2> kMrgsMNYrekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;Casþg;darGnþrCati

(1)

1

sþg;darénkareFVIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;

karbBa¢ak; nigkarkMNt;mUlehtuénkarsøab;

(2)

(3)

2

matika

1> karerobcMsþg;darénkareFVIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; 4

1>1> eKalbMNg nigmatika 4

1>2> esckþIRtUvkarsMrab;kareFVIeGaysþg;darnUvviFIsaRsþekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; 5

1>3 Éksareyag 7

2> kMrgsMNYrekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;Casþg;darGnþrCati 9

2>1> esckþIepþIm 9

2>2> kMrgsMNYrsþg;darénekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; 9

2>2>1 rUbFaturYm 9

2>2>2 kMrgsMNYrekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; 1³ karsøab;rbs;kumarGayueRkambYns)aþh¾ 10 2>2>3 kMrgsMNYrekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; 2³ karsøab;rbs;kumarGayu4s)aþh¾eTA14qñaM 10 2>2>4 kMrgsMNYrekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; 3³ karsøab;rbs;mnusSGayucab;BI 15qñaMeLIgeTA 11

2>3 GñkeqøIyEdlsmRsb nigry³kalrMlwk 11

2>4 eKalkarN¾ENnaMGMBIkarbegIán karbkERb nigkarsMrbykeTAtamkEnøg 11

2>5 Éksareyag 12

kMrgsMNYrekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; sþg;darGnþrCati 1 13

mrN³PaBTarkGayuticCag 4 s)aþh¾ 13

kMrgsMNYrekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; sþg;darGnþrCati 2 mrN³PaBkumarGayu4s)aþh¾eTA14qñaM 36

kMrgsMNYrekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; sþg;darGnþrCati 3 61

mrN³PaBmnusSGayu 15qñaM eLIgeTA 61

GFib,ayeTAelIsMNYrCak;lak;³ 95 GFib,ayGVIepSg²eTot³ 95

3> Gnuvtþn_^ICD-10 eBleFVIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; 96

3>1 eKalbMNg 96

3>2 TidæPaBTUeTA 97

3>2>1 esckþIepþImBIBt’manmrNPaB 97

3>2>2 RbPBénBt’manmrNPaB 97

3>2>3 kareFVIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; 98

3>2>4 mUlehtuénkarsøab; 98

(4)

3

3>3 karENnaM 100

3>3>1 karkMNt;mUlehtuénkarsøab;kñúgkareFVIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; 100

3>3>2 TMrg;CaGnþrCatiénlixitevC¢saRsþsMrab;bBa¢ak;mUlehtuénkarsøab; 102

3>4 rcnasm<½n§ nigeKalkarN_rbs; ^ICD-10 106

3>4>1> TidæPaBTUeTAénkarcat;fñak; ^ICD-10 106

3>4>2> taragbBa¢I 107

3>4>3> libiRkmtamlMdab;tYGkSr 114

3>4>4 eRCIserIsmUlehtupÞal;énkarsøab; 116

3>5 kareRbIR)as;Tinñn½y 124

3>6 karsMgat; 125

3>7 RbPBBt’manbEnßmeTot 125

3>7>1 karpøas;bþÚr nig bc©úb,nñPaB cMeBaH ^ICD-10 125

3>7>2 Bt’manGMBI ^ICD 126

3>7>3 taragkarsMerccitþ 126

3>7>4 karBinitüemIlCaTUeTAGMBI»kasénkarbNþúHbNþal 126

3>7>5 evTikasaFarN³GMBImrN³PaB 126

3>8 kUd ICD enAkñúgekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;-krNIBiess² 126

3>8>1 edaHRsayCamYynwgmUlehtueRcIn 127

3>8>2 mUlehtuBiessepSgeTot 128

3>9 taragTak;Tgrvag bBa¢Iekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;xøI nig kUd ^ICD-10 136

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4

1> karerobcMsþg;darénkareFVIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;

1>1> eKalbMNg nigmatika

eKalbMNgénkUnesovePAenHKWcg;pSBVpSaysþg;darénkarRbmUlTinñny½ nigFnFancat;taMgsMrab;kareFVIekaslvic½y mUl ehtumrNPaB nigpþl;nUvkarENnaMTUeTAsMrab;kareRbIR)as;FnFanTaMgenH.

FnFanTaMgenHrYmman³

kMrgsMNYrekaslvic½ypÞal;mat;sMrab;RkumGayubI ¬eRkambYns)aþh¾ bYns)aþh¾eTA!$qñaM nig!%qñaMeLIg¦ ¬PaK@¦.

sMbuRtbBa¢ak;mUlehtumrN³PaB nigeKalkarN¾ENnaMBIkUd sMrab;eRbIcMeBaHcMNat;fñak;sßitiCalkçN³GnþrCatiénCMgW nigbBaðasuxPaBEdlTak;Tg. karEksMrYlelIkTI!0 (ICD-10) [1] cMeBaHkareFVIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; ¬PaK# Epñk

#>@-#>*¦. nig

bBa¢ImUlehtumrN³PaB sMrab;kareFVIekaslvic½ypÞal;mat; CamYynwgkUd ^ICD-10EdlTak;Tg ¬ :taragTak;Tg : PaK#

EpñkTI #>(¦.

esovePAenH nigFnFanEdlvaman KWCaplitplrYmFøúgEtmYyénkarxitxMRbwgERbgbIqñaMrbs;RkumGñkCMnajkar EdldwknaM edayGgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak ^(WHO)rYmmanGñkRsavRCav GñkeRbIR)as; nigGñkrYmcMENkepSg²eTot eRkamkic©]btßmÖ rbs; Health Metrics Network (HMN). BYkeKmanbMNgbMerIeGayesckIþRtUvkarrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;nigGñkplitnana nUvBt’manGMBImrN³PaBrYmmanGñkRsavRCav GñkeFVIeKalneya)ay nigRbFankmμviFI nigGñkvaytMél. edIm,IeGayFnFan TaMgenHGaceRbIR)as;)anya:ggay nigya:gTUlMTUlayEdlGaceFVIeTA)an eKnwge)aHBum<vaenAkñúgeKh¾TMB½rrbs;^WHO nig enAkñúgTMrg;EdlGace)aHBum<ecj)an ehIynwgrYmbBa©ÚleTAkñúgeKh¾TMB½rrbs; ^HMN nigkñúgkBa©b;FnFansMrab;BRgwgRbBn§½ sßitiCIv³fñak;CatiEdlnwgecjpSaykñúgeBlqab;²enH. edayehtufakare)aHBum<CaPasafμI²nwgman ]bkrN¾TaMgenHnwgRtUv dak;enAkñúgEpñksaFarN³ edayman ^WHOCaXøaMgsMrab;karbkERbd¾m:t;ct; nigsMPar³bkRtlb;mkvij EdlRtUvnwgEbb bTCasþg;darEdlmane)aHBum<enATIenH. RkumGñkCMnajkarGMBIkareFVIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; )anBinitüemIl BiPakSa nigeFVI eGayRbesIrCaRbBn§½ nUvbNþúMbTBiesaFn¾ nigPsþútagBIkMrgsMNYrekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; nignitiviFI EdleKeRbIR)as;ya:g TUlMTUlaynigsuRkwtü . karenH eGayplCakMrgsMNYrsþg;darsMrab;kareFVIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; enAelIRkumGayubI.

elIsBIenHeTAeTot RkumGñkCMnajkar )anQandl;kic©RBmeRBogelIkareRbIR)as;viFIsaRsþsþg;dar sMrab;bBa¢ak;dak;kUd nig eFVItaragmUlehtumrN³PaB BIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;RsbeTAtamnitivIFI ^ICD-10. karGnuvtþn¾nUv]bkrN¾sþg;darenH nwg eFVIeGaykan;EtmanPaBsIuKñanigPaBGaceRbobeFobKñaeTAvijeTAmk)annUvekaslüvic½yEdlTajecjBITinñn½ymrN³PaB taragTMnak;TMngGnuBaØatieGaymankareRbIR)as;ya:ggaynUv ^ICD-10. vak¾GnuBaØatieGay mankarcat;taMglMdab;RkummYy

¼GnuRkum sMrab;mUlehtumrN³PaB EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkUd ^ICD-10 RbsinebImUlehtu søab;Cak;lak;NamYyminGaccat;

)anBIeRBaHBt’manBIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;minRKb;RKan;. enAeBlEdlmanBt’maneRcIneTot ^ICD-10 eBjeljnwgRtUv eRbIsMrab;dak;kUd ¬emIlEpñk 3>( énPaK 3 sMrab;karBnül;eKalbMNg nigkareRbIR)as;taragTMnak;TMngenH¦.

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5

1>2> esckþIRtUvkarsMrab;kareFVIeGaysþg;darnUvviFIsaRsþekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;

PaBkMrnUvTinñny½EdlGaceGayeCOCak;)an GMBIkMritnigmUlehtuénkarsøab;sMrab;Gñkrs;enAkñúgtMbn;RkIRkelIBiPBelak )anbnþkMNt;RBMEdnnUvkic©xitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IksagnUvmUldæanPsþútagrwgmaMsMrab;eKalneya)aysuxaPi)alkareFVIEpnkar karGPi)alnigvaytMél. enAkEnøgEdlmrN³PaBPaKeRcInenAEtekItmanenAnwgpÞH nigenAkEnøgEdlRbBn§½cuHbBa¢IsIuvil mindMeNIrkar vamansMNagtictYcNas;EdlmrN³PaBekIteLIgq¶ayBIGaKarsuxaPi)al RtUv)aneKkt;RtaedayTukeGay PaBÉkÉgbBa¢ak;BImUlehtuénkarsøab;. CadMeNaHRsaymYycMENkeTAnwgbBaðaenH ekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; )ankøayeTA CaRbPBbzmsMrab;Bt’manGMBImUlehtumrN³PaB enAkñúgRbCaCnEdlxVHkarcuHbBa¢ICIv³ niglixitbBa¢ak;evC¢saRsþ.

ekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;KWCakarsMPasn¾EdleFVIeLIgCamYynwgsmaCikRKYsar b¤GñkEfTaMGñksøab; edayeRbIR)as;kMrgsMNYr erobcMCaeRscedIm,IykkarN¾eraKsBaØanigbNþMúeraKsBaØa nigBt’mand¾éTeTotEdlTak;Tg EdlGaceRbI)anenAeBleRkay mkkñúgkarcat;nUvmUlehtuekItmanenABIeRkamkarsøab;. ekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;KWCa]bkrN¾suxPaBsaFarN³ d¾caM)ac;

sMrab;TTYl)annUvkar)a:n;sμanedaypÞal;smRsbénrcnasm<n§½mUlehtuénkarsøab;enAkñúgshKmn¾mYy b¤kMritRbCaCn ebIeTaHCavaminEmnCaviFIsaRsþc,as;las;sMrab;kMNt;mUlehtusøab;cMeBaHkMritbuKÁl.

BIrTsSvtSknøgmk)anemIleXIjBIkarrIksaynUvplRbeyaCn¾ k¾dUcCakarRsavRCavnigkarGPivDÆn¾ kñúgRKb;TidæPaBén dMeNIrkarekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; edayrab;TaMgRbBn§½RbmUlTinñny½EdlkareFVIekaslüvic½yRtUv)aneFVIeLIg ¬]Ta> TItaMg XøaMemIlBIRbCasaRsþ tMNagGegát b¤TItaMgXøaMemIlRbBn§½cuHeQμaH CMerOn b¤karGegátRKYsar¦. matikakMrgsMNYr nig TMrg;. karGnuvtþeTAelIRkumGayuepSg². rebobcat;mUlehtusøab;. kardak;kUdnigeFVItaragmUlehtuénkarsøab;eTAtam k,Ün^ICD-10. nigbBaðarMxanénPaBsuRkwtü ^[3]. CalT§pl Tinñn½ymUlehtuCak;lak;rbs;mrNPaB )ankøayeTACaman sMrab;RbCaCnTaMgmUlEdlebImindUecñHeTnwgminmanGVImYyeLIy.

eKeRbIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;kñúgpøÚvbIFM². TImYy eKeRbIvaCabzmCa]bkrN¾RsavRCavkñúgbribfénkarsikSateTAmux kar RsavRCavGnþraKmn¾ b¤karsikSaEbbeGBIedmIsaRsþ CaTUeTAenAelIkumar b¤edIm,IkMNt;mUlehtumrN³PaBrbs;mata. TIBIr vakøayCaRbPBsßitimUlehtusøab; edImI,bMeBjtMrUvkarénkar)a:n;RbmaNbnÞúkCMgWenAkMritRbCaCnTaMgmUl EdlRtUveRbIenA kñúgeKalneya)ay kareFVIEpnkar kMNt;nUvGaTiPaB nigkMNt;nUvcMNuceKal ¬Benchmarking¦ ¬dUcenAkñúg karsikSaBI bnÞúkénCMgW Caskl ^[4]¦. TIbI Tinñn½yEdlTajecjBIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;)anTTYlkarTTYlsÁal;kan;EteRcIn faCa RbPBsßitimUlehtusøab; EdleKeRbIsMrab;kartamemIlkarvivDÆn¾ nigkarvaytMélGVIEdledIr nigGVIEdlminedIr.

edaymankarTak;Tgya:gxøaMgCamYynwgkmμviFIRsavRCavCak;lak; vamankarsMrbsMrYltictYcNas;kñúgcMeNamGñkplit nig GñkeRbIR)as;Tinñn½yekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; nigebIeTaHCamankarb:unb:gkñúgkarCMruj]bkrN¾sþg;dar k¾eday ^[5-7] GñkEdl skmμenAkñúgerOgenH min)aneTarTn;eTArkeKaledArYmelIkarGnuvtþl¥bMputenaHeLIy. karrcnaénkMrgsMNYrekaslüvic½y CMnan;TImYy nigCMnan;TIBIr Ca]TarhN¾ eFVIeTAtamya:gFMeFg nUvtMrUvkarrbs;GñkRsavRCav nigsMNYrCak;lak;EdlnwgRtUv eqøIy. ya:gehacNas; dMbUgbMput minmanBak;Bn§½nwgkarkMNt;GaTiPaBeLIy kñúgkarFananUvPaBGaceRbobeFob)anén

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6

sMNuMTinñn½yBIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy. elIsBIenHeTottMélnigPaBsμúKsμajénsuBlPaBrbs;ekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;

PaBmankMritkMNt;EdlCab;CamYynwgBiFIsarsuBlPaB nigkgVHnUvkarsikSaeRbobeFobsuBlPaBénkMrgsMNYrdEdlenA kñúgBhuRbeTs )anbnSl;TukeGayGñkeRbIR)as;ekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; edayKμankrNIviTüasaRsþTuksMrab;sMrbykCa :sþg;dar : dac;edayELkNamYyeLIy. CagenHeTAeTot manTMenarkñúgkarpøas;bþÚrBITMrg;mun²nigkMrgsMNYr b¤edaysamBaØ KWcab;epþImBIkareGH. vaKYreGaykt;sMKal;pgEdrfa mankarb:unb:gmYycMnYnedIm,Ie)aHBum<pSay cgRkgÉksar nigCYyKaM RTsMrab;yuT§saRsþEdleFVIeGaysþg;darrYcehIy cMeBaHkarcat;mUlehtumrN³PaB enAkñúgekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; ^[8-12]. enHKWCasmasPaBd¾sMxan;bMputéndMeNIrkarénkarGnuvtþviFIsaRsþekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; ehIyk¾dUcEdleyIgBiPakSa xageRkam RtUvEteTACamYyKñanwgkareFVIeGayeTACasþg;darnUv]bkrN¾RbmUlTinñn½y edIm,IFananUvkarplitnUvTinñn½yEdl GaceRbobeFob)an. kñúgry³eBl 5 eTA 7 qñaMknøgmkenH sar³sMxan;énTinñn½yEdlTajecjBIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;

CaRbPBsßitilT§plsuxaPi)alEdlGaceRbobeFob)an mankarekIneLIgya:grhs½ Edl)aneFVIeGaymankarcaM)ac;kñúgkar eFVIeGayeTACasþg;darnUvyuT§saRsþTaMgGs;eGaykan;Etl¥eLIg. ]TahrN¾ karviPaKCan;x<s; ¬Meta-analysis¦ BIsMNMu Tinñn½yénekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;EdlmanRsab; RtUv)aneKb:unb:geFVIeLIgedIm,Idak;ecjnUv :kMNt;eKal : nana Caskl sMrab;bnÞúkmrN³PaBkñúgcMeNamkumarEdlbNþalmkBICMgWepSg² ^[13-17]. edaysarEtxVHnitiviFICasþg;darénkarRbmUl Tinñn½y nigkarkMNt;mUlehtumrN³PaB nig karerobcMtarag kareRbobeFobRbPBBt’mand¾mantMélTaMgenH ya:gNak¾ eday enAmankMritkMNt;ya:gxøaMg. karvaytMélPaBsIuKñaénTinñn½y nigPaBGaceCOCak;)an enAman]bsKÁeRcInNas;

edaysarEtkgVHxatsMNMuTinñn½ysaFarN³xøÜnÉg ^[18] edaykgVHxatkarsikSasuBlPaBd¾m:t;ct; nigedaymanbBaðaCa jwkjab;énKMrUGegáttUc b¤mintMNageGay.

kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH mantMrUvkard¾FMeFgsMrab;karvas;EvgedaypÞal;nUvlT§pl edIm,ItamemIlBIkarvivDÆn¾ BIkarQandl;

TisedAkarGPivDÆn¾shsvtSr¾ nigvaytMélkmμviFInanakñúgkarTb;sáat;CMgW nig karpþÜcepþImkmμviFIsuxaPi)alCasklFM² - rab;TaMgGnþraKmn¾EdlmanbMNgkat;bnßykarsøab;edaysarCMgWb¤lkç½xNÐ½Cak;lak;nana. enAkEnøgEdlkarRKbdNþb;én sMbuRtmrN³PaBx<s; nigtMNag ehIyKuNPaBÉksarevC¢saRsþ x<s;nigR)akd karcuHbBa¢IsIuvilnigÉksarsuxaPi)alKWCa RbPBTinñn½yEdleKcUlcitþ kñúgkarKNnaGaMgDIkaT½rTaMgenH. kñúgtfPaBKWsMrab;GñkRk Cajwkjab;KWRbCaCnenACnbT EdlGnþraKmn¾ nigeKalneya)ayfμI² RtUverobcMeLIgsMrab;kat;bnßymrN³PaBsMrab;BYkeK Cajwkjab;bNþalmkBICMgW b¤

lkç½xNÐ½Cak;lak;nana-ekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;sMrab;ral;karxVHxatrbs;va enAEtsßitenACaCMerIskñúgkarGnuvtþsMrab;vas;Evg kMritnana nigTMenarkñúgmUlehtuCak;lak;^[2].

cugeRkaybMput TsSvtSr¾énkMENTMrg;vis½ysuxaPi)al )andak;tMélx<s;eTAelIkareFVIEpnkar : Ep¥kelIPsþútag : nigkMNt;

GaTiPaB-Cajwkjab;enAlMdab;bnÞab;BIfñak;Cati. Tinñn½yBImrN³PaB ¬Cajwkjab;begáItmkBIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;¦)an nigkMBugCaFnFandak;cUlya:gsMxan;eTAkñúgdMeNIrkarTaMgenH ^[19]. Tinñn½yTaMgenHeFVIeGaykBa©b;GnþraKmn¾fñak;Cati nig RsukEp¥keTAelIPsþútagEdll¥RbesIr. tMrUvcMeBaHkarsMercCaÉkcän½eTAelIsMNuMsñÚlénsþg;darbec©keTs nigeTAelIesckþI ENnaMsMrab;ekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; CamYynwgkarKaMRTTUlMTUlayrbs;va nigkarsMrbykKWCakic©karbnÞan;. xN³Edlman sMNYrCaeRcInGMBIPaBCak;lak;rbs;ekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;sMrab;vaytMélmUlehtusøab;xøHenaH vamankarlM)akNas;kñúg

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7

karniyayBenøIsGMBIplRbeyaCn¾EdlTTYl)anedaykareRbIR)as;rebobekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;Casþg;dar kñúgkarTTYl )annUvtMNagsßitimrN³PaB enAkñúgRbeTsnanaEdlmanRbBn§½cuHbBa¢ICIv³minTan;smRsb.

viFIsaRsþekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;nanaenAEtkMBugvivDÆn¾. visy½CaeRcInénkarRsavRCavEdlskmμ nigsMxan;enAkñúgekaslü vic½ypÞal;mat;enAEtman. TaMgenHrYmTaMgRbFanbTTaMgLaydUcCa karBRgIkeGaykan;EtTUlMTUlayEfmeTotnUvkMrg sMNYr nigviFIsaRsþsßitisMrab;vaycat;mUlehtusøab;)anmkBIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;Edr eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday edIm,IFana faTinñn½yGMBImrN³PaBedaymUlehtuCak;lak;ykecjBIekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; enAqñaMbnÞab;nwgmanplRbeyaCn¾d¾FMeFg cMeBaHGñkEdlplitva k¾dUcCacMeBaHGñkEdleRbIR)as;va kñúgeKalbMNgeRbobeFobeKCMrujfa FnFanCasþg;darfμIenH nwg køayCamUldæanRKwHsMrab;kic©xitxMRbmUlTinñn½yekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat;enATINaEdlGaceFIVeTA)an.

1>3 Éksareyag

1. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision, 2nd ed. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005.

2. Soleman N, Chandramohan D, Shibuya K. Verbal autopsy: current practices and challenges.

Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2006, 84:239–245.

3. Fauveau V. Assessing probable causes of death without death registration or certificates: a new science? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2006, 84:246–247.

4. Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds. The global burden of disease. Boston, Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of the World Health Organization and the World Bank, 1996.

5. Anker M et al. A standard verbal autopsy method for investigating causes of death in infants and children. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999 (WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.4; http://

whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_CDS_CSR_ISR_99.4.pdf, accessed 23 July 2007).

6. INDEPTH Network. INDEPTH Standardized Verbal Autopsy questionnaire. Revised August 2003 (http://www.indepth-network.org/core_documents/indepthtools.htm).

7. Setel PW et al. Proposed core verbal autopsy procedures for use in sample vital registration, with comparative findings from validation studies in China and Tanzania. PLoS Medicine, 2006, 3:e268.

8. Reeves BC, Quigly M. A review of data-derived methods for assigning causes of death from verbal autopsy data. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1997, 26:1080–1096.

9. Quigley MA, Chandramohan D, Rodrigues LC. Diagnostic accuracy of physician review, expert algorithms and data-derived algorithms in adult verbal autopsies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1999, 28:1081–1087.

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10. Boulle A, Chandramohan D, Weller P. A case study of using artificial neural networks for classifying cause of death from verbal autopsy. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2001, 30:515-20.

11. Byass P, Huong DL, Minh HV. A probabilistic approach to interpreting verbal autopsies:

methodology and preliminary validation in Vietnam. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2003, 31 (Suppl.62):32–37.

12. Kalter HD et al. Validation of caregiver interviews to diagnose common causes of severe neonatal illness. Paediatric Perinatal Epidemiology, 1999, 13:99–113.

13. Williams BG et al. Estimates of world-wide distribution of child deaths from acute respiratory infections. Lancet (Infectious Diseases), 2002, 2:25–32.

14. Morris SS, Black RE, Tomaskovic L. Predicting the distribution of under-five deaths by cause in countries without adequate vital registration systems. International Journal of

Epidemiology, 2003, 32:1041–1051.

15. Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J. Where and why are 10 million children dying every year?

Lancet, 2003, 361:2226–2234.

16. Korenromp EL et al. Measurement of trends in childhood malaria mortality in Africa: an assessment of progress toward targets based on verbal autopsy. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2003, 3:349–358.

17. Adjuik M et al. Cause-specific mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa and Bangladesh. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2006, 84:181–188.

18. Chandramohan D et al. Editorial: ethical issues in the application of verbal autopsies in mortality surveillance systems. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2005,

10:1087–1089.

19. Kapiriri L, Norheim OF, Heggenhougen K. Using burden of disease information for health planning in developing countries: the experience from Uganda. Social Science and Medicine, 2003, 56:2433–2441.

1. Development of verbal autopsy standards 4

20. Murray CJL, et al. Validation of the symptom pattern method for analyzing verbal autopsy data. PLoS Medicine. In ressp .

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(12)

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6

1. Anker M et al. A standard verbal autopsy method for investigating causes of death in infants and children. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999 (WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.4; http://

whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_CDS_CSR_ISR_99.4.pdf, accessed 23 July 2007).

2. Chandramohan D et al. Verbal autopsies for adult deaths: their development and validation in a multi- centre study. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 1998, 3:436–446.

3. Setel PW et al. Validity of verbal autopsy procedures for determining cause of death in Tanzania. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2006, 11:608–703.

4. Yang G et al. Validation of verbal autopsy procedures for adult deaths in China. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2006, 35:741–748.

7

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^0@ etInrNaCaGñkbegáItTark? evC¢bNÐit--- ! Kilanudæak¼qμb --- @ qμbburaN --- # sac;jati --- $ edayRsþIxøÜnÉg --- % epSgeTot --- ^

¬bBa¢ak;¦

mindwg --- *

^0# EbkTwkePøaHeBlNa? muneBlsMral--- !

eBlsMral --- ---- @ mindwg --- --- *

^0$ etITarkekItb:unμanema:geRkayEbkTwkePøaH? ticCag @$ema:g --- !

@$ em:ag b¤elIs--- ---- @ mindwg --- --- *

^0% etITwkePøaHmankøins¥úy? )aT --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg --- --- *

^0^ etITarkQb;kMerIkenAkñúgs,Ún? )aT --- ! eT --- ---- @

mindwg --- --- * ^Æ^Æ ^{^0*}^{^0*}

^0& etIenAeBlNaEdlTarkQb;kMerIkkñúgs,Ún? muneBlsMral--- ! eBlsMral --- ---- @ mindwg --- --- *

^0* etIqμbmansþab;sMelgebHdUgTarkEdrb¤eT kñúg GMLúgeBlsMral?

)aT --- ! eT --- ---- @

mindwg --- --- * ^Æ^Æ ^{^!0}^!0

^0( etImansMelgebHdUgTarkEdrb¤eT? )aT --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg --- --- *

^!0 etImanFøak;QamxøaMgEdrb¤eT enAéf¶Edlkar sMral cab;epþIm?

)aT --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg --- --- *

(21)

20

^!! etIRsþICamþaymanRKunekþAEdrb¤eT enAéf¶Edlkar sMral cab;epþIm?

)aT --- ! eT --- @ mindwg --- *

^!@ etIkarQWcab;eBlsMralmanry³eBlyUrb:uNÑa? ticCag !@ema:g --- !

!@-@# em:ag --- ---- @

@$ ema:gb¤elIs --- # mindwg --- ---- *

^!# vaCakar sMraltampøÚveRkamFmμtab¤ ? )aT --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg --- --- *

Æ ^!%

^!$ etIvaCakarsMralRbePTNa? edaycab;degáob¼bUm--- ! vHykkUn - --- ---- @ epSgeTot---- --- ^

¬bBa¢ak;¦

mindwg --- ---- *

^!% etIEpñkNaénTarkecjmkmun? k,al --- ! KUT ---- - --- ---- @ eCIg ---- --- --- # éd --- $ epSgeTot --- ^

¬bBa¢ak;¦

mindwg --- ---- *

^!^ etITgp©wtecjmkmun TarkekItb¤? )aT --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg --- --- *

(22)

21

elx sMNYr nig kRmg kUdRbePT

Epñk &> lkç½xNÐ½rbs;TarkPøameRkayeBlekIt

&0! enAeBlekIt etITMhMTarkdUcemþc? tUcCagFmμta--- ! Fmμta --- @

FMCagFmμta ---# mindwg --- *

&0@ etIkUnekItminRKb;Exb¤? )aT --- !

eT --- @ mindwg --- *

&0# etIépÞeBaHmanry³eBlb:unμanEx b:unaμns)aþh¾?

cUrbBa¢ak;ry³eBlmanépÞeBaH Ex --- --- s)aþh¾ --- mindwg --- ( ( *

&0$ etITMgn;eBlekItrbs;kUn b:unμan? KILÚRkam- --- mindwg --- ( *

&0% etImanlabGVIenAelIKl;Tgp©wtEdlkat;Edrb¤eT eRkayeBlekIt?

)aT --- !

eT --- @ mindwg --- *

&0^ etIvaCaGVI? ---

¬bBa¢ak;¦

&0& etImansBaØaénkarrbYs b¤)ak;q¥wgEdrb¤eT? )aT --- !

eT --- @ mindwg --- *

&0* etIsñamrbYsenAkEnøgNa? ---

¬bBa¢ak;¦

&0( etImansBaØaénkarxVinEdrb¤eT? )aT --- !

eT --- ---- @ mindwg --- --- *

&!0 etITarkmanrUbragminRbRktINamYyEdrb¤eT? )aT --- ! eT --- @ mindwg --- *

&!! etIrUbragminRbRktIRbePTNaEdlTarkman? e)a:g¼xUc enAxñg--- ! k,alFMéRk- --- ---- @ k,altUcéRk-- --- # xUcbbUrmat;¼b¤Eqb--- $ epSgeTot --- ^

¬bBa¢ak;¦

mindwg --- ---- *

(23)

22

&!@ etITarkmanBN’GVIenAeBlekIt? Fmμta --- ! esøk --- @ exov --- # mindwg --- *

&!# etITarkdkdegðIm eRkayeBlekIt ebIeTaHCatic k¾eday?

)aT --- ! eT --- @ mindwg --- *

&!$ etIeKmanCYyTarkeGaydkdegðImEdrb¤eT? )aT --- ! eT --- @ mindwg --- *

&!% etITarkmanyMEdrb¤eT ebIeTaHCatictYc k¾eday? )aT --- ! eT --- @ mindwg --- *

&!^ etITarkmankMerIkEdrb¤eT ebIeTaHCatictYc k¾eday?

)aT --- ! eT --- @ mindwg --- *

&!& EqkemIl &!# &!% nig&!^ sMrab;kUd ;eT ; kUdTaMgbI ;eT ;

TarkmindkdegðIm epSgeTot TakminyM

TarkminkMerIk

*0!

&!* RbsinebITarkmindkdegðIm minyM minkMerIk etI vasøab;ekItb¤?

)aT --- ! eT --- @

mindwg --- * ^Æ^Æ ^*0!*0!

&!( etITarkRtaMenAkñúgTwkePøaH KWfa bgðajBIsBaØa rlYyb¤?

)aT --- ! eT --- @ mindwg --- *

Æ !00!

Epñk *> RbvtþirbYs¼eRKaHfñak;

*0! etITarkmanQWcab;BIrbYsb¤eRKaHfñak;NamYy EdlnaMQaneTArkkarsøab;rbs;Kat;Edrb¤eT?

)aT --- ! eT --- @

mindwg --- * ^Æ^Æ ^*0$*0$

*0@ etITarkTTYlkarQWcab;BIrbYs¼eRKaHfñak;GVI? eRKaHfñak;cracr --- 0!

Føak; --- 0@

lg;Twk -- --- 0#

Bul --- 0$

rlak --- 0%

GMeBIhwgSa¼karbMBan--- 0^ epSgeTot --- (^

¬bBa¢ak;¦

mindwg ---(*

*0# etIrbYsb¤eRKaHfñak;bgáeLIgedayectnaBIGñk d¾éTb¤?

)aT --- ! eT --- @ mindwg --- *

(24)

23

(25)

24

*0$ etITarkQWcab;rhUtsøab; bgáeLIgedaystV¼stV l¥itxaM TicEdrb¤eT?

)aT --- ! eT --- @

mindwg --- * ^Æ^Æ ^(0!^(0!

*0% etICaRbePTstV¼stVl¥itGVI? Eqá --- --- ! Bs; - --- --- @ stVl¥it --- # epSgeTot --- ^

¬bBa¢ak;¦

mindwg --- *

(26)

25

Epñk (> RbvtþiCMgWCMuvijkMeNIt

(0! etITarkEdleKeGayCBa¢k; b¤ e)AdbEdrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg ---

*

Æ (0%

(0@ etIqab;b:uNÑaeRkayeBlekItEdl TarkCBa¢k; b¤

e)Adb? ema:g -- --- ---!

éf¶ ---@

mindwg --- ----( ( * (0# etITarkmanQb;CBa¢k; b¤ e)AdbEdrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg ---

*

Æ (0%

(0$ etIb:unμanéf¶eRkayeBlekItEdl TarkQb;CBa¢k;

b¤ e)Adb? éf¶ ---

mindwg --- ----( ( * (0% etITarke)AEtedaHmþaysuT§Edrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg --- (0^ etITarkmanRbkac;Edrb¤eT? *)aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ---- @ mindwg ---

*

Æ (0*

(0& etIqab;b:uNÑaeRkayeBlekIt EdlTarkman

Rbkac;? éf¶ ---

mindwg --- ----( ( * (0* etITarkmanrwgnigTajxñgeTAeRkayEdrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg --- (0( etITarkmane)a:gbegðIyEdrb¤eT? *)aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ---- @ mindwg ---

*

Æ (!!

(!0 etIb:unμanéf¶eRkayeBlekIt EdlTarkmane)a:g

begðIy? éf¶ ---

mindwg --- ---- ( * (!! etITarkElgmankayvikareqøIytb b¤)at;sμartI

Edrb¤eT?

)aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg ---

*

Æ (!#

(27)

26 (!@ etIb:unμanéf¶eRkayeBlekIt EdlTarkElgman

kareqøIytb b¤)at;sμartI? éf¶ --- mindwg --- ---- ( *

(28)

27

(!# etITarkmanRKunekþAEdrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ----

@

mindwg ---

*

Æ (!%

(!$ etIb:unμanéf¶eRkayeBlekIt EdlTarkmanRKun

ekþA? éf¶ ---

mindwg --- ---- ( * (!% etITarkkøayeTACaRtCak;enAeBlsÞabEdrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ----

@

mindwg ---

*

Æ (!&

(!^ etIb:unμanéf¶eRkayeBlekIt EdlTarkkøayCa

RtCak;eBlsÞab? éf¶ ---

mindwg --- ---- ( * (!& etITarkmank¥kEdrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ----

@

mindwg ---

*

Æ (!(

(!* etIb:unμanéf¶eRkayeBlekIt EdlTarkcab;epþIm

k¥k? éf¶ ---

mindwg --- ---- ( * (!( etITarkmandkdegðImjab;Edrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ----

@

mindwg ---

*

Æ (@!

(@0 etIb:unμanéf¶eRkayeBlekIt EdlTarkcab;epþIm

dkdegðImjab;? éf¶ ---

mindwg --- ---- ( * (@ ! etITarkmankarlM)akdkdegðImEdrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ----

@

mindwg ---

*

Æ (@^

(@@ etIb:unμanéf¶eRkayeBlekIt EdlTarkcab;epþIm

lM)akdkdegðIm? éf¶ ---

mindwg --- ---- ( * (@ # etITarkmanpWtptedImRTUgEdrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ----

@

mindwg --- (@ $ etITarkmanbeBa©jsMelgxwtxtEdrb¤eT? *)aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ----

(29)

28

cUreFVIbgðaj @

mindwg --- (@ % etITarkmanbWute):agrn§RcmuHEdrb¤eT? *)aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ----

@

mindwg --- (@^ etITarkmanraKEdrb¤eT? *)aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ----

@

mindwg ---

*

Æ (#0

(30)

29

(@& etIb:unμanéf¶eRkayeBlekIt EdlTarkmanraK? éf¶ --- mindwg --- ---- ( * (@* enAeBlEdlCMgWraKF¶n;bMput etITarkCuHb:unμandg

kñúgmYyéf¶? cMnYndg---

mindwg --- ---- ( * (@( etImanQamkñúglamkb¤? )aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ----

@

mindwg --- (#0 etITarkmank¥ÜtEdrb¤eT? *)aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ----

@

mindwg ---

*

Æ (##

(#! etIb:unμanéf¶eRkayeBlekIt Edlk¥Ütcab;epþIm? éf¶ --- mindwg --- ---- ( * (#@ enAeBlEdlk¥ÜtF¶n;bMput etITarkk¥Ütb:unμandg

mindwg --- ---- ( * (## etITarkmanehImeBaHEdrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ----

@

mindwg ---

*

Æ (#%

(#$ etIb:unμanéf¶eRkayeBlekIt EdlTark cab;epþIm

manehImeBaH? éf¶ ---

mindwg --- ---- ( * (#% etITarkmanBN’RkhmenAKl;Tgp©wt b¤manGVIhUr

ecjBIKl;Tgp©wtEdrb¤eT?

)aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ----

@

mindwg --- (#^ etITarkmanBgRkhm²enAelIEs,kEdrb¤eT? *)aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ----

@

mindwg ---

*

(31)

30 (#& etITarkmanBN’elOgenA)atéd b¤)ateCIg

Edrb¤eT?

)aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ----

@

mindwg ---

*

Æ !00!

(#* etIb:unμanéf¶eRkayeBlekIt EdlelOgenA)atéd

b¤)ateCIg cab;epþIm? éf¶ --- mindwg --- ---- ( * (#( etITarkmanelOgenA)atéd b¤)ateCIg ry³eBl

b:unμanéf¶? éf¶ ---

mindwg --- ---- ( *

(32)

31

Epñk !0> suxPaBrbs;mata nigktþakMNt; ¬Contextual factors¦

!00! etImþayGayub:unμan enAeBlEdlTarksøab;? qñaM --- mindwg --- ---- ( *

!00@ etImþayman)anTTYlkarEfTaMmuneBlsMral Edrb¤eT?

)aT¼cas+ ---

! eT --- ----

@

mindwg ---

!00# etImþayman)anTTYlkarcak;fñaMbgáarCMgW * ettaNusEdrb¤eT?

)aT¼cas+ ---

! eT --- ----

@

mindwg ---

*

Æ !00%

!00$ etIcMnYnb:unμandUs? cMnYndUs--- mindwg --- ---- ( *

!00% etIsuxPaBmþay dUcemþcEdr\LÚvenH? mansuxPaBl¥ ---

! QW--- ----

@ minenArs; ---

#

mindwg ---

*

(33)

32

Epñk !!> karBüa)al nig esvasuxPaBEdleRbIsMrab;karQWcugeRkay

!!0! etITarkman)anTTYlkarBüa)alGVI enAeBlQW EdlQaneTAsøab;Edrb¤eT?

)aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ---- @ mindwg --- *

!!0@ etIGñkGacraybBa¢IBIkarBüa)alEdlTark)an TTYl enAeBlQW

EdlQaneTAsøab;Edrb¤eT?

cMlgBIevC¢bBa¢a¼kMNt;RtaecjBIeBTü Rbsin ebIman

---

!!0# sUmGñkemtþaR)ab;xJMú etIenAkEnøgNaénkEnøgTaMg enHEdlTark)anTTYlkarBüa)al enAeBlQW EdlQaneTAsøab;enaH ?

man minman mindwg enApÞH --- ! @ * RKUbUraN --- ! @ * KøInikrdæ --- ! @ * mnÞIreBTürdæ --- ! @ * KøInikÉkCn --- ! @ * mnÞIreBTüÉkCn ----! @ *

»sfsßan Gñklk;fñaM

hag --- ! @ * epSgeTot --- ! @ * ---

¬bBa¢ak;¦

!!0$ enAkñúgExmunnwgsøab;etITark)anCYbBieRKaH

b:unμandgCamYyesvasuxPaBpøÚvkar ? cMnYnCYbBieRKaH --- mindwg --- ---- ( *

!!0% etIm®nþIsuxaPi)alman)anR)ab;GñkBImUlehtu søab;Edrb¤eT?

)aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ---- @ mindwg --- *

!!0^ etIm®nþIsuxaPi)alniyayfaem:c ? ---

(34)

33

Epñk !@> Tinñn½yTajecjBIsMbuRtmrN³PaB

!@0! etIGñkmansMbuRtmrN³PaBrbs;TarkEdrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ----

@

mindwg ---

*

Æ !#0!

!@0@ GaceGayxJMúsMuemIlsMbuRtmrN³PaB)anEdrb¤eT?

cUrkt;Rtaéf¶ExqñaMsøab; BIsMbuRtmrN³PaB éf¶ Ex qñaM

!@0# cUrkt;Rtaéf¶ExqñaMEdlecjsMbuRtmrN³PaB éf¶ Ex qñaM

!@0$ cUrkt;RtamUlehtusøab;BICYrTI ! ¬xagelIbMput¦ énsMbuRtmrN³PaB ³

---

!@0% cUrkt;RtamUlehtusøab;BICYrTI @ énsMbuRtmrN³PaB ¬ebIsinman¦³

---

!@0^ cUrkt;RtamUlehtusøab;BICYrTI # énsMbuRtmrN³PaB ¬ebIsinman¦³

---

!@0& cUrkt;RtamUlehtusøab;BICYrTI $ énsMbuRtmrN³PaB ¬ebIsinman¦³

---

(35)

34

Epñk !#> Tinñn½yTajecjBIr)aykarN_evC¢saRsþd¾éTeTot

!#0! etImanÉksarevC¢saRsþd¾éTeTotEdrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- !

eT --- ---- @ ^Æ !#!!

!#0@ sMrab;ÉksarevC¢saRsþnimYy² cUrsegçbnUvBt’manlMGitcMeBaHkarmkBinitüBIrelIkcugeRkay ¬ebIelIsBI@¦

ehIykt;Rtaéf¶ExEdlecjlixit. ¬cUrkt;RtaBt’manGMBImþay nigsøab;ekIt rbs;TarkEdlsøab;¦

!#0# lixitGnuBaØateGaykb; ¬mUlehtusøab;¦ --- ---

!#0$ lT§plBinitüeRkaysøab; ¬mUlehtusøab;¦ --- ---

!#0% bNÑ½suxPaBmatanigTark¼bNÑ½BinitüépÞeBaH ¬Bt’manTak;Tg¦ --- ---

!#0^ karecjevC¢bBa¢aedaymnÞIreBTü ¬Bt’manTak;Tg¦ --- ---

!#0& bNÑ½Büa)al ¬Bt’manTak;Tg¦ --- ---

!#0* lixitecjBImnÞIreBTü ¬Bt’manTak;Tg¦ --- ---

!#0( Bt’manBImnÞIrBiesaFn¾ ¬Bt’manTak;Tg¦ --- ---

!#!0 ÉksarmnÞIreBTü epSg²eTot bBa¢ak; --- ---

!# !! kt;Rtaema:g enAeBlbBa©b;énkarsMPasn¾ em:ag --- naTI ---

(36)

35

karsegátrbs;GñksMPasn¾

RtUvbMeBjenAeBlkarsMPasn¾bBa©b;sBVRKb;

--- --- --- --- ---

GFib,ayeTAelIsMNYrCak;lak;³

--- --- --- --- ---

GFib,ayGVIepSg²eTot³

--- --- --- --- ---

karsegátrbs;GñkGPi)al

--- --- --- --- --- ---

eQμaHGñkGPi)al³ --- éf¶ Ex qñaM³ ---

(37)

36

kMrgsMNYrekaslüvic½ypÞal;mat; sþg;darGnþrCati 2 mrN³PaBkumarGayu4s)aþh¾eTA14qñaM

elxsMKal;¼RtYtBinitü¼eyag Epñk!>! karcuHeTAsaksYrrbs;GñksMPasn¾

1 2 3 karcuHeTAelIkcugeRkay

éf¶

eQμaHGñksMPasn¾ lT§pl^*

éf¶

Ex qñaM

elxGñksMPasn¾ lT§pl karcuHeTAbnÞab;³ éf¶

em:ag cMnYncuHmk

srub

! cb;sBVRKb; @ minenApÞH # elIkeBl $ bdiesF % cb;edayEpñk

^ minCYbGñkpþl;cMelIysmRsb & epSgeTot bBa¢ak; --- GñkGPi)al

eQμaH --- éf¶³ ---

GñkBinitüenAnwgkEnøg eQμaH --- éf¶³ ---

GñkBinitüenA bBa©Úleday kariyaly½

eQμaHkEnøg ---

Gas½ydæan¼TiseTArkpÞH --- --- --- Epñk !>@ Bt’manRbCasaRsþbEnßm

¬sMrab;eRbIenAkñúgkarcuHbBa¢ICIv³edayeRbItMNagGegát b¤TIXøaMemIlRbCasaRsþ¦

tMbn;¼extþ---

kEnøg --- elxpÞH --- eQμaHGñkFana --- sßanPaBTIlMenArbs;Gñksøab;---

tMbn;¼extþ--- kEnøg --- elxpÞH ----

rs;enAkEnøgEdlkMBugGegát---!

sBnaMmkkb;enApÞH ---@

mkpÞHeBlEdlQW---#

(38)

37 KMrUkaryl;RBmpþl;Bt’man

CMrabsYr xJMúeQμaH ---ehIyxJúMeFVIkareGay ¬eQμaHPñak;gar¦. eyIgRbmUlBt’manGMBImUlehtusøab;enAkñúg shKmn¾. eyIgxJMúmankarekatsresIya:gxøaMgcMeBaHkarcUlrYmrbs;GñkenAkñúgkic©xitxMRbwgERbgenH. eyIgxJúMcg;saksYr elak GñkGMBIkal³eTs³EdlnaMeTArkkarsøab;rbs;Gñksøab;. Bt’manGVIk¾edayEdlGñkpþl;eGaynwgRtUvrkSa karsMgat;

ya:gmWug ma:t;. minmanBt’manEdlkMNt;GtþsBaØaNGñk b¤Gñksøab; nwgRtUvbeBa©jeGayeTAnrNamñak; xageRkABIkar RbmUlTinñn½y enHeLIYy. karcUlrYmenAkñúgkarGegátenHKWeFVIeLIgedaysμRK½citþ ehIyGñkGaceRCIserIs mineqøIynwg sMNYrNamYy b¤sMNYrTaMgGs;. GñkGacnwgbBaÄb;kic©sMPasn¾EtmþgenAeBlNak¾)anedayminmanplvi)akGVITaMgGs;.

Etya:gNak¾ eday eyIgxJúMsgÇwmfa GñknwgcUlrYmkñúgkarGegátenH edayehtufa lT§plnwgCYydl;rdæaPi)aleFVIeGay RbesIreLIgnUvesvananasMrab;RbCaCn.

mkTl;nwgeBlenH etIGñkmancg;sYrxJúMGMBIeKalbMNg b¤matikaénkarsMPasn¾enHEdrb¤eT?

etIxJMúGaccab;epþImkarsMPasn¾)anehIyb¤enAeBlenH?

htßelxaGñksMPasn¾ --- éf¶ Ex ---

Gñkpþl;cMelIy yl;RBmeGaysMPasn¾ ---! Gñkpþl;cMelIyminGnuBaØateGaysMPasn¾ ---@ cb;

Epñk @> Bt’manCamUldæan GMBIGñkeqøIy

@0! kt;Rta eBlcab;epþImsMPasn¾ ema:g --- naTI ---

@0@ eQμaHGñkeqøIy ---

¬eQμaH¦

@0# etIGñkmanTMnak;TMngGVInwgGñksøab;? «Buk--- ! mþay--- @ bIþ¼RbBn§ --- # bgb¥Ún--- $ sac;jatid¾éTeTot--- ^ ¬bBa¢ak;¦

KμanTMnak;TMng--- *

@0$ etIGñkrs;enACamYyGñksøab; kñúgGMLúgeBlEdl QaneTArkmrN³PaBrbs;Kat;b¤?

)aT¼cas+--- ! eT--- @

(39)

38

Epñk #> Bt’manGMBIGñksøab; nig éf¶ Ex¼TIkEnøg søab;

#0! etIGñksøab;eQμaHGVI ---

¬eQμaH¦

#0@ etIGñksøab;RsI b¤Rbus RsI--- ! Rbus--- @

#0# etIGñksøab;ekIteBlNa?

#0$ etIGñksøab;manGayub:unμaneBlEdlKat;søab; GayuCaqñaM---

#0% etIKat;manmuxrbrGVI KWfa Kat;eFVIkargarGVICa

sMxan;? --- ---

#0^ etIGñksøab;mankMritsikSax<s;bMput RtwmNa? Kμan --- ! bzmsikSa --- @ mFümsikSa--- # minndwg --- *

#0& etIKat;mansßanPaBGaBah¾BiBah¾dUcemþc? minEdlerobkaresaH --- ! erobkar¼rs;enACamYyédKU --- @ emm:ay -- --- # ElglH --- $ enAdac;Kña --- % minndwg --- *

#0* etIKat;søab;eBlNa?

#0( etIKat;søab;enAÉNa? mnÞIreBTü--- ! kEnøgeBTüepSgeTot--- @ enApÞH--- $ epSgeTot--- ^

¬bBa¢ak;¦

mindwg --- *

(40)

39

Epñk $> GñkeqøIyra:b;rgCMgW¼RBwtþikarN¾ QaneTAmrN³PaB

$0! etIGñkGacR)ab;xJMúGMBICMgW¼RBwtþikarN¾EdlbNþal eGayKat;søab; )anEdrb¤eT?

--- --- --- ---

$0@ mUlehtusøab; TI! ebItamGñkeqøIy

---

$0# mUlehtusøab; TI@ ebItamGñkeqøIy

--- Epñk %> RbvtþiCMgW¼lkç½xNÐ½ BImunmkEdleKdwg

%0! xJMúcg;sYrGñknUvsMNYrxøHEdlTak;Tgnwglkç½xNÐ½ evC¢saRsþEdleKdwgBImunmk

EdlGñksøab;man. rbYsnigeRKaHfñak;EdlGñksøab;TTYl. eraKsBaØa nigbNþMúeraKsBaØa EdlGñksøab;man¼)anbgðaj kñúgeBlEdlKat;QW. sMNYrxøHén sMNYrTaMgenH

nwgminTak;TgpÞal;nwgkarsøab;eT. sUmGñkGt; eGanxJMúedayxnþI nig eqøIynUvral;sMNYr.

cMMelIy TaMgenHnwgCYyeyIg xJMúTTYl)annUvPaBc,as; las;nUvral;bNþMúeraK sBaØaTaMgGs;EdlGñk søab;man.

sUmemtþaR)ab;xJMú faetIGñksøab;manQWnUv CMgWdUc xageRkamenHEdrb¤eT.

%0@ CMgWebHdUg? )aT¼cas+---

eT--- mindwg---

%0# CMgWTwkenamEp¥m? )aT¼cas+---

eT--- mindwg---

%0$ CMgWhWt? )aT¼cas+---

eT--- mindwg---

%0% CMgWqáÜtRCUk? )aT¼cas+--- !

eT--- @ mindwg--- *

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%0& CMgWmharIk? )aT¼cas+--- !

(41)

40

eT--- @ mindwg--- *

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%0( rebg? )aT¼cas+--- !

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%!0 ^HIV/AIDS? )aT¼cas+--- !

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)aT¼cas+--- ! eT--- @ mindwg--- *

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(42)

41

Epñk ^> RbvtþirbYs¼eRKaHfñak;

^0! etIKat;manrbYsb¤eRKaHfñak;NamYy

EdlnaMQaneTArkkarsøab;rbs;Kat;Edrb¤eT?

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Føak; --- 0@

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Bul --- 0$

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)aT --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg --- --- *

^0$ EqkemIl sMNYr #0$ sMrab;GayuenAeBlsøab;

Gayu!0qñaM b¤elIs eRkam !0qñaM

^{^0^}

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¬bBa¢ak;¦

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GayueRkam!qñaM ! qñaMb¤elIs ^*0!

(43)

42

Epñk &> bNþMúeraKsBaØa nigeraKsBaØaEdlsMKal;eXIjkñúgGMLúgeBlQWcugeRkayrbs;ekμg

&0! etITarktUcenAeBlekItb¤? )aT ---

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@

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mindwg --- * ^Æ^Æ ^*0!*0!

&0^ etIb:unμanéf¶munsøab;Edlvamane)a:g? éf¶ --- mindwg ---(*

(44)

43

Epñk *> sßanPaBmata nigbNþMúeraKsBaØaEdlsMKal;eXIjkñúgGMLúgeBlQWcugeRkaysMrab;kUnTaMgGs;

*0 ! etIsuxPaBmþay dUcemþcEdr\LÚvenH? mansuxPaBl¥ --- ! QW--- ---- @ minenArs; --- # mindwg ---

*0@ etIkumarQWyUrb:uNÑamunnwgsøab;? *éf¶ --- Ex --- mindwg --- ( ( *

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mindwg --- * ^Æ^Æ ^*0*^*0*

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*0& etIkumarmanrgarjak;¼PaBBi)akRTaMEdrb¤eT? *)aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg ---

*0* etIkumarmank¥kEdrb¤eT? *)aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg ---

*

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*0( ry³eBlb:unμanEdlvamank¥k? éf¶ --- Ex ---

(45)

44

mindwg --- ---- ( (

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*!0 etIk¥kF¶n;F¶rEdrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg ---

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*

(46)

45

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@

mindwg ---

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@

mindwg ---

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cUreFVIbgðaj

)aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ----

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mindwg ---

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mindwg ---

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(47)

46

*@@ enAeBlEdlCMgWraKF¶n;bMput etIekμgCuHb:unμandg

mindwg --- ---- ( *

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)aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ----

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mindwg ---

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(48)

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*@^ enAeBlEdlCMgWk¥ÜtF¶n;bMput etIekμgk¥Ütb:unμandg

mindwg --- ---- ( *

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mindwg ---

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*#% ry³eBlb:unμanEdlvamandMuenAkñúgeBaH? éf¶ ---

(49)

48

Ex --- mindwg --- ---- ( *

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(50)

49

*#* etIkarQWk,alenHF¶n;F¶rEdrb¤eT? )aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ----

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mindwg ---

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@ yWt² ¬CaeRcInéf¶¦ --- # mindwg ---

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(51)

50

mindwg --- ---- ( (

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)aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ----

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mindwg ---

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(52)

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*%0 ry³eBlb:unμanEdlbrimaNTwkenam EdlKat;

enamral;éf¶ mankarpøas;bþÚr ? éf¶ --- Ex --- mindwg --- ---- ( (

*

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@ minmanTwkenamesaH --- # mindwg ---

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)aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg ---

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Es,k? éf¶ ---

mindwg --- ---- ( *

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!> mux?

@>dgxøÜn?

#> éd nig eCIg?

man minman mindwg

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#

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*%* etIekμg man RskTMgn ;Edrb¤eT? *)aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg ---

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(53)

52

TMgn;? Ex ---

mindwg --- ---- ( *

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)aT¼cas+ --- ! eT --- ---- @ mindwg ---

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Æ *^#

(54)

53

*^@ ry³eBlb:unμanEdlmanQWmat;b¤bnÞHsenAkñúg

mat; b¤enAelI GNþat? éf¶ ---

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!> mux?

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$> eBjTaMgxøÜn?

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man minman mindwg

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(55)

54

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