List of Figures ix

Contents

Acknowledgements i

Abstract iii

Contents v

List of Figures ix

List of Tables xiii

Nomenclature xv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Global warming and energy transition . . . . 2 1.2 The advantages of a distributed generation . . . . 4 1.3 Low-carbon energy production: Carbon Capture Utilization

and Storage . . . . 5 1.4 Framework and scope of the PhD thesis . . . . 6

2 Literature review 11

2.1 State-of-the-art mGT cycles . . . . 12 2.2 Humidified mGT cycles: advantages and limitations . . . . 14

v

vi CONTENTS

2.3 State-of-the-art carbon capture technologies . . . . 19

2.3.1 Post-combustion carbon capture . . . . 20

2.3.2 Pre-combustion carbon capture . . . . 20

2.3.3 Oxyfuel combustion . . . . 21

2.4 CO

separation methods . . . . 22

2.4.1 Absorption . . . . 22

2.4.2 Adsorption . . . . 22

2.4.3 Cryogenic distillation . . . . 23

2.4.4 Membrane separation . . . . 23

2.4.5 Chemical looping combustion . . . . 24

2.4.6 Hydrate separation . . . . 24

2.5 Recent developments in carbon capture technologies for GT power generation . . . . 24

2.5.1 Humidification to improve carbon capture efficiency 25 2.5.2 Semi-closed oxy-combustion combined cycles . . . . 25

2.5.3 Supercritical CO

Brayton cycles . . . . 26

2.5.4 Exhaust Gas Recirculation on GTs and mGTs . . . 27

2.6 Conclusions . . . . 28

3 Exhaust Gas Recirculation on mGT cycles 31 3.1 Methodology . . . . 32

3.1.1 Traditional mGT and mHAT models . . . . 32

3.1.2 Dry and wet mGT simulations with EGR . . . . 34

3.1.3 Numerical results . . . . 38

3.2 CO

injection in a real mGT cycle . . . . 43

3.2.1 Experimental design of mGT with CO

injection . . 43

3.2.2 Experimental results of a mGT with CO

injection . 46

CONTENTS vii

3.3 Experimental investigation on the mGT combustion with EGR 50

3.3.1 Turbec T100 combustor . . . . 50

3.3.2 Atmospheric premixed combustor at Lund University 51 3.3.3 Combustion emissions varying the EGR

. . . . . 55

3.3.4 Flame characterization varying EGR

. . . . 57

3.3.5 CO emissions and LBO prediction with OpenSMOKE++ . . . . 62

3.3.6 Conclusions . . . . 67

4 Design of a CC unit for mGT applications 69 4.1 Methodology . . . . 71

4.1.1 Chemical solvent carbon capture plant design for mGT cycles . . . . 71

4.2 Results . . . . 76

4.2.1 Carbon capture unit design optimization . . . . 77

4.2.2 mGT and mHAT coupled in series with a carbon cap- ture unit . . . . 79

4.2.3 Optimal layout and operating strategy of the system 84 4.2.4 Sankey and Grassmann diagrams of the different op- erating strategies . . . . 88

4.3 Conclusions . . . . 101

5 Robust optimization of a mGT cycle with CC 103 5.1 Gaussian process-based surrogate model . . . . 104

5.2 Single- vs. Multi-objective optimization . . . . 107

5.3 Deterministic vs. Stochastic optimization . . . . 109

5.4 Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II . . . . 110

5.5 Summary of the RDO routine . . . . 114

5.6 Results . . . . 117

viii CONTENTS

5.6.1 Uncertainty influence of the input parameters . . . . 117 5.6.2 Different requested power scenarios . . . . 121 5.6.3 Sensitivity analysis changing inlet air temperature . 121 5.7 Conclusions . . . . 123

6 Conclusions and future work 125

6.1 Future perspective . . . . 128

Appendix 131

List of Publications 133

Bibliography 135