Democratic and Popular Algerian Republic
ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻟا و ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻢﯿﻠﻌﺘﻟا ةرازو
Ministry of the Superior teaching and the Scientific Research
Mohamed Khider University – Biskra
Faculty of Sciences and Technology Department: Architecture.
Ref :………
ةﺮﻜﺴﺑ ﺮﻀﯿﺧ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟا و مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﯿﻠﻛ
:ﻢﺴﻗ
………
:ﻊﺟﺮﻤﻟا
………
Dissertation presented to obtain The diploma
Magister in: Architecture
Option: Cities and architecture in the Sahara
Biomimicry, towards a living Architecture in hot and arid regions
Defended by:
Sara KHELIL
Examiners’ Committee
Dr. Benabbas Moussadek M C A President University of Biskra Pr. Zemmouri Nourdinne Professor Advisor University of Biskra Pr. Boucheham Yasmina Professor Examiner University of Constantine
Pr. Kazar Okba Professor Examiner University of Biskra
Aknowledgments
First I thank God,the glorious and ompassionate, for helping me and giving me
thestrengthto aomplishthis work.
There are many individuals and groups to whom I am grateful for their support,
enthusiasm, ontributions, ideas, omments and muh needed guidane. I hope to
overthem allinthis setion.
Iwishto thankmyadvisor Pr. Zemmouri Nouredinnefor hisadvie, guidaneand
smart ideas. The ondene he showed in my abilities in my use of Biomimiry
in this dissertation and of ourse his time to review it. My thanks extend for his
wealth ofenthusiasm andinsightthathasbeen aontinualsoure ofinspirationfor
thiswork. Ifeelgratefulto havethisopportunitytoworkonthisdissertationunder
hissupervision. Thank you Sir.
Myordial thanksextend to my dissertation ommittee members who aepted to
evaluatethismodestwork,DrBenabbasMoussadek,PrKazarOkba,PrBouheham
Yasminafor their insightfulritique.
Iwouldliketoexpress mysineregratitudetoDr. EdlynGariaLaTorre professor
at the Shool of Arhiteture of the Pontial Catholi University of Puerto Rio
for her initial enouragement for me to begin this exploration, and generosity in
providing me with important researh material and valuable advie. I thank Dr.
Maibritt Perdesen Zari and Dr. Lydia Badarnah Kadri for providing me with the
resoures,knowledgeand insight neededto ahieve this dissertation.
I would like to express my deepest thanks to my family, espeially to my parents
Dr. Khelil Naeur,Dr. Djerou Leila fortheir knowledgeable help,endlesspatiene,
supportandare,alsomanythankstomybrothersandsisterforhelpingmebalane
life duringmypassionate pursuitof this topi.
Lastly...thank youto nature.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 MOTIVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 RESEARCHQUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 HYPOTHESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 OBJECTIVESOF THE RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 STRUCTURE& METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
I BIOMIMICRY, INNOVATION INSPIRED BY NATURE 9 2 NATURE: A LIVING LABORATORY 11 2.1 Introdution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 DEFINITIONOFNATURE ANDSIGNIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 LIFE,BIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICSOF LIFE . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2 CLASSICALCRITERIAOF LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4 NATUREAS MODEL,MEASURE ANDMENTOR . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5 NATUREASINSPIRATIONDURINGTHEHISTORYOFARCHI- TECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6 NATURAL FORMBECOMESFORMOF A BUILDING . . . . . . 20
2.6.1 TAIPEI 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.6.2 BIRD'sNEST STADIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.3 LOTUSTEMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6.4 PALM ISLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6.5 CENTERFORDISEASECONTROL COMPLEX . . . . . . 23
2.6.6 CHICAGO SPIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.6.7 REDWOODSTREEHOUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6.8 ALDARHEADQUARTERSBUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6.9 MMAA BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6.10 BEIJINGWATERCUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.7 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF BIOMIMICRY 27 3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2 UNDERSTANDINGBIOMIMICRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.1 DEFINITIONOF BIOMIMICRY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.2 BIOMIMICRY MOTIVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.3 BIOMIMICRY:TERMS,DEFINITIONSANDRELATEDFIELDS ( BIONICS,BIONIK ANDBIOMIMETICS ) . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4 GENIUS OF BIOME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.1 DEFINITIONOFA BIOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.2 WORLDBIOMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.4.3 GENIUS OF ABIOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.5 BIOMIMETICDESIGN STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5.1 BIOMIMICRY 3.8LIFE'S PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5.2 THE BIOMIMICRY DESIGN SPIRAL: A TOOL FOR IN- NOVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5.3 THE BIOMIMICRYTAXONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.5.4 TYPOLOGICAL ANNALYSIS(TA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.5.5 BIOTRIZAPPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.6 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
II TOWARDS A LIVING ARCHITECTURE 61 4 INFLUENCE OF BIOMIMICRY ON ARCHITECTURAL DE- SIGN 63 4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2 DESIGN APPROACHESTO BIOMIMICRY INARCHITECTURE 64 4.2.1 DESIGNREFERENCINGBIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.2.2 BIOLOGYINFLUENCINGDESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.3 LEVELS OFBIOMIMICRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.3.1 ORGANISM LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.2 BEHAVIOURLEVEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.3.3 ECOSYSTEM LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.4 PRINCIPLES OFBIOMIMICRYINECOSYSTEM . . . . . . . . . 78
4.5 PRINCIPLES OFBIOMIMICRYINDESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.6 LIVING ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.7 EMERGINGADVANCEMENTSINTHEDOMAINOFBIOMIMETIC ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.7.1 BREATHING WALLS TO ENHANCE THE EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS, ELGHAWABY Mahmoud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.7.2 BIOMIMICRYFORADAPTIVEBUILDINGENVELOPES, LIDIABADARNAHKADRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.8 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5 BIOBRAINSTORMING METHODOLOGY 91 5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.2 BIO-PROBLEM SOLVERFORSUPPORTINGTHEARCHITEC- TURAL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.2.1 DESCRIPTIONOF THEMETHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . 92
5.3 CONSTRUCTION OF THE FUNCTIONALMODEL . . . . . . . . 96
5.3.1 AIR REGULATION INNATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.3.2 THERMOREGULATION IN NATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.3.3 ANALYSE OF THESELECTED PINNACLES . . . . . . . . 99
5.4 DATA MATRIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.5 PRESENTATION OF THE CASEOF THESTUDY . . . . . . . . . 115
5.6 PRESENTATION OF THE OUTLINEDDESIGN MODEL . . . . . 118
5.6.1 CONFIGURATIONOFTHEDESIGNCONCEPTABREATH OF FRESHAIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.6.2 HOWDOES THENEW MODEL WORK? . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.7 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6 SIMULATION, RESULTS DISCUSSION 127 6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.2.1 INTRODUCTION OF CFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.2.2 AVAILABLECFDSIMULATION CODES . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.2.3 OVERVIEW OF THEPHOENICSCODE . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.3 BISKRA'SDESIGN DAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.3.1 DESIGN DAY OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.3.2 BISKRA'SDESIGN DAYSELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.4 RESULTSOF THESIMULATION ANDDISCUSSION . . . . . . . 142
6.5 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7 GENERAL CONCLUSION 153
Bibliography 157
1.1 Drivers andresults ofhange. Soure: [Zari 2012℄ . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 World limatizones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 MonarhButtery (Soure: http://biomimiryqi.org/biomimetisme/) 12 2.2 Kingsher (Soure: http://biomimiryqi.org/biomimetisme/) . . . . 17
2.3 Left:GoldenSetion/Right: Logarithmispiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Left: SunowerHead/Right: PeregrinFalonightpath . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5 Left: BambooPlant/Right: Taipei101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6 Left: Bird'sNest/Right: BeijingNationalStadium . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.7 Left: LotusFlower/Right: LotusTemple inIndia . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.8 Left: PalmTree/Right: PalmIslandsin Dubai . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.9 Left: NautilusShell/Right: CenterforDiseaseControlComplex . . . . 23
2.10 Left: Seashell/Right: ChiagoSpire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.11 Left: Cooon/Right: RedwoodsTreeHouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.12 Left: Seashell/Right: AldarHeadquartersBuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.13 Left: Catusplant/Right: MMAABuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.14 Left: Bubbles/Right: BeijingNationalAquatis Center . . . . . . . . . 26
3.1 Left: Leonardo's design for a ying mahine, . 1488, inspired by birds inight. Middle andright: Pigeons also inuened theWright Brothers'design for therstairplane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2 Diagram explaining the relationship between bionik (bionis) and tehnial biology,nature(left)and tehnology (right)[Gruber2011℄. 31 3.3 terms to desribe design approahes that mimi aspets of nature [Zari 2012℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4 Leonardo da Vini: skethes investigating the overlapping of the feathersand ow throughthe bird'sand the tehnial wing [Gruber 2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.5 Alfonso Borelli: about the impat of wedges and the apping wing [Gruber2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.6 SirGeorgeCayley'sStudies onformanddesign ofaballoonapping wing [Gruber2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.7 Patent of Lilienthal'sglider, 1895 [Gruber2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.8 Cross-setion of Cladiummarisus and strutural interpretation by Shwendener [Gruber2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.9 DrawingsofMonier'spatentspeiations: ontainersforplants,rail- way sleeper[Gruber2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.10 Ernst Haekel's tables of marine organisms, here opepoda, small
3.11 Front page of"DiePanze alsErnder" ofRaoulFrane, 1920[Gru-
ber2011℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.12 A sanning eletron mirosope image of Velro's hooks and loops (370miron view) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.13 Mainbiomes intheworld. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.14 Dierent ategories ofbiomes onearth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.15 AquatiBiome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.16 Forest Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.17 GrasslandBiome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.18 Tundra Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.19 Mainbiomes inAfria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.20 Desert Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.21 Genius ofa biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.22 Fundamentalpriniplesondutivetolife(Soure: 2014Biomimiry Group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.23 Life's priniples Sustainability Wheel (Soure: 2014 Biomimiry Group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.24 BiomimirydesignspiraldevelopedbytheBiomimiryInstitute(Soure: 2014Biomimiry Group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.25 Biology to Designspiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.26 Challenge to Biology spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.27 The biomimiryTaxonomy (Soure: TheBiomimiry institute) . . . 56
4.1 daimlerrysler's bioni ar inspired by the boxsh and tree growth patterns(ar: photobyryansomma. boxshinsert: photobyrihard ling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2 DesignSpiral bytheBiomimiry Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.3 top-down design approah: design referening biology[Ahmar 2011℄ 67 4.4 A sanning eletronmirosope image of Velro's hooksand loops . 68 4.5 Velro,adhesive material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.6 Gekos' feetpadshavegiven uptheir seret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.7 Lotus eet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.8 Sto's Lotusan paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.9 Bottom-up approah: biologyinueningdesign [Ahmar2011℄ . . . . 71
4.10 Levelsof Biomimiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.11 Matthew Parkes' Hydrologial Center for the Universityof Namibia and the stenoarabeetle [Zari 2007℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.12 North Amerianbeaver[Zari 2007℄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.13 LLOYD CROSSINGPROJECT,PORTLAND, USA [Zari 2007℄. . . 78
4.14 Coneptualmodelofbreathingwall;(a)exteriorlayerapableofpreventing
orlteringdiret sunlight whileallowingairowto pass,(b) Middlelayer
atsasthermalinsulationlayer,thenitoolsairtemperaturebyevaporative
