Three-dimensional cathodes for electrochemical reduction of CO₂: from macro- to nano-engineering
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![Table 1. Selected products and equilibrium potentials of electrochemical reduction of CO 2 [16] (this table is from an open access article).](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/123doknet/13983852.454486/3.892.119.770.180.553/table-selected-products-equilibrium-potentials-electrochemical-reduction-article.webp)
![Figure 1. Illustration of reactor designs commonly used for the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 [19].](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/123doknet/13983852.454486/4.892.147.746.128.560/figure-illustration-reactor-designs-commonly-used-electrochemical-reduction.webp)
![Figure 3. Positions of N atoms in carbon network of graphene [133,137]. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier, 2017.](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/123doknet/13983852.454486/9.892.280.607.455.719/figure-positions-carbon-network-graphene-reproduced-permission-elsevier.webp)
![Figure 4. SEM images of electrodeposited Cu foams from additive-free (a), NH 4 + (b), NH 4 + and PEG (c), and NH 4 + , PEG and MPSA additized (d) Cu sulfate baths [146]; Reproduced with permission from Elsevier, 2008.](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/123doknet/13983852.454486/11.892.190.709.637.987/figure-electrodeposited-additive-additized-sulfate-reproduced-permission-elsevier.webp)
![Figure 5. 3D self-assembled Au electrode with 200–300 nm channels and 10 nm mesoporosity, synthesized by PnP and electrodeposition [104]](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/123doknet/13983852.454486/14.892.250.652.136.349/figure-self-assembled-electrode-channels-mesoporosity-synthesized-electrodeposition.webp)
![Figure 7. Schematic representation of the Au catalyst supported on polymer-wrapped multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT / PyPBI / Au) microfluidic electrolysis cell [181]](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/123doknet/13983852.454486/18.892.196.692.332.625/schematic-representation-catalyst-supported-multiwall-nanotubes-microfluidic-electrolysis.webp)
![Figure 9. (a) Illustration of the fabrication process of Cu x O–Sn NWs; (b) typical SEM images of Cu x O–Sn20 NWs with di ff erent magnifications; (c) potential-dependent CO FE (Sn20 representing Sn electroless deposition for 20 s) [207]](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/123doknet/13983852.454486/22.892.155.743.132.454/illustration-fabrication-magnifications-potential-dependent-representing-electroless-deposition.webp)
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