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Survey of activity patterns in two government office buildings
SURVEY OF ACTIVITY PATTERNS I N TWO GOVERNMENT OFFICE BUILDINGS
by B.M. Johnson
PREFACE
I n F e b r u a r y 1977 t h e D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e p a t t e r n s o f p e r s o n n e l movement i n t h e J e a n n e Mance B u i l d i n g , O t t a w a , i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e H e a l t h Programs Branch o f H e a l t h and W e l f a r e Canada. The subsequerlt r e p o r t " S t a i r w a y s Use - H e a l t h a n d Energy Impact S t u d y " ( A p r i l 1, 1977) p r e s e n t e d t h e i n d e p e n d e n t f i n d i n g s o f t h e D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h and H e a l t h a n d W e l f a r e Canada. S i n c e t h a t t i m e t h e D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h r e s e a r c h e r s f u r t h e r a n a l y s e d b o t h s e t s o f f i n d i n g s and c a r r i e d o u t f i e l d s t u d i e s on t h e L a S a l l e Academy, O t t a w a , t o g a i n a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e o b s e r v e d phenomena a s w e l l a s t o v e r i f y t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e r e s e a r c h t e c h n i q u e s . T h i s r e p o r t p r e s e n t s t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h i s a n a l y s i s . Ottawa August 1979 C
.
B. Crawford D i r e c t o r , DBR/NRCNATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CIF CANADA DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH
DBR INTERNAL REPORT NO. 454
SURVEY OF ACTIVITY PATTERNS I N TWO GOVERNMENT OFFICE BUILDINGS
by B.M. Johnson
Checked by: G
.
0.
H. Approved by: L.
W.
G.
Prepared for: Record PurposesDate: August 19 79
For s e v e r a l y e a r s r e s e a r c h on p e r s o n n e l movement i n o f f i c e s h a s been d i r e c t e d p r i m a r i l y t o t h e arrangement o f work a r e a s t o
- minimize t r a f f i c , a l t h o u g h o t h e r r e s e a r c h h a s i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e performance and demand on e l e v a t o r s and d e v e l o p e d g r a p h i c a l o r d i g i t a l computing methods f o r a n a l y s i s o r d e s i g n . I n t h e p a s t few y e a r s t h e D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g Research o f t h e N a t i o n a l Research C o u n c i l and o t h e r r e s e a r c h g r o u p s have s t u d i e d t h e emergency e v a c u a t i o n o f o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s ( P a u l s , 1979) and i n t h e e a r l y s p r i n g of 1977 t h e D i v i s i o n c o l l a b o r a t e d w i t h H e a l t h and Welfare Canada i n t h e s t u d y o f t h r e e government o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e normal u s e o f s t a i r s and t h e h e a l t h and e n e r g y u s e i m p a c t s o f changing s t a i r u s e (Johnson and P a u l s , 1 9 7 7 ) . F u r t h e r s t u d i e s were done l a t e r i n ' 7 7 and t h e e a r l i e r d a t a r e - a n a l y s e d . T h i s Report d e s c r i b e s t h e background,
BACKGROUND
The studies attempted to answer some of the questions raised by various researchers. While undertaking studies of emergency egress from office buildings, Pauls* had questioned whether the frequency of normal stair use could affect a population's behaviour during an emergency
evacuation. The results of a questionnaire given by Pauls in 1971 to the occupants of the Jeanne Mance Building indicated that about 3 per cent of the building population cannot use stairs, and another 4 per cent found stairs difficult to use, usually due to dizziness. Pauls also concluded that the normal trip length downstairs was less than that required in a building evacuation. About one-half of the respondents to the
questionnaire indicated that they used the stairs at least once a day. Pauls also asked why people chose stairs rather than the elevators for some trips.
Later, three British studies raised more questions about personnel movements. Courtney and Davidson (1974), of the British Research
Establishment, surveyed the use of elevators and stairs in two British government office buildings. The concern of their survey was the
capability of the vertical circulation system to meet the requirements of the building occupants. One of the buildings had eleven stories (with a seven storey wing) and one had five stories with assumed populations of 450 and 280 respectively. These populations were based on actual
observations and were less than two-thirds the official figures. The survey indicated the sensitivity of personnel movement routines to
specific occurrences such as the daily arrival of a milk vendor. Courtney and Davidson used fixed observers, questionnaires and diaires (logs) to gather their data. They found the diaries to be unreliable and also found that observers could affect people's actions if they were not discreet. They suggested further research to determine:
"1. the proportion of a building's nominal population actually present on any day;
2. the shape and magnitude of the mornings arrival pattern and lunchtime journey patterns;
3. the relation between the nominal and actual capacity of lift cars (elevators) at peak traffic times;
4. the waiting time at which stairs are preferred;
5. the use of passenger lifts for goods." Courtney and Davidson, 1974, p. 19.
Carter and Whitehead (1976) studied the arrangement of activities in a multi-storey office building to minimize personnel movement. Their
report emphasized the significance of specific tasks that generated movement, such as duplicating. The data from this study was used to develop an association matrix that could then be used to rearrange the activities to reduce the magnitude of traffic. The report raised
questions about the use of elevators and stairs depending on trip length. Green and Smith (1977) used data from the Building Research
Establishment survey and separate data from an eleven-storey multi- tenanted office building to test a probablistic model to determine the reversal floor and the number of stops for elevators depending on the number of passengers. They also gathered information on arrival rates during lunchtime and end of day in a building with staggered hours. They found that the lunchtime elevator use resulted in mean waiting times at the upper floors that were substantially longer than at the ground floor during the morning peak.
In February 1977 Health and Welfare Canada commissioned a study of the health impacts of the use, evaluation and design of stairways in office buildings. Three buildings were surveyed, one being the Jeanne Mance building studied earlier by Pauls.
A questionnaire and logs were used to determine the health
characteristics of the building's occupants, the patterns of stairs and elevator use, and the att'tudes towards these facilities (Beck 1977). Accompanying this study was an analysis of the energy impact of elevator use. Also, DBR surveyed the stair and elevator use in the
Jeanne Mance building and included an interim report with the main report by Beck.
The Division of Building Research used video-tapes and mechanical counters to study the personnel movements in the building, to try to provide both supplementary and confirmatory information to the
questionnaires and logs obtained. In the fall of 1977 observations were made in the LaSalle Academy, another of the buildings surveyed. The third building studied by Beck was vacated in the fall of 1977.
THE BUILDINGS
The Jeanne Mance building (built in 1970) is located in the Canadian Federal Government complex at Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa. It is a 21-storey building with a rentable area of approximately 1600 m2 per floor. The ground floor has a lobby and cafeteria areas, the basement contains service rooms. The service core contains two stairs, eight elevators, washrooms and services space (Figure 1). The elevators labelled 1 to 4 in Figure 2 serve floors 2 to 12; those labelled 5 to 8 serve floors 12 to 21.
The LaSalle Academy, a renovated historic building with a recent extension, was reoccupied in 1976. It has a complex plan, primarily four storeys high, has a typical rentable area of approximately 3500 m2 per floor, with a cafeteria and small garage on the basement level. There are seven sets of stairs, three elevators and washrooms on almost all floors (Figure 3). In the Beck study this building was considered in two parts.
The Concord building is ten storeys high with a rentable floor area of approximately 500 m2. It has a single service core similar to the Jeanne Mance building, with stairs that are square in plan and very cramped.
THE BECK REPORT
"The study (was) concerned with worker's use of stairways, motives for use, and the evaluation of the stairway environment in four low- and high-rise government office buildings in Ottawa. The information
collected was intended to be of use to the architects and designers of stairways and of government policy in addressing the possible beneficial health impacts (i.e., exercise) of increasing stairway use." (Beck 1977, P. 1).
From the analysis of the questionnaires and logs, Beck estimated stair and elevator use, determined the motives for choosing stairs, and described people's attitudes and actions relating to health. Beck's study indicated that 8 per cent of the population did not use stairs, half of these for health reasons; this agreed with the earlier findings of Pauls. Average stair use was found to be 7 trips per day, with a stair length trip of 1.7 floors up and 2.7 floors down. It was also concluded that use was related to concern about health, job classification, job requirements and the particular building, but not related to number of accidents or
respondent's sex. Exercise value was stated as the principal reason for preferring stairways instead of elevators. Stairways were also used to save time, electrical energy, and travel distance. Phobias about elevators were not found to be a significant reason for not using them. The survey also asked which design features of stairs affected their use, concluding that the lighting, cleanliness, colour and air quality were the most important features.
ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS
In his report Beck did not separate his findings with regard to individual buildings nor was there time to compare the findings of Beck and the Division of Building Research. There were several questions worth looking at on a per building basis so the computer cards of the data were loaned to DBR which used a program in the APL language to analyze them. This language allows flexibility of data manipulation and easy construction of contingency tables, thus permitting the data to be analyzed in a manner that was almost interactive.
STAIR AND ELEVATOR USE
The first question was, what is the daily stair and elevator use per person. Table 1 gives these values as obtained from DBR1s data and Beck's questionnaires and logs, the agreement between the values being very good.
TABLE 1
Dailv Stair and Elevator Use ner Person
Average Number of Trips Jeanne Mance Concord LaSalle Academy Elevators (logs) Stairs (logs) Questionnaires Stair Use 4.38 7.99 D BR Data
*Based on estimated population
To assess the accuracy of the questionnaires and logs the total daily stair use as reported on the questionnaires was compared with the same on the logs. The difference for each individual's statements was averaged for each of the buildings. Table 2 gives the difference between questionnaires and logs.
TABLE 2
Difference Between Ouestionnaires and Loes Mean (Standard Deviation) for Populations
Jeanne Concord LaSal le
Mance Academy
Men -0.833 = (5.79) 0.407 = (4.21) -1.52 (6.64)
The DBR findings are based on three measurements: (1) Stair door openings were measured by mechanical counters fixed to the door frames. Although these counters are not absolutely reliable, they give a val~rc at least as accurate as other parameters. (2) Group size was estimntcd by observers counting groups on the stairs of the Jeanne Mance building and by counts from vid2o tapes in the LaSalle Academy. (3) Building population was counted from a continuous video recording of the only entrance in the Jeanne Mance building. Super 8 recordings of the entry and exit from the LaSalle Academy done on a time sampling basis
indicated that the figures used by Beck for the building were approximately correct.
Observed building population was noted by both Pauls, Courtney and Davidson, and the DBR studies, as differing from the official building population. The DBR measurements indicated a maximum population of about 1400 compared to the official figure of 1700 for the Jeanne Mance building. Generally the observed population is less than 80 per cent of the official population. Green and Smith did not report the official population but rather the actual population measured. Beck had used a building population of 210 for the LaSalle Academy which if used to calculate stair use from DBR records would have resulted in a stair use of 18.6 per day; however, the value of 422 was used derived from
incomplete Super 8 and video recordings to give 8.5 uses per day. This population would mean a space allocation of approximately 33 m2 per person which is more generous than normal. The difference for thc Jeanne Mance building, however, may come from the unreliability of questionnaires and logs. The problems of logs (diaries) had been noted by Courtney and Davidson (p. 6). In their study observed movement exceeded reported movement whereas the opposite was the case in the Canadian studies.
Table 3 gives the average number of stories travelled per day, as recorded on the logs, for elevators and stairs. The sum of the number of storeys is nearly proportional to the height of the building.
TABLE 3
Averaee Number of Storevs Travelled Der Dav
Jeanne
Mance Concord
LaSal le Academy
Elevators 36.8 12.44 3.76
Courtney and Davidson graphed (Figure 4) the modal split between elevators and stairs from their respondent's diaries. A similar graph was drawn for all three of the Ottawa buildings. Figure 5 shows the
p e r c e n t a g e o f p a s s e n g e r s who c h o s e e l e v a t o r s , d e p e n d i n g on t r i p l e n g t h , f o r a l l t h r e e b u i l d i n g s . T h e s e a g r e e w e l l w i t h t h e f i n d i n g s o f
C o u r t n e y and D a v i d s o n . F i g u r e s 6 a n d 7 show t h e same f o r t h e ,Jeanne Mance and L a S a l l e Academy b u i l d i n g s . T h e s e ' g r a p h s ;ire
c o n s i s t e n t i n showing t h a t e l e v a t o r s a r e a l m o s t t h e e x c l u s i v e means o f v e r t i c a l movement o v e r s i x s t o r e y s a n d t h a t a b o u t 60 p e r c e n t o f t h e p e o p l e w i l l c h o o s e s t a i r s when t r a v e l l i n g l e s s t h a n t h r e e s t o r e y s . The p e r c e n t a g e o f p e o p l e o n e a c h f l o o r u s i n g s t a i r s t o a n d from t h e i r work s t a t i o n a r e shown r e s p e c t i v e l y by T a b l e s 4 a n d 5 from t h e B R E b u i l d i n g s and t h e O t t a w a b u i l d i n g s . T h e s e t a b l e s i n d i c a t e a c o n s i s t e n c y o f s t a i r u s e p a t t e r n s i n t h e m o r n i n g and e v e n i n g , w i t h a t e n d e n c y f o r g r e a t e r s t a i r u s e i n t h e B r i t i s h b u i l d i n g s f o r t h e e v e n i n g peak w h i l e u s e i n C a n a d i a n b u i l d i n g s peaked i n t h e m o r n i n g . TABLE 4 P e r c e n t a g e o f P e o p l e U s i n g S t a i r s i n t h e Morning S o u t h b r i d g e 98 74 32 1 9 16 0 0 0 0 S a n c t u a r y 6 5 58 9 3 - 0 0 0 - J e a n n e ~ a n c e ~ 7 9
-
35 - - - 9 - - 1 7 15 3 Concord 93 80 39 38 29 30 24 0 - LaSal l e 86 43 30 * J e a n n e Mance u s e d s t r a t i f i e d s a m p l i n g . +The h i g h v a l u e s o f t h e u p p e r f l o o r s may b e c a u s e d by p e o p l e t r a n s f e r r i n g from t h e e l e v a t o r s t o t h e s t a i r s .TABLE 5 P e r c e n t a g e o f P e o p l e U s i n g S t a i r s i n t h e E v e n i n g S o u t h b r i d g e 98 96 91 85 81 57 26 1 2 8 S a n c t u a r y 8 3 100 57 38 - 15 10 0 - J e a n n e ~ a n c e t 7 6 - 45 - - - 28 - - 2 1 20 Concord 8 7 80 96 67 6 5 24 29 0 - * J e a n n e Mance u s e d s t r a t i f i e d s a m p l i n g .
he
h i g h v a l u e s o f t h e u p p e r f l o o r s may b e c a u s e d by p e o p l e t r a n s f e r r i n g from t h e e l e v a t o r s t o t h e s t a i r s . Reasons f o r S t a i r UseBeck showed t h a t s t a i r u s e was n o t a f f e c t e d by t h e r e s p o n d e n t ' s
a c c i d e n t h i s t o r y o r g e n d e r a n d t h a t s t a i r u s e c o r r e l a t e d w e l l w i t h a h e a l t h i n d e x , b u t t h a t j o b r e q u i r e m e n t s were t h e most s i g n i f i c a n t r e a s o n f o r
moving a r o u n d t h e b u i l d i n g . The p e r c e i v e d m o b i l i t y o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t was c h e c k e d a g a i n s t t h e a c t u a l m o b i l i t y a n d i s g i v e n i n T a b l e 6 .
TABLE 6
A c t u a l M o b i l i t y V e r s u s P e r c e i v e d M o b i l i t y
Mean Number Mean Length o f T r i p s o f T r i p s Moved Around - a l o t - somewhat - a l i t t l e - v e r y l i t t l e
For the analysis of some factors, therefore, perceived movement could be used as it correlates relatively well with actual mobility, especially if actual mobility is considered to he average trip length rather than number of trips. Given that people can relatively accurately state the number of trips they make daily and that they can estimate their general mobility, an estimate of trip length and frequency would probably be
sufficiently accurate for most purposes. People can also predict,
reasonably accurately, their maximum journey length as shown in Figure 8
where there is good agreement between the logs and questionnaire results. The work floor is a possible determining factor, Table 7 shows the average number and length of the trips for each floor of the buildings from the logs. From this table it can be seen that the occupants of the lower floors in the Jeanne Mance and Concord buildings use the stairs more frequently. If the trips to and from the ground level are discounted, however, then the amount of stair use seems heavier at upper floors. Figure 9 shows the mean number of uses per floor per day in the
Jeanne Mance building. Also plotted are the values from the logs which do not vary substantially from recordings of the mechanical counters except at the fifteenth floor. Figure 10 graphs the change in stair use with residence floor. It can be seen that the number of stair uses drops dramatically yet the length of the journey is relatively constant.
TABLE 7 Stair Use per Floor
Another f a c t o r t h a t c o u l d i n f l u e n c e s t a i r u s e i s t h e a g e o f t h e w o r k e r . T a b l e 8 g i v e s t h e number o f r e s p o n d e n t s i n v a r i o u s a g e g r o u p s who u s e d
s t a i r s f o r t r i p s o f v a r i o u s a v e r a g e l e n g t h s .
TABLE 8
Average T r i p Length V e r s u s Age
R e s p o n d e n t s Rounded Average T r i p Length
Age 0 1 2 3 4 T o t a l s Under 21 1 9 7 1 0 18 2 1 - 30 2 0 7 5 5 8 1 8 2 173 Over 60 2 1 2 0 0 5 T o t a l s 4 4 126 99 39 6 3 14 The d a t a i n d i c a t e a t e n d e n c y f o r y o u n g e r p e o p l e t o t a k e l o n g e r t r i p s . A t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n t a b l e o f t h e a g e , d e g r e e o f h e a l t h c o n s c i o u s n e s s , a n d p e r c e n t s t a i r t r i p s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e f i r s t two f a c t o r s b o t h a f f e c t e d t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f s t a i r c a s e t r i p s . Age, however, seems t o have l i t t l e e f f e c t on t h e number o f c o m p l a i n t s a b o u t t h e s t a i r s a s shown i n T a b l e 9 .
TABLE 9
Number of Complaints in Relation to Age
Age Average Number Standard Deviation
Under 21 1.5 2.1
Over 60 1.2 2.2
STAIR SAFETY
Beck had found that stair use was not affected by accident history. Archea and others have studied stair safety in relation to stair design
(Asher, 1977). It may be that stair use is affected in an entire building by the history of stair incidents and this could be dependent on stair design. A probability of a stair accident (minor fall or worse) was determined in Archea's work; this probability was compared with the probabilities as noted on the questionnaires.
TABLE 10
Probability of Fall on Stairs
- - - - -
Probability of Fall Sample Size
Archea 1.4 x
Jeanne Mance 1.10 x lo-3 185
Concord 1.3 x 124
I t s h o u l d b e e m p h a s i z e d t h a t t h e s e d a t a a r e b a s e d on t h e h i g h l y s u b j e c t i v e r e s p o n s e s t o q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w h e r e a s A r c h e a ' s was more c l o s e l y b a s e d on o b s e r v a t i o n s . I t s h o u l d a l s o b e n o t e d t h a t t h e f i g u r e s were b a s e d on u s i n g r e p o r t e d number o f s t a i r t r i p s a n d l e n g t h o f s t a y i n t h e h u i l d i n g t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t o t a l number o f s t a i r t r i p s . N c v c r t h c l c s s , t h c r c i s c o n s i d e r a b l e s i m i l a r i t y between t h e f i n d i n g s . To c a l c u l a t e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y , t h e t o t a l number o f s t a i r t r i p s made hy t h e p e r s o n was e s t i m a t e d , b a s e d on t h e i r r e p o r t e d d a i l y s t a i r u s e and number o f months i n t h e b u i l d i n g . T h i s a s s u m e s t h a t s t a i r u s e r e m a i n e d c o n s t a n t d u r i n g a p e r s o n ' s t i m e i n t h e b u i l d i n g . T h i s was c h e c k e d by c o m p a r i n g p e r c e i v e d s t a i r u s e w i t h c h a n g e o f s t a i r u s e , T a b l e 1 1 .
TABLE 1 1
P e r c e i v e d Movement V e r s u s Change i n S t a i r Use
I n c r e a s e d Same D e c r e a s e d Move Around a l o t a l i t t l e a l o t a l i t t l e - a l o t 3 1 8 2 0 1 1 - somewhat 2 3 2 7 5 9 5 5 - a l i t t l e 7 2 5 4 1 10 2 - v e r y l i t t l e 3 6 3 3 2 9 ELEVATOR PERFORMANCE B e c k ' s s t u d y i d e n t i f i e d s e v e r a l r e a s o n s f o r p e o p l e s e l e c t i n g s t a i r s o v e r e l e v a t o r s . The l e n g t h o f t i m e t a k e n by t h e e l e v a t o r was i m p o r t a n t t o a l m o s t 70 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n . E l e v a t o r p e r f o r m a n c e was a n a l y z e d i n t h e e a r l i e r J e a n n e Mance s t u d y by n o t i n g t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n c a r r i e d i n 1 5 - m i n u t e i n t e r v a l s and t h e f r e q u e n c y o f p e o p l e s h a r i n g a c a b a t t h e p e a k h o u r s a n d a t l u n c h h o u r . F o r t h e e v e n i n g p e a k t h e mean was 4 . 2 6 and t h e
mode 4 . T h e s e c o r r e s p o n d t o l e v e l s o f s e r v i c e C a s d e s c r i b e d i n F r u i n ( 1 9 7 1 ) . They d i f f e r somewhat from t h e f i g u r e s shown i n Green ( 1 9 7 7 ) . F i g u r e 11 shows t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f v a r i o u s numbers o f s t o p s p e r t r i p d u r i n g t h e peak 2 0 - m i n u t e p e r i o d a t l u n c h t i m e , o b s e r v e d from t h e v i d e o t a p e . Green a n d S m i t h g i v e p r o b a b i l i t i e s f o r t h e number o f s t o p s e x c e e d i n g a g i v e n v a l u e , t h e s e a r e p l o t t e d o n t h e g r a p h a n d i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f t h e v a l u e s a c t u a l l y o b s e r v e d i s low. T h i s i s due t o a v a r i a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e model u s e d by Green a n d S m i t h and t h e o b s e r v e d s i t u a t i o n . I t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e phenomenon i s
l e s s random t h a n assumed. I t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e r e a r e s u f f i c i e n t numbers oi- g r o u p s ( i - e . , p e r s o n s w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r ) b o a r d i n g t h e e l e v a t o r s t o c a u s e t h i s d i v e r g e n c e . The most u s u a l measure o f e l e v a t o r p e r f o r m a n c e i s t h e a v e r a g e w a i t i n g t i m e . T h i s i s a f f e c t e d by t h e r o u n d - t r i p t i m e . F i g u r e 12 shows t h e o b s e r v e d r o u n d - t r i p t i m e s f o r v a r i o u s l o a d i n g s o f t h e h i g h l e v e l e l e v a t o r s a t t h e J e a n n e Mance b u i l d i n g f o r t h e p e a k e v e n i n g p e r i o d . Using d e s i g n d a t a a n d e q u a t i o n s from Barney and Dos S a n t o s (1975) a l i n e h a s been drawn on F i g u r e 12 f o r t h e t h e o r e t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between c a r l o a d i n g and r o u n d t r i p t i m e . The a v e r a g e r o u n d - t r i p t i m e i s a b o u t 90 s e c o n d s a s t h e r e a r e f o u r e l e v a t o r s s e r v i n g t h e s e l e v e l s ; t h e a v e r a g e t i m e between e l e v a t o r s t i i l l b e a b o u t 25 s e c o n d s . (One o f t h e e l e v a t o r s s e r v e s a basement l e v e l . ) T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h e a v e r a g e w a i t i n g t i m e a t ground l e v e l t o b e l e s s t h a n 15 s e c o n d s . Green and S m i t h showed t h a t l u n c h h o u r t r a f f i c may b e more demanding on t h e e l e v a t o r s y s t e m a n d c a u s e l o n g e r w a i t i n g t i m e s . I n t h e J e a n n e Mance b u i l d i n g t h e w a i t i n g t i m e a t l u n c h i s u n l i k e l y t o e x c e e d t h e minimum recommended
w a i t i n g t i m e o f 25 s e c o n d s . I n t h e l i g h t o f B e c k ' s f i n d i n g s t h a t t i m e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r , i t may b e t h a t t h e recommended a v e r a g e w a i t i n g t i m e i s t o o l o n g .
F i g u r e 3 shows t h e t h r e e e l e v a t o r s o f t h e L a S a l l e Academy. The t o t a l e l e v a t o r u s e i n t h e b u i l d i n g was v e r y low, e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e two e l e v a t o r s n e a r s t a i r A where t h e p e a k 5 - m i n u t e u s e was a b o u t 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n e n t e r i n g a n d u s i n g s t a i r A . However, t h e u s e o f t h e e l e v a t o r s i n t h e p e a k 5 m i n u t e s a t s t a i r E h a s 15 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n a t t h a t e n t r a n c e a s c e n d i n g b y e i t h e r s t a i r s o r e l e v a t o r s d u r i n g t h e morning p e r i o d . F i g u r e 1 3 i s a h i s t o g r a m o f p e r s o n n e l w a i t i n g t i m e s d u r i n g t h e peak morning p e r i o d f o r t h e e l e v a t o r s n e a r s t a i r A a n d s t a i r E . A c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e s e v a l u e s w i t h t h o s e o f Green (1977) a n d T r e g a n z a (1976) show t h a t t h e e l e v a t o r s p r o v i d e a h i g h l e v e l o f s e r v i c e i n t h i s b u i l d i n g , e s p e c i a l l y by s t a i r A where t h e r e i s l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t o n l y one o f t h e e l e v a t o r s i s n e e d e d . CONCLUSIONS
The p u r p o s e o f Beck's s t u d y was t o d e t e r m i n e t h e h e a l t h and e n e r g y i m p a c t s o f s t a i r s . The DBR s t u d y was u n d e r t a k e n t o e v a l u a t e some o f B e c k ' s v a l u e s , and t o p r o v i d e some b a s i c v a l u e s t h a t c o u l d b e u s e d t o d e s i g n e l e v a t o r s and s t a i r s . T a b l e 1 i s d i f f i c u l t t o u s e t o c o n f i r m t h e a c c u r a c y o f B e c k ' s f i n d i n g s , c e r t a i n l y i n t h e J e a n n e Mance b u i l d i n g t h e r e p o r t e d and o b s e r v e d s t a i r u s e a r e c o m p a t i b l e . T h i s i s f u r t h e r shown b y t h e c o m p a r a b l e v a l u e s i n F i g u r e 9 a n d T a b l e 7. S t a i r a n d e l e v a t o r u s e w i l l b e d e t e r m i n e d b y many f a c t o r s . The t o t a l u s e p e r p e r s o n o f t h e s e modes, however, was c o n s i s t e n t t h r o u g h t h e t h r e e b u i l d i n g s ( s e e T a b l e 1 ) a l s o T a b l e 3 i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e t o t a l p e r p e r s o n number o f s t o r e y s t r a v e l l e d i s a l m o s t p r o p o r t i o n a l t o b u i l d i n g h e i g h t . F i g u r e s 4 , 5 , 6 , and 7 i n d i c a t e t r i p l e n g t h i s a s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r i n t h e c h o i c e between e l e v a t o r s a n d s t a i r s . E l e v a t o r p e r f o r m a n c e ( a p a r t from t r a v e l t i m e ) was n o t f o u n d by Beck t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t . I n c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f
the short waiting times observed by DBR, elevator performance would not be
a reason for using stairs. Despite this it is interesting that morning and evening stair use was similar to that noted by Courtney and Davidson wherc the building did not have as high elevator performance as in the Ottawa buildings. Other factors determining stair use and stair trip length were
found to be age or perhaps more precisely seniority (Table 8) and
interaction with other work floors. Stair safety was found by Beck not to affect stair use despite the slightly greater tllan normal frequency of
reported incidents of stair mishaps. The validity of the responses, however, is certainly questionable.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
Most of the foregoing findings are only accurate to little better than an order of magnitude and further studies could certainly be undertaken to make them more accurate. It is important, however, to keep in mind the application of the findings. The report by Beck was to determine the health
impacts of stair use with the underlining intention of providing information for health programs. The DBR study was more concerned with providing
information for building design and management. The findings of tllc Beck report probably give sufficient information for policy making. The DBR findings do not provide adequate information for the design or management of vertical circulation facilities. A more complete understanding of the factors that determine the choice between using stairs or elevators is necessary in order to design btiildings to optimize use of these facilities. A combination of the DBR and British findings provides basic information
for an integration of the stair and elevator system. More refined studics can only be justified, however, when clear objectives have been determined.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pauls, J.L. Building Evacuations, Findings and Recommendations. Human Behaviour and Fires (in press) ed. D. Canter. John Wiley, London, Spring 1979.
Johnson, B.M., Pauls, J.L. Pilot Study on Personnel Movement in Office Buildings. Study in association with Health and Welfare Canada, Stairways Use by R.J. Beck, Health Programs Branch, 1977.
Courtney, D.G., Davidson, P.J. A Survey of Passenger Traffic in Two Office Buildings. BRE Current Paper 67/74.
Carter, D.J., Whitehead, B. A Study of Pedestrian Movement in a Multi-Storey Office Building. Building and Environment, Vol. 11, 1976, p. 239-247. Green, M.F., Smith, B.S. A Survey and Analysis of Lift Performance in an
Open Office Building. Building and Environment, Vol. 12, Nov. 2, 1977, p. 65-72. Pergamon Press.
Beck, R.J. Stairways Use, Health Programs Branch, Health and Welfare Canada, April 1, 1977.
A s h e r , J . K . Towards a S a f e r Design f o r S t a i r s . J o b S a f e t y and H e a l t h , September 1977, p . 27-03.
F r u i n , J . J . P e d e s t r i a n P l a n n i n g and Design, New York, M e t r o p o l i t a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f Urban D e s i g n e r s and E n v i r o n m e n t a l P l a n n e r s , I n c . ,
Barney, G.C., Dos S a n t o s , S.M. Improved T r a f f i c D e s i g n Methods f o r L i f t S y s t e m s , B u i l d i n g S c i e n c e , Vol. 1 0 , 1975, p . 277-285.
T r e g a n z a , P e t e r , The D e s i g n o f I n t e r i o r C i r c u l a t i o n - P e o p l e a n d B u i l d i n g s , Crosby Lockwood S t a p l e s , London, 1976.
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( 5 1 ) I ( 2 5 1 7 a . H a v e v o u n o t i c e d t h e s i s n s n e x t t o t h e No r e s p o n s e ( 2 6 ) e l e v a t o r s t o e n c o u r a g e p e o p l e t o u s e s t a i r w a y s ? Yes No (j2e) 34 3 5 36 3 7 ( 2 1 ) 7b. I f y e s , h a v e t h e y made a n y d i f f e r e n c e i n now o f t e n y o u u s e t h e s t a i r s ? ( C h e c k o n e ) ( 1 9 ) S t a i r w a y u s e h a s s t a y e d t h e same (5a;.) 1 S t a ~ r w a y u s e h a s i n c r e a s e d ( 1 0 ' ) 2 S t a i r k a y u s e h a s i n c r e a s e d g r e a t l y ( 3 6 ) 3 No a n s w e r ( 3 0 4 1 8 . H a v e y o u e v e r s l i p p e d o r f a l l e n o n t h e s t a i r s i n t h i s b u i l d i n g ? ( C h e c k o n e ) I ' v e f a l l e n a n d h d r t m y s e l f ( 2 . 5 ' 1 I ' v e f a l l e n b u t w a s n ' t h u r t ( 1 1 % ) 2 I ' v e a l m o s t f a l l e n ( 2 6 . 2 , ) 3 I ' v e n e v e r f a l l e n 5 ) 4 D i d n o t a n s w e r ( 1 .3:.) 9 . I f y o u u s e t h e s t a i r s d o y o u r u n o r t a k e m o r e t h a o o n e s t e p a t a t i m e ? P l e a s e c h e c k . F r e a u e n t i v 1 O c c a s i o n a l l v 1 N e v e r I G o i n g ! 1 u p 1 ( 2 6 6 ) ( 4 0 2 ) I 4 1 G o i n g1
(17';) 1 d o w n 1 ( 2 7 % )l o b . U n d e r n o r m a l c o n a i t l o n s w h a t i s t h e r l a x i m u r l n u m b e r o f f l o o r s y o u a r e w l l l r n g t o g a d a w n s t a i r s ? 1 0 a . U n d e r n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n s w h a t i s t h e n a x i n : u r n,!llber o f f l o o r s y o u a r e w l 1 1 i n ( r t o o v e r 7-
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(13:) . S o u n d s a n d n o i s e s I ( 3 3 . I move a r o u n d a l o t ( 2 0 % ) I I m o v e a r o u n d s o m e w h a t (34:) 2 I m o v e a r o u n d a l i t t l e (25':) 3 I m o v e a r o u n d v e r y l i t t l e ( 2 0 % ) 4 L a c k o f f l o o r a i r e c t o r y o u t s i d e s t a i r s ( 8 5 ) 6 5 1 3 . A r e y o u i n v o l v e d i n a n y g o v e r n m e n t , 2 r i v a t e o r p e r s o n a l f i t n e s s p r o g r a m ? I f s o , d e s c r i b e i n a f e w w a r d s : 6 7 C a n ' t s e e o u t 1 5 5 j 1 i 1 4 . How l o n g h a v e y o u w o r k e d i n t h i s b u i l d i n g ? 1 5 . I n t h e t i m e y o u ' v e w o r k e d i n t h i s b u l l d r n g h a s ( G i v e a n s w e r i n y e a r s o r m o n t h s a s y o u y o u r n o r m a l u s e o f t h e s t a i r s 70 p r e f e r ] 6 8 , 6 9 E v e n d i s t r i b u t i o n f r o m 1 t o 7 y e a r s i n c r e a s e d a l o t ( 1 5 9 ) 1 i n c r e a s e d a l i t t l e (20:) 2 s t a y e d t h e same (51:) 3 d e c r e a s e d a l i t t l e ( 6 " 4 d e c r e a s e d a l o t (5:) 5 I f i t h a s c h a n g e d . w h a t u e r e t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h i s ? ( b e c a u s e o f j o b ) 1 6 . How m a n y t i m e s h a v e y o u p a r t i c i p a t e d i n a f i r e d r i l l o r o t h e r e v a c u a t i o n i n t h i s b u i l d i n g r e q u i r i n g y o u r u s e o f t h e s t a i r s ? ( 4 7 ' , ) h a v e n o t h a d a n y 7 11 7 . 9 0 y o u n a v e a n y p r o b l e m w i t h y o u r e y e j i g t i t ? F l e a s e i n ~ l i c a i e :ne h l n J u f : r i , l - ' e r . ( ? t . 4 . , h a v e p t - o h l e r : . ~ 7 2 1 8 . How o l d a r e y o u ? 7 3 2 0 o r d n d e r 2 1 - 30 3 1 - 4 0 4 1 - 5 0 5 1 - 6 0 6 1 o r o v e r ; 9 . i l a l e : 4 d . ; i ( 4 9 . 7 . i 2 i 4 2 0 . J a b T i t l e - 75 ? l . H e l q h t f t i n 7 6 . 7 : ( 3 r e f u s e d ) 2 1 . W e i g h t I b s i f ! , 7 9 . 8 0 (20 r e f u s e d ) 2 3 . I s t h e r e a ~ y t h i n g e l s e y o u w o u l d l i k e t o s a y a b o u t s t a i r w a y s a n d h e a l t n a n d e n e r s y , e t c . ? O l d t h i s s u r v e y c o v e t a l l t h e i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t s .
Col
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1 - 3 4 5-6 7 8 9 1 0 - 1 1 1 2 1 3 14 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 20 2 1 2 2 25 2 6 33 37 38 Ques. 1 2 3 4 56
APPENDIX B DECODING OUESTIONNAIRES (SAMPLE 473) V a l u eID
B u i l d i n g ( 1 , 2 9 4 Y 5 ) F1o o r
( 1 -1 9 , 9 9 ) Zone 0 - 9 0 - 9 0 - 9 9 0 - 9 Col.
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Q u e s . Val ue For c o d e s : s e e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s 9 , 9 9o r
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1 8 t i m e s X X X
DECK SET-UP LOGS B u i l d i n g 1 B u i l d i n g 2 B u i l d i n g 3 B u i l d i n g 5 R - 2 [SAMPLE 3191 I D # ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o q u e s t i o n n a i r e s ) C o n t i n u a t i o n o n n e x t ; i f n o t 0 o r b l a n k " E n t r y t o b u i l d i n g " f l o o r " R e s i d e n c e " f l o o r ( 0 - 2 1 ) B l a n k N e x t d e s t i n a t i o n f l o o r ( 9 9 u n s p e c i f i e d ) 0 = b y s t a i r s , 1 = b y e l e v a t o r , 9 = n o t s p e c i t i e d 0 = e n d o f c i r c u i t , 1 = c o n t i n u a t i o n o f c i r c u i t , 9 = e n d o f t r i p s f o r t h e d a y M a l e s F e m a l e s ? M a l e s F e m a l e s ? Ma1 e s F e m a l e s ? Ma1 e s F e m a l e s ? S e p a r a t o r C a r d s w i t h I D = 8 8 8
DATA C O L L E C T I N G A C T I V I T Y .II,IINNI': MANCE BllTI,I)ING
TIME
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F e b r u a r y 2 FUNCTION VTR UlUIT 1 5 : 3 0-
1 6 : 4 5 V i d e o T a p e d 7 : 1 T i m e S a n y o L a p s e S o u t h w e s t S t a i r-
G r o u n d F l o o r 16:OO-
1 6 : l O V i d e o T a p e d-
R e a l T i m e S a n y o M a i n E n t r a n c e-
G r o u n d F l o o r 1 6 : 2 5-
1 6 : 3 5 V i d e o T a p e d-
R e a l T i m e S a n y o M a i n E n t r a n c e-
G r o u n d F l o o r F e b r u a r y 3 7 : 4 5 - 1 1 : 1 5 V i d e o T a p e d - 7 : l T i i r e S a n y o L a p s e S o u t h w e s t S t a i r-
G r o u n d F l o o r 7 : 5 5-
8 : 1 5 V i d e o T a p e d-
R e a l T i m e S a n y o M a i n E n t r a n c e-
G r o u n d F l o o r 8 : 0 0-
9 : 0 5 L i v e C o u n t o n E l e v a t o r s ( a l l )-
G r o u n d F l o o r 1 1 : 3 0-
1 7 : 0 0 V i d e o T a p e d-
7 : 1 T i m e S a n y o L a p s e N o r t h e a s t S t a i r - w e l l-
G r o u n d F l o o r 1 1 : 4 5-
1 7 : 0 5 L i v e C o u n t S o u t h w e s t S t a i r w e l l-
G r o u n d F l o o r 1 1 : 4 5-
1 2 : 1 5 V i d e o T a p e d-
R e a l T i m e S a n y o E l e v a t o r s ( e a s t b a n k ) G r o u n d F l o o r C A M E R A - -.- -S a n y o S a n y o S a n y o S o n y S a n y o S o n y S a n y oTIME
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FUNCTION VTR U N I T --- -CAMERA 1 2 : 4 5-
1 3 : 0 5 V i d e o T a p e d-
R e a l T i m e S a n y o S a n y o E l e v a t o r s ( e a s t b a n k )-
G r o u n d F l o o r 15:OO-
1 7 : 0 5 L i v e C o u n t o n E l e v a t o r s S a n y o S a n y o ( a l l )-
G r o u n d F l o o r 16:OO-
1 6 : 2 0 V i d e o T a p e d-
R e a l T i m e S a n y o S a n y o E l e v a t o r s ( e a s t b a n k )-
G r o u n d F l o o r F e b r u a r y 2 2 7 : 0 0-
1 7 : 4 5 L i v e C o u n t S o u t h w e s t S t a i r w e l l-
G r o u n d F l o o r 7 : 0 5-
7 : 3 0 L i v e C o u n t M a i n E n t r a n c e-
G r o u n d F l o o r 7 : 3 0-
1 7 : 4 0 V i d e o T a p e d-
7 : l T i m e S a n y o S o n y L a p s e M a i n E n t r a n c e-
G r o u n d F l o o r1
L i v e C o u n t-
D o o r O p e n i n g C o u n t e r s-
A l l 1 0 : 5 0-
1 1 : 3 01
F1 o o r s-
B o t h S t a i r - F e b r u a r y 2 4 6 : 3 7-
1 7 : 4 0 L i v e C o u n t S o u t h w e s t S t a i r w e l l-
G r o u n d F l o o r 6 : 3 7-
7 : 2 0 L i v e C o u n t M a i n E n t r a n c e-
G r o u n d F l o o rTIME
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FUNCTION -. -. VTR ---== LINIT C A F I E R A --- 7 : 2 0-
1 7 : 4 0 V i d e o T a p e d-
7 : l T i m e Sa n y o Sony L a p s e M a i n E n t r a n c e-
G r o u n d F l o o r ' ' : 0 °-
1 1 : 2 5I
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A l l 1 2 : 0 0-
1 2 : 2 2 F l o o r s-
B o t h S t a i r - F e b r u a r y 25 1 1 : 2 5-
1 1 : 3 5 1 2 : 2 5-
1 2 : 3 5 7:00-
1 7 : 3 0 L i v e C o u n t S o u t h w e s t S t a i r w e l l-
G r o u n d F l o o r L i v e C o u n t N o r t h e a s t S t a i r w e l l-
G r o u n d F l o o rTIME
