Diversification des exportations Quelles opportunités pour l’Algérie ?

(1)

56

'LYHUVLILFDWLRQGHVH[SRUWDWLRQV4XHOOHVRSSRUWXQLWpVSRXUO¶$OJpULH"

1DGLD.$/$)$7(0DvWUH$VVLVWDQWH©$ª8QLYHUVLWpG¶2UDQ 5pVXPp

/DFURLVVDQFHpFRQRPLTXHPR\HQQHGHHQWUHHWGHO¶$OJpULH GpPRQWUHTXHO¶pFRQRPLHHVWDXGHojGHVHVFDSDFLWpV/DFURLVVDQFHUHVWHWULEXWDLUHGX VHFWHXUSULPDLUHHWGHVHVDOpDV/¶$OJpULHYRLWQDWXUHOOHPHQWHQODGLYHUVLILFDWLRQGHV H[SRUWDWLRQVXQHUpSRQVHSRXUV¶H[WUDLUHGHFHWWHVLWXDWLRQGHGpSHQGDQFH&HSHQGDQW PDOJUp O¶DOOqJHPHQW WDULIDLUH HW OHV GLIIpUHQWHV SROLWLTXHV LQFLWDWLYHV OHV H[SRUWDWLRQV KRUVK\GURFDUEXUHVVRQWPDUJLQDOHV

(QXWLOLVDQWOHFRQFHSWGHO¶HVSDFHSURGXLWQRXVWHQWRQVGDQVFHWDUWLFOHGHUHOHYHU OHVREVWDFOHVjXQHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQDERXWLWLOHQUHVVRUWTXHO¶DYDQWDJHFRPSDUDWLILQLWLDO GXSD\VUpGXLWOHVSRVVLELOLWpVGHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQ/HVFDSDFLWpVGHSURGXFWLRQVGXVHFWHXU GHVK\GURFDUEXUHVVHUDLHQWWURSVSpFLILTXHVRQQHSHXWDLVpPHQWOHVUpDIIHFWHUjG¶DXWUHV LQGXVWULHV

/DGLYHUVLILFDWLRQUHVWHSRVVLEOHjFRQGLWLRQG¶XQHSROLWLTXHLQGXVWULHOOHFLEOpH DYHFXQHLQWHUYHQWLRQPDVVLYHGHO¶(WDWHWGRQFDXSUL[G¶XQFRWVRFLDOpOHYp

0RWVFOpV([SRUWDWLRQVGLYHUVLILFDWLRQWUDQVIRUPDWLRQpFRQRPLTXHHVSDFH SURGXLW

$EVWUDFW([SRUWGLYHUVLILFDWLRQZKLFKRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRU$OJHULD"

7KH DYHUDJH HFRQRPLF JURZWK RI EHWZHHQ DQG LQ $OJHULD VKRZVWKDWWKHFRXQWU\LVEH\RQGLWVFDSDFLWLHV,WUHPDLQVWKDWWKHJURZWKGHSHQGHQWRQ WKHSULPDU\VHFWRUDQGLWVULVNV$OJHULDWDNHVH[SRUWGLYHUVLILFDWLRQDVDQDWXUDOZD\WR JHWRXWIURPDSSXUWHQDQFH+RZHYHUGHVSLWHWKHWDULIIUHGXFWLRQDQGYDULRXVLQFHQWLYH SROLFLHVWKHQRQRLOH[SRUWVDUHPDUJLQDO

8VLQJWKHFRQFHSWRIWKHSURGXFWVSDFHZHWU\LQWKLVDUWLFOHWRLGHQWLI\IHQFH WRZDUGDVXFFHVVIXOGLYHUVLILFDWLRQ,WDSSHDUVWKDWWKHLQLWLDOFRPSDUDWLYHDGYDQWDJHRI WKHFRXQWU\UHGXFHGGLYHUVLILFDWLRQRSSRUWXQLWLHV3URGXFWLRQFDSDFLWLHVRIWKHRLOVHFWRU ZRXOGEHWRRVSHFLILFLWLVGLIILFXOWWRUHDOORFDWHWKHPWRRWKHULQGXVWULHV

'LYHUVLILFDWLRQVWLOOSRVVLEOHSURYLGHGDWDUJHWHGLQGXVWULDOSROLF\ZLWKDPDVVLYH FRQWULEXWLRQRIWKHJRYHUQPHQWDQGWKHUHIRUHXQGHUDKLJKVRFLDOFRVW

.H\ ZRUGV H[SRUWDWLRQV GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ HFRQRPLF WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ VSDFH SURGXFW

κΨϠϣ ϥ΍

ϦϴΑϱή΋΍ΰΠϟ΍ϱΩΎμΘϗϻ΍ϮϤϨϟ΍ςγϮΘϣ

ϭ ϱάϟ΍

ΏέΪϘϳ

΍άϫϥ΃ήϬψ˵ϳ

΍ ΩΎμΘϗϻ ϯήΗ΍άϫϰϠϋϭϕϮδϟ΍ΕΎΒϠϘΘϟΔόοΎΧϭϲϟϭϷ΍ωΎτϘϟ΍ϰϠϋΪϤΘόΗϝ΍ΰΗϻή΋΍ΰΠϟ΍ϪΘϗΎρϦϣϞϗ΄ΑϮϫ ΔϴϛήϤΠϟ΍ϡϮγήϟ΍ϒϴϔΨΗϦϣϢϏήϟ΍ϰϠϋϚϟΫϊϣϭΔϴόΒΘϟ΍ϩάϫϦϣΝϭήΨϠϟϞΤϟ΍Ε΍έΩΎμϟ΍ϊϳϮϨΗϲϓή΋΍ΰΠϟ΍

ΔϔϠΘΨϤϟ΃ΰϓ΍ϮΤϟ΍ΕΎγΎϴγϭ ˬ

ΩΎμϟ΍

ΔϴθϣΎϫϰϘΒΗΔϴτϔϨϟ΍ήϴϐϟ΍Ε΍έ

ϦϴΒΘϳΔΤΟΎϧϊϳϮϨΗΔγΎϴγϖϴόΗϲΘϟ΍ΏΎΒγϻ΍ϰϠϋϑήόΘϟ΍ϝΎϘϤϟ΍΍άϫϲϓϝϭΎΤϧˬΝϮΘϨϤϟ΍˯ΎπϓϡϮϬϔϣϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ ϻΕΎϗϭήΤϤϟ΍ωΎτϗΝΎΘϧ΍Ϟϣ΍ϮϋΔϴλΎΧϼΜϣΕ΍έΩΎμϟ΍ϊϳϮϨΗιήϓκϠϘΗΩϼΒϠϟΔϴ΋΍ΪΒϟ΍ΔϴΒδϨϟ΍ΓΰϴϤϟ΍ϥ΃

ϘϟΎϬμϴμΨΗΔϴϠϤϋϞϬδΗ ήΧ΃ωΎτ

ϢΠΣϊϓέϭΔϓΩΎϫΔϴϋΎϨλΔγΎϴγΎϬόϣϱί΍ϮΘϟΎΑωΎΒΗ΍ρήηϰϠϋΔϨϜϤϣϰϘΒΗΕ΍έΩΎμϟ΍ϊϳϮϨΗΔγΎϴγϚϟ΍ΫϢϏήΑ

΍ ΔϴϟΎϋΔϴϋΎϤΘΟ΍ΔϔϠϜΗΏΎδΣϰϠϋϚϟΫϥϮϜϳϦϜϟΕ΍έΎϤΜΘγϻ

ΔϴΣΎΘϔϤϟ΍ΕΎϤϠϜϟ΍

ΝϮΘϨϤϟ΍˯ΎπϓˬϱΩΎμΘϗϻ΍ϝϮΤΘϟ΍ˬΕ΍έΩΎμϟ΍ϊϳϮϨΗ

(2)

57

,1752'8&7,21

$YHFXQUDSSRUWGHVLQYHVWLVVHPHQWVDX3,%TXLDDWWHLQWSOXVGHHQXQWDX[

G¶LQYHVWLVVHPHQWGHHQPR\HQQHVXUODSpULRGHDLQVLTX¶XQFHUWDLQ QRPEUHV GH PHVXUHV LQFLWDWLYHV DX VHFWHXU SULYpH $16(- DJHQFH QDWLRQDOH SRXU OD VXEYHQWLRQ GH O¶HPSORL GHV MHXQHV O¶$1', DJHQFH QDWLRQDOHGH 'pYHORSSHPHQW GH O¶,QYHVWLVVHPHQWOHWDX[GHFK{PDJHRIILFLHODWWHLQWOHVHQ0DOJUpXQH RXYHUWXUHFRPPHUFLDOHLQLWLpHGHSXLVODPRLWLpGHVDQQpHVO¶DFFRUGG¶DVVRFLDWLRQ

$OJpULH8QLRQ(XURSpHQO¶DGKpVLRQjOD]RQHDUDEHGHOLEUHpFKDQJHODGLYHUVLILFDWLRQ GXSDQLHUGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVQ¶HVWSDVUpDOLVpHVXUO¶HQVHPEOHGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVGHELHQV HW VHUYLFHV VHXOHPHQW G¶H[SRUWDWLRQ GH ELHQV PDQXIDFWXUpV /D FURLVVDQFH PR\HQQHHQWUHHWGHO¶$OJpULHHVWGHFHUpVXOWDWUHVWHIDLEOHDXUHJDUG GHWRXWFHVHIIRUWVGpSOR\pVGXUDQWFHWWHSpULRGH

1RXV SRXYRQV DQDO\VHU OD VLWXDWLRQ SDU GLIIpUHQWHV DSSURFKHV FHSHQGDQW O¶DQDO\VHGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVFRQVWLWXHXQERQLQGLFDWHXUGHO¶DSSDUHLOSURGXFWLIGDQVOD PHVXUH R OHV H[SRUWDWLRQV HQ UHIOpWDQW QRWDPPHQW OHV DYDQWDJHV FRPSDUDWLIV GpPRQWUHQWELHQODFDSDFLWpG¶XQSD\VjYDORULVHUVRQV\VWqPHSURGXFWLIVXUOHVPDUFKpV LQWHUQDWLRQDX['¶DXWDQWSOXVTXHOHSUREOqPHGHODGLYHUVLILFDWLRQGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVVH SRVHDYHFDFXLWpGpMjGHSXLVSUHVTXHWURLVGpFHQQLHV

/¶$OJpULH HQUHJLVWUH XQ IRUW GHJUp GH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ GHV H[SRUWDWLRQV FH IDLW UpVXOWHOHSOXVVRXYHQWG¶XQHK\SHUVSpFLDOLVDWLRQVXUGHVUHVVRXUFHVQDWXUHOOHVRXGHV SURGXLWV SULPDLUHV /¶LQGXVWULDOLVDWLRQ G¶XQH pFRQRPLH GHYLHQW DORUV HVVHQWLHOOH j O¶pODUJLVVHPHQWGHODEDVHH[SRUWDWULFH

&HSHQGDQWOHVWHQWDWLYHVVXFFHVVLYHVHQIDYHXUGHODSURPRWLRQGHVH[SRUWDWLRQV Q¶RQWSDVHQFRUHDERXWLHVHWOHVH[SRUWDWLRQVVRQWIRUWHPHQWFRQFHQWUpHV

/D GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ GHV H[SRUWDWLRQV D XQ LPSDFW SRVLWLI VXU OD FURLVVDQFH pFRQRPLTXH+HVVH+HLNRHOOHFRQVWLWXHQRWDPPHQWSRXUOHV3('XQUHPSDUW jODGpWpULRUDWLRQGHVWHUPHVGHO¶pFKDQJHGHVSURGXLWVSULPDLUHVHWjO¶LQVWDELOLWpGHV H[SRUWDWLRQVGXWjODYRODWLOLWpGHVSUL[PRQGLDX[

/HVWUDYDX[HPSLULTXHVG¶,PEVHW:DF]LDUJRQWHQSDUWLFXOLHUPRQWUp TXHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQGHODSURGXFWLRQHWULFKHVVHYRQWGHSDLUGDQVOHVSD\VGRQWOHUHYHQX SDUKDELWDQWHVWIDLEOH3OXVUpFHPPHQWXQFHUWDLQQRPEUHGHWUDYDX[RQWFRQFOXTXHOD GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ GHV H[SRUWDWLRQV pWDLW OLpH GH IDoRQ VLPLODLUH DX UHYHQX SDU KDELWDQW .OLQJHUHW/HGHUPDQ+HVVH&DGRWHWDOODGLYHUVLILFDWLRQGHV H[SRUWDWLRQVV¶DFFURvWjPHVXUHTXHOHQLYHDXGHUHYHQXSDUKDELWDQWDXJPHQWHDXPRLQV MXVTX¶j XQ FHUWDLQ QLYHDX GH UHYHQX /H SD\V GHYHQX SOXV ULFKH j WHQGDQFH j VH VSpFLDOLVHU GDQV GHV ELHQV KDXWHPHQW WHFKQRORJLTXHV HW FDSLWDOLVWLTXHV /D FRXUEH UHSUpVHQWDWLYHGHFHWWHUHODWLRQSUHQGDORUVODIRUPHG¶XQ8UHQYHUVp

'RQQpHVGHODEDQTXHPRQGLDOH:',

,ELG

&DOFXOGHO¶DXWHXUHjSDUWLUGHVGRQQpHVGHODEDQTXHPRQGLDOH

(3)

58

/D PpWKRGRORJLH XVLWpH KDELWXHOOHPHQW SRXU PHVXUHU OD FRQFHQWUDWLRQ HW OD GLYHUVLILFDWLRQHVWFHOOHGH+HUILQGDKO+LUVFKPDQRXFHOXLGH7KHLOSDUH[HPSOH&H W\SHG¶DSSURFKHXWLOLVDQWFHVLQGLFHVQHUpSRQGSDVjWRXWHVOHVTXHVWLRQVTXHSRVHOD SUREOpPDWLTXH GH OD GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ GHV H[SRUWDWLRQV (OOH QH SHUPHW QRWDPPHQW SDV G¶H[DPLQHU OD WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ GH OD VWUXFWXUH H[SRUWDWULFH GDQV OHV FRXUWV HW PR\HQ WHUPHV3RXUWDQWO¶H[DPHQG\QDPLTXHGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVSUpVHQWHO¶LQWpUrWG¶LGHQWLILHU SOXVFODLUHPHQWOHVIDFWHXUVGHEORFDJHGHODGLYHUVLILFDWLRQ&¶HVWFHWDVSHFWG\QDPLTXH GHODGLYHUVLILFDWLRQGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVTXLFRQVWLWXHODSUREOpPDWLTXHGHFHWDUWLFOH

/DGLYHUVLILFDWLRQHVWXQFRQFHSWOLpHjFHOXLGHODWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVHFWRULHOOH/D GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ GH OD SURGXFWLRQ GHV H[SRUWDWLRQV HW GH O¶HPSORL \ FRQWULEXH /D WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ pFRQRPLTXH VH GpILQLW FRPPH OH FKDQJHPHQW DX ILO GX WHPSV GH OD FRPSRVLWLRQVHFWRULHOOHGHODSURGXFWLRQRX3,%HWGXPRGHVHFWRULHOGHO¶HPSORLGH ODPDLQG¶°XYUHDXIXUHWjPHVXUHTX¶XQHpFRQRPLHVHGpYHORSSH

&HSHQGDQW FHWWH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ pFRQRPLTXH QpFHVVDLUH j OD GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ VH KHXUWHjXQFHUWDLQQRPEUHG¶pOpPHQWVV\PSWRPDWLTXHGHV3('&RPPHODTXDOLWpGHV LQVWLWXWLRQVODULJLGLWpGHO¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQO¶DEVHQFHGHPDUFKpVILQDQFLHUVHIILFDFHV ULJLGLWpGHODPDLQG¶°XYUH«HWF$FHVFRQWUDLQWHVV¶DMRXWHXQpOpPHQWQRXYHDXOD VSpFLDOLVDWLRQLQLWLDOHGHFHVSD\V&HWWHGHUQLqUHVHWUDGXLWSDUO¶HQIHUPHPHQWGHV3(' GDQVXQHVSpFLDOLVDWLRQSULPDLUH

+DXVVPDQQ+LGDOJRHWDOUpYqOHQWTX¶jFDXVHGHODVSpFLDOLVDWLRQLQLWLDOH LOVHUDLWGLIILFLOHSRXUOHV3('GHV¶RULHQWHUYHUVG¶DXWUHVSURGXFWLRQVHWGHVHGLYHUVLILHU /HXUDUJXPHQWDWLRQHVWEkWLWVXUXQHLGpHRULJLQDOHODFDUWRJUDSKLHGHVSURGXLWVHQ DQJODLV©VSDFHSURGXFWVª

/HV SURGXLWV VRQW UHSUpVHQWpV VXU XQ DUEUH JUkFH j O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ G¶DOJRULWKPH UHVVRUW SRXU JUDSKH &KDTXH SD\V HVW VLWXp VXU XQ HVSDFH SURGXLW DSSURSULp j SDUWLU GXTXHOQRXVSRXYRQVHVWLPHUOHVRSSRUWXQLWpVRXQRQGHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQLQWHQVLYHRX H[WHQVLYHVHORQO¶XELTXLWpRXODSUR[LPLWpGHVSURGXLWV3OXVOHSD\VHVWVSpFLDOLVpGDQV GHV SURGXLWV VLWXpV VXU OD SpULSKpULH GH O¶HVSDFH SURGXLW SOXV OHV GLIILFXOWpV VHURQW JUDQGHVSRXUpYROXHUYHUVXQHDXWUHVSpFLDOLWp/HVSURGXLWVVLWXpVGDQVOHQR\DXVRQW IRUWHPHQWFRQQHFWpVLO\DGRQFIDFLOLWpVj©VDXWHUªG¶XQHSURGXFWLRQjXQHDXWUHDYHF GHVFRWVHWGHVLQYHVWLVVHPHQWVGHGpSDUWPRLQGUHV'RQFVLXQSD\VHVWVLWXpGDQVOH QR\DXLOGLVSRVHGHSOXVG¶RSSRUWXQLWpVSRXUVHGLYHUVLILHU

&HWWHFRQWULEXWLRQHVWRUJDQLVpHHQWURLVFKDSLWUHV

/HSUHPLHUPHWO¶DFFHQWVXUODQDWXUHGHVELHQVH[SRUWpVFRPPHpOpPHQWSRVLWLI GHODFURLVVDQFH

/H VHFRQG WUDLWH GH OD WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ VWUXFWXUHOOH QpFHVVDLUH j O¶pYROXWLRQ VXU O¶pFKHOOHGHVVSpFLDOLVDWLRQV

/HWURLVLqPHFKDSLWUHHVWXQFKDSLWUHGHVFULSWLITXLH[SOLTXHODQRWLRQGHO¶HVSDFH SURGXLWHWGLVFXWHGHODVLWXDWLRQGHO¶$OJpULHVXUODFDUWHGHVSURGXLWVGH+DXVPDQQ(Q DQQH[HQRXVIRXUQLVVRQVXQVXSSRUWTXLUHSUpVHQWHODFDUWHGHVSURGXLWV

5DSSRUWpFRQRPLTXHVXUO¶$IULTXH

(4)

59

/(&217(18'(/$',9(56,),&$7,21&2037(

$87$1748(/(92/80('(6(;3257$7,216

/HVSD\VGHYLHQQHQWUDUHPHQWULFKHVHQSURGXLVDQWXQHSOXVJUDQGHTXDQWLWpGX PrPHELHQ/HGpYHORSSHPHQWSDVVHSDUGHVFKDQJHPHQWVGDQVODSURGXFWLRQGHVSD\V /DWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVWUXFWXUHOOHHVWOHSURFHVVXVSDUOHTXHOOHVSD\VV¶HQJDJHQW GDQV GH QRXYHOOHV DFWLYLWpV pFRQRPLTXHV /HV QRXYHOOHV DFWLYLWpV pFRQRPLTXHV VRQW TXDQWjHOOHVFHOOHVTXLSHUPHWWHQWGHUHOHYHUOHVQLYHDX[GHSURGXFWLYLWpG¶RIIULUGHV VDODLUHVSOXVpOHYpVHWG¶DPpOLRUHUOHQLYHDXGHSURVSpULWpGHODSRSXODWLRQG¶XQSD\V /DWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVWUXFWXUHOOHHVWFUXFLDOHSRXUODFURLVVDQFHpFRQRPLTXHOHVSD\VTXL VRQWjPrPHG¶DPpOLRUHUOHXUSURGXFWLRQHWOHXUVH[SRUWDWLRQVHQV¶HQJDJHDQWGDQVGHV DFWLYLWpV pFRQRPLTXHV QRXYHOOHV HW SOXV FRPSOH[HV WHQGHQW j VH GpYHORSSHU SOXV UDSLGHPHQW+DXVPDQQ+ZDQJHW5RGULN

(Q PHWWDQW HQ pYLGHQFH XQ OLHQ HQWUH FURLVVDQFH pFRQRPLTXH HW QLYHDX GH SURGXFWLYLWp©LQFRUSRUpªGDQVOHVELHQVH[SRUWpVGHQRPEUHX[WUDYDX[HPSLULTXHV +DXVPDQQHW5RGULN+DXVPDQQHWDO+DXVPDQQHW.OLQJHURQW UHFHQWUpOHGpEDWVXUO¶DQDO\VHGXFRQWHQXGHODGLYHUVLILFDWLRQ

(QWUHHWFHUWDLQSD\VGX0DJKUHERQWHQUHJLVWUpXQHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ WUqV VLJQLILFDWLYH GH OD FRPSRVLWLRQ GH OHXUV SDQLHUV G¶H[SRUWDWLRQ 3DU H[HPSOH OH 0DURF TXL HQ pWDLW XQ H[SRUWDWHXU GH SURGXLWV SULPDLUHV DJULFROHV HW GH SKRVSKDWHV HVW PDLQWHQDQW H[SRUWDWHXU GH YrWHPHQWV GH SURGXLWV FKLPLTXHV HW G¶pOHFWURQLTXH'¶H[SRUWDWULFHGHSpWUROHSKRVSKDWHVHWSURGXLWVDJULFROHVHQOD 7XQLVLHpWDLWHQSDVVpHjH[SRUWDWULFHGHYrWHPHQWVG¶pOHFWURQLTXHHWGHSURGXLWV FKLPLTXHV TXDQW j O¶$OJpULH VRQ SDQLHU G¶H[SRUWDWLRQ Q¶D VWULFWHPHQW SDV pYROXHU FRPSDUDWLYHPHQWjVHVYRLVLQOHSD\VGHPHXUHPRQRH[SRUWDWHXUGHSURGXLWVSULPDLUHV /HJUDSKLTXHSUpVHQWHODG\QDPLTXHGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVGHELHQVHWVHUYLFHVSDU KDELWDQWSRXUOHVWURLVSD\VGX0DJKUHEHWFRPSDUpHVjGHX[SD\VG¶$VLHOD&KLQHHW OD &RUpH GX 6XG 1RXV DYRQV FKRLVL OD &KLQH FDU HOOH UHSUpVHQWH OH PRGqOH G¶H[WUDYHUVLRQUpXVVLSDUH[FHOOHQFHHWDXVVLSDUFHTX¶DXGpEXWGHVDQQpHVOD&KLQH pWDLWELHQORLQGHUULqUHOHVWURLVSD\VGX0DJKUHESRXUOHVUDWWUDSHUDQVSOXVWDUG TXDQGjOD&RUpHHOOHDIILFKDLWDXGpSDUWXQQLYHDXG¶H[SRUWDWLRQSDUKDELWDQWpTXLYDOHQW j FHX[ GH OD 7XQLVLH HW GX 0DURF HW ELHQ DX GHVVRXV GH FHOXL GH O¶$OJpULH SRXU OHV GpSDVVHUYHUVOHPLOLHXGHVDQQpHV

1RXV FKRLVLVVRQV OHV H[SRUWDWLRQV SDU KDELWDQW SRXU IDFLOLWHU OD FRPSDUDLVRQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOH6LQRXVSUpIpURQVODSRSXODWLRQDX3,%F¶HVWSRXUpOLPLQHUOHELDLVG

DX[GLIIpUHQFHVGDQVODVWUXFWXUHSURGXFWLYHGHVSD\V

Graphique 4.1-Exportations de biens et services par habitant

(5)

60

Source : Calculé à partir des Indicateurs du développement dans le monde

(WDI) 2011.

4XDQG DX JUDSKLTXH QRQ VHXOHPHQW LO H[SRVH OH PDQTXH GH G\QDPLVPH GX FRPPHUFHH[WpULHXUGHVWURLVSD\VGX0DJKUHEFRPSDUDWLYHPHQWjOD&KLQHPDLVHQ SOXVLOIDLWDSSDUDvWUHODGpJUDGDWLRQGHODVLWXDWLRQGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVGHO¶$OJpULH

/¶$OJpULH pWDQW PRQR H[SRUWDWHXU O¶pYROXWLRQ GHV H[SRUWDWLRQV GHV ELHQV HW VHUYLFHVHVWIRUWHPHQWOLpHDX[FRXUVGXEUXWRQQRWHTXHOHVSLFVFRUUHVSRQGHQWDX[

SpULRGHVG¶DSSUpFLDWLRQGXFRXUVGXSpWUROHFHTXLGpPRQWUHVLEHVRLQHVWTXHOHPDQTXH GHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVUDOHQWLODFURLVVDQFHGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVHWSDUULFRFKHU ODFURLVVDQFHpFRQRPLTXH&DUXQHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVDXUDLWDWWpQXpOHV HIIHWVGHVFKRFVSpWUROLHUVHWHQDXUDLWUpVXOWpXQHWHQGDQFHjODKDXVVHGHVH[SRUWDWLRQV FRPPHOHPRQWUHOHJUDSKLTXHGHODFKLQHTXLH[SULPHXQHFURLVVDQFHHQWUHWHQXGHV H[SRUWDWLRQVTXLQHSHXWrWUHOHUpVXOWDWTXHG¶XQHG\QDPLTXHGHVH[SRUWDWLRQV&HWWH G\QDPLTXHSHXWrWUHFRQVpTXHQWHGHO¶H[SRUWDWLRQGHQRXYHDX[SURGXLWVRQSDUOHDORUV GHPDUJHH[WHQVLYHRXELHQHOOHV¶DSSXLHVXUO¶DFFURLVVHPHQWG¶H[SRUWDWLRQVGHSURGXLWV GpMjH[LVWDQWVRQSDUOHDORUVGHPDUJHLQWHQVLYH

$SDUWLUGHO¶K\SRWKqVHVHORQODTXHOOHO¶LQGXVWULHGHVELHQVPDQXIDFWXUpVFUpH SOXV GH YDOHXU DMRXWpH TXH O¶LQGXVWULH H[WUDFWLYH RX PrPH TXH O¶DJULFXOWXUH HW FRQVRPPDWULFH GH PDLQ G¶°XYUH QRXV SRXYRQV VXSSRVHU TX¶HQ SOXV GX PDQTXH GH GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ OD QDWXUH GHV H[SRUWDWLRQV GX SD\V SRXUUDLW pJDOHPHQW H[SOLTXHU OHV IDLEOHVSHUIRUPDQFHVGHVH[SRUWDWLRQV$YHFSRXUFRQVpTXHQFHVXQHFURLVVDQFHGX3,%

OLPLWpHHWXQFK{PDJHSOXVpOHYp 0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

exportationsdebiensetservicespar habitant(log10)

Année

KOR DZ CHN MOR TUN

(6)

61

/HJUDSKLTXHUHSUpVHQWHODSDUWGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVGHELHQVPDQXIDFWXUpVSDU UDSSRUWjO¶HQVHPEOHGHVELHQVH[SRUWpV/HVSD\VRQWpWDLWFKRLVLHSRXUODVLPLOLWXGHGH OHXUVSRXUFHQWDJHVDXGpSDUWH[FHSWpSRXUOD7XQLVLHDYHFXQSRXUFHQWDJHGHSUpVGH DILQGHPLHX[DSSUpFLHUOHVpYROXWLRQVGHFKDTXHSD\V/D7XQLVLHGHPHXUHXQ SD\V YRLVLQ GRQF SURFKH JpRJUDSKLTXHPHQW pFKDQJHDQW DYHF OHV PrPHV SDUWHQDLUHV FRPPHUFLDX[&RPSDUDWLYHPHQWPRLQVGRWpPDLVSOXVGLYHUVLILp

Graphique 4.2-Part des exportations de biens manufacturés dans les exportations des biens. (En pourcentage)

6RXUFH: Indicateurs du développement dans le monde (WDI) 2011

&RPSDUDWLYHPHQW j O¶HQVHPEOH GHV SD\V GX SDQHO QRXV FRQVWDWRQV OHV IDLEOHV SHUIRUPDQFHVGHO¶$OJpULHHQPDWLqUHG¶H[SRUWDWLRQGHELHQVPDQXIDFWXUpV&HX[FLQH GpSDVVHQW SDV OHV DORUV TXH GHV SD\V FRPPH OHV SKLOLSSLQHV 3+/ HW OD 7XQLVLH IRQW XQ YpULWDEOH ERQG SOXV GH GH OHXUV H[SRUWDWLRQV VRQW GHV ELHQV PDQXIDFWXUpV /D 0DODLVLH 0<6 TXL VH VLWXDLW HQ GHoj GX SRXUFHQWDJH GX 0DURF GpSDVVHFHOXLFL/H0DURFTXLGHSXLVODPRLWLpGHVDQQpHVGpSDVVHOHVGH SURGXLWVPDQXIDFWXUpVVXUODWRWDOLWpGHVELHQVH[SRUWpV/HIDLWHVWTXHGHVSD\VFRPPH OD0DODLVLHOHV3KLOLSSLQHVHWOD7XQLVLHRQWVXG\QDPLVpOHXUVH[SRUWDWLRQVHWRQWVX GLYHUVLILHUOHXUVSURGXFWLRQVDORUVTXHOHSRXUFHQWDJHGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVPDQXIDFWXUpHV GHO¶$OJpULHQHGpFROOHSDVDYHFXQJUDSKLTXHTXLWHQGjrWUHSODW

/HVH[SRUWDWLRQVKRUVK\GURFDUEXUHVGHO¶$OJpULHQHGpSDVVHQWSDVOHV/H PDQTXHGHVRSKLVWLFDWLRQGXSDQLHUGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVHQHVWSUREDEOHPHQWODFDXVH&H

/HSRXUFHQWDJHGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVGHELHQVPDQXIDFWXUpVHQ$OJpULHHQpWDLWGH FRQWUHSRXUOD0DODLVLH

0 20 40 60 80 100

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

pourcentagedesbiensmanufacturés

Année

Partdesbiensmanufacturésdansles exportationsdebiens.

DZ MOR TUN MYS PHL IND VEN

(7)

62

GHUQLHU Q¶RIIUH SDV GH UpHOV SRWHQWLHOV GH FURLVVDQFH F¶HVW SRXU FHOD TX¶XQH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQVWUXFWXUHOOHHVWXQHQpFHVVLWpSRXUFHSD\V

/HV SURGXLWV G¶H[SRUWDWLRQV WUDGLWLRQQHOV GH O¶$OJpULH RIIUHQW PRLQV GH SRVVLELOLWpV GH SURJUqV WHFKQRORJLTXHV UDSLGHV HW G¶DEVRUSWLRQ GH PDLQV G¶°XYUHV KDXWHPHQWTXDOLILpHVTXHOHVSURGXLWVSOXVVRSKLVWLTXpVH[SRUWpVSDUOHVGHX[pFRQRPLHV DVLDWLTXHV$LQVLO¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQHWO¶DSSXLjODSURGXFWLRQGDQVOHVVHFWHXUVSUpVHQWDQW XQ SRWHQWLHO GH FURLVVDQFH UDSLGH HQ WHUPHV GH SURGXFWLYLWp GHYUDLW rWUH XQ REMHFWLI LPSRUWDQW GH OD SROLWLTXH pFRQRPLTXH HQ $OJpULH 7RXWH OD TXHVWLRQ HVW GH VDYRLU FRPPHQWIDLUHpYROXHUODVWUXFWXUHGHO¶LQGXVWULHG¶XQSD\VHWUHPRQWHUVHVSURGXLWVGDQV OD FKDvQH GH YDOHXU (Q ILQ GH FRPSWH OHV SD\V VH GpYHORSSHQW HQ pWDQW FDSDEOHV G¶DFFURvWUH OH QRPEUH GHV GLIIpUHQWHV DFWLYLWpV GDQV OHVTXHOOHV LOV VRQW j PrPH GH V¶HQJDJHUDYHFVXFFqVHWG¶pYROXHUYHUVGHVDFWLYLWpVGHSOXVHQSOXVFRPSOH[HV,OV¶DJLW SRXUOHVJRXYHUQHPHQWVGHPHWWUHHQSODFHGHVSROLWLTXHVLQGXVWULHOOHVGDQVXQFDGUH LQVWLWXWLRQQHO IDYRUDEOHV DX GpYHORSSHPHQW G¶DFWLYLWpV SURGXFWLYHV GH SOXV HQ SOXV FRPSOH[HV

3RXUFHODQRXVDERUGRQVjSUpVHQWOHU{OHGHODFRPSRVLWLRQGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVHW O¶LPSDFWGHODVRSKLVWLFDWLRQGXSURGXLWGDQVODGpWHUPLQDWLRQGXQLYHDXGHFURLVVDQFH GHVH[SRUWDWLRQVHWGHODFURLVVDQFHpFRQRPLTXH

75$16)250$7,216758&785(//(623+,67,&$7,21 '(6352'8,76(763(&,$/,6$7,21

/HVPRGqOHVGHODWKpRULHGXFRPPHUFHLQWHUQDWLRQDOQHSHUPHWWHQWSDVGHSUpGLUH ODWUDMHFWRLUHRXO¶pYROXWLRQGHO¶DYDQWDJHFRPSDUDWLIGDQVODPHVXUHRFHWDYDQWDJH HVWOHUHIOHWGHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVSURIRQGHVGXSD\VWHOOHVTXHVHVGRWDWLRQVIDFWRULHOOHV HW VHV GLIIpUHQWLHOV WHFKQRORJLTXHV 'DQV FHV PRGqOHV OD VWUXFWXUH GHV SURGXLWV G¶XQ SD\VQ¶DDXFXQHLPSRUWDQFHHWQHFUpHGRQFSDVGHVRXUFHVGHGpSHQGDQFHHQWHUPHVGH WUDMHFWRLUH7RXWHIRLVQRXVO¶DYRQVGpMjPHQWLRQQpOHVUHFKHUFKHVUpFHQWHVRQWPRQWUp TXHODVWUXFWXUHGHSURGXFWLRQLPSRUWHHIIHFWLYHPHQWGDQVODPHVXUHRHOOHDIIHFWHOH PRGqOHGHPLVHDXSRLQWGHQRXYHDX[SURGXLWVHWDLQVLODG\QDPLTXHHQPDWLqUHGH SURGXFWLYLWpHWGHSRWHQWLHOGHFURLVVDQFHGHVSD\V&HVWUDYDX[HPSLULTXHVRQWUpLQVWDOOp ODWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVWUXFWXUHOOHDXSUHPLHUSODQGHODFURLVVDQFHpFRQRPLTXH+DXVVPDQQ HWKLGDOJR+DXVPDQQ.OLQJHU

/DWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVWUXFWXUHOOHHVWODWUDQVLWLRQGHODSURGXFWLRQGHVELHQVjIDLEOH YDOHXUDMRXWpHYHUVGHVELHQVD\DQWXQHYDOHXUDMRXWpHVXSpULHXUH&¶HVWXQSURFHVVXV SDUOHTXHOXQSD\VSHXWFKDQJHUFHTX¶LOSURGXLWHWODPDQLqUHGHOHSURGXLUHHQYXH G¶DVVXUHUVDFURLVVDQFHIXWXUH/DWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVWUXFWXUHOOHTXLSHUPHWGHGLYHUVLILHU OHSDQLHUG¶H[SRUWDWLRQVHVWDVVRFLpHjGHVFKDQJHPHQWVGDQVOHVIDFWHXUVGHSURGXFWLRQ GLVSRQLEOHV TXL UpVXOWHQW GH O¶DFFXPXODWLRQ GX FDSLWDO KXPDLQ SK\VLTXH HW LQVWLWXWLRQQHO /D WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ VWUXFWXUHOOH FKHYLOOH RXYULqUH GH OD FURLVVDQFH pFRQRPLTXH HVW OH SURFHVVXV FDUDFWpULVp SDU OD GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ GHV DFWLYLWpV OD SOXV JUDQGH GLYLVLRQ GX WUDYDLO OD FRPSOH[LWp FURLVVDQWH GHV PDWpULHOV XWLOLVpV HW XQH PRGLILFDWLRQGXGHJUpGHTXDOLILFDWLRQHWGHVW\SHVGHFRPSpWHQFHVH[LJpVjFHX[TXL

(8)

63

FRPSRVHQW OD IRUFH GH WUDYDLO /H GpYHORSSHPHQW pFRQRPLTXH HVW ELHQ SOXV TX¶XQ VLPSOHFKDQJHPHQWG¶pFKHOOHGHO¶DFWLYLWpSURGXFWLYHLOHVWWULEXWDLUHGXFKDQJHPHQWGH ODFRPSRVLWLRQVHFWRULHOOHGHO¶pFRQRPLH

/HV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV LQWULQVqTXHV GX SURGXLW OD WHFKQRORJLH OHV FRPSpWHQFHV VSpFLDOLVpHV QpFHVVDLUHV SRXU OH SURGXLUH OHV LQYHVWLVVHPHQWV GH UHFKHUFKHV HW GpYHORSSHPHQWHWFH[SULPHQWODFRPSOH[LWppFRQRPLTXHRXOHGHJUpGHVRSKLVWLFDWLRQ GXSURGXLW3RQFHW 6WDURVWDGH:DOGHPDU/DWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVWUXFWXUHOOHHVW O¶HQVHPEOH GHV DFWLRQV SDU OHVTXHOOHV VRQW PLVHV HQ SODFH FHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV LQWULQVqTXHVLQGLVVRFLDEOHGHODVRSKLVWLFDWLRQGHVSURGXLWV

/HV GLIIpUHQFHV GDQV OD FDSDFLWp GHV SD\V j DPpOLRUHU OHXU SURGXFWLRQ HW j VH GLYHUVLILHUGDQVGHVSURGXLWVFRPSOH[HVRXVRSKLVWLTXpVVHPEOHQWH[SOLTXHUSRXUTXRL LOVSUHQQHQWOHXUHQYROH RXUHVWHQW SDXYUHV 0F0LOODQ 5RGULN +DXVPDQQ HW .OLQJHU pWDEOLVVHQW HPSLULTXHPHQW TXH OHV SD\V VSpFLDOLVpV GDQV OHV ELHQV VRSKLVWLTXpVFURLVVHQWSOXVUDSLGHPHQW

/DULFKHVVHG¶XQHQDWLRQQHGpSHQGSOXVXQLTXHPHQWGHVRQDYDQWDJHFRPSDUDWLI HWGHVHVGRWDWLRQVIDFWRULHOOHVPDLVDXVVLGXGHJUpGHVRSKLVWLFDWLRQGHVHVH[SRUWDWLRQV 8QSD\VGHYLHQWFHTX¶LOH[SRUWH©Countries become what they produceª+DXVVPDQQ +ZDQJ5RGULN

8Q SD\V GHYLHQW ULFKH V¶LO H[SRUWH GHV ELHQV SRXU OHV SD\V ULFKHV FDU SURGXLWV VRSKLVWLTXpV DORUV TXH OHV SD\V OHV PRLQV ULFKHV HW LOV OH UHVWHURQW VRQW FHX[ TXL SHUVLVWHQWGDQVODIDEULFDWLRQGHELHQVjGHVWLQDWLRQGHSD\VjIDLEOHUHYHQX

/D QRXYHDXWp GDQV OH FDGUH G¶DQDO\VH G¶+DXVVPDQQ HW DOL HVW TXLOV pWDEOLVVHQWXQHKLpUDUFKLHGDQVOHVSDFHGHVELHQVTXLG¶XQHSDUWVHSUrWHjODPHVXUH HPSLULTXH HW G¶DXWUHSDUW HOOHD GHV LPSOLFDWLRQVGpWHUPLQDQWHV VXU OD FURLVVDQFH(Q HIIHW GDQV OHV PRGqOHV GH FURLVVDQFH HQGRJqQH EDVp SDU H[HPSOH VXU OHV UHWRPEpHV GDSSUHQWLVVDJHOHVWHVWVHPSLULTXHVVRQWFRPSOLTXpVFDULOHVWGLIILFLOHG¶HVWLPHUTXHO VHUDLWOHRXOHVELHQVOHVSOXVVXVFHSWLEOHVGHJpQpUHUGHVWHOOHVUHWRPEpHV

/HPRGqOHGHFRPSOH[LWppFRQRPLTXHSHUPHWGHGpSDVVHUFHWWHODFXQHHWRIIUH XQRXWLOSHUIRUPDQWG¶DLGHjO¶DQDO\VHHWG¶DLGHjODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQ

/¶HQMHXGXGpYHORSSHPHQWG¶H[SRUWDWLRQVLQGXVWULHOOHVQRXVO¶DYRQVFRPSULVQH VHOLPLWHGRQFSDVjO¶DXJPHQWDWLRQGXGHJUpGHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQ'DQVOHXUSXEOLFDWLRQ DXWLWUHH[SOLFLWH:KDW<RX([SRUW0DWWHUV+DXVPDQQHW+ZDQJPRQWUHQW TXHWRXWHIIRUWHQIDYHXUGHODWUDQVIRUPDWLRQGHODEDVHG¶H[SRUWDWLRQVYHUVGHVDFWLYLWpV jSOXVIRUWHYDOHXUDMRXWpHVHWUDGXLWSDUXQHFURLVVDQFHpFRQRPLTXHIXWXUHSOXVpOHYpH

/HVDXWHXUV+DXVPDQQHW+ZDQJDWWULEXHQWO¶HIIHWG\QDPLTXHGXPRGHGH VSpFLDOLVDWLRQjFHTXH+DXVPDQQHW5RGULNRQWDSSHOpO¶DEVRUSWLRQGX©FRWGH ODGpFRXYHUWHªODFURLVVDQFHIXWXUHG¶XQSD\VV¶DFFpOqUHGqVORUVTXHOHVHQWUHSUHQHXUV RQW IDFLOHPHQW DFFqV j GHV PRGHV GH SURGXFWLRQ TXL LQFRUSRUHQW XQ VDYRLUIDLUH

7UHQWLqPHVHVVLRQGHOD&(3$/&3RUWR5LFR3

(9)

64

WHFKQRORJLTXH/DGLIIXVLRQGHQRXYHOOHVWHFKQRORJLHVGHSURGXFWLRQHVWIDYRULVpHHW IDFLOLWHXQHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQGHODSURGXFWLRQ

/¶DSSURSULDWLRQ GH FHWWH FRQQDLVVDQFH SDVVH FHSHQGDQW SDU XQ SURFHVVXV GH GpFRXYHUWH WUqV FRWHX[ HQ UDLVRQ GH O¶LQFHUWLWXGH TXL HQWRXUH OD UpXVVLWH G¶XQ LQYHVWLVVHPHQWGDQVODSURGXFWLRQHWO¶H[SRUWDWLRQG¶XQELHQQRXYHDX

8QH IRLV TXH FH FRW GH GpFRXYHUWH D pWp DEVRUEp SDU OH RX OHV SUHPLHUV LQQRYDWHXUV OHV DXWUHV HQWUHSUHQHXUV GX SD\V VHUDLHQW LQFLWpV j DFFURvWUH OHXUV LQYHVWLVVHPHQWV GDQV OHV VHFWHXUV GpMj LGHQWLILpV FRPPH UHQWDEOHV &H SURFHVVXV G¶LPLWDWLRQLQGXLUDLWDORUVXQWUDQVIHUWGHUHVVRXUFHVGHVDFWLYLWpVjIDLEOHSURGXFWLYLWp YHUVGHVDFWLYLWpVjKDXWHSURGXFWLYLWpjO¶RULJLQHG¶XQHFURLVVDQFHpFRQRPLTXH

&¶HVWGRQFOHU\WKPHG¶DFFXPXODWLRQGHVLQYHVWLVVHPHQWVGDQVOHSURFHVVXVGH GpFRXYHUWH TXL SHUPHWWUD j XQ SD\V GH V¶pFDUWHU G¶XQH VSpFLDOLVDWLRQ FRPPHUFLDOH SUpGLWH SDU VHV GRWDWLRQV IDFWRULHOOHV /HV DXWHXUV VXJJqUHQW DLQVL TXH © OHV IRQGDPHQWDX[ G¶XQ SD\V OXL SHUPHWWHQW JpQpUDOHPHQW GH SURGXLUH GHV ELHQV SOXV VRSKLVWLTXpVTXHFHX[TX¶LOSURGXLWDFWXHOOHPHQWª+DXVPDQQHWDOS

&HUHQRXYHDXGHODOLWWpUDWXUHDGHX[LPSOLFDWLRQVLPSRUWDQWHV7RXWG¶DERUGOH IDLWTX¶XQSD\VH[SRUWHGHVSURGXLWVLQGXVWULHOVSHXWrWUHLPSRUWDQWjORQJWHUPHPrPH VL FHV H[SRUWDWLRQV UHVWHQW GDQV XQ SUHPLHU WHPSV OLPLWpHV (OOHV WpPRLJQHQW GH OD UpDOLVDWLRQGHVLQYHVWLVVHPHQWVGHGpFRXYHUWHVWLPXODQWO¶DSSURSULDWLRQHWODGLIIXVLRQ GHVGpFRXYHUWHV3DUDLOOHXUVFHWWHOLWWpUDWXUHLQFLWHpJDOHPHQWjUHSHQVHUOHVFULWLTXHVj O¶pJDUG GHV VWUDWpJLHV GH UHPRQWpH GH ILOLqUH TXL QH VRQW SDV WRXMRXUV FRQVLGpUpHV FRPPHXQHUpHOOHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQ/HVSURGXLWVG¶XQHPrPHILOLqUHGHPHXUHQWHQHIIHW WRXVVHQVLEOHVDX[PrPHVW\SHVGHFKRFVYDULDWLRQGHVSUL[GHVPDWLqUHVSUHPLqUHV HWF &HSHQGDQW OD OLWWpUDWXUH VXU © O¶HVSDFH GHV SURGXLWV ª PRQWUH TXH VL GHV VDXWV WHFKQRORJLTXHVVRQWHQYLVDJHDEOHVFHX[FLV¶HIIHFWXHQWOHSOXVSUREDEOHPHQWGDQVXQ SUHPLHU WHPSV DX VHLQ G¶XQH PrPH ILOLqUH +LGDOJR HW DO $LQVL VL OH GpYHORSSHPHQW GH ILOLqUH SHXW HQ HIIHW FRQGXLUH j XQH IRUWH YXOQpUDELOLWp GHV H[SRUWDWLRQV DX[ FKRFV DIIHFWDQW OHV SURGXLWV TXL OHV IRQGHQW OH GpYHORSSHPHQW GH ILOLqUHV SHXW pJDOHPHQW GpERXFKHU VXU XQH DFFpOpUDWLRQ GH FURLVVDQFH IXWXUH V¶LO FRQWULEXHjUpGXLUHOHVFRWVGHGpFRXYHUWHHWV¶LOSHUPHWJUDGXHOOHPHQWGHJOLVVHUYHUV ODVRSKLVWLFDWLRQGHVH[SRUWDWLRQV

623+,67,&$7,21'(6(;3257$7,216(7©(63$&(

352'8,7ª

/DFDSDFLWpG¶XQSD\VjH[SRUWHUGHQRPEUHX[SURGXLWVFRPSOH[HVHVWLQWHUSUpWpH FRPPHXQHSUHXYHGHODGLVSRQLELOLWpGHQRPEUHXVHVFDSDFLWpV

+DXVPDQQ LGHQWLILH OHV SURGXLWVVRSKLVWLTXpVFRPPH FHX[ H[LJHDQW XQ QLYHDXGHGpYHORSSHPHQWpOHYpSRXUrWUHH[SRUWpV

'qVORUVODFDSDFLWpGXQHQDWLRQjSURGXLUHGHQRXYHDX[ELHQVGpSHQGIRUWHPHQW GHODSRVVLELOLWpGHUHGpSOR\HUOHVIDFWHXUVGHSURGXFWLRQGpMjH[LVWDQWVF¶HVWFHTXH O¶RQQRPPH©capabilitiesª&HVDSWLWXGHVSHXYHQWrWUHGXFDSLWDOSK\VLTXHRXKXPDLQ GXFDGUHLQVWLWXWLRQQHORXOpJDO(OOHVLQGLTXHQWODFDSDFLWpGXQSD\VjSURGXLUHHWj

(10)

65

H[SRUWHU GHV ELHQV DYHF XQ DYDQWDJH FRPSDUDWLI UpYpOp 3DU H[HPSOH LO HVW SUREDEOHPHQWSOXVIDFLOHSRXUXQSD\VTXLH[SRUWHGHV7VKLUWVGDMRXWHUjVRQSDQLHU GHELHQVH[SRUWpVGHVVRXVYrWHPHQWVTXHGHVWpOpSKRQHVSRUWDEOHV(QGDXWUHVWHUPHV LOHVWSOXVDLVpGHFRPPHQFHUjSURGXLUHGHVELHQVSURFKHVGHFHTXHORQIDLWGpMjDYHF VHVSURSUHV DSWLWXGHVTXHGHV ELHQVWURS pORLJQpVGH VRQSDQLHU GH[SRUWDWLRQ&HWWH IDoRQ GH YRLU OD VWUXFWXUH GHV H[SRUWDWLRQV D pWp FRQFHSWXDOLVpH SDU +LGDOJR HW DO +DXVPDQQHWDOVRXVODIRUPHGHODPpWKRGRORJLHespace-produitRX forêt de produits HQXWLOLVDQWXQDOJRULWKPHSDUPRGqOHGHIRUFHV&HFDGUHGpILQLWOD SUR[LPLWpHQWUHOHVSURGXLWVQRQSDVFRPPHXQHFDUDFWpULVWLTXHSK\VLTXHPDLVSOXW{W FRPPHODPHVXUHGHODSRVVLELOLWpSRXUXQSD\VGH[SRUWHUXQELHQQRXYHDXjSDUWLUGH FHTXLOHVWGpMjFDSDEOHGHIDLUH

&HWWHGpPDUFKHOLHOHVSURGXLWVDX[QLYHDX[GHUHYHQXGHOHXUVH[SRUWDWHXUVDYHF ODYDQWDJH DGGLWLRQQHO GH UHOLHU OD SRVVLELOLWp GH[SRUWHU XQ SURGXLW QRXYHDX HW SOXV VRSKLVWLTXpDYHFODFDSDFLWpGXSD\VjOH[SRUWHU6HORQ+DXVPDQQHWDOFHWWH UHSUpVHQWDWLRQUHVVHPEOHjXQHIRUrWRFKDTXHDUEUHHVWRFFXSpSDUOHVHQWUHSULVHV FRPPH GHV © VLQJHV GDQV XQH IRUrW ª ,O \ D GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ ORUVTXH OHV HQWUHSULVHV VDXWDQW GXQ DUEUH j XQ DXWUH GpYHORSSHQW GH QRXYHOOHV FDSDFLWpV j H[SRUWHU GHV SURGXLWV JpQpUDWHXUV GH UHYHQX 7RXWHIRLV FHWWH UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ LPSOLTXH XQH UHGLVWULEXWLRQ GH IDFWHXUV GH SURGXFWLRQ GXQ ELHQ DFWXHOOHPHQW IDEULTXp YHUV XQ QRXYHDX3DUFRQVpTXHQWLOHVWSOXVIDFLOHGHWUDQVIpUHUOHVIDFWHXUVGHSURGXFWLRQHQWUH GHVSURGXLWVGRQWOHV©DUEUHVªVRQWSURFKHVOHVXQVGHVDXWUHV

/DFDUWHGHOHVSDFHSURGXLWVHFRPSRVHG¶XQFHQWUHOHF°XUGHOHVSDFHGHV SURGXLWVIRUPpGHJURXSHVGDUEUHVSRUWDQWVXUOHVPpWDX[ODPDFKLQHULHHWODFKLPLH TXLVRQWODPDUTXHGHIDEULTXHGHVSD\VjUHYHQXpOHYpHWG¶XQHSpULSKpULHFDUDFWpULVpH SDUGHVSURGXLWVUHOHYDQWGHODFRQIHFWLRQGHVSURGXLWVDQLPDX[GHVFpUpDOHVHWFHW JpQpUDOHPHQWRFFXSpHSDUOHVSD\VjIDLEOHUHYHQX9RLUO¶DQQH[HILJXUH

/HF°XUGHOHVSDFHGHVSURGXLWVHVWGHQVpPHQWSHXSOpSDUGHVDUEUHVGRQWOHV SURGXLWVUHTXLqUHQWGHVIDFWHXUVUHODWLYHPHQWVLPLODLUHVHWOHSDVVDJHGXQDUEUHjXQ DXWUH HVW FRXUW /D SpULSKpULH R OHV SURGXLWV QpFHVVLWHQW GHV IDFWHXUV UHODWLYHPHQW GLIIpUHQWVOHVDUEUHVVRQWpORLJQpVOHVXQVGHVDXWUHV&HFLLPSOLTXHTXHOHVSD\VTXL VRQWVSpFLDOLVpVGDQVXQHSDUWLHGHQVHGHOHVSDFHSURGXLWRQWSOXVGHIDFLOLWpjPRGLILHU OHXUDYDQWDJHFRPSDUDWLIUpYpOpTXHOHVSD\VTXLVRQWVSpFLDOLVpVGDQVOHVSURGXLWVSOXV GpFRQQHFWpV+DXVPDQQHW.OLQJHU$XVVLODYLWHVVHGHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQGpSHQGUD GH OD GHQVLWp GH OHVSDFH SURGXLW SUqV GH OD ]RQH R FKDTXH SD\V D GpYHORSSp VRQ DYDQWDJHFRPSDUDWLI%LHQTXHFHWHVSDFHHVWWUDGLWLRQQHOOHPHQWVXSSRVprWUHOLVVHHW FRQWLQXHLOHVWHQIDLWWUqVKpWpURJqQHDYHFTXHOTXHV]RQHVpWDQWWUqVGHQVHHWGDXWUHV DVVH]UDUHV+DXVPDQQHW.OLQJHU

/DFRQFHSWLRQGHO¶espace produit

+LGDOJRHWDOFDUWRJUDSKLHQW&HWHVSDFHSURGXLWHPSLULTXHPHQW3OXW{WTXH GHWHQWHUGHGpILQLUHWGHPHVXUHUGLUHFWHPHQWODVLPLODULWpGHVFDSDFLWpVQpFHVVDLUHVLOV PHVXUHQWODGLVWDQFHHQWUHGHX[SURGXLWVEDVpVVXUODSUREDELOLWpTXHVLXQSD\VH[SRUWH XQELHQLOH[SRUWHOHVDXWUHV6LGHX[SURGXLWVRQWEHVRLQGHVPrPHVFDSDFLWpVXQSD\V

0pWKRGHSRXUUHSUpVHQWDWLRQJUDSKLTXHG¶XQHLPSRUWDQWHSODJHGHGRQQpHV

(11)

66

TXLDXQDYDQWDJHFRPSDUDWLIGDQVOXQHVWVXVFHSWLEOHGDYRLUXQDYDQWDJHFRPSDUDWLI GDQVODXWUH

&HWWHPHVXUHGRQQHODGLVWDQFHHQWUHFKDTXHSDLUHGDFWLYLWpVGH[SRUWDWLRQTXL FUpH OHVSDFH GH SURGXLW /D GLVWDQFH HVW PHVXUpH j WUDYHUV WRXV OHV SD\V &HVW XQH FDUDFWpULVWLTXHWHFKQRORJLTXHGHVSURGXLWV,O\DGRQFXQHVSDFHGHSURGXLWVGDQVOHTXHO OHVSD\VVHGpSODFHQWSOXW{WTXHGXQHVSDFHGHSURGXLWSRXUFKDTXHSD\V

/D PHVXUH LQYHUVH GH OD GLVWDQFH HQWUH OHV ELHQV L HW M SRXU ODQQpH W DSSHOp SUR[LPLWpHVWpJDOj

߮_{௜ǡ௝ǡ௧} ൌ ݉݅݊൛ܲ൫ݔ_௜ǡ௧หݔ_௝ǡ௧൯ǡ ܲ൫ݔ_௝ǡ௧หݔ_௜ǡ௧൯ൟǡ^͵͸

2XSRXUFKDTXHSD\VF

ݔ_{௜ǡ௖ǡ௧} ൌ ቄͳݏܴ݅ܥܣ_{௜ǡ௖ǡ௧} ൐ ͳ

Ͳݏ݅݊݋݊

(WODSUREDELOLWpFRQGLWLRQQHOOHHVWFDOFXOpHHQXWLOLVDQWWRXVOHVSD\VGHODQQpHW /HV SUREDELOLWpV FRQGLWLRQQHOOHV VRQW FDOFXOpHV HQ XWLOLVDQW OHV GRQQpHV GH[SRUWDWLRQ YHQWLOpHV j WUDYHUV XQ ODUJH pFKDQWLOORQ GH SD\V GX FRPPHUFH PRQGLDO FHV IOX[ GH GRQQpHVSURYLHQQHQWGH)HHQVWUDHWDOLHWGX&2075$'(

/DGLVWDQFHGXELHQLGXSDQLHUGH[SRUWDWLRQVGXSD\VFjOLQVWDQWWHVW©OD GLVWDQFH ª GX SURGXLW SDU UDSSRUW DX[ FDSDFLWpV SURGXFWLYHV DFWXHOOHV GX SD\V 3RXU HVWLPHUODGLVWDQFHSDUUDSSRUWjXQJURXSHGHSURGXLWVF¶HVWODGLVWDQFHPR\HQQHHQWUH OHSD\VHWWRXVOHVSURGXLWVDXVHLQGHFHJURXSH/DGHQVLWpYDULHGHjOHVYDOHXUV VXSpULHXUHVLQGLTXDQWTXHOHSD\VDREWHQXXQDYDQWDJHFRPSDUDWLIGDQVGHQRPEUHX[

SURGXLWV j SUR[LPLWp HW GHYUDLW GRQF rWUH SOXV VXVFHSWLEOHV GH[SRUWHU FHV ELHQV GDQV ODYHQLU

݀݁݊ݏ݅ݐݕ_{௜ǡ௖ǡ௧} ൌ ቈσ ߮_௞ _{௜ǡ௞ǡ௧}ݔ_{௖ǡ௞ǡ௧} σ ߮_௞ _{௜ǡ௞ǡ௧} ቉

+DXVPDQQHW.OLQJHUPRQWUHQWTXHFHWWHPHVXUHGHODGHQVLWpHVWHQHIIHW KDXWHPHQW VLJQLILFDWLYH SRXU SUpGLUH FRPPHQW OD VWUXFWXUH SURGXFWLYH GXQ SD\V YD pYROXHUGDQVOHWHPSVOHVSD\VVRQWEHDXFRXSSOXVVXVFHSWLEOHVGHSDVVHUjGHVSURGXLWV TXLRQWXQHGHQVLWpSOXVpOHYpHFHODUHYLHQWjGLUHTXHOHVGLWVSURGXLWVVRQWSOXVSURFKHV GHOHXUSURGXFWLRQDFWXHOOH

,OVDJUqJHQWFHWWHPHVXUHGHODGHQVLWpSDVVDQWG¶XQSD\VXQVHXOSURGXLWjXQH PHVXUH JOREDOHGHOLQWHUGpSHQGDQFHGH OHQVHPEOHGHV H[SRUWDWLRQV GXQ SD\V &HWWH PHVXUHDXQLYHDXGHVSD\VHVWDSSHOp©open forestª8QHYDOHXUpOHYpHG¶open forest LQGLTXHTXHOHSD\VVHWURXYHGDQVXQHSDUWLHGHQVHGHOHVSDFHGHSURGXLWTXHOHSDQLHU GH[SRUWDWLRQVDFWXHOOHVHVWGDQVXQHSDUWLHGHOHVSDFHGHSURGXLWTXLHVWELHQUHOLpjGH QRXYHOOHVHWLPSRUWDQWHVRSSRUWXQLWpVSRXUODWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVWUXFWXUHOOH$XFRQWUDLUH

/DGLVWDQFHHQWUHGHX[SURGXLWVTXHOFRQTXHVHVWOHPLQLPXPGHVSUREDELOLWpVFRQGLWLRQQHOOHV SRXUODSDLUHG¶DYRLUXQDYDQWDJHFRPSDUDWLI

(12)

67

XQH IDLEOH YDOHXU LQGLTXH TXH OH SD\V HVW VSpFLDOLVp GDQV XQH SDUWLH FODLUVHPpH GH OHVSDFHSURGXLW

/¶open forest HVWFDOFXOpHFRPPHVXLW

݋݌̴݂݁݊݋ݎ݁ݏݐ_௖ǡ௧ ൌ ෍ ෍ ቈ ߮_{௜ǡ௝ǡ௧}

σ ߮_௜ _{௜ǡ௝ǡ௧}൫ͳ െ ݔ_{௖ǡ௝ǡ௧}൯ݔ_{௖ǡ௜ǡ௧}ܴܱܲܦܻ_௝ǡ௧቉

௜ ௝

6L +DXVPDQQ HW DO >@ LGHQWLILH OHV SURGXLWV VRSKLVWLTXpV FRPPH FHX[

H[LJHDQW XQ QLYHDX GH GpYHORSSHPHQW pOHYp SRXU rWUH H[SRUWpV /H QLYHDX GH VRSKLVWLFDWLRQDSSHOp©SURGXFWLYLWpªG¶XQELHQLHVWPHVXUpSDUOHQLYHDXPR\HQGH UHYHQXGHVSD\VTXLO¶H[SRUWHQW/¶LQGLFDWHXU352'<FRUUHVSRQGDLQVLjODPR\HQQH SRQGpUpHGHVUHYHQXVGHVH[SRUWDWHXUVGXELHQLROHSRLGVHVWO¶DYDQWDJHFRPSDUDWLI UpYpOp$&5GHFKDTXHSD\VCGDQVO¶H[SRUWDWLRQGXELHQL

352'<L σF$&5c,Lî<C

R[FLHVWODYDOHXUGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVGXELHQ L SDU OHSD\VC ;c OD YDOHXU GHV H[SRUWDWLRQVGXSD\VCHW<cOHUHYHQXSDUKDELWDQWGXSD\VCPHVXUpSDUOH3,%UpHO SDU KDELWDQW HQ 33$ /¶LQGLFH G¶DYDQWDJH FRPSDUDWLI UpYpOp $&5 HVW GpILQL VHORQ

%DODVVDFRPPHOHUDSSRUWGHODSDUWGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVG¶XQSURGXLWGRQQpGDQVOH SDQLHUG¶H[SRUWDWLRQGXSD\VVXUFHWWHPrPHSDUWDXQLYHDXPRQGLDO

ACRCi ௫_೎ǡ೔

୶ౙ

ൗ σୡ୶_ౙǡ౟

୶ౙ

ൗ

/¶$&5 HVW XQH QRUPH ULJRXUHXVH SHUPHWWDQW GH FRQVLGpUHU OH[SRUWDWLRQ FRPSpWLWLYHVXUOHPDUFKpPRQGLDO$ILQGH[FOXUHOHVH[SRUWDWLRQVPDUJLQDOHVXQSD\V HVWFRQVLGpUpH[SRUWDWHXUG¶XQSURGXLWTXDQGLOSUpVHQWHXQDYDQWDJHFRPSDUDWLIUpYpOp

$&5GDQVFHOXLFL

6HORQO¶pTXDWLRQ$&5FLSOXVOHSRLGVGXELHQLGDQVOHVH[SRUWDWLRQVGHVSD\V ULFKHVHVWpOHYpSOXVVRQ352'<HVWJUDQGHWSOXVLOHVWFRQVLGpUpFRPPHVRSKLVWLTXp 8Q SURGXLW HVW FRQVLGpUp FRPPH FRPSOH[H V¶LO H[LJH GH QRPEUHXVHV FDSDFLWpV H[FOXVLYHVTXLSHXYHQWrWUHLQGXLWHVGHO¶XELTXLWpGHFHSURGXLWHWGHODGLYHUVLWpGHV H[SRUWDWLRQVGHVHVSULQFLSDX[H[SRUWDWHXUV/HVSURGXLWVFRPSOH[HVVRQWDLQVLH[SRUWpV SDU WUqV SHX GH SD\V XELTXLWp IDLEOH HW SDU GHV SD\V GpPRQWUDQW GH QRPEUHXVHV FDSDFLWpVH[FOXVLYHV

7DQGLVTXHO¶XELTXLWpDSSUpKHQGHODFRPSOH[LWpjWUDYHUVOHQRPEUHGHSD\VTXL H[SRUWHQW XQ ELHQ OD GLYHUVLWp VH FRQFHQWUH VXU OH QRPEUH GH SURGXLWV TX¶XQ SD\V H[SRUWH

$ SDUWLU GH OXWLOLVDWLRQ GHV RXWLOV GDQDO\VH GH UpVHDX +LGDOJR HW DOLL FRQVWUXLVHQWXQHLPDJHGHOHVSDFHGHSURGXLW/pSLQHGRUVDOHGHOHVSDFHHVWFUpHHQ SUHQDQWFKDTXHSURGXLWHWVDFRQQH[LRQjVRQYRLVLQOHSOXVSURFKH/HVOLHQVHQWUHOHV

8ELTXLWpVLJQLILHOHQRPEUHGHSD\VTXLH[SRUWHQWOHELHQN

(13)

68

SURGXLWV VRQW HQVXLWH FRGpV SDU FRXOHXU VXU OD EDVH GH OHXU IRUFH YRLU ILJXUH GH O¶DQQH[H

6XU OD FDUWH GH O¶HVSDFH SURGXLW FKDTXH Q°XG HVW XQ SURGXLW VD WDLOOH HVW GpWHUPLQpHSDUVDSDUWGDQVOHFRPPHUFHPRQGLDO/HVGLVWDQFHVSK\VLTXHVHQWUHOHV SURGXLWVQRQWSDVGHVHQVGDQVFHWWHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQODSUR[LPLWpHVWLQGLTXpHSDUXQ FRGH FRXOHXU OHV OLHQV HQWUH OHV SDLUHV GH SURGXLWV 8Q OLHQ EOHX FODLU LQGLTXH XQH SUR[LPLWpGHPRLQVGHXQOLHQEHLJHXQGHSUR[LPLWpGHjXQOLHQEOHX IRQFpXQHSUR[LPLWpGHjHWXQOLHQURXJHXQHSUR[LPLWpVXSpULHXUHj /HVSURGXLWVVRQWFRGpVSDUFRXOHXUVXUODEDVHGXUHJURXSHPHQWSDUSURGXLWGH/HDPHU

(QUHYHQDQWjOD)LJXUHFHOOHFLUpYqOHTXHOHVSDFHSURGXLWHVWWUqVKpWpURJqQH DYHFXQHVWUXFWXUHFHQWUHSpULSKpULH,OH[LVWHGHVSURGXLWVSpULSKpULTXHVGHOHVSDFHGH SURGXLWTXLQHVRQWTXHIDLEOHPHQWUHOLpjGDXWUHVSURGXLWVHWGHVJURXSHPHQWVSDUPL FHVSURGXLWVSpULSKpULTXHVWHOOHVTXHODJUDSSHGHYrWHPHQWVODJUDSSHYHUWWUqVGHQVH jODEDVHGXUpVHDX,O\DDXVVLXQQR\DXGHSURGXLWVpWURLWHPHQWOLpVGDQVOHFHQWUHGX UpVHDXSULQFLSDOHPHQWGHVPDFKLQHVHWDXWUHVELHQVLQWHQVLIVHQFDSLWDODLQVLTX¶XQH JUDSSHGH©OpOHFWURQLTXHªSURGXLWVEOHXFODLUHQKDXWjGURLWHGHOHVSDFHTXLHVWELHQ UHOLpjODEDVH

&HWWHVWUXFWXUHKpWpURJqQHGHOHVSDFHSURGXLWDGHVLPSOLFDWLRQVLPSRUWDQWHVSRXU ODGLYHUVLILFDWLRQGHVH[SRUWDWLRQV6LXQSD\VHVWODSURGXFWLRQGHELHQVGDQVXQHSDUWLH GHQVH GH OHVSDFH GHV SURGXLWV OH SURFHVVXV GH GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ GHV H[SRUWDWLRQV HVW EHDXFRXSSOXVIDFLOHSDUFHTXHOHQVHPEOHGHVFDSDFLWpVDFTXLVHVSHXWrWUHIDFLOHPHQW UpDIIHFWpVjGDXWUHVSURGXLWVjSUR[LPLWp(QUHYDQFKHVLXQSD\VHVWVSpFLDOLVpGDQV OHV SURGXLWV SpULSKpULTXHV OH UHGpSORLHPHQW HVW SOXV GLIILFLOH FDU LO QHVW SDV XQ HQVHPEOHGHSURGXLWVSURFKHVQpFHVVLWDQWGHVFDSDFLWpVVLPLODLUHV+DXVPDQQHW.OLQJHU HW+LGDOJRHWDOLLPRQWUHQWTXHOHVSD\VVHGpSODFHQWGDQVOHWHPSVYHUV GHVDFWLYLWpVGHSUR[LPLWpLOHVWUDUHGREVHUYHUGHVVDXWVVXUGHJUDQGHVGLVWDQFHVGDQV FHWHVSDFH

/HFRQFHSWG¶©HVSDFHSURGXLWªGpYHORSSpSDU+DXVPDQQDQG.OLQJHU HWQRXVO¶DYRQVYXH[DPLQHOHSURFHVVXVSDUOHTXHOXQSD\VHQWDPHODSURGXFWLRQ GHQRXYHDX[ELHQVjO¶H[SRUWDWLRQ'DQVFHWHVSDFHVRQWUpSHUWRULpVOHVELHQVH[SRUWpV GDQV OH PRQGH &HUWDLQV GH FHV SURGXLWV VRQW SURFKHV OHV XQV GHV DXWUHV HQVXLWH OD GLVWDQFHDXJPHQWHGHSOXVHQSOXVHQWUHOHVJURXSHVGHSURGXLWVORUVTXHOHVFDSDFLWpV UHTXLVHV GLIIqUHV 8Q SD\V TXL VRXKDLWH GLYHUVLILHU VRQ SDQLHU G¶H[SRUWDWLRQ GRLW VH VSpFLDOLVHU GDQV ODSURGXFWLRQGH ELHQVTXLVRQWSURFKHVGH VHV FDSDFLWpV FDU SOXVOD GLVWDQFH HVW FRXUWH SOXV OHV HIIHWV GH GLIIXVLRQ WHFKQRORJLTXH LQWUDLQGXVWULHOOH V¶DFFURLVVHQW+DXVPDQQHW+LGDOJR

3DU H[HPSOH OH VHFWHXU GHV K\GURFDUEXUHV XWLOLVH XQ HQVHPEOH GH FDSDFLWpV VSpFLILTXHV UHVVRXUFHV QDWXUHOOHV PDLV DXVVL O¶LQGXVWULH D EHVRLQ G¶XQH DXWRULWp FHQWUDOH TXL DVVXUH OD VpFXULWp GHSXLV O¶H[WUDFWLRQ MXVTX¶j VRQ DFKHPLQHPHQW HOOH JDUDQWLH OHV GURLWV GH SURSULpWpV GHV ILUPHV TXL DFWLYHQW GDQV OH VHFWHXU (OOH PHW j

(14)

69

GLVSRVLWLRQ OH FDSLWDO SK\VLTXH SRXU O¶H[WUDFWLRQ HW OH WUDQVSRUW GHV K\GURFDUEXUHV MXVTX¶DX SRUW 7RXWHV FHV FDSDFLWpV VRQW GLIILFLOHPHQW UHGpSOR\DEOHV GDQV G¶DXWUHV VHFWHXUV /HV LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV SpWUROLqUHV VRQW LQDGDSWpHV SRXU O¶DFKHPLQHPHQW GH SURGXLWVDJULFROHVFRPPHOHVRUDQJHV3HXWRQVHVHUYLUGHVSLSHOLQHVSRXUDFKHPLQHU FHVSURGXLWV"7RXWFRPPHOHVLQJpQLHXUVGHOD621$75$&+VHUDLHQWLQFDSDEOHVGH VH FKDUJHU GX GpYHORSSHPHQW GH QRXYHDX VSpFLPHQV G¶DJUXPHV SOXV UpVLVWDQWV DX[

PDODGLHV HW SOXV MXWHX[ /¶HQVHPEOH GHV FDSDFLWpV GX VHFWHXU G¶K\GURFDUEXUHV j IRUW LQWHQVLWpFDSLWDOLVWLTXHQHSHXrWUHUHGpSOR\HUSRXUG¶DXWUHVDFWLYLWpVDLQVLTXHODPDLQ G¶°XYUHTXLGDQVFHFRQWH[WHQ¶HVWSDVPRELOH

&RQFHUQDQWO¶$OJpULHQRXVSRXYRQVFRQVWDWHUDQQH[HILJXUHDDLQVLTX¶jOD ILJXUH E UHSUpVHQWDQW VXFFHVVLYHPHQW OD FDUWH SURGXLW GH HW TXH OD VSpFLDOLVDWLRQGXSD\VQ¶DTXDVLPHQWSDVpYROXHUHQDQVHWFHODPDOJUpOHVUpIRUPHV VXFFHVVLYHV '¶DXWUH SDUW OHV SHWLWV FDUUpV QRLUV VXU OHV JUDSKLTXHV UHSUpVHQWHQW OHV SURGXLWVKRUVK\GURFDUEXUHVTXLFRPSRVHQWOHSDQLHUGHVH[SRUWDWLRQV,OHQUHVVRUWTXH WRXWFHVELHQVVRQWjODSpULSKpULHGHO¶HVSDFHSURGXLWHWpORLJQpVOHVXQVGHVDXWUHVHQ SOXV LOV VRQW IDLEOHPHQW FRQQHFWp DX UHVWH GHV SURGXLWV FH VRQW GHV ELHQV

© SpULSKpULTXHV ª GH O¶HVSDFH SURGXLW F¶HVW XQ pOpPHQW GH SOXV G¶HQWUDYH j OD GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ3OXVOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHVSURGXLWVVRQWpORLJQpVOHVXQVGHVDXWUHV SOXV OHV FRWV GH OD WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ DXJPHQWH HW UHVWUHLJQHQW OHV RSSRUWXQLWpV GH GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ

$LQVLOHSURFHVVXVGHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQGHVH[SRUWDWLRQVHVWLQKLEpFDUODSOXSDUWGHV QRXYHOOHVDFWLYLWpVVRQWWUqVpORLJQpHVVXUODFDUWHGHO¶HVSDFHSURGXLWILJXUHE

(QSOXVGHVFRQVpTXHQFHVGHODG\QDPLTXHGXWDX[GHFKDQJHG¶XQPDUFKpIHUPp HWSURWpJpG¶XQHpFRQRPLHGHUHQWHOHFKRL[GHODVSpFLDOLVDWLRQHQ$OJpULHHVWXQH YRLHTX¶LOIDXWH[SORUHUSRXUWHQWHUG¶H[SOLTXHUOHUHWDUGTX¶DFFXVHOHSD\VHQPDWLqUH GHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQGXSDQLHUGHVH[SRUWDWLRQV/¶$OJpULHGRLWV¶RULHQWHUYHUVGHVSURGXLWV TXLFRQQDLVVHQWXQHFURLVVDQFHGHODGHPDQGHPRQGLDOHFHQWUHGHO¶HVSDFHSURGXLWHW UpVHUYHUOHVSURGXLWVTXLFRQQDLVVHQWXQGpFOLQDXPDUFKpORFDO

¬SDUWLUGHVGRQQpHVGX&+(/(09RLFLOHVUHPDUTXHVTXHQRXVSRXYRQVIDLUH DXVXMHWGHVFKRL[GHVSpFLDOLVDWLRQGHO¶$OJpULH/HVWURLVJUDQGVVHFWHXUVGHELHQV FRQVWLWXDQW OH SDQLHU GHV H[SRUWDWLRQV j VDYRLU O¶pQHUJLH OHV PLQHUDLV HW O¶DJURDOLPHQWDLUH VRQW GHV VHFWHXUV SHX G\QDPLTXHV DX QLYHDX PRQGLDO /D SDUW GH O¶DJURDOLPHQWDLUHGDQVOHFRPPHUFHPRQGLDOHQHFHVVHGHEDLVVHUHOOHHVWSDVVpHG¶XQ SHXSOXVGHHQjPRLQVGHHQGHUQLqUHVWDWLVWLTXHGLVSRQLEOH/HV PLQHUDLVRQWXQHSDUWUHODWLYHPHQWVWDEOHGHPRLQVGHHWOHVHFWHXUGHO¶pQHUJLHHVW WUqVLQVWDEOHDYHFXQSLFGHSOXVGHORUVGHODGpFHQQLH7DQGLVTXHOHVHFWHXU GHVELHQVPDQXIDFWXUpVYRLWVDSDUWGDQVOHFRPPHUFHPRQGLDOHRVFLOOHUHQWUHHW 2UOHVH[SRUWDWLRQVGHVELHQVPDQXIDFWXUpVHQ$OJpULHVRQWWUqVIDLEOHVHOOHVQ¶RQW JXqUHGpSDVVpHVOHVGHSXLVJUDSKLTXH%

KWWSZZZFHSLLIU3')B38%SDQRPRQGHSGI/Hj

(15)

70

CONCLUSION

&RQFHUQDQW OD WKpRULH GX FRPPHUFH LQWHUQDWLRQDO O¶pYROXWLRQ GX SDQLHU G¶H[SRUWDWLRQHVWXQHFRQVpTXHQFHSDVVLYHGHO¶pYROXWLRQHWGXJOLVVHPHQWGHO¶DYDQWDJH FRPSDUDWLI LQGXLW SDU O¶DFFXPXODWLRQ GHV IDFWHXUV &H JOLVVHPHQW HVW IDFLOLWp HW HQFRXUDJp SDU OHV HIIRUWV TXH FRQVHQW OH SD\V GDQV OHV VHFWHXUV GH O¶pGXFDWLRQ OD IRUPDWLRQ OD UHFKHUFKH VFLHQWLILTXH OHV LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV /HV HIIRUWV HQ PDWLqUH G¶DFFHVVLELOLWpHWGHGLVSRQLELOLWpGHIDFWHXUVGHSURGXFWLRQQRWDPPHQWOHFDSLWDOHWOH WUDYDLO TXDOLILp &HW HQVHPEOH UHSUpVHQWH OD WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ VWUXFWXUHOOH 'DQV FHWWH RSWLTXHGXJOLVVHPHQWGHO¶DYDQWDJHFRPSDUDWLIOHFRWGXJOLVVHPHQWG¶XQHDFWLYLWpj XQHDXWUHRXG¶XQSURGXLWjXQDXWUHQHUHWLHQWSDVWRXWHO¶DWWHQWLRQGHODWKpRULHGX FRPPHUFH LQWHUQDWLRQDO /H FRQFHSW G¶HVSDFH SURGXLW RXYUH XQH EUqFKH HW SHUPHW G¶H[SOLTXHU SRXUTXRL OHV H[SRUWDWLRQV GH FHUWDLQ SD\V HQ GpYHORSSHPHQW FRPPH O¶$OJpULHVWDJQHPDOJUpOHVWHQWDWLYHVG¶DOOpJHPHQWGHVWDULIHVGRXDQLHUV

/D FDUWH GH O¶HVSDFH SURGXLW UHSUpVHQWpH GDQV O¶DWODV GH OD FRPSOH[LWp pFRQRPLTXHGRQQHXQHLPDJHSUpFLVHGHODVLWXDWLRQGHFKDTXHFDWpJRULHGHSURGXLWV SDU UDSSRUW DX[ DXWUHV FDWpJRULHV 'H OD GLVWDQFH HQWUH FHV FDWpJRULHV GpSHQG OHV SRVVLELOLWpV GH GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ TXL V¶RIIUH j FKDTXH SD\V 'H IDLW SOXV OH SD\V HVW SRVLWLRQQpDXF°XUGHODFDUWHSOXVLOPXOWLSOLHVHVFKDQFHVG¶DPpOLRUHUVRQ3,%SDUWrWH /D GLIILFXOWp GH O¶$OJpULH UpVLGH GDQV OH IDLW TXH VD VSpFLDOLVDWLRQ HVW WUqV FRQFHQWUpHVXUGHVSURGXLWVSpULSKpULTXHVpORLJQpVOHVXQVGHVDXWUHV/¶pFOHFWLVPHGHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHVHVSURGXLWVUHQGODGLYHUVLILFDWLRQSOXVDUGXHHWFRXWHXVH

/DVSpFLDOLVDWLRQGHO¶$OJpULHHVWXQSRLQWLPSRUWDQWTX¶LOIDLOOHUHPHWWUHHQFDXVH FDUODSROLWLTXHG¶RXYHUWXUHFRPPHUFLDOHHWpFRQRPLTXHQHSHXWjHOOHVHXOHWHOOHOD PDLQLQYLVLEOHUpDOORXHUOHVIDFWHXUVGHSURGXFWLRQVYHUVGHVVHFWHXUVSOXVSURGXFWLIVj IRUWHVYDOHXUVDMRXWpV/¶(WDWGRLWV¶LPSOLTXHUDFWLYHPHQWGDQVXQHSROLWLTXHLQGXVWULHOOH FLEOpH

&HTXLSUpFqGHVRXVHQWHQGTXHOHVVWUXFWXUHVGHSROLWLTXHLQGXVWULHOOHPLVHHQ

°XYUHjFHMRXUQHVRQWSDVDGDSWpHVDX[QRXYHDX[HQMHX[jVDYRLUOHGpYHORSSHPHQW G¶LQGXVWULHVjIRUWHVLQWHQVLWpVWHFKQRORJLTXH/DIRFDOLVDWLRQGHO¶DLGHSXEOLTXHSRXUUDLW PRGLILHUODVSpFLDOLVDWLRQLQGXVWULHOOHGXSD\VjFRQGLWLRQDXSUpDODEOHG¶LGHQWLILHUOHV pFKHFVGHPDUFKp

/¶(WDW SHXW MRXHU XQ U{OH GDQV OH SURFHVVXV GH GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ j WUDYHUV GHX[

OHYLHUVDX PRLQV'¶XQH SDUWHQ RULHQWDQW VDSROLWLTXH LQGXVWULHOOHYHUV GHV VHFWHXUV QRXYHDX[HWSRUWHXUVGHFURLVVDQFHVHFWHXUVLQQRYDQWV'¶DXWUHSDUWHQDGRSWDQWXQH VWUDWpJLH G¶LQWpJUDWLRQ UpJLRQDOH QRWDPPHQW DIULFDLQH SHUPHWWDQW GH VRXWHQLU OH SRWHQWLHO GH GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ j WUDYHUV XQH SROLWLTXH FRPPHUFLDOH FLEOpH EDLVVH GHV EDUULqUHVWDULIDLUHVHWQRQWDULIDLUHV/HFKDOOHQJHGHVUHFKHUFKHVIXWXUHVHVWMXVWHPHQW G¶LGHQWLILHUOHVVHFWHXUVRXOHVFDWpJRULHVGHSURGXLWVTXLSHUPHWWURQWO¶H[WUDYHUVLRQGH O¶$OJpULHHWVRQGpYHORSSHPHQWpFRQRPLTXH

(16)

71

$QQH[H

)LJXUH&DUWHGHO¶HVSDFHSURGXLWWHOTXHUHSUpVHQWpSDU+LGDOJRHWDO 3

L’espace produit et ses groupes de produit (selon classification de Leamer) :

A . matrice de proximité des groupes de produits des 775 produits de la classification type pour le commerce international (CTCI4) exportés durant la période 1998-2000.

(17)

72

B. Cette structure est élaborée grâce à la méthode d’algorithme ressort pour graphe.

Figure 2 : Espace produit de l’Algérie respectivement 1975 et 2000

5pIpUHQFHVELEOLRJUDSKLTXHV

(18)

73

:KDW¶VEHKLQGWKH+XPS"ª&(5',(WXGHVHW'RFXPHQWV(UHYLVHG YHUVLRQ1RYHPEHU

'LRS 0RXKDPDGRX %DPED VG©4XHOV VHFWHXUV SRXU TXHOOH FURLVVDQFH pFRQRPLTXH DX 6pQpJDO " ª KWWSZZZGSHHVQ4XHOVVHFWHXUVSRXU TXHOOHKWPO"ODQJ IUOH

+DXVPDQQ 5LFDUGR .OLQJHU %DLOH\ © VWUXFWXUDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ DQG SDWWHUQVRIFRPSDUDWLYHDGYDQWDJHLQWKHSURGXFWVSDFHª&,':RUNLQJ3DSHU1

$XJXVW

$OJHULDªLQ-5/ySH]&iOL[3:DONHQKRUVW1'LRS(G©7UDGH&RPSHWLWLYHQHVV RIWKH0LGGOH(DVWDQG1RUWK$IULFD3ROLFLHVIRU([SRUW'LYHUVLILFDWLRQª:RUOG%DQN S

.OLQJHU %DLOH\ HW /HGHUPDQ 'DQLHO ©'LYHUVLILFDWLRQ LQQRYDWLRQ DQG LPLWDWLRQ LQVLGHJOREDOWHFKQRORJLFDO IURQWLHUª:RUOG %DQNSROLF\UHVHDUFKZRUNLQJ SDSHU1$SULO

(19)

74

3pULG\ 1LFRODV HW -RXLQL 1L]DUG © 'LYHUVLILFDWLRQ HW VRSKLVWLFDWLRQ FRPPHOHYLHUGHODWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVWUXFWXUHOOHGHVpFRQRPLHVDIULFDLQHVª5DSSRUWGHV 1DWLRQV8QLHVFRPPLVVLRQpFRQRPLTXHSRXUO¶$IULTXH&($$1(*0IpYULHU