• Aucun résultat trouvé

Étude pétrographique du verrou du barrage de la Grande Dixence

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager "Étude pétrographique du verrou du barrage de la Grande Dixence"

Copied!
27
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

Article

Reference

Étude pétrographique du verrou du barrage de la Grande Dixence

GYSIN, Marcel

Abstract

Au cours de travaux échelonnés sur une dizaine d'années, l'auteur a étudié, en collaboration avec Ed. Paréjas, la constitution géologique et pétrographique du verrou du barrage de la Grande Dixence. Ce verrou est constitué par des roches vertes, des phyllites, des gneiss, des arkoses et des quartzites, ensemble appartenant en majeure partie aux Schistes de Casanna.

Les roches vertes, particulièrement bien développées dans cette région, comprennent les types suivants : Albitites, prasinites, ovardites et épidotites. Chacun de ces types embrasse lui-même plusieurs variétés, qui sont décrites et dont la composition minéralogique quantitative a été mesurée sur une platine d'intégration. Les phyllites, les gneiss, les arkoses et les quartzites ont été étudiés de la même façon. Des profils détaillés ont permis de saisir les relations structurales existant entre ces différentes roches, lesquelles constituent un ensemble stratifié où alternent des formations éruptives (probablement volcaniques) et des formations sédimentaires fortement métamorphosées. Le problème de l'albitisation des roches [...]

GYSIN, Marcel. Étude pétrographique du verrou du barrage de la Grande Dixence.

Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 1967, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 599-620,pl.I-IV

DOI : 10.5169/seals-36963

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:150335

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

1 / 1

(2)

GH OD *UDQGH 'L[HQFH

3DU 0DUFHO

*\VLQ *HQqYH

$YHF ILJXUHV GDQV OH WH[WH SODQFKHV HW XQH FDUWHJpRORJLTXH HW SpWURJUDSKLTXH

5pVXPp

$X FRXUV GH WUDYDX[ pFKHORQQpV VXU XQH GL]DLQH GDQQpHV ODXWHXU D pWXGLp HQ FROODERUDWLRQ DYHF (G

3DUHMDV

OD FRQVWLWXWLRQ JpRORJLTXH HW SpWURJUDSKLTXH GX YHUURX GX EDUUDJH GH OD *UDQGH 'L[HQFH &H YHUURX HVW FRQVWLWXp SDU GHV URFKHV YHUWHVGHVSK\OOLWHVGHV JQHLVV GHVDUNRVHVHW GHVTXDUW]LWHV HQVHPEOH DSSDUWHQDQW HQPDMHXUH SDUWLH DX[ 6FKLVWHVGH&DVDQQD /HV URFKHVYHUWHVSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWELHQ GpYHORSSpHV GDQVFHWWH UpJLRQ FRPSUHQQHQWOHV W\SHVVXLYDQWV$OELWLWHVSUDVLQLWHV RYDUGLWHV HW pSLGRWLWHV &KDFXQ GH FHV W\SHV HPEUDVVH OXLPrPH SOXVLHXUV YDULpWpV TXL VRQW GpFULWHV HW GRQW OD FRPSRVLWLRQ PLQpUDORJLTXH TXDQWLWDWLYH D pWp PHVXUpH VXU XQHSODWLQH GLQWpJUDWLRQ/HVSK\OOLWHVOHV JQHLVVOHVDUNRVHVHWOHVTXDUW]LWHVRQW

pWppWXGLpV GH OD PrPH IDoRQ 'HV SURILOV GpWDLOOpVRQW SHUPLV GH VDLVLUOHVUHODWLRQV VWUXFWXUDOHV H[LVWDQW HQWUHFHV GLIIpUHQWHV URFKHV OHVTXHOOHVFRQVWLWXHQWXQHQVHPEOH VWUDWLILp R DOWHUQHQW GHV IRUPDWLRQV pUXSWLYHV SUREDEOHPHQW YROFDQLTXHV HW GHV IRUPDWLRQV VpGLPHQWDLUHV IRUWHPHQW PpWDPRUSKRVpHV /H SUREOqPH GH ODOELWLVD WLRQ GHV URFKHV YHUWHV D pWp pYRTXpVDQV UHFHYRLU GH VROXWLRQ SHUWLQHQWH

$EVWUDFW

,Q

WKH FRXUVH RIFRQVXOWLQJZRUN GRQH GXULQJ DERXW WHQ\HDUV WKH DXWKRU

ZLWK

WKH FROODERUDWLRQ RI(

3DUHMDV

KDG WKH RSSRUWXQLW\WR VWXG\ WKH JHRORJ\DQG WKH SHWURORJ\ RI WKH URFNV IRUPLQJ WKH YHUURX RIWKH *UDQGH'L[HQFH K\GURHOHFWULF GDP 9DODLV 6ZLW]HUODQG

7KLV

YHUURX

LVPDGH XS RIJUHHQVWRQHVSK\OOLWHV JQHLVVHV DUNRVHV DQG TXDUW]LWHV

EHORQJLQJWR WKH &DVDQQD 6FKLVWV IRUPDWLRQ

7KH JUHHQVWRQHV DUH ZHOO UHSUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV UHJLRQ E\ VXFK W\SHV RIURFNV DV

$OELWLWHV SUDVLQLWHV RYDUGLWHV DQG HSLGRWLWHV (DFK W\SH LV LWVHOI UHSUHVHQWHG E\

VHYHUDOYDULHWLHVWKHPRGHRIWKHVHYDULHWLHVKDVEHHQGHWHUPLQHG

ZLWK

WKH DLG

RI

WKH /DERUDWRLUH GH PLQpUDORJLH HW SpWURJUDSKLH UXH GHV 0DUDvFKHUV

*HQqYH

(3)

LQWHJUDWLRQWDEOH 7KH PRGH RIWKH RWKHU URFNV SK\OOLWHV JQHLVV DUNRVHVDQG TXDUW ]LWHV ZDV DOVR VWXGLHGLQ WKH VDPH PDQQHU

'HWDLOHG VHFWLRQV HQDEOHG WKH DXWKRU

WR

HOXFLGDWH WKH VWUXFWXUDO UHODWLRQV H[LVWLQJEHWZHHQWKH GLIIHUHQW URFNVRIWKHIRUPDWLRQ ZKLFKLV DOD\HUHG VHTXHQFHRI HUXSWLYH SUREDEO\ YROFDQLF URFNV DOWHUQDWLQJ

ZLWK

EHGV RI PHWDVHGLPHQWV 7KH SUREOHP RIWKHZLGHVSDFHG DOELWH GHYHORSPHQW LQ WKH JUHHQVWRQHV LV GLVFXVVHG EXW QR GHILQLWLYH H[SODQDWLRQ

RI

WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ LV SURSRXQGHG

,1752'8&7,21

(Q

HQ

FROODERUDWLRQ

DYHF

/ : &ROOHW

QRXV DYRQV HIIHFWXp

XQH pWXGH SpWURJUDSKLTXH

VRPPDLUH GH

OD UpJLRQ DYRLVLQDQW

OH

EDUUDJH

GH

OD 'L[HQFH

FHFL

SRXU

OH FRPSWH

GX

6HUYLFH

IpGpUDO

GHV HDX[

3OXV WDUG

GH j

OD *UDQGH 'L[HQFH

6$ QRXV D FRQILp

OD WkFKH

GH GUHVVHU OD FDUWH JpRORJLTXH

HW SpWURJUDSKLTXH

GH

OD UpJLRQ

IRUPDQWOH

YHUURX

GX

IXWXU JUDQG EDUUDJH SURMHWp

HQ

DYDO

GH

ODQFLHQ

EDUUDJH

OD SDUWLH

JpRORJLTXH GH FHWWH pWXGH

pWDQW

FRQILpH j

(G 3DUpMDV HW OD SDUWLH SpWURJUDSKLTXH

QRXV

pWDQW DWWULEXpH

1RXV DYRQV UHoX HQ

RXWUH OD PLVVLRQ GpWXGLHU

OH

PDWpULHO UHFXHLOOL

GDQV OHV PRUDLQHV GH

3UDIOHXU\

SRXU OD SUpSDUDWLRQ GX EpWRQ

0

*\VLQ

'XUDQW

FHV

WURLV

DQQpHV QRXV DYRQV

WUDYDLOOp

F{WH j F{WH DYHF

(G 3DUpMDV

HQ SOHLQH

FRPPXQLRQ HW

QRXV QH VDXULRQV

pYRTXHU

VDQV

pPRWLRQ

OH

VRXYHQLU

GH FH

PDJQLILTXH

FDPDUDGH HQOHYp

SUpQDWXUpPHQW

j ODIIHFWLRQ

GHV VLHQV

/DERQGDQW PDWpULHO UpFROWp DX[

FRXUV GH FHV

WUDYDX[

QRXV D

SHUPLV

GH QRXV

IDLUH

XQH LGpH DVVH] FRPSOqWH GH

OD QDWXUH

GHV URFKHV

IRUPDQW

OH

YHUURX

GH

OD

*UDQGH

'L[HQFH

HW GH

WHQWHU

GH

UHWUDFHU ORULJLQH HW

OHV

WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV

VXFFHVVLYHV GH FHV URFKHV

'XUDQW QRWUH

pWXGH

OD

*UDQGH

'L[HQFH

6$ QH QRXV D SDV PpQDJp VRQ

DSSXL HW

OHV SXLVVDQWV PR\HQV

GRQW

HOOH

GLVSRVDLW SRXU UHFRQQDvWUH

HQ

SURIRQGHXU

OHV

IRUPDWLRQV DIIOHXUDQW

HQ VXUIDFH JDOHULHV

WUDYHUVEDQFV HW

VRQGDJHV QRXV

RQW SHUPLV GREWHQLU

GHV

SURILOV SpWURJUDSKLTXHV GpWDLOOpV 'DXWUH SDUW OD

*UDQGH

'L[HQFH

6$ QRXV D DFFRUGp

WUqV OLEpUDOHPHQW ODXWRULVDWLRQ

GH

SXEOLHU

OHV

UpVXOWDWV VFLHQWLILTXHV

GH QRV

WUDYDX[

FH

GRQW

QRXV

OXL

VRPPHV

WUqV REOLJp

&2167,787,21 *e2/2*,48( '8 9(5528 '(

/$

*5$1'(

',;(1&(

/HV OHYpV JpRORJLTXHV HIIHFWXpV DYHF

(G 3DUpMDV

QRXV

RQW SHUPLV

GH

WUDFHU OD FDUWH

JpRORJLTXH

HW SpWURJUDSKLTXH

GRQQpH HQ DQQH[H

/D UpJLRQ

pWXGLpH FRPSUHQG

OHV

IRUPDWLRQV VXLYDQWHV

(4)

(ERXOLV HW

PRUDLQHV 6FKLVWHV OXVWUpV

6FKLVWHV GH &DVDQQD

$UNRVHV

4XDUW]LWHV

*QHLVV

3K\OOLWHV

5RFKHV YHUWHV

$ O( HW

DX 6(

VXU OD ULYH GURLWH

GH

OD

'L[HQFH

OD GLUHFWLRQ

GHV

IRUPDWLRQV

YDULH HQWUH 1(6: HW (: WDQGLV

TXH OHV SHQGDJHV

RVFLOOHQW HQWUH

ƒ

HW

ƒ 6(

$ O: VXU OD ULYH

JDXFKH GH

OD

'L[HQFH OD

GLUHFWLRQ

GHV FRXFKHV HVW VHQVLEOHPHQW

(:

DYHF GHV SHQGDJHV GH ƒ j ƒ

1 (QILQ

GDQV

OD SDUWLH FHQWUDOH

GH

OD UpJLRQ

OHV

GLUHFWLRQV GRPLQDQWHV VRQW pJDOHPHQW (: PDLV

DYHF

XQ IRUW

SHQGDJH DX 6 ƒ j ƒ

2XWUH

FHV

GLUHFWLRQV GRPLQDQWHV

RQ REVHUYH

VRXYHQW

GHV

GLUHFWLRQV DEHUUDQWHV

RFFDVLRQQpHV

SDU

GH

SHWLWV

SOLVVHPHQWV

ORFDX[ QRWDPPHQW

GDQV

OD SDUWLH 6:

GH

OD

UpJLRQ

6XU

OD ULYH GURLWH

GH

OD

'L[HQFH OHV

SK\OOLWHV IRUPHQW

GHV EDQFV pSDLV

GLULJpV 1(6:

VXU OD ULYH

JDXFKH QRXV

QDYRQV

SDV

SX UHWURXYHU

FHV

SK\OOLWHV SUREDEOHPHQW

PDVTXpHV

SDU

XQH JURVVH FRXFKH

GpERXOLV

/HV TXDUW]LWHV

HW

OHV JQHLVV

IRUPHQW

XQH VpULH GH

SHWLWV DIIOHXUHPHQWV

GDQV

OD SDUWLH

6( GH

OD

FDUWH j

SUR[LPLWp

GHV 6FKLVWHV OXVWUpV

SXLV

GHV FRXFKHV

FRQWLQXHV

HQ

UHODWLRQ

DYHF OHV

SK\OOLWHV

DX

1:

GHV

DIIOHXUHPHQWV

SUpFpGHQWV 2Q

UHWURXYH

FHV PrPHV URFKHV VXU

OD ULYH

JDXFKH GDQV

OD SDUWLH :

GH

OD

FDUWH R HOOHV

IRUPHQW

GHV FRXFKHV DVVH]

FRQWLQXHV GDQV

OHV URFKHV

YHUWHV

/HV DUNRVHV

DSSDUDLVVHQW

HQ

IRUPDQW GHX[

EDQFV

LQWHUFDOpV

GDQV OHV

SK\OOLWHV

GH

OD ULYH GURLWH

GH

OD

'L[HQFH GDQV OH

SURORQJHPHQW

6: GHV JQHLVV

HW

GHV

TXDUW]LWHV

2Q OHV

UHWURXYH

VXU

OD ULYH

JDXFKH R HOOHV

FRQVWLWXHQW XQ EDQF OHQWLFXODLUH

GDQV OHV URFKHV YHUWHV

(QILQ

GDQV

OD SDUWLH 1:

GH

OD UpJLRQ OD

FDUULqUH

D\DQW IRXUQL

OH

PDWpULHO GX

FRXURQQHPHQW

GH

ODQFLHQ EDUUDJH

SUpVHQWH XQH ODUJH

FDORWWH GDUNRVH TXL

UpDSSDUDvW SOXV EDV DX

FRQIOXHQW GX WRUUHQW

GH

3UDIOHXU\ HW

GH

OD

'L[HQFH

/

V URFKHV YHUWHV

RFFXSHQW

GH ODUJHV VXUIDFHV GDQV

OD UpJLRQ pWXGLpH

IRUPDQW

GHV FRXFKHV HQ FRQFRUGDQFH DYHF OHV

SK\OOLWHV

OHV JQHLVV OHV

TXDUW]LWHV HW

OHV DUNRVHV /HV URFKHV YHUWHV

RQW SX rWUH

pWXGLpHV

GXQH

IDoRQ

GpWDLOOpH

GDQV OHV VRQGDJHV

SUDWLTXpV

GDQV FHV URFKHV VRQGDJHV

D\DQW DWWHLQW

GHV

SURIRQGHXUV

FRPSULVHV

HQWUH

HW

PqWUHV

(5)

/(6 52&+(6 9(57(6

&HV URFKHV

FRPSRUWHQW

OHV

W\SHV SpWURJUDSKLTXHV VXLYDQWV $OELWLWHV SUDVLQLWHV HW RYDUGLWHV

$OELWLWHV

1RXV GpVLJQRQV VRXV FH

WHUPH

GHV URFKHV

GRQW

OH

FRQVWLWXDQW SULQFLSDO

HVW

ODOELWH IRUPDQW

DX PRLQV OHV

GH

OD URFKH VDXI

GDQV OHV

DOELWLWHV

j

ELRWLWH TXL VRQW

PRLQV ULFKHV HQ

DOELWH

&H

IHOGVSDWK TXL

VH SUpVHQWH HQ

SRUSK\UREODVWHV

HVW DFFRPSDJQp GH

FKORULWH

GH

VpULFLWH GpSLGRWH

GH

PDJQpWLWH

GH VSKqQH

SDUIRLV

GH

JODXFRSKDQH

DYHF

UDUHPHQW XQ

SHX GH

TXDUW] HW H[FHSWLRQQHOOHPHQW

GH

OD ELRWLWH /DOELWH

HVW

IUpTXHPPHQW

UHPSODFpH

SDU OD

FDOFLWH 6HORQ

OD QDWXUH HW ODERQGDQFH UHODWLYH

GH FHV

PLQpUDX[

QRXV DYRQV

GLVWLQJXp SOXVLHXUV YDULpWpV GDOELWLWHV

$OELWLWHV

FKORULWHXVHV pFK

&HV URFKHV VRQW IRUPpHV GXQ IHXWUDJH ODPHOODLUH GH FKORULWH YHUWH DX[ WHLQWHV GH GLVSHUVLRQ URXJHFKDXGURQ DVVRFLpHj XQSHXGH VpULFLWH HW SDUVHPpH GHJUDQXOHV GH VSKqQH GpSLGRWH HW GR[\GHV GH IHU RSDTXHV FH IHXWUDJH HVW SHUFpGH WUqV

QRPEUHX[ SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH UHQIHUPDQW GHV LQFOXVLRQV GH VSKqQH GH SHWLWHV SODJHV DQJXOHXVHVGHTXDUW]HWGHUDUHVDLJXLOOHVGHJODXFRSKDQH /DOELWHHVWVRXYHQW HQYDKLH SDU GH OD FDOFLWH SDUIRLV SDU GHV JUDLQV GDQNpULWH HQ YRLH GH UXEpIDFWLRQ

&RPSRVLWLRQ PLQpUDORJLTXH TXDQWLWDWLYH

(SLGRWH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH VSKqQH R[\GHV

&DUERQDWH

RRRR

²

$OELWLWHV

FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV pFK

²

&HV DOELWLWHV VRQW DVVH] VHPEODEOHV DX[ URFKHV SUpFpGHQWHV j OD GLIIpUHQFH SUqV TXH OD VpULFLWH HVW LFL EHDXFRXS SOXVDERQGDQWH TXH OD FKORULWH 3DUPLOHV R[\GHV GH IHU OD PDJQpWLWH SUpGRPLQH ODUJHPHQW 'DQV FHUWDLQV pFKDQWLOORQV Qƒ ODOELWH IRUPH OD PDMHXUH SDUWLH GH OD URFKH HW FRQVWLWXH XQ DJUpJDW JUHQX VWULp GH UXEDQV HIILORFKpV GH VpULFLWH HW GH FKORULWH

(SLGRWH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH VSKqQH &DUERQDWH R[\GHV

² ²

²

(6)

$OELWLWHV FKORULWRVrULFLWLTXHV

j ELRWLWH pFK

&HV URFKHV VRQW IRUPpHV GH EDQGHV pFDLOOHXVHV GH FKORULWH YHUWH GH VpULFLWH HW GH ELRWLWH EUXQYHUW FULEOpHVGHJUDQXOHVGH VSKqQHHWGHPLQHUDLRSDTXHHWUHQIHUPDQW

GH QRPEUHX[ SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH SDUIRLVHQ YRLH GH FDOFLWLVDWLRQ 6SKqQH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH

%LRWLWH

R[\GHV &DUERQDWH

²

Q ²

$OELWLWHV

FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV TXDUW]LIqUHV pFK ELV²

&HV URFKHV FRPSRUWHQW GH JURV SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH UHQIHUPDQW GHV LQFOXVLRQV DQJXOHXVHVGHTXDUW]GHVJUDQXOHVGHVSKqQHHWSDUIRLVXQSHXGH JODXFRSKDQH HQVHUUpV GDQV XQH WUDPH pFDLOOHXVH GH VpULFLWH HW GH UDUH FKORULWH FRQWHQDQW GHV OHQWLOOHV GH TXDUW] JUHQX GHV JUDLQV RSDTXHV HW H[FHSWLRQQHOOHPHQW GHV FULVWDX[ GH ]LUFRQ /DOELWH HVW XQ SHX FDOFLWLVpH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH 6SKqQH

$OELWLWHV

FKORULWHXVHV TXDUW]LIqUHV pFK

5RFKHV IRUPpHV GXQ DJUpJDW GH JURV SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH FRQWHQDQW GHV LQFOXVLRQV DQJXOHXVHV GH TXDUW] GHV JUDQXOHV GH VSKqQH GpSLGRWH HW GH PLQHUDL RSDTXH ODOELWH VRXYHQW FDOFLWLVpH HVW DVVRFLpH j GHJURV IHXLOOHWV GH FKORULWHYHUWH DX[ WHLQWHV GH GLVSHUVLRQ URXJHFKDXGURQj GH UDUHV pFDLOOHV GH VpULFLWH HW j GHV

OLWV

GH TXDUW] JUHQX

6SKqQH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH R[\GHV &DUERQDWH

Q

$OELWLWHV

FKORULWRpSLGRWLTXHV pFK

&HV DOELWLWHV UHSUpVHQWHQW XQWHUPH GH SDVVDJH DX[ SUDVLQLWHV PDLV FRQWLHQQHQW XQH SOXV ODUJH SURSRUWLRQ GDOELWH TXH FHV GHUQLqUHV FRQVWLWXDQW GHV SRUSK\UREODVWHV

j LQFOXVLRQV GH JODXFRSKDQH FH IHOGVSDWK HVW DFFRPSDJQp GH QRPEUHX[

JUDLQV GpSLGRWH GH JUDQXOHV GH VSKqQH GRFWDqGUHV GH PDJQpWLWH GH IHXLOOHWV GH FKORULWH YHUWH HW SDUIRLV GH PLQFHV SULVPHV GH KRUQEOHQGH YHUWEOHX 8QH IRUWH

FDOFLWLVDWLRQ DIIHFWH VRXYHQW ODOELWH

(SLGRWH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH VSKqQH HW +RUQ &DOFLWH R[\GHV EOHQGH

² ²

(7)

3UDVLQLWHV

5HSUHQDQW

OHV

GpILQLWLRQV

GH

-

0

9DOOHW

QRXV SODoRQV GDQV

FHWWH FDWpJRULH

GHV URFKHV j

VWUXFWXUH RFHOODLUH

IRUPpHV

GDOELWH

GH

FKORULWH HW GpSLGRWH

HQ

SURSRUWLRQV VHQVLEOHPHQW

pJDOHV

OpSLGRWH

SRXYDQW

rWUH

UHPSODFpH

SDU

XQH

DPSKLEROH HW OD FKORULWH SDU OD VpULFLWH

6L

OXQ

GHV

WURLV

SUHPLHUV

PLQpUDX[

HVW HQ H[FqV QRXV GpVLJQHURQV

OD

URFKH VRXV OH

QRP

GH

SUDVLQLWH DOELWLTXH SUDVLQLWH FKORULWHXVH

RX

SUDVLQLWH pSLGRWLTXH

'H PrPH RQ

PHQWLRQQHUD OD

SUpVHQFH GH

VpULFLWH

RX GDPSKLEROH

3UDVLQLWHV VWULFWR

VHQVX pFK

&HV URFKHV VRQWIRUPpHV GXQH EHOOH WUDPH GH FKORULWH YHUWH DVVRFLpH j GH UDUHV ODPHOOHV GH VpULFLWH jGH JURVSULVPHV GpSLGRWH j GH SHWLWV IXVHDX[ GH VSKqQH HW j GHV RFWDqGUHV GH PDJQpWLWH FHWWH WUDPH pWDQW SHUFpH GH QRPEUHX[ SRUSK\UR EODVWHV GDOELWH FULEOpV GH ILQHV LQFOXVLRQV GH JODXFRSKDQH SDUIRLV GH TXDUW] DQJXOHX[

/DOELWH

HVW VRXYHQW FDOFLWLVpH 0LFURSKRWR SODQFKH

,

FRXSH OXPLqUH QDWXUHOOH * ;

(SLGRWH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH VSKqQH &DUERQDWH PDJQpWLWH

3UDVLQLWHV

FKORULWHXVHV pFK

/D SURSRUWLRQ GH FKORULWH GpSDVVH LFL OHV

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH (SLGRWH &DOFLWH

²

3UDVLQLWHV

DOELWLTXHV pFK

/D SURSRUWLRQ GDOELWH DWWHLQW PDLVOpSLGRWH HVW SOXV DERQGDQWH TXH GDQV OHV DOELWLWHV

(SLGRWH +RUQ

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH PDJQpWLWH EOHQGH &DOFLWH

² ²

²

3UDVLQLWHV

FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV pFK

&HV URFKHV VRQW IRUPpHV GXQ IHXWUDJH GH FKORULWH YHUWH HW GH VpULFLWH FULEOp GH FULVWDX[GpSLGRWH GRFWDqGUHV GH PDJQpWLWH HWGHUDUHVIXVHDX[ GH VSKqQH SDUVHPp GHEHDX[ SRUSK\UREODVWHVGDOELWHjLQFOXVLRQVGHJODXFRSKDQH HWGHTXDUW] /DOELWH HVW XQ SHX FDOFLWLVpH

(SLGRWH

$OELWH

4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH PDJQpWLWH VSKqQH &DOFLWH

Q ² 7

(8)

3UDVLQLWHV

FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV j JODXFRSKDQH pFK

ED²

5RFKHV IRUPpHV GXQ

WUHLOOLV

pFDLOOHX[GH FKORULWH YHUWH HW GHVpULFLWHUHQIHUPDQW

GH EHDX[ SULVPHV GH JODXFRSKDQH GHV JUDLQV GpSLGRWH HW GHV EkWRQQHWV GHPLQHUDL RSDTXH FH

WUHLOOLV

FRQWLHQW GH JURV SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH FULEOpV GLQFOXVLRQV HW SDUIRLV FDOFLWLVpV

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH

D

Qƒ E ²

²

0DJQpWLWH pSLGRWH

VSKqQH

*ODXFRSKDQH

&DOFLWH

3UDVLQLWHV

j KRUQEOHQGH pFK

&HV SUDVLQLWHV VRQWIRUPpHVGHEHDX[SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWHjLQFOXVLRQV

DQJXOHXVHV GH TXDUW] HQWRXUpV GXQ WUHLOOLV pFDLOOHX[ GH FKORULWH YHUWH GH UDUH VpULFLWH

GHKRUQEOHQGH YHUWEOHXDFLFXODLUH HWGHIXVHDX[ GH VSKqQH FHWUHLOOLV pWDQWSDUVHPp GH JURV JUDLQV GpSLGRWH 0LFURSKRWR SODQFKH

,

pFK OXPLqUH SRODULVpH

*

[

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH

(SLGRWH VSKqQH PDJQpWLWH

+RUQEOHQGH

&DOFLWH

3UDVLQLWHV

DOELWLTXHV j KRUQEOHQGH pFK

0DJQLILTXHV URFKHV IRUPpHV GXQ DJUpJDW GH SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH j LQFOXVLRQV DFLFXODLUHV GDPSKLEROH GH JURV JUDLQV GpSLGRWH HW GXQ WUHLOOLV GH FKORULWH YHUWH GH KRUQEOHQGH YHUW FODLU HW GH JUDQXOHV GH VSKqQH 2Q REVHUYH SDUIRLV GHV RFWDqGUHV GH PDJQpWLWH HW XQSHX GH FDOFLWH

(SLGRWH +RUQ

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH VSKqQH EOHQGH &DOFLWH

²

² ²

²

3UDVLQLWHV

TXDUW]LIqUHV pFK

&HV SUDVLQLWHV VRQW FDUDFWpULVpHVSDU ODSUpVHQFH GDJUpJDWV JUHQXV GH TXDUW] GH ODPHOOHVGHFKORULWHYHUWH SDUIRLVGpFDLOOpVGHVpULFLWH GHQRPEUHX[ JUDLQV GpSLGRWH GRFWDqGUHV GHPDJQpWLWH GDLJXLOOHVGH KRUQEOHQGHYHUW FODLUHWGHSRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH (OOHV VRQW IUpTXHPPHQW XQSHX FDOFLWLVpHV

(9)

3UDVLQLWHV

j ELRWLWH pFK

'DQV FHV URFKHV OHV PLQpUDX[ SK\OOLWHX[ SUpFpGHQWV VRQW DFFRPSDJQpV GH ILQHV ODPHOOHV GH ELRWLWH YHUWEUXQ RX YHUWH SDUIRLV DXVVL GH SULVPHV GH JODXFRSKDQH

2YDUGLWHV

1RXV

GpVLJQRQV VRXV FH

WHUPH

GHV URFKHV j

VWUXFWXUH RFHOODLUH

IRUPpHV

SULQFLSDOHPHQW G\HX[ GDOELWH DSSDUDLVVDQW

j

OHPSRUWHSLqFH

VXU XQH

WUDPH

pFDLOOHXVH GH

FKORULWH YHUWH SDUIRLV

DFFRPSDJQpH RX UHPSODFpH

SDU OD VpULFLWH

2YDUGLWHV FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXH pFK

&HV URFKHV FRPSRUWHQWXQH ILQH WUDPH GH FKORULWH HW GH VpULFLWH UHQIHUPDQW GHV JUDQXOHV GH VSKqQH GHV RFWDqGUHV GH PDJQpWLWH HW GHV SRUSK\URKODVWHV GDOELWH j LQFOXVLRQV GH TXDUW]

2YDUGLWHV FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV j ELRWLWH pFK

2Q REVHUYH LFLGHV DJUpJDWV pFDLOOHX[ GH FKORULWH YHUWH GH VpULFLWH HW GH ELRWLWH EUXQYHUWVXU OHVTXHOVVHGpWDFKHQWGHVSRUSK\UREODWHVGDOELWHHWGHVJUDLQV RSDTXHV GHPLQHUDL 2QGLVWLQJXH TXHOTXHV SODJHV GDOODQLWH /H IHOGVSDWK HVW WUqVIRUWHPHQW FDOFLWLVp

(SLGRWH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH DOODQLWH %LRWLWH &DOFLWH PLQHUDL

²

2YDUGLWHV FKORULWHXVHV TXDUW]LIqUHV j

DQNpULWH

pFK

8Q WUHLOOLV pFDLOOHX[ GH FKORULWH YHUWH HQUREH GH QRPEUHX[ SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWHFULEOpV GLQFOXVLRQV GH JODXFRSKDQH GH VSKqQH HW GpSLGRWH OD URFKH

UHQIHUPH DXVVL GHV pFDLOOHV GROLJLVWH GHV VHFWLRQV UKRPELTXHV GDQNpULWH HQ YRLH GH UXEpIDFWLRQ GHV SODJHV GH FDOFLWH HW GHV DJUpJDWV JUHQXV GH TXDUW]

2YDUGLWHV FKORULWHXVHV TXDUW]LIqUHV pFK

&HV URFKHV VRQW IRUPpHV GXQ WUHLOOLV pFDLOOHX[ GH FKORULWH YHUWH UHQIHUPDQW GHV DJUpJDWV JUHQXV TXDUW] HWGH QRPEUHX[ SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH j LQFOXVLRQV

DQJXOHXVHV GH TXDUW] RQ REVHUYH HQ RXWUH TXHOTXHV JUDLQVGDSDWLWH XQSHXGHPLQHUDL

HW GH UDUHV ODPHOOHV GH VpULFLWH /D FDOFLWH UHPSODFH OH TXDUW] HWODOELWH (SLGRWH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH R[\GHV &DOFLWH

(10)

2YDUGLWHV VpULFLWLTXHV TXDUW]LIqUHV j ELRWLWH pFK

5RFKHV VFKLVWHXVHV FRPSRUWDQW GHV IHXLOOHWV GH VpULFLWH MROLPHQW SOLVVRWpV HW FULEOpV GH JUDQXOHV GH VSKqQH HW GH PLQHUDL DVVRFLpV jGHV ODPHOOHV GH ELRWLWH EUXQ YHUW HQ YRLH GH FKORULWLVDWLRQ FHV WUHLOOLV SK\OOLWHX[ pWDQW SHUFpV GH QRPEUHXVHV IHQrWUHV RFFXSpHV SDUXQH DOELWH ULFKH HQ LQFOXVLRQV GH TXDUW] HW SDU GHV DJUpJDWV TXDUW]HX[ JUHQXV

(SLGRWH

$OELWH 4XDUW] 6pULFLWH &KORULWH R[\GHV %LRWLWH &DUERQDWH

/(6

3+<//,7(6

&H

VRQW

GHV URFKHV VFKLVWHXVHV IRUPpHV

HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW

GH

PLQpUDX[

ODPHOODLUHV

WHOV TXH

FKORULWH HW

VpULFLWH

3K\OOLWHV

FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV pFK

&HV SK\OOLWHV VRQW FRQVWLWXpHV HQ PDMHXUH SDUWLH SDU XQ DJUpJDW pFDLOOHX[ GH VpULFLWH DFFRPSDJQpH GXQ SHX GH FKORULWH VRXYHQW PLFURSOLVVp FRQWHQDQW GHV JUDLQV RSDTXHV WUqVSHX GH TXDUW] JUHQX TXHOTXHIRLV GHV FULVWDX[ GHJUHQDW GpSL GRWH RX GH WRXUPDOLQH EUXQH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH (SLGRWH R[\GHV

² 7

'DQVFHUWDLQV pFKDQWLOORQVRQ REVHUYHODOWHUQDQFHGH ]RQHV GH SK\OOLWHV FKORULWR VpULFLWLTXHV HW GH TXDUW]LWHV VpULFLWLTXHV JUHQXV pFK

3K\OOLWHV

TXDUW]RFKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV pFK

'DQV FHV URFKHV OHV PLQpUDX[SK\OOLWHX[ VRQW DVVRFLpV j GHV JUDLQV GH TXDUW]

GLVSHUVpV GDQVOHV PDLOOHV GX WUHLOOLV RX FRQVWLWXDQWGHV

OLWV

HW DJUpJDWV JUHQXV HQ RXWUH FHV SK\OOLWHV FRQWLHQQHQW GHV JUDQXOHV RSDTXHV GH SHWLWV SULVPHV GH

WRXUPDOLQH EUXQkWUH VRXYHQW GHV JUDLQV GDSDWLWH HW UDUHPHQW XQ SHX GpSLGRWH HW GDOODQLWH ([FHSWLRQQHOOHPHQW RQ REVHUYH XQ SHX GH ELRWLWH EUXQH pFK DLQVL TXH GHV JUHQDWV pFK

$OELWH

4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH 2[\GHV *UHQDW $SDWLWH

² ²

² ² ²

4XDQG OHV JUDLQV GH TXDUW] VRQW JURXSpV HQ OLWV OD URFKH VDSSDUHQWH j XQ TXDUW]LWH HW SRXUUDLW DORUV rWUH GpVLJQpH VRXV OHQRP GH

3K\OOLWH

TXDUW]LWRFKORULWR VpULFLWLTXH

(11)

3K\OOLWHV

FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV HQ YRLH

GDOELWLVDWLRQ

pFK

&HVSK\OOLWHVVRQW IRUPpHV GXQHPDVVHpFDLOOHXVH GH VpULFLWH HWGH FKORULWH YHUWH SDUIRLVGHELRWLWHEUXQHSDUVHPpHGH JUDLQV RSDTXHVGR[\GHV GHIHUSOXV UDUHPHQW GpSLGRWH HWGH VSKqQHFHWWHPDVVHpFDLOOHXVH HVW SHUFpHGHIHQrWUHVRFFXSpHVSDUGHV SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH UHQIHUPDQW SDUIRLV GHV LQFOXVLRQV DQJXOHXVHV GH TXDUW]

2Q REVHUYH DXVVL XQ SHX GH TXDUW] HQWUH OHV PLQpUDX[ SK\OOLWHX[ 0LFURSKRWR

SODQFKH

,,

pFK OXPLqUHSRODULVpH *

[

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH

%LRWLWH

2[\GHV (SLGRWH &DOFLWH

QR ² ² ²

² ²

3K\OOLWHV

TXDUW]RFKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV HQ YRLH

GDOELWLVDWLRQ

pFK

/H

WUHLOOLV

FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXH FRQWLHQWLFL GHVJUDLQVGHTXDUW] GLVSHUVpV GDQVOHV PDLOOHV RX IRUPDQW GHV DJUpJDWV JUHQXV RQ REVHUYH DXVVL GHV ODPHOOHV GH ELRWLWH EUXQYHUW GHVJUDQXOHV RSDTXHV UDUHPHQWGH OD PDJQHWLWH GHVIXVHDX[GH VSKqQH GHVJUDLQV GpSLGRWH HW UDUHPHQWGHSHWLWVSULVPHVGHWRXUPDOLQHEUXQHjQR\DXEOHX 2QGLVWLQJXH SDUIRLV GHVJUDLQV GDSDWLWH /DURFKH HVW SDUVHPpHGH SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH /H IHOGVSDWK HW OH TXDUW] VRQW VRXYHQW XQ SHX FDOFLWLVpV

(SLGRWH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULFLWH

%LRWLWH

7RXUPD VSKqQH &DOFLWH OLQH R[\GHV

² ²

7 ²

5HPDUTXHV

([FHSWLRQQHOOH

GDQV OHV

SK\OOLWHV

IUDQFKHV

OD ELRWLWH

HVW DVVH]

IUpTXHQWH

GDQV OHV

SK\OOLWHV

HQ

YRLH GDOELWLVDWLRQ

/DSDWLWH HW OD WRXUPDOLQH SDUDLVVHQW VH[FOXUH PXWXHOOHPHQW

pFKDQWLOORQV

DYHF

DSDWLWH

pFKDQWLOORQV

DYHF

WRXUPDOLQH

/(6 48$57=,7(6

&HV URFKHV VRQW IRUPpHV

HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW

GH

SHWLWHV

SODJHV GH

TXDUW]

DVVRFLpHV j GHV ODPHOOHV GH VpULFLWH j GHV

JUDQXOHV

GH VSKqQH

HW GpSLGRWH

j GHV

JUDLQV

RSDTXHV

GR[\GHV

GH

IHU HW

j GH UDUHV pFDLOOHV GH

FKORULWH

YHUWH SDUIRLV

j GH PLQXVFXOHV

FULVWDX[

GH

UXWLOH HW GDSDWLWH

'H SOXV

FHUWDLQV TXDUW]LWHV FRQWLHQQHQW

GH

SHWLWHV

SODJHV

GDOELWH HW SDUIRLV

PrPH GHV

IUDJPHQWV DQJXOHX[ GDOELWH

PDFOpHHQ

pFKLTXLHU

SDVVDJH

DX[

DUNRVHV

(12)

4XDUW]LWHV VpULFLWLTXHV pFK

$JUpJDWV JUHQXV GH TXDUW] SDUVHPpV GH ODPHOOHV GH VpULHLWH DYHF GH UDUHV pFDLOOHV GH FKORULWH YHUWH SDUIRLVGH ELRWLWH EUXQH HW GHV JUDLQVGDSDWLWH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULHLWH

%LRWLWH

2[\GHV &DOFLWH

² 7

RWLWH RWLWH 77

2[\G2[\G ²

4XDUW]LWHV IHOGVSDWKLTXHV VpULFLWLTXHV pFK

/HV JUDLQV GH TXDUW] VRQW DVVRFLpV LFL j GH SHWLWHV SODJHV GDOELWH j GH

QRPEUHXVHV pFDLOOHV GH VpULHLWH HW j GH UDUHV ODPHOOHVGH FKORULWH YHUWH 2Q REVHUYH DXVVL GH SHWLWV SULVPHV GH WRXUPDOLQH GHV JUDQXOHV RSDTXHV GR[\GHV GH IHU HW XQ SHX GpSLGRWH RX GH VSKqQH

$OELWH

4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULHLWH 2[\GHV

7

4XDUW]LWHV FKORULWRVrULFLWLTXHV pFK

'DQV FHV URFKHV OD VpULHLWH HVW DFFRPSDJQpH GXQ SHX GH FKORULWH YHUWH GH JUDQXOHV GpSLGRWH HW GH PLQHUDL RSDTXH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULHLWH (SLGRWH 2[\GHV &DOFLWH

²

4XDUW]LWHV VpULFLWLTXHV DUNRVLTXHV pFK

5RFKHV XQSHX VFKLVWHXVHV IRUPpHV GH SHWLWV JUDLQV GH TXDUW] HW GH QRPEUHXVHV SDLOOHWWHV GH VpULHLWH HQUREDQW GHV JUDLQV HW IUDJPHQWV DQJXOHX[ GH TXDUW] HW GH PLFURFOLQH

0LFURFOLQH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULHLWH

²

4XDUW]LWHV IHOGVSDWKLTXHV VpULFLWLTXHV DUNRVLTXHV pFK

5RFKHV XQ SHX VFKLVWHXVHV SDUIRLV j JUDLQWUqV ILQ IRUPpHV GH SHWLWHV SODJHV GH TXDUW] HW GDOELWH HW GH QRPEUHXVHV ODPHOOHV GH VpULHLWH HQUREDQW TXHOTXHV JURV JUDLQV GH TXDUW] HW GDOELWH PDFOpH HQ pFKLTXLHU 0LFURSKRWR SODQFKH

,,

pFK OXPLqUH SRODULVpH *

[

0LFURSKRWR SODQFKH

,,,

pFK

OXPLqUH SRODULVpH *

[

4XDUW]LWHV VpULFLWLTXHV HQ YRLH

GDOELWLVDWLRQ

pFK

&HV URFKHV VRQW IRUPpH GXQ DJUpJDW GH SHWLWHV SODJHV GH TXDUW] DFFRPSDJQp GDOELWH HW GHVpULHLWH SDUIRLV GH FKORULWH /DOELWH FRQVWLWXH DXVVL GDVVH]QRPEUHX[

SRUSK\UREODVWHV FULEOpV GLQFOXVLRQV GH TXDUW] GH PLQHUDL RSDTXH HW GH VSKqQH

&DOFLWH SDUIRLV DERQGDQWH

$OELWH 4XDUW] &KORULWH 6pULHLWH 2[\GHV &DOFLWH

7 ² ²

(13)

/(6 $5.26(6

&HV URFKHV VH

GLVWLQJXHQW

GHV

TXDUW]LWHV SDU OD

SUpVHQFH GH

QRPEUHX[

JUDLQV HW GpEULV

GH

TXDUW]

HW

GDOELWH

PDFOpH HQ

pFKLTXLHU SDUIRLV

DXVVL

GRUWKRVH

FHV JURV pOpPHQWV

pWDQW

HPSkWpV GDQV

XQH

PDVVH

SOXV

RX

PRLQV ILQHPHQW JUHQXH TXDUW]LWRVpULFLWLTXH *\VLQ

0

HW 9DOOHW - 0

$UNRVHV TXDUW]LWRVpULFLWLTXHV j IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH

DOELWLVp

pFK

6

&HV DUNRVHV UHQIHUPHQW GH JURV JUDLQV HW IUDJPHQWV GH TXDUW] SDUIRLV GH TXDUW]LWH DFFRPSDJQpV GH IUDJPHQWV DQJXOHX[ GpEULV HW JURV JUDLQV GXQ

IHOGVSDWKSRWDVVLTXH HQWLqUHPHQWDOELWLVp PDFOHV HQpFKLTXLHU &HV JURV pOpPHQWV VRQW HPSkWpV GDQV XQH PDVVH TXDUW]LWRVpULFLWLTXH IHOGVSDWKLTXH DVVH] ILQHPHQWJUHQXH /D FDOFLWH HW OHV R[\GHV RSDTXHV VRQW WUqV UDUHV OD FKORULWH YHUWH H[FHSWLRQQHOOH 0LFURSKRWR SODQFKH

,,,

S TS pFK OXPLqUH SRODULVpH

* [

$OELWH 4XDUW] 6pULFLWH

4XDUW]

2$,ELWLWHV ‡ 3UDVLPWHV Š3UDVLQLWHV DOELWLWHV 2YDUGLWHV Š 3K\OOLWHV $ *QHLVV 4 4XDUW]LWHV 3LJ 5pSDUWLWLRQGHV URFKHV YHUWHV GHV SK\OOLWHV GHV JQHLVV HW GHV TXDUW]LWHV SDU

UDSSRUW DX TXDUW] j ODOELWH HW DX[ PLQpUDX[ IpPLTXHV

(14)

$UNRVHV

TXDUW]LWRVpULFLWLTXHV

j RUWKRVH HQ YRLH

GDOELWLVDWLRQ

pFK

5RFKHV DVVH] VHPEODEOHV DX[ DUNRVHV SUpFpGHQWHV PDLV GDQV OHV JURV pOpPHQWV IHOGVSDWKLTXHV DOELWHPDFOpH HQ pFKLTXLHU RQ REVHUYHHQFRUH GHVUHOLTXDWV GRUWKRVH

$OELWH

2UWKRVH HQ YRLH GDOELWLVDWLRQ 4XDUW] 6pULFLWH

/(6 *1(,66

&HV URFKHV

SOXV

RX PRLQV VFKLVWHXVHV VRQW IRUPpHV

HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW

GH

TXDUW] GDOELWH

GH

VpULFLWH HW

GH

FKORULWH YHUWH /DOELWH

VH

SUpVHQWH

VRXV

IRUPH

GH

SHWLWV SRUSK\UREODVWHV UHQIHUPDQW

GHV

LQFOXVLRQV

DQJXOHXVHV

GH

TXDUW] HW

GH ILQHV ODPHOOHV GH VpULFLWH

/D PDMHXUH SDUWLH

GH

ODOELWH

HVW GH

GHUQLqUH

YHQXH HW UHPSODFH OH

TXDUW]

$OELWH

)LJ 5pSDUWLWLRQ GHV URFKHV YHUWHV GHV JQHLVV HW GHV SK\OOLWHV SDU UDSSRUW j ODOELWH DX[ PLQpUDX[ FDOFLTXHV HW DX[ PLQpUDX[ PDJQpVLHQV

(15)

*QHLVV FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV pFK

&HV JQHLVV FRQWLHQQHQW HQ JpQpUDO PRLQV GH GH TXDUW] FRQVWLWXDQW GHV DJUpJDWV JUHQXV SDUVHPpV GHILQHVODPHOOHV GH VpULFLWH GHV

OLWV

JUHQXV DOWHUQDQW DYHF OHV SK\OOLWHV RX HQILQ GH SHWLWHV SODJHV ORJpHV GDQV OHV PDLOOHV GX WUHLOOLV FKORULWR VpULFLWLTXH

/DOELWH

IRUPH VXUWRXW GHSHWLWVSRUSK\UREODVWHVjLQFOXVLRQVDQJXOHXVHV GH TXDUW] 2Q REVHUYH SDUIRLV GH SHWLWV SULVPHV GH WRXUPDOLQH GHV JUDQXOHV GH VSKqQH HW GpSLGRWH GHV R[\GHV GH IHU RSDTXHV HW WUqV UDUHPHQW XQSHX GH JODXHR SKDQH

$OELWH 4XDUW] 6pULFLWH &KORULWH 2[\GHV 7RXUPDOLQH

²

² ²

*QHLVV

FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXH

FRQJORPpUDWLTXH pFK

&HWWH URFKH XQ SHX VFKLVWHXVH FRPSRUWH GH SHWLWHV SODJHV GH TXDUW] GHV ODPHOOHV GH VpULFLWH HW GH FKORULWH YHUWH GHV JUDQXOHV GH VSKqQH HW GH PLQHUDL RSDTXH GH PLQXVFXOHV SULVPHV GH WRXUPDOLQH DLQVL TXH GH SHWLWV SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH FULEOpV GLQFOXVLRQV DQJXOHXVHV GH TXDUW] 4XHOTXHV JDOHWV GH TXDUW] VRQW HQUREpV GDQV ODURFKH

*QHLVV TXDUW]LWRVpULFLWLTXHV pFK

'DQV FHV JQHLVV OH TXDUW] HVW WUqV DERQGDQW HW IRUPH XQH VRUWH GH PRVDwTXH FRPPH GDQV OHV TXDUW]LWHV

,O

HVW DFFRPSDJQp GH ODPHOOHV GH VpULFLWH GH WUqV UDUHV

IHXLOOHWV GH FKORULWHYHUWH GHJUDQXOHV RSDTXHV HWGH SHWLWVSRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH FULEOpV GLQFOXVLRQV GH TXDUW] ODOELWH VH SUpVHQWH DXVVL HQSHWLWHV SODJHV DVVRFLpHV DX[ JUDLQV GH TXDUW]

*QHLVV TXDUW]LWRFKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV pFK ²²²²²²

/H TXDUW] HVW LFL WUqVDERQGDQW HW FRQVWLWXHXQH VRUWH GHPRVDwTXH FRPPH GDQV OHV TXDUW]LWHV RQ REVHUYH HQ RXWUH GH OD VpULFLWH XQ SHX GH FKORULWH YHUWH GHV JUDQXOHV RSDTXHV GH PLQXVFXOHV JUDLQVGpSLGRWH RX GH VSKqQH DLQVL TXH GH SHWLWV SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH FULEOpV GLQFOXVLRQV DQJXOHXVHV GH TXDUW]

$OELWH 4XDUW] 6pULFLWH &KORULWH (SLGRWH VSKqQH R[\GHV

/(6 &+/25,7(6 '(6 52&+(6 '(

/$

*5$1'(

',;(1&(

/D SOXSDUW

GH FHV URFKHV

FRQWLHQQHQW

GHV

FKORULWHV VDSSDUHQWDQW DX[

SHQQLQHV

HW

VH

GLVWLQJXDQW

OHV XQHV GHV

DXWUHV SDU OHXU

VLJQH

RSWLTXH HW

SDU OHXUV WHLQWHV

GH GLVSHUVLRQ

(16)

$ 2KORULWHV GH VLJQH SRVLWLI

$OORQJHPHQW QpJDWLI WHLQWHVGHSOpRFKURwVPH 1J MDXQHSkOH 1S YHUWSOXV RX PRLQV IRQFp

D 7HLQWHVGH GLVSHUVLRQ FKDXGURQ

E 7HLQWHV GH GLVSHUVLRQ JULVMDXQH RX MDXQH

% &KORULWHV GH VLJQH QpJDWLI

$OORQJHPHQW SRVLWLI WHLQWHV GH SOpRFKURwVPH 1J YHUW SOXV RX PRLQV IRQFp 1S MDXQH SkOH

D 7HLQWHV GH GLVSHUVLRQ URVH FKDXGURQ E 7HLQWHV GH GLVSHUVLRQ URVH YLRODFp F 7HLQWHV GH GLVSHUVLRQ JULVEOHX

/D UpSDUWLWLRQ GH FHV FKORULWHV SDUPL OHV GLIIpUHQWHV URFKHV HVW OD VXLYDQWH

&KORULWHV $D DOELWLWHV RYDUGLWH pSLGRWLWH SUDVLQLWHV SK\OOLWHV

TXDUW]LWHV FKORULWLWH JQHLVV

&KORULWHV

$E

DOELWLWHV SUDVLQLWHV RYDUGLWHV pSLGRWLWH JQHLVV

&KORULWHV %D DOELWLWHV SK\OOLWHV TXDUW]LWH JQHLVV

&KORULWHV %E SUDVLQLWH SK\OOLWHV TXDUW]LWH JQHLVV

&KORULWHV %F DOELWLWHV SUDVLQLWH SK\OOLWHV TXDUW]LWH DUNRVH JQHLVV

5pFDSLWXODWLRQ

7HLQWHV GH GLVSHUVLRQ HW VLJQH RSWLTXH

&KDXGURQ -DXQH 5RVH FKDXGURQ 5RVH YLRODFp *ULVEOHX 3RVLWLI 3RVLWLI 1pJDWLI 1pJDWLI 1pJDWLI

5RFKHV YHUWHV

*QHLVV SK\OOLWHV

TXDUW]LWHV

(Q

UpVXPp OHV URFKHV

YHUWHV FRQWLHQQHQW VXUWRXW

OHV

FKORULWHV SRVLWLYHV FKDXGURQ HW MDXQH WDQGLV

TXH OHV JQHLVV

SK\OOLWHV HW TXDUW]LWHV

UHQIHUPHQW

HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW

OHV

FKORULWHV

QpJDWLYHV URVH

YLRODFp

URVH

FKDXGURQ HW JULVEOHX DLQVL TXXQH SDUWLH

GHV

FKORULWHV SRVLWLYHV FKDXGURQ

326,7,216

5(/$7,9(6

'(6 ',))e5(17(6 52&+(6

/HV VRQGDJHV

HW

OHV JDOHULHV FUHXVpV GDQV OD ]RQH

GX

EDUUDJH

RQW

SHUPLV

GH

PHWWUH

HQ pYLGHQFH OHV

SRVLWLRQV UHODWLYHV

GHV

GLIIpUHQWHV

URFKHV HW

QRWDPPHQW

OHV

FRQWDFWV HQWUH

OHV URFKHV YHUWHV

HW

OHV JQHLVV

SK\OOLWHV

DUNRVHV

HW TXDUW]LWHV

(17)

3URILOV

GHV VRQGDJHV

7L

'H P j P SUDVLQLWHV WUDYHUVpHVSDU GHVYHLQHV GH TXDUW] GHFPj FP GpSDLVVHXU SDUIRLV DYHF GH OD FDOFLWH HW GHV PRXFKHV GH S\ULWH

7 'H P jP SUDVLQLWHV SDUIRLVj JODXFRSKDQH DYHF YHLQHVYHUWLFDOHV GH TXDUW] HW LQILOWUDWLRQV GH FDOFLWH

7 'H P j P SUDVLQLWHV DYHF YHLQHV HW LQILOWUDWLRQV GH TXDUW] HW GH FDOFLWH $ P

OLW

GH TXDUW]LWH IHOGVSDWKLTXH XQ SHX DUNRVLTXH GH

FP GpSDLVVHXU

7 'H P j P SUDVLQLWHV DYHF YHLQXOHV GH FDOFLWH HW ILORQFRXFKH GH

TXDUW] 9HUV P

LQILOWUDWLRQ

GDOELWH

7 'H P jP SUDVLQLWHV DYHF

LQILOWUDWLRQV

GH FDOFLWH HW SDVVpHV IRUWH¤

PHQW FKORULWHXVHV

'H P j P SUDVLQLWHV DYHF YHLQHV GH FDOFLWH j ROLJLVWH

I 'H P j P SUDVLQLWHV j JODXFRSKDQH DYHF PRXFKHV GDQNpULWH GH

P j P DOELWLWHV UHQIHUPDQW XQ

OLW

GH FP GpSDLVVHXU GH

SK\OOLWH

VpULFLWLTXHpSLGRWLTXHHQYRLHGDOELWLVDWLRQ pFK 'H Pj P SUDVLQLWHV j JODXFRSKDQH

I

;;9,

'H P j P SUDVLQLWHV jJODXFRSKDQH SXLV SUDVLQLWHVQRUPDOHV DYHF YHLQHV GH FDOFLWH HW GH TXDUW]

3L

'H Pj P SUDVLQLWHV DYHFIRUWHV LQILOWUDWLRQV GH FDOFLWHGH P j P DOELWLWHV GH P j P SUDVLQLWHV DYHF QRPEUHXVHV LQILOWUDWLRQV GH TXDUW] HW GH FDOFLWH

'H P j P DOELWLWHV GH P j P SUDVLQLWHV GH P j P SUDVLQLWHV DYHF IRUWHV LQILOWUDWLRQV GH TXDUW]

'H P j P DOELWLWHV j JODXFRSKDQH DYHF IRUWHV LQILOWUDWLRQV YHUWLFDOHV GDOELWH HW GH TXDUW]

3 'H P j P SUDVLQLWHV DYHF PRXFKHV GH S\ULWH HW GDQNpULWH 'H PjP DOELWLWHV GH Pj P SUDVLQLWHVGH Pj P DOELWLWHV DYHF LQILOWUDWLRQV GH FDOFLWH GH P j P SUDVLQLWHV

3 'H PjP SUDVLQLWHVDYHFQRPEUHXVHV YHLQHVGHTXDUW] GH FDOFLWH GH FDOFLWH j ROLJLVWH HW GH S\ULWH

3 'H P j P SUDVLQLWHV WUqV FKORULWHXVHV GH P j P JQHLVV

FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXH GH P j P DOWHUQDQFHV GH SUDVLQLWHV HW GDOELWLWHV DYHF YHLQXOHV GH TXDUW] HW GH FDOFLWH

'H P j P SUDVLQLWHV DYHF YHLQHV GH FDOFLWH j ROLJLVWH HW GH TXDUW]GH Pj P

DOELWLWH

FDOFLWLVpHGH P jP TXDUW]LWH VpULFLWLTXH XQ SHX IHOGVSDWKLTXH pFK

'H P j P SUDVLQLWHV DYHF LQILOWUDWLRQV GH TXDUW] HW GH

FDOFLWH GH P j P DOELWLWHV PDVVLYHV GH P j P

SUDVLQLWHV DYHF ODUJHV LQILOWUDWLRQV GH TXDUW]

(Q

UpVXPp

%DQF

GH FP GpSDLVVHXU GH

TXDUW]LWH IHOGVSDWKLTXH XQ

SHX

DUNRVLTXH LQWHUFDOp

GDQV OHV

SUDVLQLWHV

(18)

%DQF

GH FP

GpSDLVVHXU

GH

TXDUW]LWH VpULFLWLTXH XQ

SHX

IHOGVSDWKLTXH LQWHUFDOp HQWUH

OHV

DOELWLWHV HW

OHV

SUDVLQLWHV

%DQF

GH FP GpSDLVVHXU GH JQHLVV

FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXH LQWHUFDOp GDQV

OHV

SUDVLQLWHV

3URILO

GH

OD

JDOHULH GH EDVH

'LVWDQFHV

FRPSWpHV j

SDUWLU

GH

OHQWUpH

GH

OD JDOHULH

GDQV

OD GLUHFWLRQ DPRQW

'H P j P3UDVLQLWHV FKORULWHXVHV SDUIRLV XQ SHX VpULHLWLTXHV DYHF HQGXLWV GH FDORLWH

P j P 3K\OOLWHV HKORULWRVpULHLWLTXHVj OHQWLOOHV GH TXDUW]

P j P %HOOHV DUNRVHV j SkWH TXDUW]LWRVpULFLWLTXH XQ SHX IHOG¤

VSDWKLTXH pFK

P j P $OELWLWHV FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV pFK

P j P *QHLVV FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV pFK HW JQHLVV TXDUW]LWR VpULFLWLTXHV pFK

P j P 3UDVLQLWHV FKORULWRVpULFLWLTXHV

(Q

UpVXPp

%DQF

GH P GpSDLVVHXU

GDUNRVH LQWHUFDOp HQWUH

OHV

SK\OOLWHV HW

OHV

DOELWLWHV

%DQF

GH

P GpSDLVVHXU

GH JQHLVV

LQWHUFDOp HQWUH

OHV

DOELWLWHV HW

OHV

SUDVLQLWHV

*DOHULHV

3

H[SORUDWLRQ GHV ]RQHV SK\OOLWHXVHV

6XU

OD ULYH GURLWH

GH

OD 'L[HQFH

XQH JDOHULH

HW GHX[ WUDYHUVEDQFV RQW

pWp IRUpV

DILQ

GH

UHFRQQDvWUH

HQ

SURIRQGHXU

OD

QDWXUH

GHV

IRUPDWLRQV

VFKLVWHXVHV REVHUYpHV HQ VXUIDFH

/D ILJXUH

FLGHVVRXV GRQQH HQ

SODQ OD FRQILJXUDWLRQ SpWURJUDSKLTXH

GH FHV

IRUPDWLRQV

2Q

YRLW QRWDPPHQW

TXH OHV

SK\OOLWHV UHQIHUPHQW

GHV

LQWHUFDODWLRQV VWUDWLIRUPHV GDOELWLWH

DLQVL TXH

GpSDLV

EDQFV GDUNRVHV /HV JQHLVV

IRUPHQW

GH PLQFHV FRXFKHV

SOXV

RX

PRLQV OHQWLFXODLUHV

GDQV OHV

DOELWLWHV

GDQV OHV

SK\OOLWHV

HW

HQWUH

OHV

SK\OOLWHV HW

OHV

DOELWLWHV

7UDQFKpH GX VLOR j EDOODVW

WULp

6XU OD ULYH

JDXFKH GH

OD 'L[HQFH

RQ D FUHXVp XQH

ODUJH WUDQFKpH SRXU

ODPpQDJHPHQW GX

VLOR j

EDOODVW WULp /D ILJXUH

FLGHVVRXV GRQQH HQ

SODQ OD FRQILJXUDWLRQ SpWURJUDSKLTXH

GH FHWWH

WUDQFKpH

/HV JQHLVV

DSSDUDLVVHQW LFL HQWUH

OHV

SK\OOLWHV HW

OHV

DOELWLWLWHV

GDQV OHV

DOELWHV HW

HQWUH

OHV DUNRVHV

HW

OHV

DOELWLWHV

/HV DUNRVHV

IRUPHQW XQ

EDQF GH

P

GpSDLVVHXU

HQWUH

OHV

SK\OOLWHV HW

OHV JQHLVV 2Q REVHUYH DXVVL XQH

PLQFH

LQWHUFDODWLRQ

GH

TXDUW]LWH

GDQV OHV

SK\OOLWHV

(19)
(20)

66(

)LJ 3ODQ GH OD WUDQFKpH GX VLOR jEDOODVW WULp

*QHLVV

3K\OOLWH

4XRUW]LWH QŠ

A

3K\OOLWH

11:

*QHLVV

$OELWLWH

*QHLVV

$OELWLWH

*QHLVV

3K\OOLWH

$UNRVH

*QHLVV

$OELWLWH

(Q SUHQDQW

HQ

FRQVLGpUDWLRQ

OHQVHPEOH GH

OD UpJLRQ

pWXGLpH

QRXV SRXYRQV UpVXPHU

GH

OD IDoRQ VXLYDQWH

OHV

SRVLWLRQV UHODWLYHV

GHV

GLIIpUHQWHV URFKHV

*QHLVV ,QWHUFDODWLRQVGDQV OHVSUDVLQLWHV pFK pFK pFK /DPHEODQFKH GH j P GpSDLVVHXU pFK

(QWUH DOELWLWHV HW SUDVLQLWHV EDQF GH P pFK EDQF GH P pFK HW pFK

,QWHUFDODWLRQV GDQV OHV DOELWLWHV P GpSDLVVHXU pFK TXHOTXHV FHQWLPqWUHV pFK P GpSDLVVHXU pFK

(QWUH DOELWLWHVHWSK\OOLWHVP GpSDLVVHXUpFKP GpSDLVVHXU pFK P GpSDLVVHXU pFK FP GpSDLVVHXU pFK P GpSDLVVHXU pFK

0LQFHV LQWHUFDODWLRQV OHQWLFXODLUHVGDQV OHV SK\OOLWHV pFK

4XDUW]LWHV ,QWHUFDODWLRQV GDQV OHV SUDVLQLWHV FP GpSDLVVHXU pFK PLQFH OHQWLOOHpFK PGpSDLVVHXUpFK PGpSDLVVHXU pFK PGpSDLVVHXU pFK PGpSDLVVHXU pFK PGpSDLVVHXU

pFK

(21)

(QWUH RYDUGLWHV HW SUDVLQLWHV P GpSDLVVHXU pHK HW pFK ,QWHUFDODWLRQV GDQVOHV DOELWLWHV P GpSDLVVHXU pFK

(QWUH DOELWLWHV HW SUDVLQLWHV FP GpSDLVHXU pFK

,QWHUFDODWLRQV GDQV OHV SK\OOLWHV P GpSDLVVHXU pFK

$UNRVHV ,QWHUFDODWLRQV GDQV OHV SUDVLQLWHV pFK

(QWUH SUDVLQLWHV HW DOELWLWHV P GpSDLVVHXU pFK ,QWHUFDODWLRQV GDQV OHV DOELWLWHV pFK

,QWHUFDODWLRQVGDQVOHVSK\OOLWHV PGpSDLVVHXUpFK HWpFK P GpSDLVVHXU pFK HWpFK

(QWUH SK\OOLWHV HW JQHLVV P GpSDLVVHXU pFK

(QWUH DOELWLWHV HW SK\OOLWHV P GpSDLVVHXU pFK HW pFK

$OELWLWHV ,QWHUFDODWLRQVGDQVOHVSK\OOLWHVpFK E pFK pFK HWpFK

1RXV

DYRQV REVHUYp HQ SOXVLHXUV

SRLQWV

OH SDVVDJH

SURJUHVVLI

GHV DUNRVHV

DX[ TXDUW]LWHV SDU GLPLQXWLRQ SXLV GLVSDULWLRQ

GHV JURV pOpPHQWV

IHOGVSDWKLTXHV $LQVL

GDQV OHV ]RQHV

SK\OOLWHXVHV

OHV DUNRVHV

TXDUW]LWR VpULFLWLTXHV

j

IHOGVSDWK

SRWDVVLTXH

DOELWLVp

GHV

pFKDQWLOORQV HW

SDVVHQW

ODWpUDOHPHQW DX[ TXDUW]LWHV VpULFLWLTXHV

GH

OpFKDQWLOORQ

6XU OD ULYH

JDXFKHOHV DUNRVHV

TXDUW]LWRVpULFLWLTXHV

GH

OpFKDQWLOORQ

SDVVHQW DXVVL

DX[ TXDUW]LWHV VpULFLWLTXHV

GH

OpFKDQWLOORQ (QILQ

VXU

OD URXWH

GH

%ODYD

OHV DUNRVHV

TXDUW]LWRVpULFLWLTXHV

GH

OpFKDQWLOORQ

SDVVHQW

SURJUHVVLYHPHQW DX[ TXDUW]LWHV VpULFLWLTXHV

HQ

YRLH GDOELWLVDWLRQ

GH

OpFKDQWLOORQ

2Q

UHPDUTXH

TXH OHV JQHLVV OHV DUNRVHV

HW

OHV

TXDUW]LWHV

VH

SUpVHQWHQW WRXV WURLV

VRXV IRUPH

GLQWHUFDODWLRQV SOXV

RX

PRLQV

pSDLVVHV GDQV OHV URFKHV

YHUWHV HW

OHV

SK\OOLWHV

GDQV OHVTXHOOHV HOOHV

DSSDUDLVVHQW

HQ

FRQFRUGDQFH

VWUDWLJUDSKLTXH

$/%,7,6$7,21

'(6 52&+(6 9(57(6

/D SOXSDUW

GHV URFKHV YHUWHV

SUpVHQWHQW LFL OD PDUTXH pYLGHQWH GXQH DOELWLVDWLRQ PpWDVRPDWLTXH ODOELWH FRQVWLWXDQW VRXYHQW

GHV

SRUSK\UR

EODVWHV

TXL HPSLqWHQW

VXU OHV

PLQpUDX[ YRLVLQV HW TXL FRQWLHQQHQW

GH QRPEUHXVHV

LQFOXVLRQV

PLQpUDOHV

6RXYHQW

PrPH OH GHVVLQ GH

OD WUDPH

GH

OD

URFKH DFFXVp

SDU ODOLJQHPHQW

GHV

JUDQXOHV GR[\GHV

GH

IHU HW

GH VSKqQH RX

SDU

FHOXL GHV

DLJXLOOHV GDPSKLEROH

VH

SRXUVXLW

VDQV

GpYLDWLRQ

j

WUDYHUV

OHV

SRUSK\UREODVWHV GDOELWH 'DQV

OHV

DOELWLWHV

OHV

SUDVLQLWHV

HW

OHV

RYDUGLWHV ODOELWH

UHQIHUPH GHV

LQFOXVLRQV GR[\GHV

GH IHU GH VSKqQH GH

FKORULWH

GH VpULFLWH

GpSLGRWH

GH

KRUQEOHQGH HW

GH JODXFR

SKDQH 'DQV

OHV JQHLVV OHV JURV

FULVWDX[ GDOELWH VRQW

FULEOpV GH

SHWLWHV

Références

Documents relatifs

Dans deux études prospectives comparatives randomisées a été rapporté un taux d’IUE de novo moins élevé dans la voie abdominale que dans la voie vaginale non prothétique

[r]

&amp;RORSODVW :HOOVSHFW $VWHOODV $OOHUJDQ ,QWHUYHQWLRQV SRQFWXHOOHV UDSSRUWV G·H[SHUWLVH &amp;RORSODVW :HOOVSHFW ,QWHUYHQWLRQV SRQFWXHOOHV DFWLYLWpV GH FRQVHLO

Ils se caractérisent tous par leur grande robustesse, leur simplicité d'utilisation et leur maintenance facile, ainsi que par leur manœuvrabilité, étant très utiles dans

100 à la ration de sevrage du porcelet entre 5 et 9 semaines d’âge permet des performances de croissance compara- bles à celles obtenues avec la farine de manioc (racines

Temperature-dependent development and survival of immature stages of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).. GH Whitfield KW

3 Dans chaque cas, complète les phrases par les mots côté ou diagonale puis construis le quadrilatère demandé à partir du segment déjà tracé

La modification de la liste des méthodes d'analyses pour l'adoption de méthodes équivalentes, tout comme la modification du type de spécimen ou de la nature des analyses