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Une stratégie de calcul multiéchelle avec homogénéisation en temps et en espace pour le calcul de structures fortement hétérogènes

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div y σ (−1) = 0 et σ (−1) = K(y) e ε (−1) = K(y) e ε y (u (0) )

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σ (−1) = ε (−1) = ε y (u (0) ) = 0

q Ém VG_eƒEma

u (0) = u (0) (x)

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µKTpƒE„ec]…ZfL\†ˆBcŒ‹ƒETp_eTW\

(0)

div y σ (0) = 0 et σ (0) = K(y) e ε (0) = K(y)( e ε x (u (0) ) + ε y (u (1) ))

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Θ

q«¥Km aZƒEme^p[]_eXZTUV6mFS

x

\ZS

ε x (u (0) )

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Θ

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u 1 ∈ U Y per =

H per 1 (Θ) d

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^pdeT

∂Θ

SU\Zc2¢,de\

Z

Θ

ε y (v ) : K e ε y (u (1) ) dy = − Z

Θ

ε y (v) : K e ε x (u (0) ) dy , ∀v ∈ U Y per

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H(y)

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Θ

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∂Θ

eSW\0c2¢,de\bc]VŠ^pƒEc]d>SU[]ƒ6m¨“EX0TW[OÅ9\

ε y (u (1) ) = H ε x (u (0) )

= ⇒ ε (0) = ε x (u (0) ) + H ε x (u (0) )

= ⇒ σ (0) = ( K e + KH e ) ε x (u (0) )

µKTpƒE„ec]…ZfL\†ˆBcŒ‹ƒETp_eTW\

(1)

div x σ (0) + div y σ (1) + f d = 0 et σ (1) = K(y)( e ε x (u (1) ) + ε y (u (2) ))

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x σ (0)

\²S

ε x (u (1) )

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u 2 ∈ U Y per

SW\0c2¢,de\

∀v ∈ U Y per Z

Θ

ε y (v) : K e ε y (u (2) ) dy = − Z

Θ

ε y (v) : K e ε x (u (1) ) dy + Z

Θ

v · (f

d + div x σ (0) ) dy

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¢,de[2^0‹X0aZTW[OS

Z

Θ

(f d + div x σ (0) ) = 0

¥KmymeƒSkV6mFS

h.i Θ = R

Θ . dy

cw‹–ƒ6o|X0TUVSU\0dT`f$ƒ-¶E\Zmeme\b^WdT

Θ

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div x

σ (0)

Θ

+ D f d

E

Θ = 0 σ (0)

Θ = D

K e + KH e E

Θ

ε (0)

Θ

V(“E\Za

ε (0)

Θ = ε x (u (0) )

(16)

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σ M = σ (0)

Θ

deme\l_XZ‡ƒETpf´VSU[]ƒ6msf´V6aZTWƒ

ε M = ε (0)

Θ

V6[ime^W["¢,dg‹demB_X0oec]V6a0\ZfL\Zm,S§fLV6a0Tpƒ

u M = u (0)

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K M = D K e + KH e E

Θ

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f´Va0Tpƒ

u M

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SU[iƒEm

( K e + KH e )

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(17)

∂ Θ

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σ (x) = σ M + σ m (x)

V(“E\Za

σ M = h σ i Θ u(x) = u M (x) + u m (x) = ε M x + u m ε (x) = ε M + ε (u m (x))

V(“E\Za

ε M = h ε i Θ

ƒ

x

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Θ

q

σ M

\ZS

ε M

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σ M = h σ i Θ

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