralisme méthodologie explique le caractère complexe de la pauvreté, mais chaque approche peut contribuer à la compréhension de la pauvreté. En effet, la prospection de ces principales approches de la pauvreté permettra de sélectionner un indice de la pauvreté, sur la base des propriétés que l'on souhaite imposer à ce dernier.

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