Reorganization of interaction networks modulates the persistence of species in late successional stages

Reorganization of interaction networks modulates the

persistence of species in late successional stages

Serguei Saavedra

1

Պ|Պ"blom;;m1b

1

Պ|Պh7;ѴŊ(-Ѵ

2

Պ|Պ-ubm-o;];

3

Պ|Պ!†7oѴ=ĺ!o_u

4

1 _{;r-u|l;m|o=bˆbѴ-m7mˆbuoml;m|-Ѵ} m]bm;;ubm]ķ$ķ-l0ub7];ķķ&" 2_{mv|b|†|o7;mˆ;v|b]-1bom;v;m1ovbv|;l-v} ‹"†v|;m|-0bѴb7-7ķ&mbˆ;uvb7-7-1bom-Ѵ †|ॕmol-7;࣐Šb1oķou;Ѵb-ķb1_o-1࢙mķ ࣐Šb1o 3_{mv|b|†|o7;1oѴo]झ-ķ&mbˆ;uvb7-7-1bom-Ѵ} †|ॕmol-7;࣐Šb1oķb†7-77;࣐Šb1oķ ࣐Šb1o 4 _{;r-u|l;m|o=boѴo]‹Ŋ1oѴo]‹-m7} ˆoѴ†|bomķ&mbˆ;uvb|‹o= ub0o†u]ķ ub0o†u]ķ "‰b|Œ;uѴ-m7 ouu;vrom7;m1; ";u]†;b"--ˆ;7u- l-bѴĹv;uv--Šlb|ĺ;7†

Abstract

Ɛĺ 1oѴo]b1-Ѵbm|;u-1|bomm;|‰ouhv1omv|-m|Ѵ‹u;ou]-mbŒ;-vbm|;uvr;1b=b1bm|;u-1|bomv 1_-m]; -1uovv v†11;vvbom-Ѵ v|-];v -m7 ;mˆbuoml;m|-Ѵ ]u-7b;m|vĺ $_bv u;ou]-mbŒ-Ŋ |bom1-m-Ѵvo0;-vvo1b-|;7‰b|_|_;;Š|;m||o‰_b1_vr;1b;v1_-m];|_;buru;=;uŊ ;m1;=ou|‹r;vo=mb1_;v-ˆ-bѴ-0Ѵ;bm|_;buѴo1-Ѵvb|;vĺ ;vrb|;|_;r;uˆ-vbˆ;m;vvo= |_;v;bm|;u-1|bom1_-m];vķru;ˆbo†vv|†7b;v_-ˆ;u;ˆ;-Ѵ;7|_-|m;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-Ŋ |bomv_-ˆ;-lbmbl-Ѵoubmvb]mb=b1-m|;==;1|om]Ѵo0-Ѵ7;v1ubr|ouvo=m;|‰ouh-u1_bŊ |;1|†u;ķv†1_-v1omm;1|-m1;ķlo7†Ѵ-ub|‹-m7m;v|;7m;vvĺo‰;ˆ;uķѴb||Ѵ;bvhmo‰m -0o†|‰_;|_;u|_;v;u;ou]-mbŒ-|bomvl-‹_-ˆ;-m;==;1|om1oll†mb|‹7‹m-lb1v -m71olrovb|bomĺ Ƒĺ $o-mv‰;u|_;t†;v|bom-0oˆ;ķ‰;v|†7‹|_;l†Ѵ|bŊ‹;-u7‹m-lb1v-m7u;ou]-mbŒ-Ŋ |bomo=rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou;bm|;u-1|bomm;|‰ouhv-1uovvv;1om7-u‹v†11;vvbom-Ѵv|-];v o=-|uorb1-Ѵ7u‹=ou;v|ĺ);7;ˆ;Ѵorm;‰t†-m|b|-|bˆ;|ooѴv0-v;7om-v|u†1|†u-Ѵ v|-0bѴb|‹-rruo-1_|o;v|bl-|;|_;ro|;m|b-Ѵblr-1|o=m;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bomom vr;1b;vr;uvbv|;m1;ĺ$_;mķ‰;bmˆ;v|b]-|;‰_;|_;u|_bvblr-1|1-m;ŠrѴ-bm|_;Ѵbh;ѴbŊ _oo7o=r;uvbv|;m1;o=_;u0bˆou;vr;1b;vbm|_;o0v;uˆ;71oll†mb|b;vĺ ƒĺ );=bm7|_-|u;vb7;m|Ő;-uѴ‹Ŋ-uubˆbm]ő_;u0bˆou;vr;1b;vbm1u;-v;|_;buѴbh;Ѵb_oo7o= r;uvbv|;m1;-1uovv|bl;-m7v†11;vvbom-Ѵv|-];vĺlrou|-m|Ѵ‹ķ‰;7;lomv|u-|;|_-|ķ bmѴ-|;v†11;vvbom-Ѵv|-];vķ|_;u;ou]-mbŒ-|bomo=bm|;u-1|bomv-lom]u;vb7;m|vr;Ŋ 1b;v _-v - v|uom] bm_b0b|ou‹ ;==;1| om |_; Ѵbh;Ѵb_oo7 o= r;uvbv|;m1; o= 1oѴombŒbm] ŐѴ-|;Ŋ-uubˆbm]ő_;u0bˆou;vĺ

Ɠĺ $_;v;=bm7bm]vv†rrou|;-uѴb;uru;7b1|bomvv†]];v|bm]|_-|ķbml-|†u;1oll†mb|b;vķ 1_-m];v o= vr;1b;v bm|;u-1|bomv 1-m -1| -v 1oll†mb|‹Ŋ1om|uoѴ l;1_-mbvlv Ő-Ѵvo hmo‰m-vruboub|‹;==;1|vőĺ †u|_;ulou;ķo†uu;v†Ѵ|vbѴѴ†v|u-|;|_-||_;7‹m-lb1v-m7 1olrovb|bomo=;1oѴo]b1-Ѵ1oll†mb|b;v1-mmo|0;=†ѴѴ‹†m7;uv|oo7‰b|_o†|-||;mŊ |bom|o|_;buu;ou]-mbŒ-|bomruo1;vv;vķ7;vrb|;|_;bmˆ-ub-0bѴb|‹o=]Ѵo0-Ѵm;|‰ouh ruor;u|b;vĺ   + )  ! " 1oll†mb|‹1om|uoѴķm;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bomķrѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou;bm|;u-1|bomvķvr;1b;v1o;Šbv|;m1;ķ v|u†1|†u-Ѵv|-0bѴb|‹ķv†11;vvbom7‹m-lb1v

http://doc.rero.ch

Published in "Journal of Animal Ecology 86(5): 1136–1146, 2017"

which should be cited to refer to this work.

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1oѴo]b1-Ѵ 1oll†mb|b;v 1om|bm†o†vѴ‹ u;ou]-mbŒ; bm u;vromv; |o |_; l†Ѵ|brѴ; 7bv|†u0-m1;v 1olbm] bm -0†m7-m1; =uol |_; ;mˆbuoml;m| Ő-u- omm-;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕĸ;ˆbmvķƐƖѵѶĸ†;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵĸ!-lovŊbѴb0;u|oķ (-Ѵ7oˆbmovķ obvv;| 7; vr-mvķ ş Ѵou;vķ ƑƏƐƑĸ "--ˆ;7u-ķ !o_uķ ou|†m-ķ ";Ѵˆ-ķ ş -v1olr|;ķ ƑƏƐѵĸ $upf;Ѵv]--u7 ş Ѵ;v;mķ ƑƏƐѵőĺ $_bvu;ou]-mbŒ-|bom1-m0;-vvo1b-|;7‰b|_|_;;Š|;m||o‰_b1_vr;Ŋ 1b;v1_-m];|_;buru;=;u;m1;=ou|‹r;vo=mb1_;v-ˆ-bѴ-0Ѵ;bm|_;buѴo1-Ѵ vb|;vŐ_-v;ķƑƏƏƒĸ$bѴl-mķƑƏƏƓőĺ$_-|bvķ-v;mˆbuoml;m|-Ѵ1om7b|bomv 1_-m];ou-vvr;1b;v-Ѵ|;u|_;bu;mˆbuoml;m|ķ7b==;u;m|bm|;uvr;1b=b1bmŊ |;u-1|bomv1-m;l;u];-vvr;1b;v7;rѴ;|;-m71omv†l;m;‰u;vo†u1;v Ő †h-lbķƑƏƐƔőĺm|;u;v|bm]Ѵ‹ķ|_;l-foub|‹o=v|†7b;v_-ˆ;1om1Ѵ†7;7 |_-| |_; u;ou]-mbŒ-|bom o= vr;1b;v bm|;u-1|bomv -1uovv v†11;vvbom-Ѵ v|-];v-m7;mˆbuoml;m|-Ѵ]u-7b;m|v_-v-lbmbl-Ѵoubmvb]mb=b1-m|;=Ŋ =;1| om |_; ]Ѵo0-Ѵ 7;v1ubr|ouv o= |_; -u1_b|;1|†u; o= bm|;u-1|bom m;|Ŋ ‰ouhvķv†1_-v1omm;1|-m1;ķlo7†Ѵ-ub|‹-m7m;v|;7m;vvŐ-uv|;mv;mķ "-0-|bmoķ -|ub1b-ķ ş ou;ѴѴ-|oķ ƑƏƐѵĸ ouubvķ ubr;m0;u]ķ ;‰bvķ ş !ovѴbmķƑƏƐƒĸ;|-mb7o†ķ-ѴѴbl-mbvķ$Œ-moro†Ѵovķ"]-u7;Ѵbvķş-m|bvķ ƑƏƏѶĸ $upf;Ѵv]--u7 ş Ѵ;v;mķ ƑƏƐѵĸ (bѴѴ-Ŋ-Ѵ-ˆbŒķ o;];ķ ş 7;Ѵ (-Ѵķ ƑƏƐƑőĺ$_;u;=ou;ķom;l-‹u-v_Ѵ‹1om1Ѵ†7;|_-|m;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-Ŋ |bom_-vmo;==;1|om|_;7‹m-lb1v-m7=†|†u;1olrovb|bomo=;1oѴo]Ŋ ical communities.

o‰;ˆ;uķ ;-uѴb;u v|†7b;v _-ˆ; v†]];v|;7 |_-| -1|bˆ; 1_-m];v o= vr;1b;v bm|;u-1|bomv 1-m -1| -v 1oll†mb|‹Ŋ1om|uoѴ l;1_-mbvlvķ ;vŊ r;1b-ѴѴ‹ bm ‰;ѴѴŊv|u†1|†u;7 1oll†mb|b;v o= Ѵ-|; v†11;vvbom-Ѵ v|-];v Ő-u]-Ѵ;=ķƐƖѵѶĸ7†lķƐƖѵƖőĺ$_;v;1oll†mb|‹Ŋ1om|uoѴl;1_-mbvlv -u;-Ѵvohmo‰m-vruboub|‹;==;1|vŐ_-v;ķƑƏƏƒĸ †h-lbķƑƏƐƔĸ(b-m-ķ b7ķ b]†;uoѴ-ķ ş "-m|-l-uझ-ķ ƑƏƐѵőķ ‰_;u; u;vb7;m| Ő;-uѴ‹Ŋ-uubˆbm]ő vr;1b;v1-mѴblb|-m7lo7b=‹|_;u;vo†u1;v-ˆ-bѴ-0Ѵ;bm|_;buѴo1-Ѵvb|;vķ ];m;u-|bm] =-1bѴb|-|bˆ; ou bm_b0b|ou‹ ;==;1|v om m;‰ 1oѴombŒbm] ŐѴ-|;Ŋ -uubˆbm]ő vr;1b;vĺ ;vrb|; |_; ;1oѴo]b1-Ѵ u;Ѵ;ˆ-m1; o= |_; ro|;m|b-Ѵ -vvo1b-|bom0;|‰;;mm;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bom-m71oll†mb|‹Ŋ1om|uoѴ l;1_-mbvlvķ|_bv-vvo1b-|bom_-vmo|0;;mˆ-Ѵb7-|;7=ou-Ѵlov|_-Ѵ=- 1;m|†u‹7†;|o|_;Ѵ-1ho=7-|-oul-|_;l-|b1-Ѵ|ooѴvĺ+;|ķˆ-Ѵb7-|bm] |_;v;ru;7b1|bomv1-mblruoˆ;o†u†m7;uv|-m7bm]-0o†||_;;1oѴo]b1-Ѵ l;1_-mbvlv]oˆ;umbm]1oll†mb|‹Ŋ-vv;l0Ѵ‹ruo1;vv;vŐ u-h;ķƐƖƖƏĸ †h-lbķƑƏƐƔőĺ $ov_;7m;‰Ѵb]_|om|o|_;v;ru;7b1|bomvķ‰;|;v||_;_‹ro|_;vbv|_-| |_;u;ou]-mbŒ-|bomo=rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou;bm|;u-1|bomm;|‰ouhvlo7†Ѵ-|;v |_;Ѵbh;Ѵb_oo7o=r;uvbv|;m1;o=_;u0bˆou;vr;1b;vbmѴ-|;v†11;vvbom-Ѵ v|-];vķ7;vrb|;|_;bmˆ-ub-0bѴb|‹o=]Ѵo0-Ѵm;|‰ouhruor;u|b;vĺ);=o1†v omrѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou;bm|;u-1|bomm;|‰ouhv0;1-†v;|_;u;ou]-mbŒ-|bomo= |_;v;bm|;u-1|bomv_-v0;;m‰;ѴѴ7o1†l;m|;7Őu‹-m|ş_-rbmķƐƖѶѵĸ u‹-m|;|-ѴĺķƐƖƖƐĸ ;mmo;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏƏĸ(bѴѴ-Ŋ-Ѵ-ˆbŒ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƑőĺ)_bѴ; b|_-v0;;mv_o‰m|_-||_;r;uvbv|;m1;o=_;u0bˆou;vr;1b;v7;r;m7vom l-m‹=-1|ouvķv†1_-vu;vo†u1;-ˆ-bѴ-0bѴb|‹ķ|_;ru;v;m1;o=_ov|vr;1b;vķ m-|†u-Ѵ;m;lb;v-m7;mˆbuoml;m|-Ѵˆ-ub-|bomvķ-lom]o|_;uvĸb|bvv|bѴѴ †m1Ѵ;-u|_;;Š|;m||o‰_b1_|_;u;ou]-mbŒ-|bomo=rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou;bmŊ |;u-1|bomm;|‰ouhv1-m-Ѵvoruoˆb7;bm=oul-|bom-0o†||_;Ѵbh;Ѵb_oo7o= _;u0bˆou;r;uvbv|;m1;-1uovvv†11;vvbom-Ѵv|-];vŐubr;m0;u]ķouub;mķ †7lou;ķ "-Ѵlbm;mķ ş !ovѴbmķ ƑƏƏƕĸ $-1hķ ˆ-vh-bm;mķ -uubvomķ ş !ovѴbmķƑƏƏƖĸ(bѴѴ-Ŋ-Ѵ-ˆbŒ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƑőĺ

lrou|-m|Ѵ‹ķ -v rѴ-m|v 1om|bm†o†vѴ‹ bm7†1; 7;=;m1;v -]-bmv| _;uŊ 0bˆou;-||-1hvŐ|_uo†]_|_;ruo7†1|bomo=v;1om7-u‹l;|-0oѴb|;v-m7 r_‹vb1-Ѵ7;=;m1;vőķ|_;‹1-m-Ѵ|;u|_;0uo‰vbm]r-||;umv-m7bm|;u-1Ŋ |bomm;|‰ouhv‰b|_bml-ll-Ѵ-m7bmv;1|1oll†mb|b;vŐu‹-m|;|-Ѵĺķ ƐƖƖƐĸu0ķ!o0;u|ķb00-u7ķş$†uѴbm]vķƑƏƐƐĸo;Ѵl-mķuo;h]--u7;mķ oomķş b1h;ķƑƏƏѶĸ(bѴѴ-Ŋ-Ѵ-ˆbŒ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƑĸ(bv‰-m-|_-mķb=1_|vķ ş$_-Ѵ;uķƑƏƏƕőĺ oubmv|-m1;ķm;‰-m|-]ombv|b1bm|;u-1|bomv1-m-ubv; -lom] _;u0bˆou; vr;1b;v |_uo†]_ |_; lo7b=b1-|bom o= rѴ-m| t†-Ѵb|‹ -=|;ubmb|b-Ѵ_;u0bˆou;7-l-];Őm7;uvomķmo†‹;ķş&m7;u‰oo7ķƑƏƏƖĸ ;mmo;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏƏőĺ"blbѴ-uѴ‹ķm;‰v‹m;u]bv|b1bm|;u-1|bomv1-mo11†u -1uovv v†11;vvbom-Ѵ v|-];vķ -v bv |_; 1-v; o= ;1ov‹v|;l ;m]bm;;ubm] vr;1b;vķ ‰_b1_ v|u†1|†u-ѴѴ‹ lo7b=‹ |_; ;mˆbuoml;m| ou _ov| rѴ-m|v -m7l-‹=-1bѴb|-|;|_;;v|-0Ѵbv_l;m|o=m;‰_;u0bˆou;vr;1b;vŐbѴѴş -ut†bvķƑƏƏƒőĺ$_†vķ|_;u;ou]-mbŒ-|bomo=rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou;bm|;u-1Ŋ |bomm;|‰ouhvl-‹ruoˆb7;ˆ-Ѵ†-0Ѵ;bm=oul-|bom-0o†||_;ro|;m|b-ѴѴ‹ 1_-m]bm] rѴ-m|Ŋl;7b-|;7 ;==;1|v -1|bm] om |_; r;uvbv|;m1; o= _;u0bŊ ˆou;vr;1b;vŐѴbş]u-‰-ѴķƑƏƐƓĸ!;7l-mş"1ub0;uķƑƏƏƏőĺ

m |_bv r-r;uķ ‰; 7;v1ub0; -m7 -m-Ѵ‹v; |_; l†Ѵ|bŊ‹;-u 7‹m-lb1v -m7 u;ou]-mbŒ-|bom o= rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou; bm|;u-1|bom m;|‰ouhv -1uovv v;1om7-u‹ v†11;vvbom-Ѵ v|-];v o= - |uorb1-Ѵ 7u‹ =ou;v|ĺ m r-u|b1†Ѵ-uķ ‰; =o1†v om _;u0bˆou; 1oll†mb|b;v 1_-u-1|;ubŒ;7 0‹ rѴ-m|Ŋl;7bŊ -|;7Őbm7bu;1|őm;]-|bˆ;;==;1|vĺv-ruoŠ‹=ou|_;v;m;]-|bˆ;;==;1|vķ ‰; †v; |_; m†l0;u o= rѴ-m|v v_-u;7 0;|‰;;m _;u0bˆou;v =oѴѴo‰bm] - mb1_;Ŋoˆ;uѴ-r =u-l;‰ouh Ő-1u|_†u ş ;ˆbmvķ ƐƖѵƕĸ !o_u ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐѵĸ"--ˆ;7u-ķ!o_uķbѴ-uu-mŒķş-v1olr|;ķƑƏƐƓőĺ$o;v|bl-|;|_; ro|;m|b-Ѵblr-1|o=m;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bomom|_;r;uvbv|;m1;o=_;uŊ 0bˆou;vr;1b;vķ‰;7;ˆ;Ѵorm;‰t†-m|b|-|bˆ;|ooѴv=oѴѴo‰bm]-v|u†1Ŋ |†u-Ѵv|-0bѴb|‹-rruo-1_-rrѴb;7om-ror†Ѵ-|bom7‹m-lb1vlo7;ѴŐ!o_uķ "--ˆ;7u-ķş-v1olr|;ķƑƏƐƓĸ"--ˆ;7u-ķ!o_u;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőĺ$_;mķ‰; r;u=oul - v|-|bv|b1-Ѵ -m-Ѵ‹vbv |o bmˆ;v|b]-|; |_; -vvo1b-|bom 0;|‰;;m |_;o0v;uˆ;7_;u0bˆou;r;uvbv|;m1;-m7|_;;v|bl-|;7blr-1|o=m;|Ŋ ‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bom-1uovvv†11;vvbom-Ѵv|-];vĺ

ƑՊ|Պ$!" $ "

ƑĺƐՊ|Պlrbub1-Ѵ7-|-);v|†7b;7om-‹;-uѴ‹0-vbvoˆ;uƓ‹;-uvŐ7†ubm]|_;u-bm‹v;-vomo= ;-1_‹;-ubm|_;r;ubo7ƑƏƏƕŋƑƏƐƏő|_;7‹m-lb1v-m7u;ou]-mbŒ-|bom o= mbm; rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou; bm|;u-1|bom m;|‰ouhvĺ m |o|-Ѵķ ‰; o0v;uˆ;7 ƐƓƏ |u;; ŐrѴ-m|ő vr;1b;v -m7 ƓƕƐ ;rb7or|;u-m Ő_;u0bˆou;ő vr;1b;vĺ $_;v;m;|‰ouhv‰;u;Ѵo1-|;7bm-;Šb1-m|uorb1-Ѵ7u‹=ou;v|†m7;u 7b==;u;m|v|-];vo=v;1om7-u‹v†11;vvbomŐƐƖ∘ƑƑனŋƐƖ∘ƒƖனķƐƏƓ∘Ɣѵன– ƐƏƔ∘ƐƏன)őĺ$uorb1-Ѵ7u‹=ou;v|vu;ru;v;m|om;o=|_;lov||_u;-|;m;7 ;1ov‹v|;lvbm|_;‰ouѴ77†;|o-m|_uoro];mb1Ѵ-m7Ŋ†v;1_-m];Ő$u;fo ş buŒoķƑƏƏƏőķ‰_;u;|_;u;ou]-mbŒ-|bomo=vr;1b;vbm|;u-1|bomvbv- _b]_Ѵ‹ -1|bˆ; ruo1;vv Ő(bѴѴ-Ŋ-Ѵ-ˆbŒ ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƑőĺ ";1om7-u‹ v†11;vŊ vbom bm |_;v; =ou;v|v |‹rb1-ѴѴ‹ 1ouu;vrom7v |o |_; u;1oˆ;u‹ ruo1;vv -=|;u 0;bm] |u-mv=oul;7 -m7 -0-m7om;7 0‹ _†l-m -1|bˆb|b;v Ől-bmѴ‹ -]ub1†Ѵ|†u;-m7Ѵbˆ;v|o1hruo7†1|bomĸ7†lķƐƖѵƖĸ(bѴѴ-Ŋ-Ѵ-ˆbŒ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƑőĺ$_u;;o=|_;v;m;|‰ouhv‰;u;-|-m;-uѴ‹v†11;vvbom-Ѵv|-]; ŐѵŋѶ‹;-uvo=-0-m7oml;m|=uol1-||Ѵ;u-m1_bm]-1|bˆb|b;vőķ|_u;;-|- lb77Ѵ;v|-];ŐƐƓŋƐѵ‹;-uvo=-0-m7oml;m|őķ-m7|_;Ѵ-v||_u;;‰;u;

-| - Ѵ-|; v|-]; o= v†11;vvbom Őlou; |_-m ƑƏ‹;-uv o= -0-m7oml;m|ĸ ˆbѴ-Ŋ-0-7bѴѴ-ķ"|om;uķ;mu‹ķşѴˆ-u;ŒŊोouˆ;ķƑƏƏƖĸ(bѴѴ-Ŋ-Ѵ-ˆbŒ ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƑőĺ

-1_ o= o†u mbm; rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou; bm|;u-1|bom m;|‰ouhv ‰;u; ѴoŊ 1-|;7bmƑƏƵƔƏlrѴo|vķ‰b|_=o†u|u-mv;1|vo=ƑƵƑƏl;v|-0Ѵbv_;7 ;ˆ;u‹ ƐƏl ‰b|_bm ;-1_ rѴo|ĺ Ѵo|v ‰;u; v;r-u-|;7 =uol ;-1_ o|_;u 0‹-|Ѵ;-v|ƒhlĺm;-1_|u-mv;1|ķ‰;l-uh;7-ѴѴ‰oo7‹rѴ-m|vƾƐ1l bm 7b-l;|;u -m7 ƾƔƏ1l |u;;vķ ;Š1Ѵ†7bm] Ѵb-m-vĺ $_;v; rѴ-m|v ‰;u; v-lrѴ;7Ѵoohbm]=ouѴ;rb7or|;u-mѴ-uˆ-;bmѴ;-ˆ;v-m7v|;lv=o†uŊ=bˆ; |bl;v;-1_‹;-u7†ubm]|_;u-bm‹v;-vomŐƐƖv-lrѴ;vbm|o|-Ѵőĺ-uˆ-; ‰;u;u;-u;7bm|_;Ѵ-0ou-|ou‹|o1om=bul|_;|uor_b1bm|;u-1|bom‰b|_ _ov|rѴ-m|v-m7|oruo7†1;-7†Ѵ|v=ou|-Šomolb1b7;m|b=b1-|bomĺ$u;;v ‰;u; |-Šomolb1-ѴѴ‹ b7;m|b=b;7 bm |_; Ѵ-0ou-|ou‹ĺ ;rb7or|;u-mv ‰;u; b7;m|b=b;7 †vbm] |u-7b|bom-Ѵ |-Šomol‹ 1olrѴ;l;m|;7 ‰b|_ loѴ;1†Ŋ Ѵ-u b7;m|b=b1-|bom o= or;u-|bom-Ѵ |-Šomolb1 †mb|vĺ )b|_ |_bv r†urov;ķ 0-u1o7bm]‰-vr;u=oul;7=oѴѴo‰bm]|_;|;1_mbt†;vru;ˆbo†vѴ‹ vr;1b=b;7bm;0;u|ķ"|o;1hѴ;ķ,;lѴ-h-m7 u-m1bvŐƑƏƏƓőĺ";t†;m1;v ‰;u;;7b|;7‰b|_";t†;m1_;uˆ;uvbomƓĺƏĺƔŐ;m;o7;vő-m7-Ѵb]m;7 l-m†-ѴѴ‹0-v;7om|_;bu|u-mvѴ-|;7-lbmo-1b7vĺѴѴ|_;-m7ƑѶ" v;t†;m1;vo0|-bm;7‰;u;7;rovb|;7bm_||rĹņņ‰‰‰ĺ0oѴ7v‹v|;lvĺou]ņ Ő"--ˆ;7u-ķ ;m1bķ 7;Ѵ(-Ѵķ o;];ķ ş !o_uķ ƑƏƐƕőĺѴѴ rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou; bm|;u-1|bom m;|‰ouhv -u; -ˆ-bѴ-0Ѵ; bm u‹-7 Ő"--ˆ;7u-ķ ;m1bķ ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƕőĺ

b]†u;Ɛ bѴѴ†v|u-|;v |_; 7‹m-lb1v ru;v;m| bm ;-1_ o= |_;v; mbm; rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou;bm|;u-1|bomm;|‰ouhvĺ ou;-1_o=|_;Ɠ‹;-uvt under bmˆ;v|b]-|bomŐƑƏƏƕŋƑƏƐƏőķ;-1_o=|_;o0v;uˆ;7m;|‰ouhv‰;u;1_-uŊ -1|;ubŒ;70‹-v†0v;|o=bm|;u-1|bm]rѴ-m|-m7_;u0bˆou;vr;1b;v|_-| ‰;u;ru;v;m|bm|_;ru;ˆbo†v‹;-u|ՑƴՑƐŌ‰_-|‰;1-ѴѴu;vb7;m|vr;1b;vķ -m7-u;l-bmbm]v;|o=m;‰bm|;u-1|bm]vr;1b;vŌ‰_-|‰;1-ѴѴ1oѴombŒbm] vr;1b;vĺ);o0v;uˆ;7om-ˆ;u-];ƒƏѷ-m7ѶƔѷo=|†umoˆ;u0;|‰;;m ‹;-uv=ouu;vb7;m|-m71oѴombŒbm]vr;1b;vu;vr;1|bˆ;Ѵ‹ĺo|;|_-||uorbŊ 1-Ѵ7u‹=ou;v|v-u;|‹rb1-ѴѴ‹1_-u-1|;ubŒ;70‹-_b]_0;|-7bˆ;uvb|‹Ő$u;fo ş buŒoķ ƑƏƏƏőĺ ;vrb|; |_bv vb]mb=b1-m| vr;1b;v |†umoˆ;uķ |_; ]Ѵo0-Ѵ -u1_b|;1|†u-Ѵ ruor;u|b;v o= |_;v; m;|‰ouhv Őm†l0;u o= vr;1b;vķ 1omŊ m;1|-m1;ķm;v|;7m;vv-m7lo7†Ѵ-ub|‹ő7b7mo|7b==;ul†1_=uol‹;-u |o‹;-uŐv;;(bѴѴ-Ŋ-Ѵ-ˆbŒ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƑ=oubm=oul-|bom-0o†||_;v;v|-Ŋ |bv|b1vőĺm=-1|ķ|_bvo0v;uˆ;7]Ѵo0-Ѵ-u1_b|;1|†u-Ѵbmˆ-ub-0bѴb|‹-rr;-uv |o0;-];m;u-Ѵ=;-|†u;-lom]|;lrou-ѴѴ‹ouvr-|b-ѴѴ‹vblbѴ-u;1oѴo]Ŋ b1-Ѵm;|‰ouhvŐ-uv|;mv;m;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵĸouubv;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƒĸ;|-mb7o† ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏѶĸ$upf;Ѵv]--u7şѴ;v;mķƑƏƐѵĸ(bѴѴ-Ŋ-Ѵ-ˆbŒ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƑőĺ lrou|-m|Ѵ‹ķ-Ѵom]‰b|_|_;vr;1b;v|†umoˆ;uu;rou|;7-0oˆ;ķ‰; -Ѵvo o0v;uˆ;7 - v†0v|-m|b-Ѵ u;ou]-mbŒ-|bom o= rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou; bm|;uŊ -1|bomv -lom] u;vb7;m| vr;1b;vŌ-rruoŠbl-|;Ѵ‹ ѵƏѷ o= bm|;u-1|bomv ‰;u;u;rѴ-1;7=uol‹;-u|ՑƴՓƐ|o‹;-ut-lom]|_;vr;1b;v|_-|‰;u; ru;v;m| bm 0o|_ ‹;-uv Őv;; b]†u;Ɛ =ou - ]u-r_b1-Ѵ ;Š-lrѴ;őĺ $_bv -ѴѴo‰;7 †v |o bmˆ;v|b]-|; ‰_;|_;u |_; u;ou]-mbŒ-|bom o= rѴ-m|ŋ _;u0bˆou; bm|;u-1|bomv -lom] u;vb7;m| vr;1b;v 1-m lo7†Ѵ-|; |_; Ѵbh;Ѵb_oo7 o= r;uvbv|;m1; o= _;u0bˆou; vr;1b;v -1uovv v†11;vvbom-Ѵ v|-];vķ7;vrb|;|_;bmˆ-ub-0bѴb|‹o=|_;]Ѵo0-Ѵm;|‰ouh-u1_b|;1|†u;ĺ

ƑĺƑՊ|Պ †-m|b|-|bˆ;-m-Ѵ‹vbv

); 1-uub;7 o†| |_; t†-m|b|-|bˆ; -m-Ѵ‹vbv o= o†u _‹ro|_;vbv bm |_u;; v|;rvĺ buv|ķ 0;1-†v; rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou; bm|;u-1|bomv 1-m 0;||;u u;rŊ u;v;m| |_; 7bu;1| -m7 bm7bu;1| 7;r;m7;m1‹ o= _;u0bˆou;v om rѴ-m|v u-|_;u|_-m|_;o|_;u7bu;1|bomŐu‹-m|;|-ѴĺķƐƖƖƐĸu0;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƐĸ ubr;m0;u];|-ѴĺķƑƏƏƕĸo;Ѵl-m;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏѶĸ$-1h;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏƖő-m7 0;1-†v; ‰_b1_ bmv;1| ;-|v ‰_b1_ rѴ-m| bv |_; omѴ‹ bm=oul-|bom ‰;   & !   Ɛ Պ  ‹m-lb1v-m7u;ou]-mbŒ-|bomo=rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou;bm|;u-1|bomm;|‰ouhvĺ$_;|or-m70o||olr-m;Ѵv1ouu;vrom7|o-=b1|b|bo†v ;Š-lrѴ;o=vr;1b;v|†umoˆ;u‰b|_-m7‰b|_o†|m;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bomĺ"‹l0oѴv-m7Ѵbmhv1ouu;vrom7|ovr;1b;vbm|;u-1|bomvu;vr;1|bˆ;Ѵ‹ĺ o|_r-m;Ѵvv|-u|-|‹;-u|ՑƴՓƐ‰b|_-1oll†mb|‹o=bm|;u-1|bm]u;vb7;m|vr;1b;v|_-|r;uvbv||o‹;-utĺ b==;u;m|1oѴo†uvu;ru;v;m|7b==;u;m|v;|v o=vr;1b;vķv†1_-vrѴ-m|v-m7_;u0bˆou;vĺ|‹;-utķm;‰1oѴombŒbm]vr;1b;v-uubˆ;Ővt†-u;vő;v|-0Ѵbv_bm]bm|;u-1|bomv‰b|_u;vb7;m|-m7o|_;u 1oѴombŒbm]vr;1b;vŐ0Ѵ†;Ѵbmhvőĺ$_;|orr-m;Ѵv_o‰v-v1;m-ubo‰_;u;bm|;u-1|bomv-lom]u;vb7;m|vvr;1b;v1_-m];Őm;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bomő=uol year |ՑƴՓƐ|o‹;-utŐ7-v_;7u;7Ѵbmhvőķ‰_;u;-v|_;0o||olr-m;Ѵv_o‰v-v1;m-ubo‰_;u;-ѴѴbm|;u-1|bomv-lom]u;vb7;m|vr;1b;vu;l-bm|_;v-l; Őmou;ou]-mbŒ-|bomőĺv|_;m;‰=oul;71oll†mb|‹bm‹;-utloˆ;v=ou‰-u7|o‹;-utƳƐķvol;vr;1b;v-u;mo|-0Ѵ;|or;uvbv|Ő]u-‹v‹l0oѴvőĺ oѴѴo‰bm]-u]-Ѵ;=ŐƐƖѵѶő-m77†lŐƐƖѵƖőķ‰;|;v||_;_‹ro|_;vbv|_-|1_-m];vo=vr;1b;vbm|;u-1|bomvŐm;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bomő1-m-1|-v- 1oll†mb|‹Ŋ1om|uoѴl;1_-mbvlķ;vr;1b-ѴѴ‹bmѴ-|;v†11;vvbom-Ѵv|-];vŒoѴo†u=b]†u;1-m0;ˆb;‰;7-|‰bѴ;‹omѴbm;Ѵb0u-u‹ĺ1olœ

Network with reorganization

t − 1 → t

t → t + 1

Network without reorganization

t − 1 → t

t → t + 1

_-ˆ; -0o†| o†u 1oll†mb|b;vķ ‰; =o1†v;7 om _;u0bˆou; 1oll†mbŊ |b;v 1_-u-1|;ubŒ;7 0‹ rѴ-m|Ŋl;7b-|;7 Őbm7bu;1|ő m;]-|bˆ; ;==;1|vĺ $_;v;m;]-|bˆ;;==;1|v-u;7;ubˆ;7=uol|_;m†l0;uo=v_-u;7rѴ-m|v 0;|‰;;m_;u0bˆou;v=oѴѴo‰bm]-mb1_;Ŋoˆ;uѴ-r=u-l;‰ouhŐ-1u|_†u ş;ˆbmvķƐƖѵƕĸ!o_u;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵĸ"--ˆ;7u-;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƓőĺ";1om7ķ‰; 1-Ѵ1†Ѵ-|;7|_;blr-1|o=m;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bomom|_;Ѵbh;Ѵb_oo7o= _;u0bˆou;r;uvbv|;m1;=oѴѴo‰bm]-|_;ou;|b1-Ѵ-rruo-1_0-v;7om|_; l-|_;l-|b1-Ѵ mo|bom o= v|u†1|†u-Ѵ v|-0bѴb|‹ -rrѴb;7 |o - 1olr;|b|bom 7‹m-lb1v lo7;Ѵ Ő!o_u ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƓĸ "--ˆ;7u-ķ !o_uķ ou|†m-ķ ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐѵĸ "--ˆ;7u-ķ !o_uķ Ѵ;v;mķ ş -v1olr|;ķ ƑƏƐѵĸ "--ˆ;7u-ķ !o_uķ ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőĺ$_bu7ķ‰;v|†7b;7|_;;==;1|o=|_bv|_;ou;|b1-Ѵblr-1|om |_;o0v;uˆ;7r;uvbv|;m1;o=u;vb7;m|-m71oѴombŒbm]_;u0bˆou;vr;1b;v =uol-]bˆ;m‹;-uՉ_;m0o|_|‹r;vo=vr;1b;v1oŊo11†uő|o|_;m;Š| om;Չ_;momѴ‹vol;o=|_;v;vr;1b;vr;uvbv|ő-1uovvvb|;v-m7v†11;vŊ vbom-Ѵv|-];vĺ);7bv1†vv|_;v;robm|v0;Ѵo‰ĺ

ƑĺƒՊ|Պbmhbm]vr;1b;vr;uvbv|;m1;-m7m;|‰ouh

reorganization

$obmˆ;v|b]-|;vr;1b;vr;uvbv|;m1;bmrѴ-m|Ŋl;7b-|;7_;u0bˆou;1olŊ l†mb|b;vķ‰;†v;7-];m;u-Ѵo|h-ŋ(oѴ|;uu-1olr;|b|bomlo7;Ѵo=|_; =oul Ő-1u|_†u ş ;ˆbmvķ ƐƖѵƕĸ !o_u ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐѵĸ "--ˆ;7u- ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƓĸ"--ˆ;7u-ķ!o_uķ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőĹ

‰_;u;|_;ˆ-ub-0Ѵ;Ni7;mo|;v|_;-0†m7-m1;o=_;u0bˆou; iķ-m7|_; r-u-l;|;ur_iƻƏbv|_;bm|ubmvb1]uo‰|_u-|;o=_;u0bˆou;iĺ$_;bm7bu;1| ;==;1|vŐαijő-u;7;ubˆ;7=uol|_;rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou;bm|;u-1|bomm;|‰ouhv †vbm] - mb1_; oˆ;uѴ-r =u-l;‰ouh Ő-1u|_†u ş ;ˆbmvķ ƐƖѵƕĸ !o_u ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵĸ"--ˆ;7u-;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƓőĺ$_;Ѵ;ˆ;Ѵo=bm|u-vr;1b=b1;==;1|Őαiiő =ou ;-1_ _;u0bˆou; vr;1b;v i bv 7;=bm;7 0‹ |_; m†l0;u o= _ov| rѴ-m|v o=vr;1b;viķ-m7|_;bm7bu;1|;==;1|Őαijőo=_;u0bˆou;jom_;u0bˆou;i is 7;=bm;70‹|_;m†l0;uo=1ollomrѴ-m|v0;|‰;;m_;u0bˆou;vr;1b;vi and jv1-Ѵ;70‹-=-1|ouμĺ$_bv=-1|ouμ1om|uoѴv|_;oˆ;u-ѴѴѴ;ˆ;Ѵo=bm|;uŊ vr;1b=b1;==;1|u;Ѵ-|bˆ;|o|_;bm|u-vr;1b=b1;==;1|Ő"--ˆ;7u-;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƓőĺ $_bv r-u-l;|;ubŒ-|bom v_o†Ѵ7 omѴ‹ 0; |-h;m -v -m -rruoŠbl-|bom |o |_; ro|;m|b-Ѵ rѴ-m|Ŋl;7b-|;7 bm7bu;1| ;==;1|v 0;|‰;;m |‰o _;u0bŊ ˆou;vr;1b;vĺ;1-†v;|_;-1|†-Ѵ;==;1|o=rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou;bm|;u-1|bomv om _;u0bˆou; r;uvbv|;m1; 1om|bm†;v |o 0; 7;0-|-0Ѵ; ŐѴb ş ]u-‰-Ѵķ ƑƏƐƓĸ ubr;m0;u] ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƏƕĸ !;7l-m ş "1ub0;uķ ƑƏƏƏĸ $-1h ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƏƖőķ |_; u-|bom-Ѵ; o= o†u r-u-l;|;ubŒ-|bom bv |o |;v| |_; ;Š|;m| |o ‰_b1_rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou;bm|;u-1|bomv-m7|_;bu1_-m];vruoˆb7;-m‹bmŊ =oul-|bom-0o†||_;7b==;u;m|=-1|ouv-==;1|bm]_;u0bˆou;r;uvbv|;m1; |_uo†]_v_-u;7rѴ-m|vĺ);-Ѵvo1_ov;|_bvlo7;Ѵ-m7r-u-l;|;ubŒ-|bom ]bˆ;m |_; rovvb0bѴb|‹ |o |u-1h -m-Ѵ‹|b1-ѴѴ‹ |_; l†Ѵ|b7bl;mvbom-Ѵ ruorŊ ;u|b;v o= Ѵ-u]; ;1oѴo]b1-Ѵ 1oll†mb|b;v Őo]o=;|ķ ƐƖƖƒĸ "ˆbu;Œ_;ˆ ş o]o=;|ķƐƖѶƒőķ-m7|_;vblrѴ;0boѴo]b1-ѴѴ‹vo†m7;7bm|;uru;|-|bomo= bm|;uvr;1b=b1bm|;u-1|bomv-v|_;;Š|;m|o=mb1_;oˆ;uѴ-rŐ-v;ķƑƏƏƏĸ -1u|_†uş;ˆbmvķƐƖѵƕőĺ

-|_;l-|b1-ѴѴ‹ķ †m7;u |_; v|†7b;7 1olr;|b|bom o|h-ŋ(oѴ|;uu- lo7;Ѵ-ѴѴvr;1b;vr;uvbv|‰_;m|‰o1om7b|bomv-u;v-|bv=b;7Ĺ]Ѵo0-Ѵv|-Ŋ 0bѴb|‹ -m7 =;-vb0bѴb|‹ Őo=0-†;u ş "b]l†m7ķ ƐƖƖѶĸ !o_u ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƓőĺ

$_; =oul;u 1om7b|bom blrѴb;v |_-| |_; |u-f;1|oub;v o= |_; 7‹m-lb1-Ѵ v‹v|;l;ˆ;m|†-ѴѴ‹1omˆ;u];|o-v|-0Ѵ;robm|-||u-1|ouŐbĺ;ĺ-m;t†bѴb0Ŋ ub†lrobm|N∗

io=|_;o|h-ŋ(oѴ|;uu-lo7;Ѵőĺ$_;Ѵ-||;u1om7b|bomblrѴb;v |_-||_;;t†bѴb0ub†lrobm|-|‰_b1_|_;|u-f;1|oub;v1omˆ;u];bv=;-vbŊ 0Ѵ; =uol -m ;1oѴo]b1-Ѵ r;uvr;1|bˆ;ķ bĺ;ĺ |_-| -ѴѴ vr;1b;v _-ˆ; rovb|bˆ; 0bol-vvŐN∗_i > 0őĺo|;|_-|=;-vb0bѴb|‹bv|_;l-|_;l-|b1-Ѵm;1;vv-u‹ 1om7b|bom=ouvr;1b;vr;uvbv|;m1;ķ‰_bѴ;|_;]Ѵo0-Ѵv|-0bѴb|‹o=-=;-vbŊ 0Ѵ;;t†bѴb0ub†lrobm|ruoˆb7;v|_;v†==b1b;m|1om7b|bom=our;uvbv|;m1; Őo=0-†;uş"b]l†m7ķƐƖƖѶőĺo‰;ˆ;uķv|-0bѴb|‹7o;vmo|m;1;vv-ubѴ‹ blrѴ‹|_-||_;v‹v|;lbvѴo1-|;7-||_;;t†bѴb0ub†lrobm|ĺ|omѴ‹u;rŊ u;v;m|v-ruor;u|‹o=|_;7‹m-lb1-Ѵvr-1;bm‰_b1_|_;v‹v|;l;ˆoѴˆ;v Ő;‰om|bmķ ƐƖѵƖőĺ$_-| bvķ |_; v‹v|;l lov| Ѵbh;Ѵ‹ loˆ;v -uo†m7 |_; =;-vb0Ѵ; ;t†bѴb0ub†l robm|ķ -v v|o1_-v|b1b|‹ ‰bѴѴ -Ѵlov| v†u;Ѵ‹ bm7†1; =Ѵ†1|†-|bomv-uo†m7|_;-||u-1|ouŐ;ˆbmvķƐƖѵѶőĺ mo†ur-u-l;|;ubŒ-|bom-m7lo7;Ѵķ|_;v|-0bѴb|‹1om7b|bom1-m0; 1olr†|;7=uol|_;;b];mˆ-Ѵ†;vo=|_;bm|;u-1|boml-|ubŠαŐo]o=;|ķ ƐƖƖƒĸ"--ˆ;7u-;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƓĸ"ˆbu;Œ_;ˆşo]o=;|ķƐƖѶƒőĺ;1-†v;o†u bm|;u-1|boml-|ubŠbvv‹ll;|ub10‹1omv|u†1|bomķ-vѴom]-v|_;;b];mˆ-ѴŊ †;v-u;-ѴѴrovb|bˆ;ķ|_;|u-f;1|oub;v1omˆ;u];|oom;-m7omѴ‹om;]Ѵo0Ŋ -ѴѴ‹v|-0Ѵ;;t†bѴb0ub†lrobm|N∗_iŐo]o=;|ķƐƖƖƒĸ"--ˆ;7u-;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƓĸ "ˆbu;Œ_;ˆşo]o=;|ķƐƖѶƒőĺvvoom-vom;;b];mˆ-Ѵ†;bvm;]-|bˆ;ķ-m‹ =;-vb0Ѵ; ;t†bѴb0ub†l robm| 0;1ol;v †mv|-0Ѵ;ĸ -v - 1omv;t†;m1;ķ |_; v‹v|;ll-‹7;r-u|=uol-m‹=;-vb0Ѵ;;t†bѴb0ub†lrobm|;ˆ;m†m7;ubmŊ =bmb|;vbl-Ѵr;u|†u0-|bomv|ovr;1b;v-0†m7-m1;vĺ$_bvblrѴb;v|_-||_; r-u-l;|;uμŐ1om|uoѴѴbm]|_;oˆ;u-ѴѴѴ;ˆ;Ѵo=bm|;uvr;1b=b1;==;1|vőm;;7v |o0;1omv|u-bm;70;|‰;;mŒ;uo-m7-1ub|b1-ѴѴ;ˆ;Ѵμ_l-ŠŐƏƺμƺμ_l-Šőķ v†1_|_-|-ѴѴ;b];mˆ-Ѵ†;v-u;rovb|bˆ;Ő"--ˆ;7u-;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƓőĺ

$_; =;-vb0bѴb|‹ 1om7b|bom bmˆoѴˆ;v 0o|_ |_; bm|;u-1|bom l-|ubŠα -m7|_;ˆ;1|ouo=vr;1b;vbm|ubmvb1]uo‰|_u-|;vrĺvl;m|bom;70;Ŋ =ou;ķ=;-vb0bѴb|‹1ouu;vrom7v|o|_;;Šbv|;m1;o=-m;t†bѴb0ub†lrobm| -|‰_b1_-ѴѴvr;1b;v_-ˆ;rovb|bˆ;-0†m7-m1;vŐN∗

i > 0őĺ"†1_-m;t†bŊ Ѵb0ub†lrobm|bvm;1;vv-ubѴ‹|_;voѴ†|bomo=|_;Ѵbm;-u;t†-|bomr = αN. lrou|-m|Ѵ‹ķ mo| -ѴѴ rovvb0Ѵ; ˆ;1|ouv o= bm|ubmvb1 ]uo‰|_ u-|;v Ѵ;-7 |o =;-vb0bѴb|‹ĺ$o v-|bv=‹ |_; =;-vb0bѴb|‹ 1om7b|bomķ -ˆ;1|ou o= bm|ubmvb1 ]uo‰|_ u-|;v m;;7v |o 1o†m|;u0-Ѵ-m1; |_; m;]-|bˆ; bm|;uvr;1b=b1 ;=Ŋ =;1|v -m7 |_;bu bl0-Ѵ-m1; Ő!o_u ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐѵĸ "--ˆ;7u- ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƓĸ "--ˆ;7u-ķ!o_uķ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőĺomv;t†;m|Ѵ‹ķomѴ‹-vr;1b=b1v;|o=ˆ;1Ŋ |ouvo=bm|ubmvb1]uo‰|_u-|;vѴ;-7v|o=;-vb0bѴb|‹ĺ$_bvv;|bv];m;u-ѴѴ‹ 1-ѴѴ;7|_;=;-vb0bѴb|‹7ol-bmŐ!o_u;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƓĸ"--ˆ;7u-;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƓĸ "--ˆ;7u-ķ!o_uķ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőĺ

$_†vķ |_; =;-vb0bѴb|‹ 7ol-bm bv 0‹ 7;=bmb|bom |_; v;| o= bm|ubmvb1 ]uo‰|_u-|;vѴ;-7bm]|o-rovb|bˆ;;t†bѴb0ub†lrobm|ŐN∗_i > 0őķ‰_b1_bv ;t†bˆ-Ѵ;m| |o - rovb|bˆ; voѴ†|bom o= |_; Ѵbm;-u ;t†-|bom r = αN.

oѴѴo‰bm] - v|u†1|†u-Ѵ v|-0bѴb|‹ -rruo-1_ Ő!o_u ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƓ ƑƏƐѵĸ "--ˆ;7u- ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƓĸ "--ˆ;7u-ķ !o_uķ ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƕĸ "--ˆ;7u-ķ !o_uķ ou|†m-ķ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵĸ"--ˆ;7u-ķ!o_uķѴ;v;mķ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵőķ|_;=;-vb0bѴŊ b|‹7ol-bmo=bm|ubmvb1]uo‰|_u-|;vbm|_bv1olr;|b|bomlo7;Ѵ1-m0; 1olr†|;70-v;7om|_;bm|;u-1|boml-|ubŠαĺ$_-|l-|ubŠ1-m0;‰ub|Ŋ |;mom|_;=oul-|o=1oѴ†lmvˆ;1|ouv dNi dt = Ni(ri− n ∑ j=1 αijNj), ŐƐő 𝛂 = ⎡ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎣ α11 ⋯ α1n ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ αn1 ⋯ αnn ⎤ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎦ = ⎡ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎣ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ v1 v2 … vn ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎤ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎦

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=uol‰_b1_‰;1-m7;ubˆ;|_;=;-vb0bѴb|‹7ol-bm

;ol;|ub1-ѴѴ‹ķ|_;=;-vb0bѴb|‹7ol-bmbvu;ru;v;m|;70‹|_;1omb1-Ѵ _†ѴѴl-7;0‹|_;rovb|bˆ;1ol0bm-|bomvo=|_;ˆ;1|ouvv1ķĻķvn=oulŊ

bm]|_;1oѴ†lmvo=|_;bm|;u-1|boml-|ubŠαĺ$_bv7ol-bmbv1-ѴѴ;7-m

-Ѵ];0u-b1 1om; Őo]o=;|ķ ƐƖƖƒĸ "--ˆ;7u-ķ !o_uķ ou|†m-ķ ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐѵĸ "--ˆ;7u-ķ!o_uķѴ;v;mķ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐѵĸ"ˆbu;Œ_;ˆşo]o=;|ķƐƖѶƒőĺm‹ ˆ;1|ouo=bm|ubmvb1]uo‰|_u-|;vbmvb7;|_bv1om;=oulvr-u|o=|_;=;-vbŊ 0bѴb|‹7ol-bm-m7bv1olr-|b0Ѵ;‰b|_vr;1b;vr;uvbv|;m1;Őv;; b]†u;Ƒ =ou-]u-r_b1-Ѵ;Š-lrѴ;őĺ

oѴѴo‰bm] |_; u-|bom-Ѵ; -0oˆ;ķ ‰; 1-Ѵ1†Ѵ-|;7 |_; ro|;m|b-Ѵ blŊ r-1|o=m;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bomomvr;1b;vr;uvbv|;m1;0‹1olr†|bm] |_; 7bvrѴ-1;l;m| bm |_; =;-vb0bѴb|‹ 7ol-bm o= -m bm|;u-1|bom l-|ubŠ 0;=ou;α1-m7-=|;uu;ou]-mbŒ-|bomα2ĺ!;1-ѴѴ|_-|bm|;u-1|boml-|ubŊ

1;v -u; 7;ubˆ;7 =uol |_; rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou; bm|;u-1|bom m;|‰ouhĺ ou ;-1_‹;-uto=o0v;uˆ-|bomķ|_;rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou;bm|;u-1|bomm;|‰ouh †v;7|o7;ubˆ;|_;bm|;u-1|boml-|ubŠ-=|;uu;ou]-mbŒ-|bom‰-v;Š-1|Ѵ‹

|_-| -v o0v;uˆ;7 -| |bl; tĺ$o 7;ubˆ; |_; bm|;u-1|bom l-|ubŠ 0;=ou; u;ou]-mbŒ-|bomķ ‰; -Ѵvo †v;7 |_; rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou; bm|;u-1|bom m;|Ŋ ‰ouh o0v;uˆ;7 -| |bl; tķ 0†| -ѴѴ |_; bm|;u-1|bomv 0;|‰;;m u;vb7;m| vr;1b;v‰;u;u;rѴ-1;70‹|_;om;v|_-|‰;u;ru;ˆbo†vѴ‹o0v;uˆ;7-| time |ՑƴՓƐĺ$_bvlblb1v|_;_‹ro|_;|b1-Ѵv1;m-uboo=-rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bˆou; bm|;u-1|bomm;|‰ouh‰b|_o†|u;ou]-mbŒ-|bom=uol‹;-u|ՑƴՓƐ|otķ0†| 1ouu;1|;7 =ou ;-1_ vr;1b;v ru;v;m1; ou -0v;m1; Ő=ou -m bѴѴ†v|u-|bomķ v;; b]†u;Ɛőĺ

m r-u|b1†Ѵ-uķ ‰; l;-v†u;7 |_; ro|;m|b-Ѵ blr-1| o= m;|‰ouh u;Ŋ ou]-mbŒ-|bomomvr;1b;vr;uvbv|;m1;0‹1olr†|bm]Ő-v-=buv|ou7;uo= -rruoŠbl-|bomő|_;7bvrѴ-1;l;m|o=|_;];ol;|ub11;m|uob7o=|_;=;-Ŋ vb0bѴb|‹ 7ol-bmv 0;=ou; -m7 -=|;u u;ou]-mbŒ-|bomĺ$_; ];ol;|ub1 1;mŊ |uob7o=|_;=;-vb0bѴb|‹7ol-bmbvt†-m|b=b;70‹|_;vo1-ѴѴ;7v|u†1|†u-Ѵ ˆ;1|ouo=bm|ubmvb1]uo‰|_u-|;vŐv;; b]†u;Ƒ=ou-]u-r_b1-Ѵ;Š-lrѴ;ĸ !o_u ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƓ ƑƏƐѵĸ "--ˆ;7u- ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƓĸ "--ˆ;7u-ķ !o_uķ ;|-Ѵĺķ ƑƏƐƕőĺ ou-]bˆ;mbm|;u-1|boml-|ubŠαķ|_bvˆ;1|oubv1olr†|;70‹ $_;7bvrѴ-1;l;m|o=v|u†1|†u-Ѵˆ;1|ouv0;=ou;-m7-=|;uu;ou]-mbŊ Œ-|bomķ]bˆ;m0‹|_;1ouu;vrom7bm]bm|;u-1|boml-|ub1;vα1 and α2ķbv 1olr†|;70‹ $_bv7bvrѴ-1;l;m|1ouu;vrom7v|o|_;ro|;m|b-Ѵblr-1|om|_;bmŊ |ubmvb1]uo‰|_u-|;|_-|_;u0bˆou;vr;1b;v‰o†Ѵ7_-ˆ;|o-0vou07†; |om;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bombmou7;u|o1om|bm†;1o†m|;u0-Ѵ-m1bm]|_; rѴ-m|Ŋl;7b-|;7 m;]-|bˆ; ;==;1|v |_-| 1o†Ѵ7 Ѵ;-7 |o ;Š1Ѵ†vbomĺ| |_; bm7bˆb7†-Ѵ Ѵ;ˆ;Ѵķ |_; _b]_;u |_; 7bvrѴ-1;l;m| bm |_; ;Ѵ;l;m| i o= |_; v|u†1|†u-Ѵ ˆ;1|ou bm - 1oll†mb|‹ķ |_; _b]_;u |_; |_;ou;|b1-Ѵ blr-1| o= m;|‰ouh u;ou]-mbŒ-|bom om _;u0bˆou; vr;1b;v iĺ ";; b]†u;Ƒ =ou - ]u-r_b1-Ѵ;Š-lrѴ;ĺ$_;1o7;|o1olr†|;|_;blr-1|o=m;|‰ouhu;ouŊ ]-mbŒ-|bombv-u1_bˆ;7bm u‹-7Ő"--ˆ;7u-ķ;m1bķ;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőĺ

ƑĺƓՊ|Պbmhbm]|_;ou‹-m77-|-$obmˆ;v|b]-|;|_;-vvo1b-|bom0;|‰;;m|_;|_;ou;|b1-Ѵblr-1|o=m;|Ŋ ‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bom-m7|_;o0v;uˆ;7r;uvbv|;m1;o=_;u0bˆou;vr;Ŋ 1b;v-11ou7bm]|oo†u7-|-ķ‰;†v;7-];m;u-ѴbŒ;7Ѵbm;-ulbŠ;7;==;1| lo7;ѴŐ,-uķƑƏƐƏő=ouu;vb7;m|-m71oѴombŒbm]_;u0bˆou;vr;1b;vv;r-Ŋ u-|;Ѵ‹ĺmo†ulo7;Ѵķ=ou;-1_rѴ-m|Ŋl;7b-|;7_;u0bˆou;1oll†mb|‹-| year to=o0v;uˆ-|bomķ|_;u;vromv;ˆ-ub-0Ѵ;Őe_ijkőbv-0bm-u‹ˆ-ub-0Ѵ; u;ru;v;m|bm] ‰_;|_;u _;u0bˆou; i Ő-| vb|; j -m7 v†11;vvbom-Ѵ v|-]; kő _-v r;uvbv|;7 =uol ‹;-u t to year tƳƐĺ $_-| bvķ e_ijkƷƐ b= _;u0bˆou; vr;1b;vi is observed at time t and at time tƳƐbmo†u7-|-ķe_ijkƷƏo|_Ŋ ;u‰bv;ĺ$o;Ѵblbm-|;0b-v;v7†;|o-0v;m1;o=1oѴombŒbm]vr;1b;v-|- 1;u|-bmo0v;uˆ-|bomr;ubo7ķ;-1_|bl;t in our statistical analysis needs |o_-ˆ;0o|_u;vb7;m|-m71oѴombŒbm]_;u0bˆou;vr;1b;vĺ$_-|bvķ=uol |_;Ɠ‹;-uvo=o0v;uˆ-|bombm;-1_vb|;ķ‰;1o†Ѵ7omѴ‹†v;|_;v;1om7 -m7 |_bu7 -v |bl; t bm ou7;u |o _-ˆ; bm=oul-|bom -0o†| rѴ-m|ŋ_;u0bŊ vore interactions at time |ՑƴՓƐķ-m7ru;v;m1;ou-0v;m1;o=_;u0bˆou; vr;1b;v-||bl;t + 1. ŐƑő DF(𝛂) ={r = N∗1v1+⋯+ N∗nvn, withN∗1> 0, … ,N ∗ n> 0 } rS(𝛂) = v1 ‖v1‖+⋯+ vn ‖vn‖ ‖‖ ‖‖vv11‖+⋯+ vn ‖vn‖‖‖‖ 𝚫r = |rS(𝛂1)− rS(𝛂2)|   & !   Ƒ Պ u-r_b1-Ѵ;Š-lrѴ;o=|_;|_;ou;|b1-Ѵblr-1|o= m;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bomomvr;1b;vr;uvbv|;m1;ĺ ou-=b1|b|bo†v m;|‰ouho=|_u;;vr;1b;vķ|_;]u;;m1om;vu;ru;v;m||_;=;-vb0bѴb|‹ 7ol-bmvՈoѴ†l;o=bm|ubmvb1]uo‰|_u-|;v1olr-|b0Ѵ;‰b|_|_; r;uvbv|;m1;o=|_;|_u;;vr;1b;vő];m;u-|;70‹|_;bm|;u-1|bom l-|ub1;v0;=ou;Չb|_o†|ő-m7-=|;uՉb|_őu;ou]-mbŒ-|bomĺo|;|_-| ;-1_-Šbv1ouu;vrom7v|o|_;bm|ubmvb1]uo‰|_u-|;ˆ-Ѵ†;vo=-vr;1b;vĺ $_;7bvrѴ-1;l;m|0;|‰;;m=;-vb0bѴb|‹7ol-bmvbvl;-v†u;70‹|_; 7b==;u;m1;bm|_;];ol;|ub11;m|uob7vŐ7-v_;70Ѵ†;Ѵbm;vő0;|‰;;m |_;|‰o7ol-bmvĺ);1-ѴѴ|_bv7bvrѴ-1;l;m||_;1_-m];bmv|u†1|†u-Ѵ ]uo‰|_u-|;vĺ$_;|_b1h;u0Ѵ†;Ѵbm;vom;-1_o=|_;-Š;v1ouu;vrom7 |o|_;ruof;1|bomo=|_;7bvrѴ-1;l;m|bmv|u†1|†u-Ѵ]uo‰|_u-|;=ou ;-1_o=|_;vr;1b;vĺ$_bvruof;1|bom1ouu;vrom7v|o|_;blr-1|o= m;|‰ouhu;ou]-mbŒ-|bomom;-1_vr;1b;vŐΔrőĺo|;|_-||_bvblr-1| 7o;vmo|m;1;vv-ubѴ‹_-v|o0;|_;v-l;=ou-ѴѴvr;1b;vŒoѴo†u=b]†u; 1-m0;ˆb;‰;7-|‰bѴ;‹omѴbm;Ѵb0u-u‹ĺ1olœ

r

1

r

2

r

3

Network after reorganization Network before reorganization

Impact of network reorganization (Δr) Δr1 Δr2 Δr3

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$_;1oŊˆ-ub-0Ѵ;vbm|_;lo7;Ѵ=ou;-1_rѴ-m|Ŋl;7b-|;7_;u0bˆou; community at time t-u;]bˆ;m0‹|_;|_;ou;|b1-Ѵblr-1|o=m;|‰ouh u;ou]-mbŒ-|bomom_;u0bˆou;vr;1b;viŐΔrijkőķ|_;m†l0;uo=_;u0bˆou; vr;1b;vn_jkķ|_;‹;-uo=o0v;uˆ-|bomy_jk-m7-vu-m7ol=-1|ou|_;vb|; s_jĺ o|; |_-| =ou ;-1_ 1oll†mb|‹‰; _-ˆ; mbm; vb|;vķ |_u;; v†11;vŊ vbom-Ѵ v|-];v -m7 Ƒ‹;-uv t o= o0v;uˆ-|bomvĺ +;-uv -u; bm7;r;m7;m| o=v†11;vvbom-Ѵv|-];-v-ѴѴo0v;uˆ-|bomv-u;bmb|b-ѴbŒ;7bmƑƏƏƕĺ$_; u-m7ol=-1|ou=ou;-1_vb|;-11o†m|v=oubm7bˆb7†-Ѵ7;|-bѴvo=ru;ˆbŊ o†v l-m-];l;m|ķ vobѴ 1_-u-1|;ubv|b1vķ 7bv|-m1; |o 1omv;uˆ;7 =ou;v| ouo|_;uro|;m|b-Ѵ;mˆbuoml;m|-Ѵ=bѴ|;uvŐˆbѴ-Ŋ-0-7bѴѴ-;|-ѴĺķƑƏƏƖĸ $bѴl-mķƑƏƏƓőĺ

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Prob(e_ijk= 1) = p_ijkwith logit(p_ijk)= α_k+β_kΔr_ijk+γ1yjk+sj Prob(e_ijk= 1) = p_ijk with logit(p_ijk)= α_k+β_kΔr_ijk+γ2njk+sj

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ect of stage on species

persitence

(a) Resident species

–2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Early Middle Successional stage Late (b) Colonizing species –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Early Middle Successional stage Late Eff

ect of reorganization on species persitence

(c) –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Early Middle Successional stage Late (d) –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Early Middle Successional stage Late

http://doc.rero.ch

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†m7bm] ‰-v ruoˆb7;7 0‹ $ !;v;-u1_ ollb||;; †m7v Ő""őķ &Ŋ$ƑƐƕƔƏƕ-m7ƑƏѶѵƐƏŐ7(-m7őĺ);|_-mh!ĺ ࣐u;ŒŊv_b‰-u-=ou_bv_;Ѵr‰b|_Ѵo]bv|b1v†rrou|7†ubm]=b;Ѵ7‰ouhĺ); -Ѵvo|_-mh|‰o-mom‹lo†vu;ˆb;‰;uv=ou|_;_b]_Ѵ‹1omv|u†1|bˆ;1olŊ l;m|v|_-|Ѵ;7|o|_;blruoˆ;l;m|o=|_bv‰ouhĺ &$!"Ľ$!&$" "ĺ"ĺ-m7!ĺĺ!ĺ7;vb]m;7|_;v|†7‹ĸ"ĺ"ĺķ"ĺĺķ!ĺĺ!ĺr;u=oul;7-m-Ѵ‹Ŋ vbvĸĺ7ĺŊ(ĺ-m7ĺĺ7;vb]m;7=b;Ѵ7‰ouhĸ-m7"ĺ"ĺ‰uo|;-=buv|ˆ;uvbom o=|_;l-m†v1ubr|ĺѴѴ-†|_ouv1om|ub0†|;7‰b|_vb]mb=b1-m|u;ˆbvbomv|o |_;l-m†v1ubr|ĺ $""$+ $_;7-|--m71olr†|-|bom-Ѵ1o7;-u;-u1_bˆ;7bm u‹-7 b]b|-Ѵ!;rovb|ou‹ _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƔƏѵƐņ7u‹-7ĺƔ_ƐѶƕŐ"--ˆ;7u-ķ;m1b;|-ѴĺķƑƏƐƕőĺ !   !     "

Ѵbķĺ ĺķ ş]u-‰-Ѵķĺĺ ŐƑƏƐƓőĺv‹ll;|u‹ o= rѴ-m|Ŋl;7b-|;7 bm|;u-1Ŋ |bomv 0;|‰;;m vr;1b-Ѵbv| -r_b7v -m7 1-|;urbѴѴ-uv om |‰o lbѴh‰;;7vĺ

Functional Ecologyķ28ķƐƓƏƓŋƐƓƐƑĺ m7;uvomķĺĺķmo†‹;ķĺ ĺķş&m7;u‰oo7ķĺŐƑƏƏƖőĺo7;Ѵbm]_;u0bŊ ˆou;1olr;|b|boml;7b-|;70‹bm7†1b0Ѵ;1_-m];vbmrѴ-m|t†-Ѵb|‹ĺOikosķ 118ķƐѵƒƒŋƐѵƓѵĺ ˆbѴ-Ŋ-0-7bѴѴ-ķĺķ"|om;uķĺĺķ;mu‹ķĺķşѴˆ-u;ŒŊोouˆ;ķĺŐƑƏƏƖőĺ olrovb|bomķv|u†1|†u;-m77bˆ;uvb|‹o=r_‹ѴѴov|olb70-|-vv;l0Ѵ-];v bm7b==;u;m|v†11;vvbom-Ѵv|-];vo=-|uorb1-Ѵ7u‹=ou;v|ĺForest Ecology and Managementķ258ķƖѶѵŋƖƖѵĺ -|;vķ ĺķ࢜1_Ѵ;uķĺķoѴh;uķĺķş)-Ѵh;uķ"ĺŐƑƏƐƔőĺ b||bm]Ѵbm;-ulbŠ;7Ŋ ;==;1|vlo7;Ѵv†vbm]Ѵl;ƓĺJournal of Statistical Softwareķ67ķƐŋƓѶĺ ;mm;||ķĺĺķş࢜u|;ѴķĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺu;7b1|bm]vr;1b;v;v|-0Ѵbv_l;m|†vbm]

-0v;m|vr;1b;v-m7=†m1|bom-Ѵm;b]_0ou_oo7vĺEcology and Evolutionķ7ķ 2223–2237.

u‹-m|ķĺ ĺķ ş _-rbmķ ĺ "ĺķ ŐƐƖѶѵőĺ uo‰vbm]Ŋ‰oo7‹ rѴ-m|v bm|;u-1|bomv 7†ubm] ou;-Ѵ =ou;v| rѴ-m| v†11;vvbomĺ m ĺ(ĺ Ѵ;ˆ;ķ ĺ "ĺ _-rbm ķ ĺ)ĺ Ѵ-m-]-mķĺĺ(b;u;1hşĺ$ĺ ‹um;vvŐ7vĺőķForest ecosystems

in the Alaskan taiga. Series ecological studies ŐVol. 57ķ rrĺ ƑƐƒŋƑƑƔőĺ

;b7;Ѵ0;u]ķ;ul-m‹Ĺ"rubm];uŊ(;uѴ-];ĺ

u‹-m|ķĺ ĺķ uoˆ;mŒ-ķ ĺ ĺķ -v|ouķĺķ !;b1_-u7|ķ ĺ ĺķ Ѵ-†v;mķ$ĺ ĺķ ş 7† $ob|ķ $ĺ ŐƐƖƖƐőĺ m|;u-1|bomv 0;|‰;;m ‰oo7‹ rѴ-m|v -m7 0uo‰vbm]

mammals mediated by secondary metabolites. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematicsķ22ķƓƒƐŋƓƓѵĺ -u- omm-ķĺĺķ;|u‹ķ)ĺĺķu;mm-mķ!ĺĺķ†mmbm]_-lķĺĺķuomv|;bmķĺĺķ )-v;uķĺĺķş"-m7;uvķĺĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺm|;u-1|bomu;‰bubm]-m7|_;u-rb7 |†umoˆ;uo=rѴ-m|ŋroѴѴbm-|oum;|‰ouhvĺEcology Lettersķ20ķƒѶƔŋƒƖƓĺ -u0ombķĺķুmh;lুѴѴ;uķ$ĺķ-ˆ;u]m;ķ"ĺķ_oѴ;uķĺķou]‹ķĺķ(boѴѴ;ķĺķ

vvѴķ ĺķ !ot†;|ķ ĺķ †ोoŒķ ĺķ omvou|b†lķ ĺķ ş$_†bѴѴ;uķ)ĺ ŐƑƏƐѵőĺ )_-|b||-h;v|obmˆ-7;]u-vvѴ-m7;1ov‹v|;lvĹ$u-b|vķbm|uo7†1|bom_bvŊ |ou‹-m7=bѴ|;ubm]ruo1;vv;vĺEcology Lettersķ19ķƑƐƖŋƑƑƖĺ

-uv|;mv;mķ ĺ )ĺķ "-0-|bmoķ ĺķ -|ub1b-ķ ĺķ ş ou;ѴѴ-|oķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐѵőĺ o7†Ѵ-ub|‹ķroѴѴbm-|bomv‹v|;lvķ-m7bm|;u-1|bom|†umoˆ;ubmrѴ-m|ŊroѴѴbŊ m-|oum;|‰ouhv-1uovvvr-1;ĺEcologyķ97ķƐƑƖѶŋƐƒƏѵĺ

-v;ķ $ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƏƏőĺ An illustrated guide to theoretical ecologyĺ Š=ou7ķ &Ĺ Š=ou7&mbˆ;uvb|‹u;vvĺ

_-v;ķĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƏƒőĺ oll†mb|‹ -vv;l0Ѵ‹Ĺ)_;m v_o†Ѵ7 _bv|ou‹ l-||;uĵ

Oecologiaķ136ķƓѶƖŋƓƖѶĺ

Ѵ-;vh;mvķ ĺķ ş fou|ķ ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƏѶőĺ Model selection and model averaging. -l0ub7];ķ&Ĺ-l0ub7];&mbˆ;uvb|‹u;vvĺ

†m-mķĺ$ĺķo‰;ѴѴķ$ĺĺ ĺķş);bvķĺĺŐƑƏƐƔőĺˆb7;m1;=ourѴ-m|Ŋl;7bŊ -|;71olr;|b|bom0;|‰;;m7;=oѴb-|bm]-m7]-ѴѴŊ=oulbm]vr;1b-Ѵbv|v-||-1hŊ bm]"oѴb7-]o-Ѵ|bvvbl-ĺThe American Midland Naturalistķ173ķƑƏѶŋƑƐƕĺ ;mmoķ!ĺķ;|;uvomķĺķu-||omķĺķ_;m]ķĺķ-m];ѴѴo||oķĺķ†0;u|‹ķĺķ ş bmh;ķ ĺŐƑƏƏƏőĺ ;;7bm]Ŋbm7†1;71_-m];vbmrѴ-m|t†-Ѵb|‹l;7b-|; bm|;uvr;1b=b11olr;|b|bom0;|‰;;mv-rŊ=;;7bm]_;u0bˆou;vĺEcologyķ81ķ 1814–1827. bmbŊm7u;o|;ķ ĺķ "|;];mķ ĺ ĺķ ˆ-m Ѵv-vķ ĺ ĺķ ş "-ѴѴ;vķ ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƔőĺ bv;m|-m]Ѵbm]l;1_-mbvlv|_-|l;7b-|;|_;0-Ѵ-m1;0;|‰;;mv|o1_-vŊ |b1-m77;|;ulbmbv|b1ruo1;vv;vbmlb1uo0b-Ѵv†11;vvbomĺProceedings of

the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Americaķ112ķ

ƐƒƑѵŋƐƒƒƑĺ

buŒoķ!ĺķ+o†m]ķĺ"ĺķ-Ѵ;||bķĺķ;0-ѴѴovķĺķv--1ķĺĺĺķşoѴѴ;mķĺ ŐƑƏƐƓőĺScienceķ345, 401–406.

ol࣏m;1_ķ!ĺķş(bѴ࢘ķĺŐƑƏƏѵőĺ$_;uoѴ;o=v†11;vvbom-Ѵv|-];ķˆ;];|-|bom |‹r;-m7vobѴ7bv|†u0-m1;bm|_;bmˆ-vbomo=|_;-Ѵb;m]u-vvou|-7;ub- selloana. Journal of Vegetation Scienceķ17ķƔƖƐŋƔƖѶĺ

u-h;ķĺĺŐƐƖƖƏőĺ$_;l;1_-mb1vo=1oll†mb|‹-vv;l0Ѵ‹-m7v†11;vvbomĺ

Journal of Theoretical Biology 147ķƑƐƒŋƑƒƒĺ

u0ķĺķ!o0;u|ķĺĺĺķb00-u7ķĺĺķş$†uѴbm]vķ$ĺĺĺŐƑƏƐƐőĺ";t†;m1; o=-uubˆ-Ѵ7;|;ulbm;vrѴ-m|Ŋl;7b-|;7bm|;u-1|bomv0;|‰;;m_;u0bˆou;vĺ

Journal of Animal Ecology 99ķƕŋƐƔĺ

†h-lbķ $ĺ ŐƑƏƐƔőĺ bv|oub1-Ѵ 1om|bm];m1‹ bm 1oll†mb|‹ -vv;l0Ѵ‹Ĺ m|;]u-|bm]mb1_;vķvr;1b;vrooѴvķ-m7ruboub|‹;==;1|vĺAnnual Review of

Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 46ķƐŋƑƒĺ

ol;vķ "ĺ ĺ ĺķ ;u1hŠķ (ĺ "ĺ ĺ $ĺķ ş "--ˆ;7u-ķ "ĺ ŐƑƏƐƕőĺ †m]-ѴŊ_ov| 7bˆ;uvb|‹-lom]l‹1o_;|;uo|uor_b1rѴ-m|vbm1u;-v;vruorou|bom-ѴѴ‹|o |_;bu=†m]-ѴŊ_ov|oˆ;uѴ-rĺEcology and Evolutionķ7ķƒѵƑƒŋƒѵƒƏĺ ubr;m0;u]ķ"ĺķouub;mķĺķ†7lou;ķĺķ"-Ѵlbm;mķĺķş!ovѴbmķ$ĺŐƑƏƏƕőĺ

!;vo†u1;v;Ѵ;1|bom0‹=;l-Ѵ;lo|_vbm-_;|;uo];m;o†v;mˆbuoml;m|Ĺ )_-|bv-roou]buѴ|o7oĵJournal of Animal Ecologyķ76ķѶƔƓŋѶѶƔĺ ;0;u|ķ ĺ ĺ ĺķ "|o;1hѴ;ķ ĺ +ĺķ ,;lѴ-hķ $ĺ "ĺķ ş u-m1bvķ ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƏƓőĺ

7;m|b=b1-|bomo=0bu7v|_uo†]_7m-0-u1o7;vĺPLoS Biologyķ2ķ;ƒƐƑĺ o=0-†;uķĺķş"b]l†m7ķĺŐƐƖƖѶőĺEvolutionary games and population

dy-namicsĺubm1;|omķĹubm1;|om&mbˆ;uvb|‹u;vvĺ

-rѴ-mķĺķş ;mmoķ!ĺ ĺŐƑƏƏƕőĺm|;uvr;1b=b1bm|;u-1|bomvbmr_‹|or_-]o†v bmv;1|v u;ˆbvb|;7Ĺ  t†-m|b|-|bˆ; -vv;vvl;m| o= 1olr;|b|bom |_;ou‹ĺ

Ecology Lettersķ10ķƖƕƕŋƖƖƓĺ

-u0-mķ !ĺķ o†];mŊb|Œl-mmķ ĺķ ş m]Ѵbv_Ŋo;0ķ ĺ ŐƐƖƖƓőĺ u;7-|ouŊ l;7b-|;7-rr-u;m|1olr;|b|bom0;|‰;;m|‰o_;u0bˆou;v|_-|=;;7om ]u-r;ˆbm;vĺOecologiaķ97ķƔƏѶŋƔƐƐĺ ;];m7u;ķĺķş;];m7u;ķĺŐƑƏƐƑőĺNumerical ecologyķƒu7;7mĺŠ=ou7ķ&Ĺ Ѵv;ˆb;uĺ ;ˆbmķ"ĺĺŐƑƏƏƔőĺ";Ѵ=Ŋou]-mbŒ-|bom-m7|_;;l;u];m1;o=1olrѴ;Šb|‹bm ;1oѴo]b1-Ѵv‹v|;lvĺBioScienceķ55ķƐƏƕƔŋƐƏƕƖĺ

;ˆbmvķ!ĺŐƐƖѵѶőĺEvolution in changing environments: Some theoretical

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;‰om|bmķ !ĺ ĺ ŐƐƖѵƖőĺ$_; l;-mbm] o= v|-0bѴb|‹ĺ Brookhaven Symposia in

Biology 22ķƐƒŋƑƓĺ

bķ"ĺķ-7o||;ķĺ)ĺķ;bm;uvķ"ĺĺķ†ķ,ĺķ †h-lbķ$ĺķşb-m]ķĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺ omˆ;u];m1;-m77bˆ;u];m1;bm-Ѵom]Ŋ|;uloѴ7Ŋ=b;Ѵ7v†11;vvbomĹ$_; blrou|-m1;o=vr-|b-Ѵv1-Ѵ;-m7vr;1b;v-0†m7-m1;ĺEcology Lettersķ19ķ ƐƐƏƐŋƐƐƏƖĺ

bѴѴķ ĺķ ş -ut†bvķ !ĺ ŐƑƏƏƒőĺ 1ov‹v|;l ;m]bm;;ubm] 0‹ 1-|;urbѴѴ-uv bmŊ 1u;-v;vbmv;1|_;u0bˆou;7bˆ;uvb|‹om‰_b|;o-hĺEcologyķ84ķѵѶƑŋѵƖƏĺ o]o=;|ķ ĺĺŐƐƖƖƒőĺMatrices and graphs: Stability problems in

mathemati-cal ecologyĺo1-!-|omķ Ĺ!u;vvĺ †ķ*ĺķu-‹ķĺķuo‰mķĺĺķ;7];uķĺĺķbѴm;uķĺĺķom7u-]omķ!ĺĺķĺĺĺ -ķĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺ uo†]_|u;‰bu;v|_;1ou;vo==oo7‰;0vĺNature Climate Changeķ6ķѶƕƔŋѶƕѶĺ ‹m1_ķĺĺķ-rѴ-mķĺķ bˆ;Ѵ‹ķĺĺķş ;mmoķ!ĺ ĺŐƑƏƏѵőĺov|ŊrѴ-m|l;Ŋ 7b-|;71olr;|b|bomˆb-bm7†1;7u;vbv|-m1;Ĺm|;u-1|bomv0;|‰;;mr;v| _;u0bˆou;vomro|-|o;vĺEcological Applicationsķ16ķѶƔƔŋѶѵƓĺ -1u|_†uķ!ĺķş;ˆbmvķ!ĺŐƐƖѵƕőĺ$_;Ѵblb|bm]vblbѴ-ub|‹ķ1omˆ;u];m1;ķ-m7 7bˆ;u];m1;o=1o;Šbv|bm]vr;1b;vĺThe American Naturalist 101ķƒƕƕŋƒѶƔĺ -u]-Ѵ;=ķ!ĺŐƐƖѵѶőĺPerspectives in ecological theoryĺ_b1-]oķĹ&mbˆ;uvb|‹

o=_b1-]ou;vvĺ 1;o1_ķĺĺķş_o‰mķ"ĺĺŐƐƖƖƕőĺˆb7;m1;o=1olr;|b|bombm-_;u0bˆoŊ uo†vķ]-ѴѴŊbm_-0b|bm]lo|_ŐѴ;rb7or|;u-ő1oll†mb|‹ĺOikosķ78ķƐƏƕŋƐƐƔĺ ouubvķ!ĺĺķubr;m0;u]ķ"ĺķ;‰bvķĺ$ĺķş!ovѴbmķ$ĺŐƑƏƐƒőĺm|-]ombv|b1 bm|;u-1|bomm;|‰ouhv-u;v|u†1|†u;7bm7;r;m7;m|Ѵ‹o=Ѵ-|b|†7;-m7_ov| ]†bѴ7ĺEcology Letters 17ķƒƓƏŋƒƓƖĺ 7†lķĺĺŐƐƖѵƖőĺ$_;v|u-|;]‹o=;1ov‹v|;l7;ˆ;Ѵorl;m|ĺScienceķ164ķ 262–270. Ѵb|oķĺķş †h-lbķ$ĺŐƑƏƏƖőĺom]Ŋ|;ul;==;1|vo=ru;7-|ou-uubˆ-Ѵ|blbm] omru;‹1oll†mb|‹v†11;vvbomĺThe American Naturalistķ173ķƒƔƓŋƒѵƑĺ -ѴѴbmbķĺķ-mvv;mķĺķş"-0;Ѵbvķĺ)ĺŐƐƖƖѶőĺu;7-|ouvbm7†1;bm|;uvr;Ŋ 1b=b1_;u0bˆou;1olr;|b|bom=ou=oo7bmu;=†];vr-1;ĺEcology Lettersķ1ķ 171–176. -mķĺķu;bvv;uķĺĺķ"†ķ ĺķb-oķ*ĺķ*b;ķ)ĺķ)-m]ķ"ĺķĺĺĺ,_-m]ķ+ĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺ-|-Ѵ _ov|rѴ-m|v1-m-Ѵ|;u_;u0bˆou;1olr;|b|bomĺPLoS ONEķ11ķ;ƏƐѵƖƐƓƑĺ ;|-mb7o†ķ$ĺķ-ѴѴbl-mbvķĺ"ĺķ$Œ-moro†Ѵovķĺķ"]-u7;Ѵbvķ"ĺĺķş-m|bvķĺ ĺŐƑƏƏѶőĺom]Ŋ|;ulo0v;uˆ-|bomo=-roѴѴbm-|bomm;|‰ouhĹ Ѵ†1|†-|bom bmvr;1b;v-m7bm|;u-1|bomvķu;Ѵ-|bˆ;bmˆ-ub-m1;o=m;|‰ouhv|u†1|†u;-m7 blrѴb1-|bomv=ou;v|bl-|;vo=vr;1b-ѴbŒ-|bomĺEcology Letters 11ķƔѵƓŋƔƕƔĺ o;Ѵl-mķĺĺķuo;h]--u7;mķĺķoomķĺĺ(ĺķş b1h;ķĺŐƑƏƏѶőĺ-uѴ‹ v;-vom _;u0bˆou; 7b==;u;m|b-ѴѴ‹ -==;1|v rѴ-m| 7;=;m1; u;vromv;v |o v†0v;t†;m|Ѵ‹ 1oѴombŒbm] _;u0bˆou;v -m7 |_;bu -0†m7-m1; bm |_; =b;Ѵ7ĺ

Molecular Ecology 17ķƒƒƔƑŋƒƒѵƔĺ

! ou; $;-lĺ ŐƑƏƐƕőĺ !Ĺ  Ѵ-m]†-]; -m7 ;mˆbuoml;m| =ou v|-|bv|b1-Ѵ 1olr†|bm]ĺ (b;mm-ķ †v|ub-Ĺ ! o†m7-|bom =ou "|-|bv|b1-Ѵ olr†|bm]ĺ _||rvĹņņ‰‰‰ĺ!Ŋruof;1|ĺou]ņĺ

!-lovŊbѴb0;u|oķ!ĺķ(-Ѵ7oˆbmovķ ĺ"ĺķobvv;|7;vr-mvķĺķş Ѵou;vķĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƑőĺ$oroѴo]b1-ѴrѴ-v|b1b|‹bm1u;-v;vuo0†v|m;vvo=l†|†-Ѵbv|b1m;|Ŋ ‰ouhvĺJournal of Animal Ecologyķ81ķѶƖѵŋƖƏƓĺ

!;7l-mķĺ ĺķ ş "1ub0;uķĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƏƏőĺ olr;|b|bom 0;|‰;;m |_; ]‹rv‹ lo|_ķ Ѵ‹l-m|ub- 7bvr-uķ -m7 |_; mou|_;um |b];u v‰-ѴѴo‰|-bѴķ r-rbѴbo 1-m-7;mvbvĹm|;u-1|bomvl;7b-|;70‹_ov|rѴ-m|1_;lbv|u‹ķr-|_o];mvķ -m7r-u-vb|ob7vĺOecologiaķ125ķƑƐѶŋƑƑѶĺ !o_uķ!ĺĺķ"--ˆ;7u-ķ"ĺķş-v1olr|;ķĺŐƑƏƐƓőĺm|_;v|u†1|†u-Ѵv|-0bѴb|‹ o=l†|†-Ѵbv|b1v‹v|;lvĺScienceķ345ķƐƑƔƒƓƖƕĺ !o_uķ!ĺĺķ"--ˆ;7u-ķ"ĺķ;u-Ѵ|-ķĺķ uov|ķĺĺķ;uvb;uķĺŊ ĺķ-v1olr|;ķ ĺķş$‹Ѵb-m-hbvķĺĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺ;uvbv|ouruo7†1;Ĺ1oll†mb|‹|u-7;Ŋo== |†m;70‹vr;1b;v;ˆ;mm;vvĺThe American Naturalist 188ķƓƐƐŋƓƑƑĺ "--ˆ;7u-ķ"ĺķ!o_uķ!ĺĺķ -hovķ(ĺķş-v1olr|;ķĺŐƑƏƐƒőĺv|bl-|bm]|_;

|oѴ;u-m1; o= vr;1b;v |o |_; ;==;1|v o= ]Ѵo0-Ѵ ;mˆbuoml;m|-Ѵ 1_-m];ĺ

Nature Communications 4ķƑƒƔƏĺ

"--ˆ;7u-ķ "ĺķ !o_uķ !ĺ ĺķ bѴ-uu-mŒķ ĺ ĺķ ş -v1olr|;ķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƓőĺ o‰ v|u†1|†u-ѴѴ‹v|-0Ѵ;-u;]Ѵo0-Ѵvo1bo;1omolb1v‹v|;lvĵĺ Royal Society

Interfaceķ11ķƑƏƐƓƏѵƖƒĺ

"--ˆ;7u-ķ "ĺķ !o_uķ !ĺ ĺķ ou|†m-ķ ĺ ĺķ ";Ѵˆ-ķ ĺķ ş -v1olr|;ķ ĺ ŐƑƏƐѵőĺ";-vom-Ѵvr;1b;vbm|;u-1|bomvlbmblbŒ;|_;blr-1|o=vr;1b;v

|†umoˆ;u om |_; Ѵbh;Ѵb_oo7 o= 1oll†mb|‹ r;uvbv|;m1;ĺ Ecologyķ 97ķ ѶѵƔŋѶƕƒĺ

"--ˆ;7u-ķ"ĺķ!o_uķ!ĺĺķѴ;v;mķĺĺķş-v1olr|;ķĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺ;v|;7vr;Ŋ 1b;vbm|;u-1|bomvruolo|;=;-vb0bѴb|‹oˆ;uv|-0bѴb|‹7†ubm]|_;-vv;l0Ѵ‹ o=-roѴѴbm-|ou1oll†mb|‹ĺEcology and Evolutionķ6ķƖƖƕŋƐƏƏƕĺ "--ˆ;7u-ķ"ĺķ;m1bķ"ĺķ7;Ѵ(-Ѵķĺķo;];ķĺķş!o_uķ!ĺĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺ -|-=uolĹ

!;ou]-mbŒ-|bom o= bm|;u-1|bom m;|‰ouhv lo7†Ѵ-|;v |_; r;uvbv|;m1; o=vr;1b;vbmѴ-|;v†11;vvbom-Ѵv|-];vĺDryad Digital Repositoryķ_||rvĹņņ 7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƔƏѵƐņ7u‹-7ĺƔ_ƐѶƕĺ

"--ˆ;7u-ķ"ĺķ!o_uķ!ĺĺķ-v1olr|;ķĺķo7o‹ķĺķu-=|ķĺĺĺķş;ˆbm;ķ ĺĺŐƑƏƐƕőĺv|u†1|†u-Ѵ-rruo-1_=ou†m7;uv|-m7bm]l†Ѵ|bvr;1b;v1oŊ ;Šbv|;m1;ĺEcological Monographs,_||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƏƏƑņ;1lĺƐƑѵƒĺ "ˆbu;Œ_;ˆķ+ĺĺķşo]o=;|ķ ĺĺŐƐƖѶƒőĺStability of biological communities.

ov1o‰ķ!†vvb-Ĺbu†0Ѵbv_;uvĺ

$-1hķĺķˆ-vh-bm;mķĺķ-uubvomķĺĺķş!ovѴbmķ$ĺŐƑƏƏƖőĺolr;|b|bom -v-v|u†1|†ubm]=ou1;bmѴ;-=lbm;u1oll†mb|b;vĺOikosķ118ķѶƏƖŋѶƐѶĺ $bѴl-mķ ĺ ŐƑƏƏƓőĺ b1_; |u-7;o==vķ m;†|u-Ѵb|‹ķ -m7 1oll†mb|‹ v|u†1|†u;Ĺ v|o1_-v|b1|_;ou‹o=u;vo†u1;1olr;|b|bomķbmˆ-vbomķ-m71oll†mb|‹ assembly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United

States of Americaķ101ķƐƏѶƔƓŋƐƏѶѵƐĺ

$upf;Ѵv]--u7ķ ĺķ ş Ѵ;v;mķ ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƐѵőĺ 1oѴo]b1-Ѵ m;|‰ouhv bm lo|bomĹ b1uoŊ -m7 l-1uov1orb1 ˆ-ub-0bѴb|‹ -1uovv v1-Ѵ;vĺ Functional Ecology. _||rvĹņņ7obĺou]ņƐƏĺƐƐƐƐņƐƒѵƔŊƑƓƒƔĺƐƑƕƐƏĺ

$u;foķ ĺķ ş buŒoķ !ĺ ŐƑƏƏƏőĺ ;=ou;v|-|bom o= v;-vom-ѴѴ‹ 7u‹ |uorb1-Ѵ =ouŊ ;v|Ĺm-|bom-Ѵ-m7Ѵo1-Ѵ-m-Ѵ‹vbvbml;Šb1oĺBiological Conservationķ94ķ 133–142. (b-m-ķ ĺ"ĺķb7ķĺķ b]†;uoѴ-ķĺķş"-m|-l-uझ-ķĺŐƑƏƐѵőĺ bv;m|-m]Ѵbm]|_; uoѴ;vo=7bˆ;uvb|‹u;vbv|-m1;-m7ruboub|‹;==;1|vbm1oll†mb|‹-vv;l0Ѵ‹ĺ Oecologiaķ182ķѶѵƔŋѶƕƔĺ (bѴѴ-Ŋ-Ѵ-ˆbŒķĺķo;];ķĺķş7;Ѵ(-ѴķĺŐƑƏƐƑőĺ!;vbѴb;m1;bmrѴ-m|Ŋ_;u0bŊ ˆou;m;|‰ouhv7†ubm]v;1om7-u‹v†11;vvbomĺPLoS ONEķ7ķ;ƔƒƏƏƖĺ (bv‰-m-|_-mķ ĺ(ĺķb=1_|vķĺĺķş$_-Ѵ;uķĺ"ĺŐƑƏƏƕőĺomv;t†;m1;vo= v;t†;m|b-Ѵ-||-1h=ouu;vbv|-m1;|o_;u0bˆou;v‰_;mrѴ-m|v_-ˆ;vr;1b=b1 bm7†1;7u;vromv;vĺOikosķ116ķƐƒѶƖŋƐƒƖƖĺ +-l-7-ķ$ĺķşouhķĺŐƑƏƏƖőĺˆoѴ†|bomo=0boloѴ;1†Ѵ-um;|‰ouhvѴ;vvomv =uoll;|-0oѴb1-m7ruo|;bmbm|;u-1|bomvĺNature Reviews Molecular Cell

Biologyķ10ķƕƖƐŋѶƏƒĺ

,-uķ ĺ ĺ ŐƑƏƐƏőĺ Biostatistical analysisķ Ɣ|_ ;7mĺ &rr;u "-77Ѵ; !bˆ;uķ Ĺ ;-uvomĺ

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