BLUE GREEN RED BLACK PINK
4.3 Benefits of training focusing on visual perception speed
The second direction for research to take is to develop and test the effects of targeted cognitive training on behaviour in natural environments. This is challenging as
4. – Future perspectives
training programs would need to address impaired cognitive functions that are not compensated for. The first step is therefore to develop instruments to detect these functions before developing and testing interventions that will not only improve performance on the cognitive task but also improve behaviours that will help maintain an active lifestyle.152
Up till now, studies have investigated the benefits of having all older adults perform the same computerised exercises.153 Even under these conditions, cognitive training has been shown to reduce cerebral decline154 and induce a transfer of performance to other tasks than the one trained for.155, 156 Recently, there has been a growing interest in targeting interventions for visual processing speed.157 Clinical trials have shown moderate effects of such interventions on other cognitive functions153, 158 with a gain of 2–5 years on usual decline61 and beneficial effects on performances during daily activities (i.e. telephone communication, financial abilities, nutrition, shopping and medication usage).159 However, these interventions did not initially screen participants for deficits in order to only address training of those who had reduced performances in the first place.
To spare efforts and improve efficiency, future studies should focus on developing software that can adapt the training program to each individual’s needs. Furthermore, the training could require exercises that are demanding but easier than those from the screening procedure as older adults have been shown to have difficulties in capitalising on practice under high working load.160 However, relying on information provided by different sensorial inputs will facilitate learning. Finally, the benefits of the training program on natural behaviours that require high demanding temporal processing should be evaluated. Gait, balance, falls and locomotion are some examples of possible outcomes.
5. CONCLUSION
To help reduce the effects of ageing and cerebral decline on our quality of life as little as possible, we need to maintain an active lifestyle. As we gradually lose cognitive reserve, neural plasticity can compensate for neural loss by offering an adaptive solution to meet our needs. In the early stages of cerebral decline, favouring physical activity over health education161 is probably the most efficient way of delaying the effects of underlying neural changes.
In Switzerland, to keep their drivers’ license, drivers of 70 years or more are required to have a physician confirm their fitness to drive every two years. This provides a perfect opportunity to address the question of mobility and promote physical activity.
But rather than merely detecting those that are deemed unfit to drive, our aim should be to detect and anticipate future difficulties and provide support to the elderly to overcome them. Public health efforts should also continue to not only promote research in finding treatments to stop the development of neural degeneration, but also in finding ways improve cognitive reserve and conserve neural plasticity to face these natural changes.
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