UNITED NATIONS
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA
Distr.:
LIMITED
E/ECA/TRADE/89/35 3 July 1989
Original: ENGLISH
CREATING AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT for
INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE EXPANSION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OP THE SOUTH-SOUTH CO-OPERATION
(A Note by the ECA secretariat)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pace
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE STRUCTURE AND POTENTIALS 3 III. POTENTIALS FOR INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE EXPANSION 8
IV. CREATING THE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR
INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE EXPANSION 11
V. CONCLUSION 16
STATISTICAL ANNEX
I. INTRODUCTION
The potential for intra-African trade is greater than many African policy makers realize. Each year Africa imports huge amounts of consumer goods, manufactures, intermediate and capital goods, transport equipment, building and construction materials, agricultural inputs and foodstuff. The market for these goods is ever expanding.
In terms of demand, it is important to stress that Africa has a population of over 550 million people with the age group between 15 and 40 being predominant. Moreover, the process of urbanization through rural transformation and modernization of the informal sector, brings about trade opportunities in many areas.
It is also important to stress that the establishment of subregional economic groupings has considerably increased the opportunities for intra-African trade expansion as part of the South-South co-operaton. In the same vein, the existence of the Nonaligned Movement and the South Commission buttresses the efforts towards collective self-reliance in the South within the framework of the Arusha Programme of Action for Collective Self-Reliance Among Developing Countries as well as the Caracas Plan of of
1 These include the Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and
Southern African States (PTA); the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS); the Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC); The Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC); the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS); the West African Economic Community (CEAO); and the Maghreb Arab Union.
Action for Economic Co-operation Among Developing Countries. The growth of South-South exchanges is the sine qua non for the survival of developing counties vis-a-vis the North.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze trade flows and trends among African counties covering the period 1980 - 1986. However, since data on intra-African trade at the commodity level were not readily available, the technique adopted involves an indirect method of assessment using the total trade of developing African countries with all of their partners in the world. The data analyzed therefore was compiled using the internationally accepted system of trade data reporting which is the Standard International
Trade Classification (SITC).2 This would enable follow-up policy
action to be taken to attain the following objectives: (a) to reduce and eventually offset deficits of their balances of trade vis-a-vis the rest of the world in general and more particularly with the North; and (b) to enhance their collective self-reliance by increasing trade among themselves which could be achieved using already available capacities as well as new investments in product
These would be referred to in the discussion extensively.
SITC sections are defined as follows: Section 0 = Food and live animals; Section 1 = Beverages and tobacco; Section 2 = Crude materials except fuels; Section 3 = Mineral fuels and related materials; Section 4 - Animal and vegetable oils, fats; Section 5
= Chemicals; Section 6 = Manufactured goods; Section 7 = Machinery and transport equipment; Section 8 = Other manufactured goods;
Section 9 = Commodities and transactions not elsewhere classified.
For additional information on SITC refer to United Nations, Standard International Trade Classification. Revision 3.
Statistical Papers, Series M, No. 34/Rev. 3, New York, 1986.
lines tradable within the continent.
II. INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE STRUCTURE AND POTENTIALS
The available data on intra-African trade indicate that there was a further decline in its share in Africa's total trade with the rest of the world. Presently, intra-African trade is on the average between 4.2 and 5.0 per cent of total Africaf s trade. This is
notwithstanding the signing of bilateral agreements and treaties
establishing subregional economic and trade groupings referred to in the previous chapter.The structure of intra-African trade is depicted in Table 1.
As can be noted from the table, mineral fuels and related materials continue to account for a large proportion of intra-African traded commodities. The abovementioned commodity group accounted for 41 per cent; 36 per cent; 35 per cent, and 28 per cent in the years 1980, 1984, 1985 and 1986 respectively. Although the trade in the commodity group exhibited a declining trend, it nevertheless continued to account for a greater proportion of total intra-African trade. Intra-African trade in food, beverages and tobacco accounted for over 25 per cent of intra-African trade on the average for the years 1984 to 1986.
The statistics show that there is a continuing dependence on food, agricultural commodities, crude materials and mineral
fuels and related materials for the major items in intra-African trade. This is also an evidence to indicate the types of the basic industrial and manufacturing structures in the African countries.
Moreover, the African economies are still geared to the production of primary commodities for export to overseas markets. There is therefore a continued dependence on a few of these commodities for a substantial margin of their export earnings through the promotion of exports to the developed countries. In this scenario, the strategy for intra-African trade expansion does not include the adoption of policies to reorient the domestic production towards an increase in exchanges among African countries. This chapter will highlight the potential and opportunities that could be exploited to increase Africa's collective self-reliance.
The striking observation regarding Africa's external trade situation is that the overall balance of trade with all of its trading partners, including the North, is negative in all SITC sections with a total deficit of 14.5 billion US dollars for the period under consideration, i.e 1980 - 1986, which represents a mean (average) annual deficit of 2.1 billion US dollars. This is depicted in Table 8 which gives an analytical presentation of the balance of trade by SITC sections. As shown in the table, with the
exception of SITC sections 2 and 3, the regional balance of trade
is in deficit for all other SITC sections. This becomes even clearer at the country level and is shown in Tables 2, 3 and 4.It is even glaring at the subregional level and it is depicted in
Tables 5 to 7.
A. General Regional Review
The balance of trade of developing Africa by SITC sections for the seven years period considered by the study is shown in Table 7. Since the table combines both the export and import pictures of the continent it would be worth studying the features of this table. Developing Africa's balance of trade in food and
live animals is a deficit of the order of 27 billion US dollars
which asserts the fact that Africa continues to be a net food importer although the presence of a potential to reverse the situation is uncontestable. Africa's balance of trade in beverages and tobacco also shows a deficit of 2 billion US dollars. Its balance of trade with respect to animal and vegetable oils, fats continued to exhibit a deficit and thus registered a level of 6billion US dollars. Africa's balance of trade in chemicals also
continued to register a deficit and it was at the level of 36billion US dollars. Balance of trade in manufactured goods (SITC
section 6) was also in deficit and it was of the order of 72
billion US dollars. Of all the deficits registered by the balance
of trade of the different SITC sections, by far the most important was that of machinery and transport equipment (SITC section 7) which registered a peak of 148 billion US dollars, which testifies the level of development reached by the continent that forces itto import huge amounts of capital goods and equipment at prices at
dramatic levels which of course contributes towards the deterioration of the terms of trade of the region. Developing Africa's balance of trade on other manufactured goods (SITC section 8) also registered a deficit of 21 billion US dollars. The continent's balance of trade with respect to SITC section 9 was no exception to the rule. In contrast to the above trend, developing Africa's balance of trade in mineral fuels and related materials was a surplus and it amounted to a high of 282 billion US dollars.
This surplus in mineral fuels, however should not mask the reality that there are many oil-importing African countries with dibilitating deficits whose situations are more than offset by the performance of the few oil-endowed and oil-exporting countries of
the continent. 3 Africa's balance of trade in SITC section 2 was
also a surplus and it was at a level of 18 billion US dollars.
B. Subreaional Review 4
As shown in Table 9, the balance of trade of the North
African Subregion is dominated by deficits in all SITC sections,
except for SITC section 3 which is mineral fuels and relatedmaterials where the surplus registered is over 177 billion US
dollars, fflbis is accounted for by the oil-producing countries of the subregion, the major ones being Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Algeria3 Refer to Table 4 for further details
4 Data refer to the seven years period considered, i.e 1980 -
1986.
and Egypt in their order of importance relative to the trade of the
commodity group under consideration. 5
The balance of trade of West Africa is also dominated by deficits in most SITC sections except for SITC sections 0, 2 and 3 which represent food and live animals, crude materials, and mineral fuels and related materials respectively. The highest surplus registered is in the trade of mineral fuels and related materials and it is of the order of 88 billion US dollars. This surplus is mainly due to Nigeria which is the largest oil-exporter in the West African Subregion.
The Central African subregion•s balance of trade is also dominated by deficits except for food and live animals, crude materials, mineral fuels and related materials, and goods and transactions not elsewhere classified (SITC section 9) . The highest
surplus is registered by the commodity group mineral fuels and
related materials like the two subregions discussed above and it was of the order of 17 billion US dollars.In Eastern and Southern Africa the situation is slightly
different and one can see that the subregion has been able to register a surplus in food and live animals; beverages and tobacco;
crude materials and manufactured goods (SITC section 6) . In
5 Refer to Tables 2, 3 and 4.
contrast to the other three subregions considered, this subregion has a deficit in its trade in mineral fuels and related materials.
The highest surplus registered in the subregion is that by food and live animals and stands at the level of 11 billion US dollars.
III. POTENTIALS FOR INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE EXPANSION
It is important to stress that within a broadly defined macro-economic framework and even granting that rigidities do exist in the trade institutions as well as in the production structures, the current patterns of consumption indicate large opportunities for intra-African trade. This is borne by statistical evidence indicating that some portion of the development resources and efforts is utilized for the expansion of exports of manufactured goods and primary commodities to other developing African
countries. It is true that intra-African trade is characterized by
high-cost structures which prevent the development of more fruitful exchanges between the countries and that consumer habits and preferences tend to be rigidly in favour of products from the developed nations. However, the future policy for intra-African trade expansion should consist in eliminating these acquired cultural bottlenecks and to introduce effective measures for trade promotion through fairs, exhibitions, trade missions and other measures for a wider diffusion of trade information.Within this scenario, it is possible to demonstrate that some countries in Africa have growing capacities of production for intra-African trade. In this respect, Table 11 depicts general information on the countries1 balance of trade status and thus shows countries with potential capacities to export to other African countries (i.e countries with positive balance of trade in the different SITC sections) and countries with deficits vis-a-vis partners over the globe and thus which could reduce or offset Africa's deficits by importing from within the region.
The potentials for intra-African trade, between the various economic groupings are virtually untapped. Table 9 depicts the average annual balance of trade positions of developing Africa by subregions which is extensively discussed in the previous chapter.
Thus considering SITC section 0, the deficit of the North African subregion which is of the order of 6 billion US dollars can be a potential market for the West African, Central African and Eastern and Southern African subregions which exhibit a surplus for the section under consideration.
The trade in beverages and tobacco shows that West Africa,
Central Africa and North Africa run a deficit. Thus the surplus
subregion, i.e the Eastern and Southern African subregion could use
the abovementioned subregions as possible markets and contribute to the gradual offsetting of the deficits in the other subregionson their trade with the world in general, and with the North in
particular.
Regarding trade in crude materials, the surplus registered by the West African subregion which is of the order of 1.8 billion US dollars and that registered by the Central African subregion which is 0.5 billion US dollars and the surplus of Eastern and Southern Africa which counts 0.3 billion US dollars, together more than offset the deficit of 0.1 billion US dollars of the North African subregion and the remaining balance could be thought of a potential surplus for the expansion of trade with other countries
in the South.
Trade in mineral fuels and related materials also exhibits the fact that developing Africa's dependence on external supplies could be completely reduced by expanding the intra-African trade component of this particular group of commodities. It would also suggest a potential area to be exploited by other countries in the South since as clearly shown in Table 9 the North African subregion, the West African subregion and the Central African subregion all have a surplus and it is 25.3 billion US dollars;
12.5 billion US dollars and 2.5 billion US dollars respectively.
And the deficit registered by Eastern and Southern Africa is
at a low of 15 million US dollars which is negligible compared to the levels of the surplus.
The other sections considered mainly show deficits for all the
10
subregions, mainly due to the development stages reached by the countries of the continent which forces them to be net importers of manufactures. This can be minimized by appropriate and synchronized industrial development policies of the countries in the continent.
Estimated trade diversion potential is shown in Table 10.
The table, as rightly noted, is derived from Table 9 and supports the above discussion of the potential for the expansion of intra-African trade.
IV. CREATING THE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE EXPANSION
The events in Africa's international trade relations during the 1980's clearly demonstrate that for a long time to come Africa's
socio-economic recovery and transformation will not be engendered by primary commodities exports. Similarly, the re-organization of the European Economic Community in 1992 may herald the collapse of the paternal environment within which the ACP-EEC trade relations have been envisioned. The emerging policy options therefore
suggest that African countries have to adopt some inward-lookingSITC sections 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are conventionally considered as manufactures in contrast to SITC sections 0, 1, 2,
3, and 4 which constitute raw materials.11
measures to encourage intra-African trade as well as trade with the South.
In order to create an appropriate enabling environment, it is important to stress that trade diversion from traditional and long established channels and directions is not an easy task and involves economic and even political costs in the short run.
Therefore, while political will is certainly necessary, it is insufficient by itself. Many other enabling factors would be at play to help "switch" buying and selling habits. The main ones include: (a) trade liberalization in domestically-produced goods;
(b) restructuring domestic production in agriculture and industry;
(c) comprehensive market research and analysis. These factors indicate facilitating actions that ought to be undertaken to
increase intra-African trade by diverting imports from the North.
a. Trade liberalization in domestically-produced goods
One of the principal elements of an enabling environment is the existence of trade liberalization and customs co-operation arrangements. It is now generally recognized that the imposition of import duties and other restrictions on trade between the developing countries is a major obstacle to fruitful co-operation in the development efforts. These restrictions are by their very nature harmful to both the countries imposing them as well as those countries against whom they are imposed. Therefore, the first
12
element of a more dynamic intra-African trade policy is to devise generally acceptable techniques for trade liberalization in domestically-produced goods when these are moved from one country to another. This involves two basic principles. The first is that countries should agree to the granting of "most-favoured-nation"
treatment on goods originating in other developing countries
including preferences on industrial and agricultural products. This will have the effect of increasing opportunities for the establishment of new multinational industries within the grouping thereby ensuring a fair and equitable distribution of gains from co-operation in trade. The second area is to develop a system for the gradual removal of all barriers and restrictions on the movement of goods and services among groups of countries. This can best be achieved through the increased use of the machinery already in place such as the the common markets, customs unions and free trade areas as a basis for intra-African co-operation.//
b. Restructuring domestic production in agriculture and industry
The second basic element of intra-African trade development
is the harmonization of production and distribution structures at the subregional level. The coordination of economic policies
necessary to ensure a rapid rate of industrial production for intra-African trade expansion has been difficult to attain in thepast. It is also true to state that trade liberalization alone does not constitute a sufficient condition to stimulate intra-African
13
trade. Therefore, the second element of intra-African trade policy is the restructuring of domestic production in agriculture and industry to widen the base for exchanges. This condition holds true for all modes of international trading arrangements and is of universal applicability in the developing as well as developed countries.
jr. Comprehensive market research and analysis
The lack of adequate market analysis and the absence of strong 1 inkages between product ion on the one hand and marketing and distribution on the other, have largely been responsible for the existence of the "excess capacity" phenomenon in African countries.
This is despite evidence of a growing African market. In the search for an enabling environment, it should be pointed out that the third important element of intra-African trade policy is that comprehensive market research and analysis should be undertaken to determine the basis for cooperation taking into account the demand and supply factual and potential). the structure of production and distribution in industry and agriculture, consumer preferences and
habits and the purchasing power of the economies individually as
well as taken together.
It is a truism to say that in the African experience, the demand for most goods is not consistent with the patterns of
production even in the existing common markets. Some African
14
governments generally plan industrial production without thoroughly assessing the variations in the demand patterns so as to determine whether a particular line of production would really serve the needs of the communities. It is therefore essential that market research should be planned on a subregional or multinational basis to match the demand with the existing or planned production units.
The high incidence of "excess capacity" referred to earlier in a number of production lines in the African countries is mainly due to the lack of adequate market studies. The coordination of industrial and agricultural projects cannot be effectively achieved
without an analysis and appropriate adjustment of the market
structures. /It is also important to add that market research and analysis
is essential in relation to the determination of consumer habits
and preferences. In the case of some staple food (rice, millet, sorghum, wheat, yams, cassava, and bananas) experience has shownthat it is difficult to coordinate production and distribution.
This is largely because the demand and supply in such cases are determined by traditional habits or weather conditions over which relatively nothing can be done within the short run.
Nevertheless, it should be the policy of the countries concerned to find a formula for the distribution of staple foodstuff
especially where some consistency in food habits can be determined.
This may help to avert famine in certain areas and surplus in others and can strengthen cooperation.
15
The three basic measures enumerated above need to be complemented by a set of other policy actions. These include:
(a) adequate and constant supply sources with goods
of comparable qualities and prices; (b) adequate logistics facilities to put the goods at the disposal of importers,
e.g, improvement of transport and communications networks between African countries; (c) promotion of effective payment mechanisms and facilities by improving the efficiency of the clearing and payment houses and linking them at the regional level and
opening trade financing windows in the subregional development
banks or the African Development Bank (ADB); (d) aggressivemarketing policies i.e, improving marketing capabilities of
exporting organizations, especially state trading organizations (STO's) through training in market research and marketingtechniques; and (e) improving the level of productivity to decrease
unit costs and hence prices.V. CONCLUSION
The brief analysis attempted in this paper indicates that
considerable opportunities and potentials do exist for the expansion of intra-African trade. There are countries withsizeable surpluses of products under the different SITC sections which could be diverted from the North to the South as a means of re-inforcing collective self-reliance. What is needed is the
16
creation of an enabling environment to develop and expand
intra-African trade. Such an environment would consist in ensuring real political will and commitment towards intra-African trade.This political will should be buttressed by a more dynamic intra-African trade promotion and liberalization policy in the
domestically produced goods; the restructuring of domestic
production in agriculture and industry so as to widen the base forintra-African trade ; and a more systematic analysis of demand and supply potentials should be undertaken so as to match production with marketing thereby overcoming the problems of "excess capacity"
now so widespread in Africa.
As a follow-up on these measures and in order to assist
African countries in the promotion and expansion of intra-African
trade and trade between Africa and other countries of the South, the South Commission might wish to consider preparing a project on "Programmes for Resumption of Growth in Africa throughIntra-African and South-South Trade". This project , which could be moderate in the first phase, could be submitted to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and other donor agencies such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank to be executed
by the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) on behalf of the South Commission. The primary thrust of such a project would be to accurately assess the reasons why intra-African trade is decliningdespite the existence of strong institutions such as the PTA, and to suggest practical and implementable solutions to obstacles to
17
such trade
18
STATISTICAL ANNEX
19
TABLE 1
INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE STRUCTURE (VALUES IN MILLIONS OF US DOLLARS)
19 80 19 84 19 85 19 86
Value Per cent Value Per cent Value Per cent Value Per cent
Food, beverages and tobacco
(SITC sections 0 and 1) 727 24.5 683 24.4 744 25.9 747 25.7 Crude materials, excluding fuels
(SITC sections 2 and 4) 270 9.1 284 10.2 286 10 324 11.2
Mineral fuels and related materials
(SITC section 3) 1219 41 1003 35.9 996 34.6 815 28.1
Chemicals
(SITC section 5) 131 4.4 163 5.8 197 6.8 256 8.8
Machinery and transport equipment
(SITC section 7) 87 2.9 140 5 157 5.5 205 7.1
Other manufactured goods
(SITC sections 6, 8 and 9) 536 18.1 523 18.7 495 17.2 555 19.1
Source: UN, Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, May 1988 and Trade and Development Finance Division calculations.
TABLE 6
DEVELOPING AFRICA'S IMPORTS BY SITC SECTIONS AND BY SUB-REGIONS DATA AGGREGATED OVER A SEVEN YEARS PERIOD 1980 - 1986
(IN MILLIONS OF US DOLLARS)
North Africa West Africa Central Africa Eastern and
Southern Africa
Developing Africa, Total
0
48724 20417 3904
7873
80918
1
2222 1551 646
1326
5745
2
12194 2747 724
2383
18048
3
17077 11161 2152
14627
45017
SITC SECTIONS
4
5370 1562 205
1157
B294
5
18003 13291 3147
8445
42886
6
54730 24952 7386
13184
100252
7
74040 43601 9952
23139
150732
8
13691 7231 2161
4725
27808
9
529 1846 175
1790
4340
Source : TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT FINANCE DIVISION CALCULATIONS BASED ON DATA FROM THE ECA STATISTICAL DATABASE.
:>■
TABLE 7
DEVELOPING AFRICA'S BALANCE OF TRADE BY SITC SECTIONS AND BY SUB-REGIONS DATA AGGREGATED OVER A SEVEN YEARS PERIOD 1980 - 1986
(IN MILLIONS OF US DOLLARS)
SITC SECTIONS
3 4 5
North Africa West Africa Central Africa Eastern and
Southern Africa
-41428 990 2556
11016
-1638 -1451 -551
1580
-652 12491 3403
2404
177329 87501 17227
-105
-4356 -12576 -49378 -73302 -377 -12698 -21335 -42778 -103 -2876 -2201 -9719
-9353 -6791 -2080
-442 -409 10
-1087 -7669 554 -22519 -3156 -543
Developing Africa,
Total -26866 -2060 17646 281952 -5923 -35819 -72360 -148318 -21380 -1384
Source : TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT FINANCE DIVISION CALCULATIONS BASED ON DATA FROM THE ECA STATISTICAL DATABASE.
4
TABLE 8
ANALYTICAL REVIEW
OF THE BALANCE OF TRADE OF DEVELOPING AFRICA BY SITC SECTIONS
(IN MILLIONS OF US DOLLARS)
Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Total for with a balance
Countries positive
of trade 29676
2819 25094 309610 957 882 11610
—
2277 1188
Total for Countries with a negative balance of trade
Regional balance
-56542 -4879 -7448 -27658 -6880 -36701 -83970 -148318 -23657 -2572
-26866 -2060 17646 281952 -5923 -35819 -72360 -148318 -21380 -1384
Note: This table is based on data obtained from table 4
TABLE 9
DEVELOPING AFRICA'S AVERAGE ANNUAL BALANCE OF TRADE . BY SITC SECTIONS AND BY SUB-REGIONS
(IN MILLIONS OF US DOLLARS)
SITC SECTIONS
4 5
North Africa West Africa Central Africa Eastern and
Southern Africa
Developing Africa, Total
-5918.3 -234 141.4 -207.3 365.1 -78.7
-93.1 25332.7 -622.3 -1796.6 -7061.1 -10471.7 -1336.1 1784.4 12500.1 -53.9 -1814 -3047.9 -6111.1 -970.1 486.1 2461 -14.7 -410.9 -307.3 -1388.4 -297.1
-63.1 -58.4 1.4
1573.7 225.7 343.4 -15 -155.3 -1095.6 79.1 -3217 -450.9 -77.6
. ■ ■ "
-3838 -294.3 2520.9 40278.9 -846.1 -5117 10337.1 -21188.3 -3054.3 -197.7
Note: This table is based on data obtained from Table 7.
TABLE 10
DEVELOPING AFRICA'S ESTIMATED TRADE DIVERSION POTENTIAL INDICATORS BY SITC SECTIONS AND BY SUB-REGIONS
(IN MILLIONS OF US DOLLARS)
SITC SECTIONS
4 5
North Africa - West Africa Central Africa Eastern and
Southern Africa
-4142.8 -163.B -65.2 17732.9 -435.6 -1257.6 -4942.8 -7330.2 -935.3 99 -145.1 1249.1 8750.1 -37.7 -1269.8 -2133.5 -4277.8 -679.1 255.6 -55.1 694.4 1722.7 -10.3 -287.6 -215.1 -971.9 -208 1101.6 158 240.4 -10.5 -108.7 -766.9 55.4 -2251.9 -315.6
-44.2 -40.9 1
-54.3
Developing Africa,
Total -2686.6 -206 1764.6 28195.2 -592.3 -3581.9 7236 -14831.8 -2138 -138.4
Note: This table has been calculated on the basis of the average annual balance of trade figures depicted in table 9. The method applied to arrive at these results makes use of established trends on the extent of Africa's trade with countries of the North which is on the average 701.
Thus these give indirect indicators of possible trade expansion within the South-South framefork by eliminating the positive bias to the North that prevails currently.
i t
TABLE 11
DEVELOPING AFRICA'S BALANCE OF TRADE BY SITC SECTIONS, COUNTRY STATUS SITC SECTIONS
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria .+-+---
Egypt ..-+---
fc Libyan Arab Jamahiriya .--+---
Morocco .-+--+--+-
Sudan .»- + - - - - - - +
• Tmisia - -- + + + --♦-
WEST AFRICA
Benin - .- + - + ---
Burkina Faso ._+--- 0
Cape Verde __---
Cote d'lvoire +.+-+---
Gambia .-+-+---
Ghana + . + --- + ---
Guinea +. + --- 0
Guinea Bissau _ - + - o - - - - +
Liberia .-+---
Mali .- + - + ---
Mauritania +-+---0
Niger .-+---
Nigeria - .-+---+
Senegal - .+-+---
Sierra Leone - .+---
Togo - . + --- +
CENTRAL AFRICA
Burundi +.---
Cameroon +- + + + ---
Central African Republic +-+---+--+
Chad .. + --- +
Congo -- + + ---0
Equatorial Guinea + - + - 0 - - - - +
Gabon - - + + --- Rwanda +_+---
Sao Tome and Principe +.--0---
Zaire + . + - + - + -- +
EASTERN AMD SOUTHERN AFRICA
Angola - ..+---+
Botswana ..----♦---
Comoros - - + - 0 + - - - 0
Djibouti ..---
Ethiopia + . ♦ * ' " " " * *
Kenya + + + --- +
Lesotho - " + " " " " " * ' "
Madagascar +.+---
to. Malawi + + + ---
Mauritius +_.--- + +
' Mozambique - ..- + ---- +
• * Seychelles - _ + ---
Somalia +.--- Swaziland +.+---
Tanzania, United Rep. of+++-"""""+
Uganda + + + ---
Zambia . + ---- + --♦
Zimbabwe ♦♦ + --- + -•-
