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Information kit for machineries on the integration of women in development in Africa

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FOR MACHINERIES ON THE INTEGRATION OF / WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA /

5.05,14 696

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I I

INTRODUCTION

T~is information kit was prepared by the African Training and Researc~ Centre for Women (ATRCW) of the United Nations EconoMic CO.llission for Africa lUNECA' in response to the needs expressed by African women, their governments and international and non-governmental organizations concerned with providing as- sistance to women, in order to throw more light on national, sub- regional and regional machineries for integrating women in development.

This manual does not represent a detailed survey of all ex- isting machineries; rat~er it is a reference document which aims to provide basic information. Its presentation in this format is to facilltate updating and the addition of further information as and when it becomes available.

The manual is divided into five parts:

I. TEXTS ADOPTED AT CONFERENCES

part I presents a listing of most of the resolutions adopted 1n relation to machineries for the integration of wOmen in development, by Africa region or international conferences, and provides a comprehensive view of all the texts governing the various maChineries established on the African continent.

II. HISTORY AND PRESENT STATUS OF ~ACHINERIES FOR THE INTEGRATION OF WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT

Part II gives background information on the development of the various machineries at national, subregional and regional levels and on their experiences in developing technical and operational skills. It also looks in more detail at the present status and aims of these machineries.

III. DIFFERENT TYPES OF NATIONAL ~ACHINERIES

Part III examines the nature and mode of operation of cer- tain nat.ional .",chineries, in particular the national cOllmissions on women and development and the wo~en·s bureaux as they were initially conceived of by the United Nations ~conoll;c COllmission for Atrica. It shows how they have teen gradually cOllplemented

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national realities and the curr~nt situation in Africa and in tile World.

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IV. DIRECTORY OF NATIONAL, SUBREGIONAL AND REGIONAL MACHINERIES FOR THE INTEGRATION OF WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA This directory provides addresses and other basic infor.a- tion for Most countries of the reg\on of the official organ to contact in connection with any dOMestic or external actton tn favour of WOMen.

This directory provides a list of training institutions in the African region which are likely to be of interest to women and whiCh'could teach the skills required to iMplement effective- ly the various activities initiated for WOMen in rural and urban areas.

ATRCW has several publications available in English and French giving information and guidance on funding and technical assistance for development projects designed to help WOMen.

Tltles lnclude ~~ig~_!2!_!nf__g!fgjtjl!gO_ja~_ieg!flfDljligD gt gtgic'1 gCgggi41i gD ¥gmcD la~ ~c~clgglee! (ref.

ST/ECA/ATRCW/~}/U}); IDlgcm.tigD_~it_lgt_wgmCQ

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in par- ticular the section entitled "fundlng and technical assistance"

which is written in three parts: part one, ·Proposal writing;"

part two, "funding sources: United Nations and governments"; and part three, "Funding sources: foundations and private agencies".

These publications, as well as others listed below, are available tree of charge to women in Africa fro. ECA/ATRCW, P.O. Box 3001,' Addis ADaba, Ethiopia.

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PUBLICATIONS LIST

African Training and Research Centre for Women

The African Training and Research Centre for Women, 1975-1985 Appropriate Technology tor Atrlcan Women

The African Women"s Development Task Force: Some Case Histories The Arusha Strategies for the Advancement of Women in Africa

Beyond the end ot the United Nations Decade for Women ATRCW Ugdjl~ (newsletter), no. 4-7

Development:

poster)

only two options tor African women (brochure and

Women and Decision "aking in GUlde for the Preparation and Implementation of Projects on Women

and Development

Law and the Status ot Women in Ghana Law and the Status of Women in Tanzania

~arketing in Ghana

Manual on Chlld Development, Famlly Life, Nutrition Refugee and Displaced Women in Africa

Report of the Expert Meeting on Personnel Involved in Programmes tor Out of School Girls

Report ot the Regional Seminar on National ~achineries for the Integratlon ot Women in Development (198Z)

Report Of the~.'onal Seminar on the Meo,a l'Y~)

_.

Report of the Workshop on Firewood and Energy (Bamako and Lusaka) Report ot the Workshop on Food Preservation and Storage

Report ot the Workshop tor Trainers and Planners on Appropriate Technology for the Rural Ramily (Sierra Leone)

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-ResearCh Publications of the Afr;can Training and Research centre tor WOlllen

The Role of Women in Alternative Patterns of DeveLopment and Lifestyles in the Africa Region

The Role of Women in the Solution of the food Crisis in Africa Traditional Palm Oil Processing: Women·s Role and the

Applicat,on of Appropriate Technology

Training and Employment Opportunities for Out of School Girls in Dar es :iaLaam

Women and AQi£lhei~ in South Africa and Namibia

Women and Co-operatives: Egypt, the Libyan ~rab Jamahiriya and the Sudan

Women and Development in Nigeria: An Annotated Bibliography Women and Development in Mali: an Annctated Bibliography women and Development in Tanzania: an Annotated Bibliography women and DeveLopment in Zambia: an Annotated BibLiography Women and DeveLopment in Zimbabwe: an Annotated Bibliography women and the Artlsanal fishing Industry in Senegal and Ghana Women and the Industrial Development Decade in Africa

Women Refugees and Displaced Women in Africa Women in Africa to the Year 2000

Women, PlannIng and POlicy in Malawi Workshop for Rural Women Leaders (Sudan) Zimbabwe Women: a Socia-Economic Overview

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I. TEXTS ADOPTED AT CONFERENCES

The need to establish a government machinery to assure the full participation of ~omen in national developm~nt and interna- tional co-operation has been recognlseo and consistently support- ed by conferences of African women since 1964.

In 1~64, at the seminar on the Status of Women in Family Law, held in Lome, Togo, attention was drawn to the fact that

"some governments in other reg10ns have established women·s bureaux and these provide a useful means of studying problems of concern to women and have been instrumental in bringing out im- provements 1n their status." It was urged that governments which had not already done so should be encouraged to establish women·s bureaux or similar bodies. Several suggestions and resolutions were acopted at subsecuent meetings on the role of women in development to clarify or to complement the initiative taken in Lome in 1~64. Among these were the following:

(al That there should be a central women·s organisa- tion in each country to co-ordinate the work of all

women'~ organisations and to ensure that their activities cover all sections of the country; their programmes should cater for literate and illiterate women in both rural and urban areas (Accra, 1~6H);

(bl That women·s organisations should, as a matter ot pr10rity, make extensive use of discussion as well as ot other mocern techniQues Of mass education and com- munication to educate public opinion on the value of women·s participation in economic life (Accra, 1968 and LibreV1lle, 1~11);

(c) That the various themselves initiate studies thelr own needs and problems

women·s organisations should to enable them to understand (Accra, 1968);

(d) That representation and AdCis Ababa

women·s organisations should press for on national planning bodies (Accra, 1968 1982);

I '

(e) That women·s organisations should play an active part 1n tac1litating the 1ntegration of women tnto economic life and in encouraging girls to take advantage of new opportunities available to them; they should make girls aware of employment possibilities and promote educational and information programmes for girls,

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particularly in the rural areas, and draw the attention of governments to the speCial needs and probleMS of women in econo.ic life, pressing for measures to solve them (Addis Ababa, 1969);

(1) That Women·s organisations should find ways and means of helping their members with funds to start businesses, Addis Ababa, 1969);

(g) That governments which have not already done so should include women on their national development policy aaking bOdies (Rabat, 1979).

Participants at the Regional Seminar on the Integration of Women in Development, with Special Reference to Population Factors (Addis ADaba, June 1974), made specific statements on the African Regional Plan of Action relating to women. The Plan

recomaended that there should be established:

(a) On the national level, national commissions on woaen and development; women·s bureaux or permanent secretariats of the national commissions; a co-ordinating co•• ittee for non-governmental organisations where machinery did not already exist at the national policy and Planning level;

(b) On the regional level (namely at the Econoaic Com.ission for Africa), an African Regional Standing Committee and a Pan-African Research and Training Centre for Women.

"ost of the subsequent meetings organised in Africa on women's problems have consistently adopted recommendations con- cerning establishment or strengthening of national machinery for women. These conterences inclUde the First Regional Conference on the Integration at vomen in Development (Nouakchott, 1977), the Second Regional Conference (Lusaka, 1979) and the Third Regional Conference (Arusha, 1984) as well as most SUbregional com.ittee meetings and meetings of the Africa Regional Co-ordinating Com.ittee for the Integration of Women in Development (ARCC), Which is discussed ;n Section II, since 1978.

The Africa Regional Intergovernmental Preparatory "eeting tor the World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade tor Women/Third Regional Conference on the Integration of WOmen in Development, meeting in Arusha in 1984, Tanzania in 1984, adopted the Arusha Strategies for the Advancement at Women 1n Atrica BeyonO the United Nations Decade tor wo.en. For national machineries, the Arusha Strategies recommended:

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bodies be ~taced in strategic locations where they can .onitor national trendS, seize all relevant occasions to aavance wo.en·s intere~ts and work to i.ple.ent the strategies;

(b) Although ~olitical ~arty national machineries may be usetul tor mobilizing the masses and winning

~olitical su~~ort from governments to which they are af- tiliated, these gains are likely to be transient in view aT the nascent nature of the state apparatus character- istic of the region. It is thus necessary for govern- ments to consider the establishment of structures respon- slDle tor lssues affecting women as an integral ~art of state '~;hlneryi

(cl National machineries should set realistic tar- gets based on a genuine appraisal of women·s priorities at grassroots leveli

(a) National machinerles should promote pilot projects designed to test modalltles of intervention that vill raise the productivity of wo~en and encourage dis- semination and replication of the results by relevant technlcal ministries and agencies throughout the country;

<e) National machineries should vork in collabora- tion w;th jUdicial systems to initiate legislative chang- es 1n areas where discriminat10n still exists in legisla- tion and practfces, to review customary laws, ~articular­

ly those on marriage, and to undertake campaigns to in- torm women of their rights;

(e) National machineries should take the lead in educatlon campaigns to change cultural stereotypes preventing the full partici~ationof women and to sen- sitize tbe population to the need for the full dev.lo~­

ment ot women"s potential.

(g) ECA/ATRCW, upon request machineries, should undertake concrete and dissem1nate research and ,ntor.ation of women 1n the region.

from national field progra ••es on the situation Lastly, machineries and governments wer~ urged to co- ord,nate their a~~roach to the mobilization of e.ternal assis- tance to ensure that the obj~ct;ve$ of strategies for integrat~d

development that advance th~ status Qf women could be aChieved.

In this regard machineries should participate in country ~r09ra.­

ming exercises, donor roundtables and other negotiations.

International organizations were requested to prepare their country level asststance ~rogrammes in consultation with national machineries at donor roundtable negotiations, especially in key areas with the potential for multiplier effects to i.prove the situation of women.

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The Arusha Strategies were presented to the World Conferen~e

To Revlew and Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade tor women: Equality, Development and Pea~e (Nairob1,1985) where they were a Substantive input into the Nairobi

torwara-lo~King Strategies tor the Advancement of Women adopted by the (onteren~e.

At various recommendatlons the etabl1shment

world conferences and international meetings, and resolutions have been proposed in favour of ana strengthening at national machineries.

Women organised that:

at the Inter-regional Seminar On National Machineries by the United Nat10ns in Ottawa in 196~ recommended la) There was a need for ~achinery to deal with

andlor co-ordinate stud1es and actions relating to women"s tull integrat10n 1n society and the elimination of discrimination on grOunds of sex;

Ib) The tas~s ot integrat1ng women in and el1mlnatlng discrim1nation required prehensive multi-sectoral machinery;

development fairly com- ICl No single model coulo apply to all member States as machinery and processes to accelerate women"s integration in development in individual countries were based on the specific social, economic, historical and cultural context of each society.

The World Conterence tor International Women's Year, held In MexiCO 1n July 1975, requested in resolution 18 "that governments pay special attention to the oolitica( rights of women" and recommended "that governments establish national commissions at the highest Pol1tical level and ensure active participation of women 1n structural reforms tor economic and social development and international peace".

In resolution 51'136 the General Assembly of the United Nat10ns recommended ,n 1Y76 Mthat governments should establish machinery, where appropriate, which could include governmental and non-governmental agencies, Dureaux and commissions, in order to enSure the etfective implementation and evaluation of the World Plan of Action and of the programme for the Decade within the framework at national development plans and regional pol1cies. M

Two years later the ECOnom1c and Social Council, following the aetlon taken by the CommiSS10n on the Status of Women, adop- teo resolut1on 1vlH'l6 in which it expressed satisfaction at the measures taken Dy member States to establish national governmental machineries tor speed1ng up the integration of women

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I

in devetopment and encouraged states to take further action to strengthen those machineries or to establish them where they did not atready exist. The resolution also recommended that the machineries be given "adequate terms of reference and resources,"

that they should be intormed and consulted on all matters affect- ing women" and that they could be used to ·co-ordlnate the programmes ot the regional training and research centres for women."

In 1960, the Mid-Decade World Conference of Copenhagen mark- ing the end of the first half of the Women·s Decade recommended 1n resolut10n J9:

(a) That appropriate machinery should be es- tablished wherever it does not yet exist and that f1nancial, technlcal and human resources should be provlded for it by internatlonal organisations and government agencies;

(b) That every effort shoulo be made at interna- tional, regional, subregional, national and local levels to ensure the full co-oroination of activities undertaken, in order to enable the machinery for the integratlon of women in development to achieve the priority objectives of the World Plan of Action.

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II. HISTORY AND PRESENT STATUS OF MACHINE~IES FOR THE INTEGRATION OF WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT

In accordance with the texts and reco~mendations referred to in section I most African countries have established national structures aimed at promoting increasea participation of women in the nat10nal oevelopment and process at all levels.

These structures take the form of:

tal National political machineries (usually a women"s w1ng of the national ruling party);

(bl bureaux;

Women"s councils, national commissions and (cl Women"s associations,

other group1ngs;

federations, unions or ldl M;nlstries or ministerial departments;

tel Non-governmental organisations.

It 1S difficult to present a complete list of such machineries established by African countries since independence, and especially during the past ten years, one of the reasons being that many countries have changed their type of machinery aver the years. Some countries have, for example, changed from"

an establ;shed women·s ministry to a ministerial department, or vice versa, and some have changed from a national women"s commit- tee to a nat10nal women"s association. Sometimes several types ot machinery exist side by side within one country.

As the end of the United Nations Decade for Women ap- proaches, a census shows a total of 51 machineries of varying types 1n Africa. These inclUdes eight national politicaL' mach1neries; eight women"s councils, national com~fssions and bureaux; eleven women"s associations, federations, unions or other group1ngs; sixteen ministries or ministeriaL departments;

and six non-governmental organisations.

ECA was the first United Nations regional commission to es-

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in Feally Law (Lome, lYb4), Civic and Political Education of Women tAccra, 1968', the Regional Conference on Education, Vocational Training and Work Opportunities for Girls and Women in Afr;can Countries (Rabat, 1Y71), and the Regional Meeting on the Role of Women in National Development CAddis Ababa, 1972), EtA decided to establish a five-year programme for pre-vocational and vocational training of girls and wo~en to enable them to par- ticipate fully 1n development. This programme, which was named the Women's Programme, was established within the then Human Resources Development Division. The programme was required to launch a series of research and publications on the traditional roles, living and working conditions of women in all spheres, partlcularly the economic (agriculture, handicrafts, small-scale lndustries) and to organise a series of itinerant workshops and seminars on home economics, family life and improvement of living conditions in rural areas.

In 19'4 the Regional Seminar on the Integration of Women in Development with Special Reference to Population Factors recom- mendea that specific structures be established to speed UP the advancement of women and their full participation in the process and benefits of development. These structures were'

(a) A permanent African Regional Committee respon- sible for co-ordinating the work of the national commis- sions, advising ECA on its programmes for women and co- operatlng with reglonal and international organisations and partlcularly with the Conference of African Women;

Cb) A Pan-African Training and Research Centre for Women charged with assistlng governments and voluntary organlsatlons, particularly Women-s organisations, in strengthening the role of women in the region.

The functions o~ the Cent~e would be~

ti) To establish national mobile training teams in the fields of rural development techniques, small industry, cooperatives and communications;

Cii) To proceed with research and information collectlon whlle paying special attention to the unlformlty of data, the develoment of indicators on the activities of women and the dissemination of intormation;

~1ii' To create a revolving fund to support cooperatives or private businesses run by women;

<iv) To establish an African Women-s Voluntary Task Force, which would allow skilled women from one -part of the region to service in another area when so

requested.

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on Z8 february 1975, the ECA Conference of Ministers decided to establish such a Centre, and on JO March of the same year the ECA Women·s Programme became the African Training and Research Centre for Women of the United Nations Economic Com.ission for Africa, one year before the institution of the United Nations Decade for Women. It should be noted that this Centre was able to serve as a aodel for the type of machinery which the World Conference on the International Women·s Year, held in Mexico be- tween June and July 1975, reco.mended be established on a regional level. fhe Africa Plan of Action for the Integration of Vomen in Pevelopment adopted in June 1974 by the Regional Seminar on the Integration of Women in Developaent with Special Reference to Population Factors, was also incorporated in the World Plan of Action approved in Mexico.

Continuing these actions on the regional level, African vomen, during the first African Regional Conference for the Integration of Women in Development (Nouakchott, 1977) defined the terms of reference of a SUbregional structure as "the sub- regional comaittee,· and those of the regional structure as "the Africa Regional Co-ordinating Committee (ARCC)." These terms of reference were finalised at the inaugural meeting of the African Regional Co-ordinating Committee at Rabat (March, 1979). At the same aeeting, the Regional Conference on the Integration of Women in Development vas institutionalised.

fhere are five Multinational Programming and Operational Centres (~LPOCs' based at:

(a) Gisenyi (Rwanda), for the countries of the Economic Community of the Great Lakes;

(b) Lusaka (Zambia), for the countries of Eastern and Southern Africa:

(c) Niaaey (Niger), for the countries of the Econoaie Com.unity of West African States;

(d) Tangiers (Morocco), for the countries of North Africa;

(e) Yaounde (Ca.-roon), for the Central African countries.

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The ARCC inaugural conf~rence h~ld at Rabat (1979) defined the terMS of reference of the subregional co. .ittees as follow.:

Ca) Receive and review proposals subMitted by the national co.missions on WOMen and developMent, or by similar bodies responsible for ensuring the integration ot women in all sectors of national develop.ent, with a·

vi~w to Obtaining technical and financial assistance for

th~ impl~Mentationof proj~cts;

eb) Oiss~.inate information and deal with Matters relating to mass communication;

ec) Exchange workshops, seminars, nlcal meeting;

knowledge and experience through study tours and other types of tech- (d) Ensure that

provide tully tor development;

subregional cevelopment programmes the integration of women in ee) Initiate country stUdies and assist national In- stltutions to identify the types of information needed tor a proper understanding ot the situation of women and the tactors facilitating or limiting the advancement of wo ••";

( t ) Assist in the design and impleMentation of sur-

veys carried out for the purpose of collecting statisti- cal data and other 1nformat1on;

(g) Provide cl~aringhouse facilities for the ex- change at intormation apt to promote co-ordination and mutual support among programmes designed for the advance- ment at women at various levels and for the sharing of relevant experience among the countries of the subregion.

The bureau of the subregional committees meets every year.

The co-ordinators of the women·s programmes of the MULPOC act as

th~ Secretariat ot the SUbregional com~ittees.

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The African Regional Co·ordinating Committee con- sists of the following members:

Ci' Three members designated by each sub- regional com.ittee (with the right to vote);

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(i,) The E.ecuive Secretary of ECA (without the right to vote) and the Administrative Secretary-General of the Organization of African Unity (w,tnout the right to vote);

(,ii) The Pan African Women·s Organization, Un,ted Nat,ons agencies and representatives of donor agencies will be invited as observers if a particuLar SUbject ~nder consideration is of interest to them.

The ma,n tunct,ons ot the Committee, which elects its of- ticers every two years, are:

(,) To harmonise and co-ordinate subregional programmes approved tor the ~UlPOCs;

(,,) To evaluate and implement work programmes, bear,ng in mInd the ava,lab,l,ty of resources;

(,ii) To organise the e.change of information and experiences;

('v) To partic,pate in activities and meetings organ, sed by the United Nations and other relevant

, n st t tut ions;

(v) To mo ot lise resources;

(vi) To review and evaluate activities under- taken 'n the region with,n the tramework of program- mes tor t~e advancement of ~omen;

(vii) To convene an Atr,can Pegional Conference on Women and Development every three years;

(vi;,) To report to the relevant ECA oodies on act,v,t,es and programmes carried out in the region

(Comm,ttee at E.perts, Conterence ot Ministers).

The Committee meets at least once a year but ;n special cir- cumstances ,ts Pres, dent can convene ewergency meetings. In years when the ECA Conterence ot Miristers meets the Committee comes together at least one week prior to the opening of the Con terence.

The rules and procedures of the Committee are the same as those ot tne Economic Commiss'on tor Africa. AT~CW acts as the Secretar,at at the Committee w,th staff assigned by ECA in the same way that ECA serves as Secretariat for the Conference of Ministers. The Committee uses the same working languages as ECA.

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fhe Reg10nal Conference on the Integration of Women in DevelopMent, which held its first session in Nouakchott from 29 SepteMber to 2 October 1977, was formed to monitor progress on the integratlon of women 1n development and to formulate proposals tor regional activities, including activities by ATRCW.

The Conterence Meets every three years and its report and recom- mendations are submitted to the ECA Conference of Ministers through the Executive Secretary of the Commission.

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United Nations, World Conference of the International Wo.en"s

fear, W2rlg_flj~_2!_a£liQ~ (New fork, 1975).

United Nations/ECA, a~ggCl_g!_lb~__[cgigDil_,gD1~[CD'C_QD_CdY'I:

ligDL __~g~jl1gDjl_1[jiDi02_iDg__Wg[~_2QQgCtuDilica_lg[ _ 2 i t l 1

aQg__~2m~Q_1~_a!!i~jQ__~2YQ1!i~li__BjQj1L_l~ll (Addis Ababa,

1~(1).

Un'ted Nat,ons/ECA, B~QQ!!__Q1_1h~_!~gi2Qjl__ 1CmiQj!_QQ_thc_iD:

1~g[jligD_gl_wgmCD_1c_gc~~iggmCD1L_wl1h_igC~ijl_[clctco~c_tQ

gggUijligD __lj~lg[i:__~ggil__AbabjL_JYD~__ 12Z! (Addis Ababa, 1V(4).

united Nations/ECA Women's Programme, ~jligD.l_tgm~iiiigDi_IDd

~Yr~jYa__!2!_lh~_iDIC9!jl12D__2!_~2mCQ_iD_gC~clQgmCD1 (Addis Ababa), 1V(4).

Ur,ted Nations/ECA/ATRC~, ~jligDji__~gmmiliigDl__ gD __Wgm~D__ IDd

Q~~~!2mCD1__aDg_w2m~D:l_~UrCju!& 12Z~_!~Q2[! (Add;s Ababa,

'V7~).

United Nat,ons/ECA, 8~Qg[1_g1_1bc_rcgiQDjl_~gD1~[~D£~_gD_lhc_i.:

giCm~DljligD_gl_DjligOji,_[~gigDj!_iOg_W2[!~_gljDl_Ql_1 '11 g 0

19C__lb~__iol~grjliQD_gl_wgm~D__ic_d~~~!ggm~Dl;__~QYik , b gl 1 L l~!! (Addis Ababa, 1978).

United Natlons/ECA, 8fQgrl_g!_lnf_1Dj~9W[jl_~C~li2D_2f_lhf_Afti'i

[CglgCjl __,g:2C~iOjliDg__,gmmll1~~__ 12[ __lb~__ iDt&g[ati2D_Q1

~2m~Q_!Q_~~~f12QmcQl(Rabat, 19/9).

Unlted Nat,ons/ECA, 8cQgrl_2!_lng __~g'2D~_t~gi2Qjl_'2Q1ftgO't_20

tn& __iCltgtatiQD __ Ql __wgm~D__ iD __g~~~lggm~D1& LY~.ka L _ l ~ Z 2

(Add'S Ababa, 196U).

United Nations/ECA, ~lwg~__QI_Diligca!_mj'hiDCti~~__ lg[_lhc_iD:

l~Q[aligo__gt_wQm~c_io_g~~~lgRm~Dl_=_£~aiwaligD_.Dg_g~tlgC~:

tl~~~, ECA document prepared fer the regional seminar on

~at'onal maChineries held in Addis Ababa, November 1982.

Un,ted Natlons/ECA, Qirg£12rX __ 2! __~j!i2Djl,__~UQ:tt9igOj!__ jOg rfg120jl mi~niOt[iCl__ 1gt __lht __iQlt9!jligD__ 21 __~2m~O__ iQ

ge~eiggmCD1_iC_al[i'j (Addis Ababa, 1982).

Unlted Natlons/ECA, R~gg[1_g1_1nC__ [CgigDjl_1CmiDI[_gD_D.tigDll mj,nlDt[1tl __!2r __ 1nt__ iOlt9til1gC_gf __¥2mtc_10_gt~t12a m lD l i 6ggil_AbabaL_~g~~mbcc_l~8Z (AddIs Ababa, 1983).

(24)

United Natlons/ECA/ATRCW, ~jtiQoj!_mj,bioctic~

__

lQt_1bc_io1C~tj:

tlgD __ gl __~QmCD__ iD __gC~f!gQmCD1i ~CD~j~__~bjD!£__~fOCgj!£

tamctggC __aOQ_IaOliOii.

Working document prepared with as- s,stance from the Voluntary Fund for the United Nations Decade tor Women (Addis Ababa, '982).

United Nat,ons/ECA, QtigiD_2Dg_g(2~1n_£1_1bf_81(ifiD_ItjiOiD9_2D2 BC~Ci['b_tcot[t_lg[_WgmfO(Add;s ftbaba, ,Q77).

United Nations/ECA, Wgmco_iO_a1[i,a~ tbe_UoittQ_~atigD~_~t,ade 12r_~QmfD (Ada,s Ababa, '9BO).

Un,ted NatIons InternatIonal Research and Training Inst;tute for the Advancement ot Women (INSTRAW), ~j1igDal_ma,bicc(iC~_fQ[

toc __jg~jD'fmfD1_2!_~QmfDi__~flC'!C2_'iiC_~1~2ic~ (New York, '980) •

. =.~ ... ~~~ ..

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I,

I I I . DIFfERENT TrPfS Of NATIONAL MACHINERIES

ThiS section of the manual consicers the nature and mode of operation ot national machineries, in particular national commis- sions and women"s bureaux as they have been planned under the EeA wo.en"$ programme. S,nce EeA was playing an entirely new role in the development ot this type of programme, it was not possible to 9rasp the Whole concept of national machineri~s until certain Questions were asked and clearly def,ned answers given.

After mOre than ten years of experience it can be saie that national machineries in the African region are the technical, na- ttonal, governmental and non-governmental structures set up in the var,ous countr,es to enhance the participation of women in development and, in the long term, to reeuce or even eliminate inequality between the sexes. The Regional Seminar on National Machiner,es lAddis Ababa, 1YSl) defired national machineries as

·structures that assure the participation of women in the politi- cal economic, social and cultural development of the society."

Whatever the type of machinery established in the country, the experience ot the EeA programme on national maChineries has led to some conclusions on essential characteristics. From the organ,sat,onal point of view, every machinery should have an ad-

~;n;strat;ve service; a tinancial service; a research deodftment or seCtlon tor programm,ng and project design; and a a project ,mplementatlon, monitoring and follow-up department or section.

Every national maChinery shoule also have ajequate human and t;nanc;al resources. The human resources should be nat;onal in orig,n and should involve all the expertise in the country. They may also be strengthened by African expertise within the scooe of teChnical cooperation among develop,n~ countries, and the exper- tise of the United Nations anc non-governmental organisations.

National maChineries should be glven their own funds for the operat,on and impl@mentation or projects.

Nat,onal machinery programmes should have the following cnaracterlst,cS:

la) Be a national programme approved by all national governmental authorities;

tb) ~e integrated in the nat,onal develo~ment plan;

(c) Be divided UP into priority sectoral projects with support from national linanc,al and hu~an resources.

21

(27)

Integration of Women in Population Factors, (Addis structures be established:

Regional Se~inar on the with Spec,al Peference to recommended the following The

Development Ababa, 1Y74)

{aJ Nat,onal Commlssions for .omen and Development, composec ot leacing men and women who would make policy recommendations and act O~ proposals;

tbJ Women's g~reaux and Per"anent Secretariats of National Comm,ss;ons to undertake research, formulate proJects and program~es dn~, In ~enEral to assure the ;n-

te~~atlon at ~omen ,~ all sectors of economic and soc;al development;

(el A Co-or~,~atl~] (o~~'ttee for nOn-g6ver~mental crgan'Satl0rs which could help women organise the~selves to seek represe~tatlcn in ceC1Slon rrakirg bodies, to work to lnd~ce a c~3~~e in attitua~s, to svpclement publ;c resources an~ ·acll,ties ane to ercouraqe internat;onal

contere~ces and the excha~ge of Tn~ormation and ideas.

ThlS com~'ttee ~J~lC atso Oe responsible for taking

~easures to ,mole~e~~ recommendatl0ns of international, reg,onal and ndtio~al corfere~ces concerning the role of

wv~e~.

TnlS recoM~endatlc~ does nat prejudice the existence or the

estanl1s~ment o~ other stuctur~5 in Africa~ co~ntries in response to nee as ana condltl0ns prevalllrg at :he ~ational level.

AS noteo dbove, during the Urlteo Nations Decade for Women tlve ~aJor types ot national ~dc~;neries e~erged:

(al rg~bl~~tl~~ ~tifb__gt~__~gi~lt__ 2Qli!ifgl __ in

,tJtg't~r. Th~] ~re found;r v1rtuatly every African ccuntry. Some ~dve been given d technical dimension

~~et~er ~y co~irg u~der a technic~l s~ructure such as a m,n1stry Jr a ~,nisterial jlvlSIon, by tne s~ec;atisat;on

ot so~e staft members in technical ~atters or by reQuest-

1~g asslsta~ce whe~ the need arises from technical of- f,ces suc~ as th~ ~,r'stry of Planning or the ~inistry of

A9~iculture;

lO) U~11QQ21__fQmml~~12Q~__ 2D9__Q~!t2~~__f2!_~QmtD.

S1nce ~ost of the reco~~enjdtings emanating from

preoaratory meetlrgs ·or rnternatl~ral ~omen·s Year dealt w,th th,s type, a detailed aescr;pt;on will be found below;

tc) 8~~Q'lgllQO~~__!~~tt21i20~~__~oi2~~__j~2

__

21hf!

ItQ~~__ 2! __.Qm~O:~_Yr2~~~& These groups generally br;ng

wo~en together tor Objectives other than the ;ntegration ot women ,n develo~ment. Each group of th;s type has ; t s ' own traaltlons wh;ch vary accordirg to the country and the CUlture;

22

(28)

(d) ~1D1~tt1l~__~t_mic1ilftli1__gtQi£lmfOli. These structures have a status within a structure, terms of reterence, programmes ot act,on, budgets and clearly ,eent,t,ed statt, all detined at high level, as well as organic relations with the apparatus of government;

(e) ~2Qg~¥trQmfO!~!_~t9~Qli~liQQ~. The distinction should be made between ~ational nongovernmental organiza- t,ons and international nongover~mental organizations which work for the advancement of women in Africa.

Somet,mes national no~governmental organizations exist

alo~g5'Ce the structures ment,oned above;

A Nat,onal Comm'ssion for women and Development is a bOdy

·consist,ng ot leading men and women with experience in govern- ment service, emoloyment, commun'ty development and other aspects ot publ'C l,te- ane is respons,ble for -developing plans and making recommendations for improving the status of women"

(Resolut,on ~Ol F (XXXV.) at the Economic and Social Council of Ju(y, IV05)

A Commission may be establ,shec by legislative Act or by

~xecutive Order. ,The powers, membership, length of service, type ot respresentat,on, method of operaticn and the responsibilities ot tne boOy should be specitied in the legislative Act or Execut,ve lnstrument which establishes the Commission. Provision Should oe maoe ,n the instrument tor the selection of a chairman, trom the membersh,p ot the commission. To ensure continuity of work, the Comm,ss,on should be permanent or etablished on a long- term oas,s.

Tne oelegates at the Rabat tunct;ons at National Commissions

Conterence recommended that the should include:

(a) The exam,nation and evaluation of the present contr,but,on ot women to the various sectors of develop- ment ,n the light ot national needs and priorities;

(0) The study of specif,c areas where women·s par- ticipat,on should be i~itiateo or strengthe~ed;

(c) Tne development and promotion cf action mes to 1ntegrate women 1n all sectors of develo,ment;

orogram- national tC) Ass,stanc. to G~vernment in formulating requests ta. ,nto.ndtio,".l technical assistance through the United

Nat'v~s syste~;

25

(29)

(e) Working authorities at all non-governmental organisatl0ns.

in partnership with ~overnment

levels and in close cooperation with agencies, especially women"s

The Commission should concern itself with specific areas of need in accordance with national priorities. ~owever, the recom- mendations of the Rabat Conference deal with every sector of desirable advancement and participation of women in national life and development. By implementlng these recommendations within the national situation, any national Commission on Women and Development would amply fulfil its role, serving not only the in- terests ot women Dut also those at men and children and hence the natlon as a whole.

The Rabat recommendations state clearly that the National Commlsslon Should consist of leading men and women with varied e.perience. Tnese should include representatives of Government, industry, trade unions, cooperative unions, educational institu- tions, prlvate and public agenc,es, women"s and other voluntary organisatl0ns, as well as~ther persons active in the social, economic, cultural and political life of the country. Rural women should be appropriately represented on the commission.

Members of a Commission should be non-saLaried but may recelve a dally suDs;stence and travel allowance while attending meetlngs. The number of meetings a Cowmission member is required to attend should be specified ,n its instrument of establishment.

for easy consultation and co-orc;nation of programmes, the

Commlss1on Should be established within the Ministry or Department ;n which the women·s bureau ;5 tocated.

The Commission should be permitted to operate as a self- dlrected un,t w,th powers to select its o.n officers to serve on sub-commlttees. Sub-committees Should be comoosed of persons with spec,al knowledge ana experience in professional and techni- cal fields who can serve as survey and research personnel.

Tne Commlssl0n Government, proposing vancement ot women.

Should act as an advisory body to the policies and specific measures for the ad- The National Commission can be compared to a President·s Cablnet, wh,ch meets trom tlme to time to consider government matters and to make policies. Tne various government ministries and departments which provide the Cabinet with relevant

24

(30)

i,

infor.ationl and which deal with government businessl can be compared acts as the permanent Secretar,at of

the day-to-day running of to the Women"s Bureau, which the National Commiss;on.

Pol;cies which have no machiner) for their implementation are hardly ever effective. Thus wher a National Comm;s,;on on Wo.en and Development is established, it needs a te<hn;cal secretariat to provide background in,ormat;on ani to put into ef- fect the dec,s,ons, policies and recom"endations made.

A Women"s Bureau may be e.tablished by leg;slat;onl Execut,ve Order by the Head of Government or oy Min;ster;al Decree. To ensure cont;nu;ty and decisive results the Bureau should be a permanent unit of Government with personnel employed full-t,me in accor~ance with civil service practices and regula- tlons. The Bureau must, however, have a suffic;~nt degree of autonomy and an adeQuate and flexible budget. A women's Bureau may Oe established when there is no Commission ana may continue operat,ng even when the life of the Co"mission has expired,

The ~ureau should work towards:

(al The part,c,pation of women in national develop- ment as an ,ntegral part of cevelopment planning, programming and implementation;

lO) ~omen's employment pol,cies and programmes as part of the overall nat,onal emcloyment policies and programmes;

tcl The establ,shment of nat,onal and local program- mes tor acceleratlng and diverslfying tne ~ducation and vocational tra,ning ot girls and wo"en within the context of the assessed needs and potentialities of the female

labour force 'n both the urban ana rural sectorsi

(d) The eftective integration in the various sectors at econom,c and soc,al development.

The Bureau should undertake research on the situation of women ana the,r employment prospects ir order to orientate train- ing towards the attainment of a higher level of competence, respons,D,l,ty and remunerat,on in new and more diversified f1elds ot act1vity.

25

(31)

The Bureau should:

(a) Advise agencies concernrc

tra1n'~g a~d gU1dance ot wo~e~;

(b)

serv'c€,

pI' :.'~cj t I

b~courage the inclusion train,ng program~es ~o that

of women they may

in all quaLify

in- for (c) pro~ote the civic, econcmic, soc,al~ cJltural and ?olit;cat educa~ion 0+ wo~en;

(d) tdwcate tre publlC on t~e soci3t and ~~cnomic rOl~ ~t "omen In order to eradicate m;sccnceDt;on~ ~nd to change 30verse ~tt~tuces.

Promotp the e~ptGyme0t of ~omen ~t all.

, t e ,~ wage, self, or cO-OO~rJtlve eii,pt

c ev eto c s mal. t and t I) ~" . ..,f:?-

cal aCV1C· ,-j.-'

bL:'~'!"'e"',,;s;' r-?";f'"'i I" a ('>:z:

l~dlVl_:vdlly O~ tG~M~I'0\ii~l)

crpa fd(~titlPS, !~chni-

, <

( c ) ·J~'··~st

oetlne t " p ( I f

to r rn c ways to the prable

1r);, . •--:-

'. 'tr: :

~~(. ~olu~tary agent ips to

::,;1,) r:":.it;lems of working women,

p c - ne~d5 and to seek solutions

(a) A~atyse the sitl~1tl0n of wo~en with regard to education, train,ng, wor~ opport~nit;es a~d existing Leg,slatl0n, and suggest ~Pdsures tor the advancement and potentlal cev~lQp~ent of ~·J~en 1n all ~alks at life;

(0) Sponsor r.searen Into posslole ways of allevlat- lng t~e burdens 01 wom~~ by maklng their labour more

procuctlve~ ~lth special reference to women 1n the rural dreas;

(c) Provide women regard1ng

opportun1~ies;

'ntormatlon and guidance to girls and a v at t a ote education, training and work

la) Collect ddt. In support of

cna~ge and dev~lo~~ert to serve as 1ntormat,cn on women;

recommendations for a central sourc~ of

(32)

I,

'.0

r "2g~ ~, \.er o . ,,:St 1 \. U ~,-:>nS dnC ~, '::ia~>"Si}""

10~~~ ~~t,.,·~a· 3nd internatlonal, devoted tc th2 ~d­

vanceme~t o~ ~o~en; to Maj"ta~n liJison ~ith put)tic and pr1vate, nat,oral anc ~nternationat orqanisations (on-

:ern~o ~ltM ~~e advanCf'~ent aT wJmer~

~'i t e c r s t et tov . r;~~('::1(u.:tdrly ~'1',}':", Leq;sla-

_,~I.S , r " '.n r- S '.;r-~- i'hto' ,~ ~r, ~ ;,,"lr .,0n o t

enter c e rre'~t C~dr.-JE:'~;

,)~ a rd

';. f at 0 ' · ' '..f' r r ". c prupose dPoropr;ate

1 t.

..: \ ... e c t0r c r Hc,,jC ot t r,e 8u rea u S "0u1,j

.'-, a r r i i : '~':-, s vrv> :

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Q ' _' l .• ' ,:i"/'CE'.,

~ .. D

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-, d '::.

:" .. 1de .... ;:1

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'~le

ar

!-ibr::;r-1 d n ,

:' :: c·t ..

:: :. :5

'::·"c'..;t,~... as +ar

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\ ( e ';"~r

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"',cn5~

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'.)ta1+ m"TY1t~rs s n o ot c be Pl1:::Lo/Pr1 f'!-r -1 -,.,f4-~ ""''''t !":>-""'~

t , r l? : 0 ~r ..-,bt i t1'1e m t o t>2'cc me ~ rlo ""1 2aq!?d b ~t" .:~=-.J"':t .;1a ve7" »c :"

pcl'Cles, ~~~lo)men~, educa!~o~ ana trairirg o~ccrt~njti0~, the

progrdm~es at 'fot~rtar) a~enlles dnd ttC~ni(dl ass,stance apo]etts c<'·;':;,c " .. e c :y tr te r r-et r c n at }r,;,.1~.:.i.3~-'iG'~;5 ':;;"\\: ot~;;,.

g~'..ifrr.,':H'~

(33)

TO b~ tully etfective, the Women·s eur~au, tog~th~r with the Nattonal Commission, should be loc4t~o within th~ gov~r"me"t

structurei at a level and in an area where it is most likely t . lnftuence decisions and programmes that affect the participation of women in all sectors at the development process of their country.

Each Government w,ll determ,ne the most appropriate location tor its Bureau taking into consideration the feasibility of in- t.rdepartmental cooperation on various issues. The Ministries of -£ducatlon, Soclal Welfare, Labour, Rural Development and Economic Planning may be considered. Wherever it is placed, it is impor- tant that the Women·s 8ureau be given a mandate and a voice on matters affecting women and their participation in the overall developmental programmes of the country.

At the Regional Seminar on National Machil\eries (Addis ADaba, 1Y~l' participants made several recomendations to help strengthen national machineries. These recommendations are list- ed in the Annex to this section.

The rev,ew ot national mach,neries leads to the following conclusions:

(a) The nature of national "achineries may change depending not only on the dynamism of the women themsel- ves but also on the socio-RDlitical, economic and cul-

tural conditlons in the individual societies. A

mach,nery can start off as exclusively political, later becoming a teChnical structure;

(b) A nat,onal machinery,s nct neutral; it is the retlect,on of the deployment ot the social forces of a country. Consequently a national machinery is never purely teChnical nor purely pol,t,cal;

(c) There is no ideal type of national machinery which can be generalised to suit all countries. The most

.ssent,al~haracterist'cis tor a ~ational maCh~nery to meet th~rior'ty needs at the ma)or'ty of women 'n rural and disadvantaged urban areas sc as to bring about a gradual ,mprovement in the quallty of lite.

28

(34)

I,

Ann"'.

Page 1 Recommendations _ade at the 'egional Se.inar

on National "achineri •• tor the Iptegpatt_n _f Women in Oevelopment(Addis Abat., 1982) ,

A. '[~i112Q_2!_Qi112Qil_m~~Dlnf!if~_~og_1bf_~bin9jOg_gf_J1:

titllge:;

The Sem,nar recommended:

11' Tnat countr,es which do rot yet have a national mach,nery sno~ld create one w,th legal status in conformity with nat, anal laws; countries .hich already have national machineries snoulo strengthen them;

In Tnat

best s o rt s c

s r t u at t o n ;

e a c n country shoJl~

to its oolitical,

choose the national machinery economic and socio-cultural

(5) That .omen should participate in policy and decision- mak;ng at the national level;

(4) That .omen Trom all social levels should be represented 1n ~ational machinerips;

(~) That governments and national machineries should utilise natlonal medla to ,nTorm cit~z~s and to mobilise women, in par- ticular on development ob~ctive~, and these objectives should be

t r e rvstat e c into s,mple tanguage ,n order to reach the wholp popultl0n and to eTtect the change at attitudes necessary for the integratlon at ~omen in development;

(b) That nat,onal maChineries Should work to sensitise women at all levels to tneir condition and to inform them, from an ear- ly age, at their rights and duties;

In

t r v r t r e s

aware aT

Tnat nat' anal machiner,es should organise cultural ac- to bring together women, mobilise them and make them the,r culture;

l~) That governments and national machineries shoutd sen- s,t,se the Tamily and schoot to avoid seo-basea differences in curr;cutdi

(V, That men Should participate in national machineries;

nary they

(1U) T~at national mac~ineries should set up multidiscipli- law, researc~, programminy, evaluation, and finance units,

s~oulo also ~ave sufficient permanent steff;

1

('U) That national machinery projects should be deCentral,sed and have branChes throug~Qut the country;

2'

(35)

('~1.) T~

ord,r;at1o" o~

mdf"'

~n d~ ... ,;i '

..

s n o cLc \.;:"\dert,~K~ t_;·~ \.'<;'-~

~tctors on behalf of .~~~N;

(13' .•

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.;~ c o e ar e .

0 - ••~. " " ~c--: at mac1',

·~~d;t~,c­

"''; e : :

:; :..

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~~ s~ould include ~ncQ:np-

o cr i L s e r vi c e s , t n o a r ri r uto e ',: ~nd providlno trAinlPu fr"

,

,)U: c

0''<1 0 .

,3te 5tew~ so t~~t

c a r t i cot ,." ~:"'t n~- , ' , u " . . ·d~\.'~rn:'1<

~li':;:~"'''''''' l':-ve' o!

olan~,~ bed ~~, e o me-r.

d ~ ?

• d KLA ,)~Gr0pt:

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or

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