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Zonage agroécologique aux Antilles Françaises

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83 ZONAGE AGROÉCOLOGIQUE AUX ANTILLES FRANÇAISES

Murielle MANTRAN*, Maël LUCIEN-BRUN**, Jean-Louis DIMAN***

*Université des Antilles, CEREGMIA, Campus Fouillole 97110 Pointe-à-Pitre, Doctorante, murielle.mantran@geomatik_karaib.fr

**ISTOM, Ingénieur agro-développement international, maellub@gmail.com

***UE805-INRA, Centre Antilles-Guyane, Domaine Duclos, 97170 Petit-Bourg, diman@antilles.inra.fr

Les découpages en Petites Régions Agricoles des Antilles françaises, définis dans les années VHUYHQW HQFRUH DXMRXUG¶KXL GH UpIpUHQFH SRXU VSDWLDOLVHU HW DQDOyser les données du 5HFHQVHPHQW*pQpUDO$JULFROH&HV]RQDJHVHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWEDVpVVXUO¶RFFXSDWLRQGXVROQH rendent plus compte de la réalité actuelle du terrain. Les productions agricoles ayant spatialement évolué, et en particulier depuis 1980, la qXHVWLRQ GH O¶RSpUDWLRQQDOLWp GH FHV GpFRXSDJHVVHSRVHGRQFDXMRXUG¶KXL)DFHjFHFRQVWDWLOHVWQpFHVVDLUHGHVHEDVHUVXUXQ nouveau zonage définit selon des critères naturels stables: le Zonage AgroEcologique. Ce dernier a été retenu et élaboré sous S,*VXUODEDVHGHO¶DQDO\VHGHVGRQQpHVGLVSRQLEOHVHW selon une méthodologie commune à ce type de zonage, employant une superposition de FRXFKHVG¶LQIRUPDWLRQVJpRJUDSKLTXHVPXOWLFULWqUHVHWPXOWLVFDODLUHV&HWUDYDLOG¶DQDO\VHGH conception et de réalisation technique a abouti à un découpage en 23 zones agroécologiques pour la Guadeloupe et 19 pour la Martinique, chacune décrite précisément selon les critères constitutifs du zonage. La confrontation des données déclaratives à ce zonage a permis de proposHUXQHLPDJHGHO¶DJULFXOWXUHGDQVFKDFXQHGHV]RQHV&HQRXYHDXGpFRXSDJHDSSRUWH des plus-values intéressantes comme une robustesse et une durée de validité élevée. Il facilitera la conception de projets de développement agricole plus cohérents aux regards des potentialités agroécologiques des territoires.

Mots-clés: Agroécologie, Analyse spatiale, Cartographie, Données géographiques, Multi- scalaire, SIG

AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONING IN THE FRENCH WEST INDIES

The division of the French Antilles into small agriculture regions established in the 1980's still serve today as the reference to analyze spatial aspects and to evaluate General Agriculture Census data. These agriculture zones were largely based on land occupation and use, but these divisions no longer reflect current field reality. Agriculture production has spatially evolved since 1980; bringing into question the operational capability of the 1980 division zoning. In view of this situation, it is necessary to develop more accurate zoning divisions or regions based on stable natural criteria: Agro-ecological zoning. This zoning was chosen and developed using GIS-based analysis of available data and a common zoning methodology using overlay sheets to apply multiple geographic factors and multi-scale criteria. Application of this analysis, design, and technical implementation led to divisions into 23 agro-ecological zones for Guadeloupe and 19 agro-ecological zones for Martinique with each division accurately described as constituting the new zoning criteria. These new divisions highlight values of interest such as strength and long service or sustainability, but it is only the first step and the findings should be compared again to available data and to field conditions to verify its validity.

Finally, Agro-ecological applied methodology will improve collation of agricultural data in time and space. It will facilitate the design of projects for agricultural development more consistent with the Agro-ecological potential of the areas

Keys words: Agroecology, Spatial analysis, cartography, geographical data, multi-scalar, GIS

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