Impact radiatif des aérosols de haute altitude
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(2) 1G¶2UGUH'8 . UNIVERSITE BLAISE PASCAL. ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES FONDAMENTALES N° 889. . THESE présentée pour obtenir le grade de. DOCTEUR D’UNIVERSITE . Spécialité : Sciences de l’Atmosphère. Par CHAUVIGNÉ Aurélien Titulaire du Master recherche spécialité Physique et Chimie pour l’Environnement . Impact Radiatif des aérosols de haute altitude . Soutenue publiquement le 1er Décembre 2016, devant la commission d’examen.. Président : Rapporteur : Examinateur : Directeur : Co-directeur :. Paolo LAJ (IGE, Grenoble) Paolo LAJ (IGE, Grenoble) Philippe GOLOUB (LOA, Lille) Marc MALLET (CNRM, Toulouse) Karine SELLEGRI (LaMP, Clermont-Ferrand) Nadège MONTOUX (LaMP, Clermont-Ferrand).
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