Draft programme of action for intra-African trade expansion

UNITED NATIONS

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

Distr: GENERAL

e/cn.14/765 E/CU.14/WP. 1/122

15 February I98O Original: ENGLISH

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY

Intergovernmental Meeting of Experts

Preparatory to the Sixth Session of the Conference of African Ministers of Trade

Addis Ababa, 10-16 March I98O

Sixth Session of the Conference of African Ministers of Trade

Addis Ababa, 17-22 March I98O

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA

Fifteenth session/sixth meeting of the

Conference of Ministers

Addis Ababa, 9-12 April I98O

:raft programme of action for bjtra-African trade expansion

MBO-431

e/cn.14/765 e/cn. 14/NP-1/122

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

I. INTRODUCTION --- 1 - 4 1

II. CURRENT STATUS OF INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE AND FINANCE - - 5 - 8 2 III. MAJOR PROBLEMS OF ETTRA-AFRICAN TRADE AND FINANCE 9 - 15 2

IV. MEASURES FOR RESTRUCTURBTG AI!D PROMOTING INTRA-

AFRICAN TRADE AND FINANCE ---16-34 4

V. CONCLUDING REMARKS --- --- 35 10

ANNEXES

I. EXTERNAL AIID IHTRA-AFRICAIJ TRADE BY SUBREGION, 1971-1975

II, AFRICA1S UTTER-SUBREGIONAL TRADE 1970, 1974

III. INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE IN SELECTED COUNTRIES BY COMMODITY GROUPS, 1974

IV, PRHJCIPAL EXPORTS OF DEVELOPING AFRICA, 1974

Vc BALANCE-OF-PAYKEBTS, EXTERNAL PUELIC DEBT, AND INTERNATIONAL RESERVES OF SELECTED AFRICAN COUNTRIES, 1977

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I. INTRODUCTION

1. The Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) at its thirty-third ordinary session held in Monrovia,:.Liberia, from 6 to 20 July 1979

endorsed resolution/33;.2(XIlV) adopted by the ECA Conference of Ministers containing a

strategy for the African region in the International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations1 Development Decade.

In endorsing the Strategy, the OAU Council of IJinicters

(a)'' called'upon member States to use the recommendations of the Afrifan

Development Strategy as the basis for the formulation of their national plans; and

(b) invited OAU, ECA and other regional and interregional organizations to. .

give all necessary assistance to member States in the formulation and implementation

of such plans, ...

2S Concerning trade end. financial issues, the plan of action proposed for- the '

Development Strategy calls for:

(a) a firm undertaking by member countries to enter into.negotiations aimed at eliminating or reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers on locally manufactured

products? among themselves at the subregional, intersubregional and regional

levels? ■ .

(b) the strengthening of existing clearing house1 and other payments arrangements,

and the creation of new ones at the subregional level, with a view to integrating them into an African payments system by the end of the decade and. thus minimizing the use of foreign ciirrencies to finance intra-African trade;

(c) the establishment of direct contacts between African buyers and sellers

of specific commodities;

(d) the establishment of export credit insurance systems at the national,

subregional and- regional levels to encourage African businessmen to- trade with each otherj

(e) the adoption of measures to overcome existing inequitable trade relation

ships between African countries and.other groups of countries, with.a view to

achieving an 8 per Cent share of intra-African trade in total African trade;

(f) the mobilization of resources within the region for financing development;

and

(g) 'the establishment of measures for regulating the activities of transnational

corporations with a view to maximizing the advantages which African countries are expected to derive from them0

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3. To this end the plan of action specifically calls upon ECA to intensify its activities in the identification of trade and other barriers to intra-African trade and m market research and trade promotion, with a view to imparting the necessary information to member States on a continuous basis and assisting them m taking advantage of existing and potential intra-African trade opportunities.

4- Accordingly, taking into account the above provisions of the Strategy and the plan.of action, the purpose, of this paper is-to review briefly the current - status of intra-African trade and finance, highlight the problems experienced in these fields and propose some specific measures to be undertaken-by the

member countries at national, subregional and regional levels in the next three years with a view to promoting intra-African trade and financial co-operation.

II.

CURRENT STATUS OP INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE AND FINANCE

5. Intra-African trade is not only small (about 5 percent of Africa's total' trade) but is also declining. This is true' not only in relation to trade with other countries, but also in relation to intra-trade among some of its sub^regions Annex I reveals, that between 1971 and 1975 the percentage share of intra-African exports in Africa's total exports, increased by only 0.8 per cent while the

■corresponding percentage share of intra-African imports actually declined by 1 2 per cent. At the sama time, while the region's total value of exports and imports rose by 166.4 per cent and I97..6 per cent respectively, intra-African exports and imports increased by only 130,9 per cent and 133-2 per cent respectively.

6. .Annex II reveals that, while intra-trade within each subregion seems to be growing, particularly within North Africa and East Africa, there is limited' trade between the North African subregion and the other developing African countries and between the East and West African subregions. In fact, the intersubregional trade between some of the subregions (e.g. North Africa/other developing Africa ifest Africa/other developing Africa, and East Africa/lfest Africa) seems to be

static or declining. . . .

7- On the trade structure, Annex III confirms the view that developing African countries generally export primary commodities (largely agricultural raw materials and minerals), only t.) import them back in the form of finished goods (largely machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals and mineral fuels).

8. Arising from the above situation, the region is faced with deficit trade balances. Annex I reveals that, between 1971 and 1975, the over-all trade balance for the region deteriorated from a surplus of $W 371 million to a deficit of

?;US 2 976 million. It will also be noted from the same, annex that, except for the Central and East African.subregions, all the other'subregions'had deficit trade balances in their intraregional trade. The region is also faced with acute problems in its current account and financial reserves situations. Annex V reveals that not, only do African countries have serious and increasing deficits in their current account balances, but their gross international reserves are also too meagre

to meet their growing public debt commitmen-tn.

III. MAJOR FROBIEIIS OP INTRA-AFRICAB TRADE AND FUTAJTCE "

9. The .situations of intra-African trade and finance described above arises from

tne region's historical and colonial background. Consequent upon its fragmentation

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by the metropolitan colonial Powers, Africa is mow divided into 49 independent countries with different socio--occnor>ic policies thus making economic co-operation difficulte -The transport and communications links established before independence

(and which hrxre not improved much) ■ \-icre designed to facilitate trade between the

metropolitan Powers and their colonies and are thus inadequate for facilitating;

intra-African trade. Owing to the divergent socio-economic policies pursued

"by African countries, the customs tariffs and non-tariff "barriers applied by them differ frcm country to country and tend to restrict intra-African imports and thus encourage exports of commodities to countries outside the -region. Customs rules and regulations, trade procedures and documentation, transit trade facilities and Jhe standards and quality of African trade commodities differ from country to , country, thus aggravating the intra-African trade situation. The inadequacy or unco-ordinated nature of trade promotion measures at the national, sub-regional ■ and regional levels restricts the expansion of intra-African trade. Limitations

of resources (capital, skills and technology) and the capacity to process raw

materials compel African countries to export their raw materials to other countries, thus minimizing intra-African trade in manufactured goods. In their efforts to conserve foreign exchange, most countries have established import substitution . industries for consumer goods which, with the similarities in the raw materials used, have failed to take advantage of complementarity and specialization and led to the duplication of plants with consequent protectionist measures for their respective products*

10= Another major constraint to intra-African trade is widespread prejudice in the region itsolf against manufactured goods of African origin. It is not

unusual, to say the least, for African countries to import goods from the developed

countries when similar products are available from their neighbours sometimes on

comparable or even butter terms, owing to the assumption by importing countries

that African produced goods are inferior in quality*

11D Furthermore, because of the skewed income distribution among African countries.

African markets are more often than not unintegrated or disintegrated markets

where urban, i.e. higher income sectors, represent practically for many imported goods almost the only, and therefore; the most eagerly sought after outlets, thus restrict

ing fbe ^cope for intra-African trade expansion.

12. Coupled with i,he above problems is the fact that existing trade institutions, are not geared to deal with intra-African trade commodities. These institutions

together with transnational corporations, basically promote the sale of goods coming from the former metropolitan countries and are not prepared to take the risks associated with the marketing of unknown brands of foreign African origin,

13. The region also lacks adequate clearing and payments arrangements to

facilitate the smooth functioning of intra-African trade., Not only are the

financial reserves of African countries maintained in banks outside the region,

but also payments for intra-trade are channelled through those banks with the consequent delays, extra charges for the services rendered and further constraints

on Africa1s meagre foreign exchange reserves.

14. Last but by no means least, very often intra--African trade is severely

hampered by the unavailability or shortage of goods available domestically, let alone

for export to other African countries. In principle, the less developed a

particular country isf the less able it is to find a variety of goods in sufficient

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quantities to export to other countries. But, in practice.many of the more

developed countries and some times relatively larger countries in the region

have "been found either periodically or permanently lacking in specific goods and in particular in staple goods or sufficient quantities thereof to satisfy their own national needs and therefore they do not have enough to export. This is

however,, far from being an absolute rule since often, while the domestic supply

of particular goods is no" -.uolc to match local demand, the same goods can be found in more remunerative neighbouring markets. This being said, however,

complete unavailability and periodic or permanent shortages of goods are a major

hindrance to intra-African trade expansion,,

15-, It is therefore no wonder that intra-African trade and finance have tended to deteriorate in spite of the various decisions taken at subregional, regional

and international fora.

IV. MEASURES FOR RESTRUCTURED AND PROMOTING INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE AND FINANCE

16. The level of intra-African trade and finance cannot be improved without

restructuring the economic systems of the region including production and domestic trade structures. Similarly the restructuring of the economic systems of African

countries cannot be fully achieved through resolutions or decisions taken at various international forums in which foreign metropolitan Powers are involved.

African countries will therefore have to adopt their own strategies at the national, subregional and regional levels, and agree on concrete, positive

actions to be taken by them if intra-African trade is to make the optimum cont ribution it could make to the achievement of self-sustained and meaningful

economic development in the region within the shortest possible time.

17. No doubt, taking into account the large number of countries involved and the differences which exist today not only in their social-economic policies but also in their levels of development, it may take some time for member countries

fully to co-ordinate their activities in all the required areas. However, in view of the undertaking specifically expressed by member countries to implement the plan of action referred to- above, there is no reason why the necessary action should not commence immediately and be systematically pursued over a definite time-span within the framework of the Third Development Decade- Esnce the follow ing measures are proposed,

A. Reduction or elimination of trade barriers

18. The Plan of Action proposed in the Strategy calls for an undertaking by

member countries to enter into negotiations aimed at eliminating or reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers among themselves at the subregional, intersub- regional and regional levels. Tariff and non-tariff barriers usually mean import and export duties and similar charges of equivalent effect and other trade

regulatory measures which restrict or otherwise control imports or exports of goods. Non-tariff barriers include export and import permits, foreign exchange

licensing, temporary restriction or prohibition of imports or exports, advance import deposit requirements, customs surcharges, specification of import sources, the levying of special charges for the acquisition of foreign exchange licences, advance registration by foreign exporters as a condition for granting import permits and other similar measurea. Non-tariff barriers may also include cumbersome trade facilitation documents and customs procedures, inadequate transit trade facilities and procedures and unco-ordinated standards of goods and quality control measures,,

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19« It will be noted that, conscious of the need, to promote inter-State trade among themselves, the West African countries have already embarked upon a prog ramme in the context of the Economic Community of West African States to elimi nate all trade barriers within the subregion. Similarly the countries of Eastern and Southern Africa are about to conclude negotiations on the Treaty for the Establishment of a Preferential Trade Area'which, among other things, provides for the progressive- reduction and eventual elimination of trade barriers amrng themselves, commencing with certain selected commodities.

20. Taking into account the experience gained from the negotiations »n the crea tion of the: Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern African States, it , is proposed' that"!"''

(a) The countries of the remaining subregions, within the framework of their

respective MULPOCs based at Gisenyi, Yaounde and Tangiers should commence nego tiations among, themselves as soon as possible with a view to establishing appro-' priate preferential trade areas or similar types of institutions not later than

December 1983°

(b) Assuming that all subregions will have:established preferential trade

areas or similar institutions by the end of 1983, intersubregional negotiations should commence not later than I984 with a view to reducing progressively and eventually eliminating intersubregional trade barriers.

2i; While it may take quite some time to eliminate tariff and non-tariff-barriers, trade regulatory measures instituted by member countries can be reduced or even eliminated over a relatively short period, all things being equal. It is there fore further proposed in this connexion that all African-countries should;

. (a) eliminate all trade regulatory me as*, 'es which have the effect of cur

tailing trade among themselves before the end of 1981;

(b) adopt the most favoured nation clause in their interregional trade as

soon as possible.

22, Furthermore,. taking into account the emphasis laid by the strategy #>n the

need to attain self-sufficiency in food and also considering one of the provi

sions of the resolution on Regional Pood Plan for Africa J/which calls f«r the

"promotion of regional trade in food products by the progressive reduction of both tariff and non-tariff constraints which remain obstacles to regional and subregional trade", it'is proposed "that:

(_a) All customs duties applied by member countries to intra-African trade

in respect of basic food commodities (cereals, pulses, sugar, meat, fish and

oilseeds), be reduced by 30 per cent commencing in 1981. and that machinery for

negotiating further tariff - cuts at intervals of two years be established at the regional level?

(b) All food products produced or originating in member countries should

be exempted from the application of regulatory non-tariff barriers effective from January iq8l:

(c) Studies should be undertaken with a view to establishing adequate

storage facilities for food commodities at the national and subregional levels not later than, the end of 8

-/ Resolution adopted by the Regional Conference of the African Ministers of

Agriculture, Arusha, 18-28 September, 1978,

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B. Mechanisms for the facilitation and development of trade exchanges

23« Because of the trade links established by the former colonial Powers., intrar- African contacts and consultations on trade matters are rather limited. No doubt, whatever levels of tariff and non-tariff preferences are exchanged among member countries, inrtra-African trade oannot be expanded unless appropriate mechanisms are established for disseminating information on what types of commodities are

available, where, when, how and at what priceso Hence the plan of action proposes the bringing about of direct contact between buyers and sellers of specific commodities.

2A. In identifying the specific commodities whose sellers and buyers should be.

brought into direct contact, consideration should be given to the major export and import commodities within the region and the respective major national or

subregional organizations- ... . .

25, A close' examination of Africa's principal exports (see annex V) which con

stitute about 90 per cent of the region's total exports, reveals that most of these are primary commodities, largely raw and semi-processed agricultural and

mineral products. Those commodities of special significance (whose value exceeds

500 million dollars) are cocoa beans, coffee beans, oil seeds and vegetable oils, raw cotton, sugar, rice, wood and timber, copper ore and copper concentrates, phosphates and fertilizers, and crude petroleum. In recognition of the special importance of these commodities, a number of countries have established special

ized organizations (including state trading organizations) to deal with the

production and/or marketing of their respective commodities. It would therefore appear «that specialized buyers' and sellers of some of these commodities do exist in the region. What is required is for those countries which do not have such organizations in respect of their major export and import commodities to estab lish them, and institutionalize direct contacts among such organizations at the subregional and regional levels. In the circumstances, it is proposed that:

(a) ffo minimize the use of foreign exchange and promote intra-trade, studies should be undertaken as soon as possible on the demand and supply of major iniwa-African trade commodities, with a view to assisting Governments in establishing argicultural and non-agricultural commodity exchange arrangements at the subregional and regional levels before the end of IQ-85:

(b) African countries should endeavour to establish specialized marketing

organizations in respect of their major export/import commodities not later than

the end of 1982,; with a view eventually to establishing subregional and regional

councils of buyers and sellers for each major commodity by the,end of 1984?

(_c) Associations of State trading organizations should be established at the subregional level which should evolve into a regional African Association

of State Trading Organizations not later than the end of I984 with a viewto

harmonizing .their operational policies and procedures and agreeing on the joint procurement of selected key imports among the countries concerned;

(d) Governments should promote and facilitate the establishment of national

chamber's of commerce (where they do not exist), with a view to establishing sub regional associations( wherever they do not yet exist)and .agree to facilitate the

setting up of an African Federation of Chambers of Commerce not later than 1985:

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(e) Considering the need to disseminate information on trade matters, all countries should endeavour to establish trade promotion councils which should be

responsible for the establishment of national trade promotion centres, with a view eventually to establishing associations of such councils and centres at

the subregional level and enlarging the membership of the Association of African Trade Promotion Organizations;

(f) To facilitate savings in the training of trade promotion experts,

countries should endeavour, through subregional associations of trade promotion

councils, to establish joint market research and training facilities for trade

promotion jpurpqses. .

26. No doubt the prejudice against African manufactured goods arises partly from the lack of co-ordination in standards end quality control among African countries.

While a number of countries have already established institutions and programmes

for standardizing and controlling the quality of their products and embarked on

programmes and campaigns to promote the sale and consumption of national products, very little has been done in promoting the consumptiion of African goods at the ■

subregional or regional level. It is therefore proposed that:

(a) Countries which have not established standardization and quality control

institutions should do so as soon as possible;

(b) Membership of the African Regional Organization for Standardization (which presently comprises only 18 countries) should be expanded to include all African countries by the end of 1983;

(c) Trade fairs and publicity campaigns should be held, at least annually, at the~~national, subregional and regional levels, with particular emphasis or publicizing the quality and standard of African products* In this respect a permanent "Buy African goods" campaign should be vigorously launched under the aegis of OAU and ECA and within the framework of the All-African Trade Pairs, starting with the next Fair to be held in 1982.

27. It has been noted earlier on the dual structure of the African market has the effect of attenuating intra-African trade. There is therefore need for physical integration of rural and urban markets with a view not only to harmonizing rural and urban development, but also to widening the present narrow markets and

systematically promoting intra-African trade in commodities which are largely

consumed in rural areas. Accordingly, it is proposed that all African countries

should:

(a) identify goods which are largely consumed in rural areas with a view to promoting their production on a large scale and making them available for

intra-African trade; and

(b) take all appropriate measures (including trade fairs and campaigns)

to promote the exchange of commodities consumed in rural areas at the regional

and subregional levels.

28, It is further clear that without adequate distribution mechanisms the

promotion of intra-African trade cannot be achieved. Since, as noted earlier,

African countries cannot rely on foreign enterprises for the effective distribu

tion of their trade commodities, there is an urgent need not only to restructure

their domestic trade and in particular their commodity distribution channels but

also to establish or strengthen indigenous commodity distribution enterprises.

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Indeed, a number of countries have already established national distribution agencies for specific commodities, but the activities of such agencies are mostly confined to domestic markets,* In the circumstances it is specifically- proposed that:

(a) African countries should establish distribution enterprises where they

do not exist for their major intra-African trade commodities at the national and subregional levels,

(b) Indigenous multinational shipping enterprises and freight booking

centres should be established at all subregional levels before the end of 1985, and accorded-appropriate preferential treatment for trade in intra-African trade goodso

C. Monetary and financial cc—operation measures

20o It should also be observed that the reduction of trade barriers and the establishment of trade promotion measures proposed above may not, on their ownt achieve the desired impact on intra-African trade. As long as they continue 'to have different currencies and unco-ordinated financial policies, maintain reserves in foreign countries, settle all transactions in foreign currencies through foreign banks, and depend on foreign financial institutions for trade and investment credits, African countries will continue to trade more with the developed countries., It is against this background that the plan of action proposes not only the strengthening of existing payments arrangements and the creation of new onest but also the establishment of export credit insurance systems and the mobilization of resources within the region for financing trade and. developmento

30. Experience gained from the operations of the payments arrangements estab

lished within the region (including subregional ones such as WACH, BCEAO and BEAC) confirms the view that financial co-operation may not only reduce trans

action costs and promote, savings of foreign exchange "but also assist in promot ing intra-trade among the countries concerned. It is no doubt to these ends that countries members of HEAC and the Bank of Zaire have recently signed an agreement for the establishment of the Central Africa Clearing and Payments Union, and the countries of Eastern and Southern African are about to conclude negotiations on a protocol on clearing and payments arrangements,

31. In the circumstances it is proposed that:

(a.) Each subregion should review,, whatever financial co-operation arrange

ments exist among member countries with a view to integrating them into one subregional multilateral clearing and payments system not later than the end of

(b) For those subregions where institutional payments arrangements do

not exist, member countries should embark on negotiations to establish approp riate clearing and payments arrangements concurrently with the negotiations on the creation of preferential trade areas;

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(c.) Following the establishment of institutional clearing and payments

arrangements in all subregions, member countries.should embark on negotiations

for the creation of appropriate payments arrangements for the whole region, with

a view to achieving a single payments union for the whole region before the

end of this decade. '

32. Experience gained from the operations of the existing multinational deve lopment banks, such as the East African Development Bank indicates that such

institutions could also be used as mechanisms for adjustment and compensation

for those member countries which appear to. be gaining less than others under economic co-operation arrangmenetr?. It is therefore proposed that:

(a) Membership of the East African Development Bank be expanded to in clude other countries of the Eastern and Southern African subregion v/ithin the context of the Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern African States, and that the operations of the Bank be extended to include investment in the

agricultural sector;

(b) Development finance institutions similar to the East African Develop

ment Bank be established in all subregions under the respective KULPOCs, not

later than the end of I983; '

(jc) The African Development Bank be strengthened so that it may offer

more assistance to the least developed countries within the region.

33- One of the reasons why African countries trade more with developed countries is the availability of commercial credits from such countries. To alleviate

this situation it is proposed that:

(a) National commerical banks should be encouraged to extend credits to

exporters of intra-African trade commodities^

(b) An intra-African trade bank be established at the regional level not later than 198% to complement the facilities offered by national commercial"

banks for financing intra-African trade activities?

(_c) A regional export credit insurance system be established within the

framework of the intra-African trade bank, not later than I985,

..oj- multinational production corporations

34. As noted earlier, complete unavailability, periodic or permanent shortages of specific goods constitute a major obstacle to intra-African trade expansion.

While serious and sustained efforts can bring about an increase in intra-African

trade in existing commodities, there is no question that a big potential for

substantial trade creation could and should be exploited if groups of countries

belonging whether or not in the same subregions, could agree to engage in joint

ventures such as multinational production corporations for the production of

goods which could automatically find outlets in all the interested countries.

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10

Such companies exist already in some subregions, as is the case of the well- known joint venture between the Ivory Coast, Togo and Ghana for the production

of clinker. But many more such corporations could be systematically estab lished, for the production of capital or consumer goods or even raw materials which would be identified on the basis of existing and potential needs.

REMARKS

35* This programme of measures to be implemented over the period covered by

the Third Development Decade, and mostly in the first half of the Decade, is being submitted for the consideration of African Governments with a view to- its adoption. -While studies may be necessary to prepare for the implementar-

tion of the proposed measures, it is incumbent upon Governments themselves

if they so wish, to indicate their agreement to the programme or modify it in any way and take the necessary follow-up action, Needless tosay? secretariat

assistance in the implementation of this programme, if and when required, can

only be supplementary to and dependent on the decisions to be made by the Governments themselves.

ANNEXI Externalandintra-Africantrade"bysubregion.1971-1975 (millionsofUnitedStatesdollars) andlarection Su,b;feegionandTrade Exports;5,383 Importsf4,236 Trade"balance!1,148

Ntbrth Africi6,356 4, 1,366 8,585 7,03217,171 12,513 4,658

14,896 18,107 -3,211 i&ports Imports3,888 3,3504,077 3,457 62]

6,046 4,514 1*532

12,590 6,389

6,185

Tradebalance Exports;1,668 Importsj1,595 Tradebalance""72

2,692 2,189 503

4,414 2,718-1,783 -28 Exports Imports!2,437 2,867 430

4,064 4,775 711

3,461 4,922 1,461Tradebalance! OtherReports Ikxr.Afr.Imports Tradebalance

790 It097 "307

832 1,258 426 Exports^12,969 Imports,12, Tradebalance1371

;183 13,-78121,334 17,978 3.356

1,301 8.08 493

6.1 38,318 11,339 4.5 27,527 !1,327

-10,628:562

4.9.34,550

4.8 ! 37,526

-;-2.976 Source;ForeignTradeStatisticsforAfrica,SummaryTablesC,No.l m ro

II Africa'sIntersubregionaltrade1970.1974 (millionsofUnitedStatesdollars) ;rthAfricaExports Imports Tradebalance^

NorthAfrica 19701974 106201'469490 105549:264581 \ -:stAfricaExports Imports Tradebalance Exports.[4406 ,-ntralAfricaImports4630 Tradebalance-22411074i45539 52252j86482

-41178 U

3tAfricaExports Imports Tradebalance

9706

70/74

342.1 150.7 ■311.2 65-5 120.3

WestAfrica

1970 | 1974

33346 20472 12874

66286

70/74

CentralAfrica

1970- j'1974 J7O/74'T

98.8 56209|174.6 IOQ771 119127(414403247.9

85942|351914 309-5 ■33185 I 62489! '

3481j39059!1022.1 1O9O5J16201148.6 -7424

1970

4

EastAfricaCtherDevelopingAfri 23774 23810

6969 16090 -9121 55774134.-6 52441:-149.6! 30797565.2 -21091 15523 703046943 5817 8493!4-1126

202.4 -17.3

14544 25491 8709 1558 7151

44997 57112 ■12115

209.4 124.0

.-361-3667 9721'11.6 210635-2 7611

36898|13428O263.9

42070 354141103.0

-517248866: 23902520121117.6

13210 113031-14-4

10692!4O7O<

-Source : foreign Trade Statistics for Africa, Summary Tables C, No.l

c

Intra-Africantradeinselectedcountriesbycommoditygroups,1974 (ThousandsofUnitedStatesdollars) Tunl»iai Export Import Tr,balance LibyanArab Jamahiriyai Export Import Tr.balance Egvjat: Export Import Tr.balance Sudan: Export Import Tr.balance IvoryCoast: Export Import Tr.balance Niger: Export Import Tr.balance SierraLeone: Export Import Tr.balance Libertai Export Tr.balance dank! Export Import Tr.balance

Foodandlive animals World 45376 170597 -125221 438584 -438584 .229557 877420 -647863 57*20 148894 -91474 675971 14367O 532301 11171 17213 -6042 13341 49640 -36299 11452 38423 -26571 473783 121877 351906

Africa 15315 6618 8697- 32895 -32895 35758 9967 25791 11865 22573 -10708 48075 9728 38347 10681 2745 7936 107 1214 -1107 98 1625 -1527 242 10665 -10423

Beveragesand tobacco World 15686 8822 6864, 10264 -10264 14717 29809 -15092 13 6203 -6190 1788 21489 -19701 1944 l923 21 5642 -5642 26 4682 -4656 260 6161 -5901

Africa 2738 1127 1611 - 2652 -2652 13 -13 508 9163 -8655 1752 733 1019 1465 -l465 26 577 -551 202 202

Crudematerials exceptfuel (torld 140056 102739 37317 2578 09211 06633 743855 178268 565587 359848 13435 346413 325245 13727 311518 28352 6146 22206 31028 3326 27702 374698 2107 372591 111849 24847 87002

Africa 2365 12639 •1021k -149 1610 -1461 832 22637 ■21805 17840 397 17443 13444 2994 10450 170 5045 -4875 257 316 -59 1251 275 976 5662 2052 3610

Mineral fuels World 32828l 137811 190470 8262185 44836 8217349 128767 65595 63172 17101 44247 -27146 453O5 137592 -92287 13075 -13075 1647 25566 -23919 217 56407 -56190 12352 135671 -123319

Africa 2502 -2502 93267 1422 91845 886 -886 2902 8 2894 25541 48969 ■23428 9676 -9676 17680 17680 217 217 88058 -88058

Animalandveg. oilsandfats World 1649C5 50781 114124 30537 -30537 133 1202* -120I? 4184 1693 2491 65381 1554 63827 4761 410 4351 6472 1649 4823 7194 2379 4815 13355 -13355

.-.frica 13551 3260 10291 9193 -9193 530 -530 1 1 9397 639 8758 1278 356 922 31 -31 40 18 22 9267 -9267

Chemicals World 118987 93350 25637 1OO982 -100982 30453 327117 -296664 157 83090 -82933 15027 87585 -72558 6298 -6298 14191 -14191 l384 18534 -1715C 841 106896 -106055

Africa 1915 269 1646 764 -764 715 2030 -1315 35 652 -617 11536 5706 583c 498 -498 60a -608 138c 27E 1102 826 -826

Manufactured goods World 94848 269696 -174848 l103595 -l103595 268793 329422 -60629 189 174592 -174703 53882 277843 -223961 4083 21599 -17516 88799 73435 15364 923 77738 -76815 38390 215547 -177157

Africa 25047 6684 18363 17437 -17437 22O92 2441 19651 36 11564 -11528 32141 13315 18826 3065 3057 8 108 3347 -3239 634 2303 -1669 3400 10310 -6910

Machineryand transportequip. World 2141 286199 -284058 925881 -925881 7403 422751 -415348 180616 -180616 25O89 275638 -250549 1582 27332 -25750 45816 -45806 l749 85409 -83660 575 184064 -183489

Africa 117 -117 1696 -1696 491 648 -157 442 -442 15322 169 15153 772 447 325 ¹⁸ -18 483 381 102 364 685 _-321

Totalintra- Africantrade World 914242 1120104 -205862 8264787 2764310 5500477 I515704 235069O -834986 438917 655899 -216982 1214313 966658 247655 52566 96364 -43798 141390 222396 -81006 399754 288469 111285 638748 817689 -178941

Africa 63090 33217 29873 73432 65017 8415 669 41791 -41122 32679 35649 -2970 157386 91391 65995 17859 23017 -5158 496 25067 -24571 4630 5709 -1079 10098 122467 -112369

Intra—Africantradeinselectedcountriesbycommoditygroups,1974(Continued) (ThousandsofUnitedStatesdollars) Nigeria! Export Import Tr.balance UnitedRepublic ofGaroeroon! Export Import Tr.balance Export Import Tr.balance Zaire: Export Import Tr.balance Angola; Export Import Tr.balance Madagascar{ Export Import Tr.balance UnitedRepublic ofTanzania: Export Import Tr.balance Ugandai Export Import Tr.balance

Foodand animals World 3W341 247423 67918 300869 48222 252647 8024 14846 -6822 97338 190465 -9312? 318399 63933 254466 164533 51060 113473 128352 136951 -8599 250287 11698 238589

ive Africa 583 3012 ~2429 5573 4523 1050 878 3822 -2944 586 42680 -42094 15817 3489 12328 14635 1094 13541 l937 8582 -6645 10474 8 10466

Rpvoragesand tobacco World 14487 -14487 3154 9660 -6506 379 5287 -49O8 727 10565 -98.38 8245 20896 -12651 2975 2878 97 12632 1767 10865 707 -707

Africa -58 1803 1586 217 2126 -2126 695 3254 -2559 418 1007 -589 737 1385 -648 606 606 -

Crudematerial exceptfuel World 195009 101884 93125 95288 4786 90502 43469 781 42688 138683 15825 122858 144122 17O24 127098 29877 6046 23831 149705 18168 131537 46556 5467 41O89

Africa 1585 -8235 1L11 1835 -404 1029 103 926 10022 2909 7113 h353 93 4260 304 565 -261 3814 18 3796 532 47 485

fuels World 8530257 88566 8441689 1O28 42425 -41397 157989 10610 147379 2160 78906 -76746 634841 28053 606788 23550 50728 -27178 18289 140720 -122431 919 -919

Africa 162049 4096 157953 1028 21986 -20958 9195 -9195 189 25898 -25709 126 158 -32 10516 10516 7638 7638 -

Animalandveg. oi)kandfats forId 53080 5713 47367 10293 3280 7013 796 -796 67313 832 66481 7582 4673 2909 440 8025 -7585 1524 9688 -8164 942 -942

Africa 399 399 171 -171 291 -291 332 64 268 - - I69 169 -

Chpmicals World 1966 3053oy -303343 3575 57521 -53846 9327 8173 1154 2889 92596 -89707 1337 92864 -91527 9952 36132 -26180 5459 71193 -65734 15690 -15690

Africa 601 701 -100 3444 9213 -5769 923 923 77 3239 -3162 708 775 -67 157 l191 t-l037 2439 1 2438 2 -2

Manufactured goods World 57857 1019007 -96T50 54737 134642 -79905 8531 36596 -28O65 1054743 250152 804591 107021 182611 -75590 11736 67827 -56091 38836 201320 -162484 17422 51666 -34244

Africa 568 14663 -14095 27016 2782 24234 72 1178 -1106 529652 7819 521833 6746 4567 2179 2342 1510 832 I363 5022 -3659 504 238 266

Machineryand transportequip. World 978075 -978075 7199 136155 1-128956 307 46190 -45883 5930 294858 -288928 7727 213967 -206240 1081 58099 -57018 94 179462 179368 44522 -44522

Africa 953 -953 4179 483 3696 237 969 -732 1198 758 440 3954 727 3227 298 298 15 413 -398 43 -43

Totalintra- Africantrade World 9169709 2777450 6392259 476560 4373O5 39255 228099 123295 104804 4381454 940042 441412 1229325 624329 604996 244176 281027 -36851 355228 760152 -404924 315368 132064 183304

Africa 168738 33483 135255 44590 42611 1979 3215 17735 -14520 543306 86879 456427 32139 10824 21315 28992 5908 23084 1798l 14027 3954 11

527 338

11189

Tntra-Africantradeinselectedcountriesbycommoditygroups.1974(Continued) {ThousandsofUnitedStatesdollars) Export Import Tr.balance

Foodandlivt animals 200265 4258Z 163683

13969 3095 1087/;

Beveragesand tobacco 256 4302 -40i6

Crudematerial exceptfuel 101OH 23677 77337

2297 1334 963

Mineral fuels 86665 227562 -140897

22136 1150 20986

Animalandveg oilsandfats 1897 21871 -19977

358 8 350

Chemicals WorldAfrica 20731 145671 -12i0A0

10276 158 10118

Manufactured goods 37821 296329 -258508

2021/, 5828 14386

Machineryand transportequip. 950 223350 -222400

Africa 929 35

Totalintra- Africantrade 456202 98662070342 11615 Export Import Tr.balance Export Import Tr.balance

59140 25726 33414

628 a972 -8344

5OO 1157 -657

4309 6961 -2652

291 3144 -28539521 -9524204 -2042021 -2021

133 10666 -10533828 -828

148 54866 -54718

42 22/0 -2201

234 30616 -30382

133 763 -630

6482/ 141940 -77116 153444 10737 142707

19656 897 187594033 -4033523 -523

98274 9920 88354

6017 477 5540

4760 47108 -42348

3315 l909 1406 1554 2214 -660

61 206 -145

1341 43937 -42596

149 2422 -2273

4235 82483 -78248 l143 l791 -648

23 80669 -80646

20 310 -290

264291 283042 -18751

l134 16224 -15090 30379 8572 21807 Export Import Tr,balance

■520063 849961 670102

206877 178204 28673

63302 170734 -10143225673 -16110

163915 664345 '■49947068410 5235-6869471

32892i S3797 95127L14013L717795 1508-L494136

942994 §20§66 ■377972

693622 575523-

28395 10057'■7765657 6769845 465758518338L0995812

131?682 691541 621141 UIES8ForeignTradeStatisticsforAfrica,SummaryTablesC.No.l. ExcludingintratradebetweenKenya,TanzaniaandUganda,