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Ignition Strength of Cigarettes - Second Testing Series
Cigarette Ignition Propensity Testing – Second Series
Su, J.Z.; Leroux, P.; Latour, J.C.
IRC-RR-143
November 2003
CIGARETTE IGNITION PROPENSITY TESTING – Second Series
By
Joseph Z. Su, Patrice Leroux, John C. Latour Fire Risk Management Program Institute for Research in Construction National Research Council of Canada
ABSTRACT
The ignition strength for a total of 54 brands of cigarettes was determined in accordance with the ASTM E2187-02b standard test method. Fifty-two (52) brands of cigarettes sold in Canada and 2 brands of Philip Morris’s Merit cigarettes sold in the U.S. were tested.
On the 15-layer filter paper assembly, 51 brands of the cigarettes sold in Canada produced 90 to 100% full-length burning. These cigarettes plus those 10 brands of the cigarettes tested previously (which produced 95 to 100% full-length burning) have a relatively high propensity to ignite upholstered furniture if lit and dropped on soft furnishings. These high percentages of full-length burns demonstrate the need to make cigarettes less prone to cause fires.
Only 3 brands of the cigarettes tested were found to have a low ignition propensity. The More Menthol cigarettes produced 15% full-length burns on the 15-layer filter paper assembly and 27.5% full-length burns on the 3-layer filter paper assembly. The Merit Ultra Light
cigarettes produced 15% full-length burns on the 15-layer filter paper assembly and 45%
full-length burns on the 3-layer filter paper assembly. The Merit Ultima cigarettes produced only 5% full-length burns on the 15-layer filter paper assembly.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION... 1
2.0 EXPERIMENTS ... 1
2.1 Test Facility ... 1
2.2 Test Method ... 3
2.3 Quality Assurance and Conditioning of Filter Papers... 4
2.4 Storage and Conditioning of Cigarettes ... 4
2.5 Test Procedure and Parameter Randomization ... 4
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION... 6
3.1 Results of Tests with 15-Layer Substrate Assembly... 6
3.2 Results of Tests with 10-Layer Substrate Assembly... 6
3.3 Results of Tests with 3-Layer Substrate Assembly... 7
4.0 SUMMARY... 8
5.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 8
6.0 REFERENCE ... 8
LIST OF TABLES Table 1 ASTM E2187-02b Test Results for 54 Brands of Cigarettes ... 5
Table 2 Full Length Burns for Selected Cigarettes... 7
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 The conditioned test room and 4 test chambers built for the experiments ... 2
Figure 2 Test chamber, filter paper holder with metal rim, cigarette holder and ignition system ... 3
LIST OF APPENDIXES A RANDOMIZATION FOR EXPERIMENTAL SEQUENCE – for Tests with 15 Layers of Filter Paper ... 9
B RANDOMIZATION FOR EXPERIMENTAL SEQUENCE – for Tests with 10 Layers of Filter Paper ... 11
C RANDOMIZATION FOR EXPERIMENTAL SEQUENCE – for Tests with 3 Layers of Filter Paper ... 12
CIGARETTE IGNITION PROPENSITY TESTING – Second Series
Joseph Z. Su, Patrice Leroux and John C. Latour
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A common initiating event for fatal fires is the dropping of a lit cigarette onto a bed or a piece of upholstered furniture. According to a recent consultation paper by Health Canada [1], fires started by the careless use of smokers’ materials are the leading known cause of fire related death in Canada, on average killing more than 70 people per year. On a per fire basis, fires ignited by smokers’ materials result in more fatalities and property damage than fires ignited by other sources. Reducing cigarette-ignited fires and developing less fire-prone cigarettes have proved to be a long struggle in North America [2].
In recent years, there has been extensive research by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), among others, to investigate the parameters that affect the ignitability of upholstered furniture by cigarettes. One outcome of this research was the development of a test method to measure the ignition strength of cigarettes. The test method has been
standardized as ASTM E2187-02b by ASTM International [3].
Health Canada is proposing to regulate the ignition propensity of cigarettes in order to reduce the ability of a lit cigarette to ignite upholstered furniture. As part of its background research, Health Canada requires information on the ignition strength of typical cigarettes sold or manufactured in Canada.
In response to this need, Health Canada commissioned the National Research Council (NRC)'s Fire Risk Management Program to construct a facility to test the ignition propensity of cigarettes sold in Canada [4]. This facility was built in accordance with ASTM E2187-02b and produced results consistent with that from NIST and other laboratories for "standard" cigarettes. In February 2003, NRC completed testing of an initial 10 brands of Canadian cigarettes for their ignition strength.
This report documents the results of a second series of testing conducted at NRC for a total of 54 brands of cigarettes, including 52 brands of cigarettes sold in Canada and 2 brands of Philip Morris’s Merit cigarettes sold in the U.S.
2.0 EXPERIMENTS
2.1 Test Facility
The test facility includes a conditioned test room, 4 test chambers and equipment for controlling and measuring temperature, humidity and ventilation in the room. Figure 1 shows the conditioned room and the 4 test chambers with pipes to an exhaust hood. This test room is approximately 8 m2 (3 m long, 2.5 m wide and 3 m high), built with an aluminium-alloy frame and transparent Plexiglas panels. Figure 2 shows the test chamber, filter paper holder with metal rim, cigarette holder and ignition system. Other equipment includes a hygrothermograph recorder for monitoring the temperature and humidity, a psychometer for measuring dry/wet bulb humidity, heaters and humidifiers for conditioning the room, and a fan for air circulation.
Figure 2. Test chamber, filter paper holder with metal rim, cigarette holder and ignition system.
The facility and equipment were set up and calibrated in accordance with the requirements of the ASTM test method. The condition of the test room was monitored for stability for more than a week before starting the experimental series. Both the temperature and humidity were stabilized within the required conditions — a relative humidity of 55% ± 5% and a temperature of 23°C ± 3°C. The exhaust and room ventilation were controlled and maintained at a level that ensured air movement in the test chambers rose steadily with no turbulence.
2.2 Test Method
The methodology is fully described in the ASTM standard [3]. In brief, this test method uses a set number of layers of filter paper as standard substrates to determine the propensity of a cigarette to ignite upholstered furnishings. A lit cigarette is placed on the substrate supported by the filter paper holder inside the test chamber. The filter paper substrate acts as a heat sink, absorbing heat from the lit cigarette. Depending on the strength of a cigarette as a heat source and the number of layers of the filter paper, a lit cigarette may or may not burn its full length.
A substrate assembly of 15 layers of filter paper needs a cigarette with stronger heat strength to produce a full-length burn, compared with using 10 or 3 layers of filter paper. Relative ignition strength of a type of cigarettes is determined by testing 40 cigarettes (of the same type) on a set number of layers of filter paper and observing the percentage of the cigarettes that burn their full length.
2.3 Quality Assurance and Conditioning of Filter Papers
Whatman #2 filter paper was used to assemble the standard substrates. Quality assurance of the filter papers was conducted according to the ASTM Standard (Clauses 9.3.1 and 9.3.2). The top-removed boxes of the filter paper were conditioned in the test room (at a relative humidity of 55% ± 5% and a temperature of 23°C ± 3°C) for more than a week prior to cigarette testing.
2.4 Storage and Conditioning of Cigarettes
Health Canada provided samples of 54 brands of cigarettes, including 52 brands of cigarettes sold in Canada and 2 brands of Philip Morris’s Merit cigarettes sold in the U.S., as shown in Table 1. The cigarettes were conditioned in the test room at a relative humidity of 55% ± 5% and a temperature of 23°C ± 3°C for 48 hours prior to testing. To minimize the risk of contamination, all cigarettes were stored at -4 to 0°C before they were conditioned.
2.5 Test Procedure and Parameter Randomization
The procedure specified in the ASTM standard method (Clause 11) was followed in conducting the ignition strength determination of the 54 brands of cigarettes provided by Health Canada.
A total of 2160 cigarettes (40 cigarettes for each of the 54 brands) were tested on the substrate assemblies of 15 layers of filter paper. Experimental variables, such as cigarette types, test chambers and test samples were randomized for the experiment sequence to eliminate systematic errors. The experiments were divided into 2 test cycles as requested by Health Canada, each cycle involving 27 brands of the cigarettes and all 4 chambers. Details of the testing sequence resulting from randomization of the experimental variables are given in Appendix A.
For the cigarettes that produced less than 90% of full length burning on the 15-layer substrate assembly, additional tests with 10 layers of filter paper were conducted. The
“standard” cigarette from NIST was also included in the tests with 10 layers of filter paper. The testing sequence was also determined through randomization of the experimental variables as detailed in Appendix B.
For the cigarettes that produced less than 90% of full length burning on the 10-layer substrate assembly, additional tests with 3 layers of filter paper were conducted. The testing sequence resulting from variable randomization is given in Appendix C.
TABLE 1 – ASTM E2187-02b Test Results for 54 Brands of Cigarettes (on 15 layers of filter paper)
Supplier Brand Designator Number full
length burns
Percentage full length burns
Bastos Dakar RS 1 39 97.5%
ITL Avanti Light 100 rnm 2 39 97.5%
ITL Avanti King Size 26 39 97.5%
ITL Avanti Light King Size 28 40 100%
ITL Cameo Menthol/King Size 3 40 100%
ITL Cameo XM/Menthol King Size 27 40 100% ITL John Player Special King Size 4 40 100% ITL Matinee Slims XM King Size 29 38 95% ITL Matinee Slims XM Menthol 100 rnm 30 40 100% ITL Matinee Slims XM Menthol King Size 31 39 97.5%
ITL Matinee UM King Size 32 39 97.5%
ITL Matinee XM King Size 5 40 100%
ITL Medallion UM King Size 6 40 100%
ITL Player's Light Smooth Regular Length 33 39 97.5% ITL Player's Medium Regular Length 34 40 100% ITL Player's Silver King Size 7 40 100% ITL Player's Special Blend King Size 35 40 100% ITL Player's Special Blend Regular Length 36 40 100% ITL du Maurier Light "King Size 8 40 100% ITL du Maurier Light Regular Length 37 40 100%
ITL du Maurier UL King Size 38 40 100%
ITL du Maurier UL Regular Length 39 40 100% ITL du Maurier XL Regular Length 40 40 100%
ITL Kool Menthol King Size 9 40 100%
ITL Kool Menthol Regular Length 41 40 100%
JTI Export Plain R.S. 10 40 100%
JTI Winston lOO rnm 11 40 100%
JTI More Menthol 120's 12 6 15%
RBH Belvedere Medium Regular 13 38 95% RBH Belvedere Regular Length 42 40 100% RBH Benson & Hedges lOO's Menthol 14 40 100% RBH Benson & Hedges Extra Mild King Size 43 39 97.5% RBH Benson & Hedges Special Ultra Regular 44 40 100% RBH Benson & Hedges lOO's Lights 45 38 95% RBH Canadian Classics Light K.S. 15 39 97.5% RBH Canadian Classics Regular 46 40 100% RBH Craven A Extra Light King Size 16 40 100% RBH Craven A Light King Size 47 40 100% RBH Craven A Regular (Original) 48 40 100% RBH Craven Milds Special Mild Regular 49 39 97.5%
RBH Mark Ten Filter Regular 17 36 90%
RBH Black Cat Blue King Size 18 40 100%
RBH Number 7 King Size 19 40 100%
RBH Rothmans Extra Light King Size 20 40 100% RBH Viscount Extra Mild lOO's 21 39 97.5% RBH Viscount Extra Mild Regular 50 40 100%
Van Nelle Canada Ltd. Gitanes Filter 22 40 100% Van Nelle Canada Ltd. Gauloises Blondes (blue pack) 23 40 100%
PM Merit Ultima 100s 24 2 5%
PM Merit Ultra Light 100s 25 6 15%
My Brand Light Regular 51 40 100% My Brand Light King Size 52 39 97.5%
Sweet Caporal 53 39 97.5%
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Results of Tests with 15-Layer Substrate Assembly
Table 1 contains the ignition propensity test results for all 54 brands of cigarettes on 15 layers of filter paper. A total of 2160 cigarettes were tested (40 cigarettes per brand) on the 15 layer substrate assembly.
• Thirty-four (34) brands of the cigarettes (designators 3-11, 14, 16, 18-20, 22, 23, 27, 28, 30, 34-42, 44, 46-48, 50, 51) burned their full length 100% of the time.
• Thirteen (13) brands of the cigarettes (designators 1, 2, 15, 21, 26, 31-33, 43, 49, 52-54) burned their full length 97.5% of the time.
• Three (3) brands of the cigarettes (designators 13, 29, 45) burned their full length 95% of the time.
• One (1) brand of the cigarettes (designator 17) burned the full length 90% of the time.
• The More Menthol cigarettes (brand designator 12) burned their full length 15% of the time.
• The Merit Ultra Light cigarettes (brand designator 25) burned their full length 15% of the time; 34 of the 40 lit Merit Ultra Light cigarettes did not burn their full length, including 2 lit cigarettes which extinguished while in the cigarette holder.
• The Merit Ultima cigarettes (brand designator 24) burned their full length 5% of the time; 38 of the 40 lit Merit Ultima cigarettes did not burn their full length, including 3 lit
cigarettes which extinguished while in the cigarette holder.
Since the More Menthol (designator 12), the Merit Ultima (designator 24) and the Merit Ultra Light (designator 25) produced less than 90% full-length burning (<36 full length burns, i.e. >4 extinguishments) on the 15-layer substrate assembly, additional tests with 10 layers of filter paper needed to be conducted for these cigarettes, according to the standard test method [3].
3.2 Results of Tests with 10-Layer Substrate Assembly
The More Menthol (designator 12) and the Merit Ultra Light (designator 25) cigarettes were further tested on 10 layers of filter paper. The Merit Ultima brand (designator 24) was not tested due to insufficient supply from the Client. The “standard” calibration cigarettes from NIST were included in the tests with 10 layers of filter paper. The testing sequence was determined through randomization of the experimental variables as detailed in Appendix B. Table 2 shows results from the 10-layer tests.
• Seven out of the 40 “standard” calibration cigarettes burned their full length (17.5%). This result is consistent with the previous NRC tests [4] and the results from NIST and other laboratories for "standard" cigarettes [3, 5].
• None of the More Menthol cigarettes (brand designator 12) burned their full length; 11 lit cigarettes extinguished while in the cigarette holder.
• The Merit Ultra Light cigarettes (brand designator 25) burned their full length 7.5% of the time; 37 of the 40 lit Merit Ultra Light cigarettes did not burn their full length, including 1 lit cigarette which extinguished while in the cigarette holder.
It should be noted that the More Menthol and the Merit Ultra Light cigarettes for the 10-layer and 3-layer tests were provided by the Client after the 15-layer tests had been completed and were from different production batches. Product variability may partly explain why the 10-layer tests resulted in less full-length burns than the 15-layer tests did.
3.3 Results of Tests with 3-Layer Substrate Assembly
Additional tests with 3 layers of filter paper were conducted for the More Menthol and the Merit Ultra Light cigarettes, according to the standard test method [3]. The testing sequence that resulted from variable randomization is given in Appendix C. Results from the 3-layer tests are given in Table 2.
• The More Menthol cigarettes (brand designator 12) produced 27.5% full-length burning; 29 of the 40 lit More Menthol cigarettes did not burn their full length, including 16 lit cigarettes which extinguished while in the cigarette holder.
• The Merit Ultra Light cigarettes (brand designator 25) produced 45% full-length burning; 22 of the 40 lit Merit Ultra Light cigarettes did not burn their full length, including 1 lit cigarette which extinguished while in the cigarette holder.
TABLE 2 – Full Length Burns for Selected Cigarettes 15 Layers of Filter Paper 10 Layers of Filter Paper 3 Layers of Filter Paper Brand
(Designator) Number* Percentage Number* Percentage Number* Percentage
standard calibration cigarettes
N.A. N.A. 7 17.5% N.A. N.A. More Menthol 120's
(12‡)
6 15% 0 0% 11 27.5%
Merit Ultima 100s (24‡)
2 5% N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Merit Ultra Light 100s (25‡)
6 15% 3 7.5% 18 45%
Notes to Table 2 N.A. – not available
* Number of cigarettes that burned to full length (out of 40 cigarettes)
‡
4.0 SUMMARY
In accordance with the ASTM E2187-02b standard test method, the ignition strength for a total of 54 brands of cigarettes was determined; this included 52 brands of cigarettes sold in Canada and 2 brands of Philip Morris’s Merit cigarettes sold in the U.S.
On the 15-layer filter paper assembly, 51 brands of the cigarettes sold in Canada produced 90 to 100% full-length burning. These cigarettes plus those 10 brands of the cigarettes tested previously (which produced 95 to 100% full-length burning) have a relatively high propensity to ignite upholstered furniture if lit and dropped on soft furnishings. These high percentages of full-length burns demonstrate the need to make cigarettes less prone to cause fires.
Only 3 brands of the cigarettes tested were found to have a low ignition propensity. The More Menthol cigarettes produced 15% full-length burns on the 15-layer filter paper assembly and 27.5% full-length burns on the 3-layer filter paper assembly. The Merit Ultra Light
cigarettes produced 15% full-length burns on the 15-layer filter paper assembly and 45%
full-length burns on the 3-layer filter paper assembly. The Merit Ultima cigarettes produced only 5% full-length burns on the 15-layer filter paper assembly. Although the Merit Ultima was not further tested on the 10 and 3 layers (due to insufficient supply), it would likely have lower numbers of full-length burns than the Merit Ultra Light, based on the 15-layer results.
5.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
NRC acknowledges assistance from Victoria Tunstall and Julie Fillion of Health Canada during this project.
6.0 REFERENCE
1. Health Canada, Tobacco Control Programme, "Regulatory Proposal for Reducing Fire Risks from Cigarettes, A Consultation Paper," Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, December 2002. 2. Markey, E., "Slow Burn: Fire-Safe Cigarettes," NFPA Journal, November/December 2002,
pp. 42-45.
3. ASTM E2187-02b, "Standard Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength of Cigarettes," ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2002.
4. Su, J.Z., Leroux, P., Latour, J.C., "Cigarette Ignition Propensity Testing – Second Series," Research Report 142, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, pp. 10, November 2003.
5. Gann, R. G., Personal communication, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, January and February 2003.
APPENDIX A. RANDOMIZATION FOR EXPERIMENTAL SEQUENCE – for Tests with 15 Layers of Filter Paper A.1 Randomization for the first 27 brands of cigarettes (40 test samples for each brand)
Test Chamber A CB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 NR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Test Chamber B CB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 NR 28 29 30 31 32 3 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Test Chamber C CB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 NR 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Test Chamber D CB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 NR 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 Note: CB – cigarette brand designator (for example, CB = 2 designates the Avanti Light 100-mm cigarette)
NR – digit relating a cigarette brand to a test chamber (for example, NR = 83 means to test an Avanti Light 100-mm cigarette in Test Chamber D)
The sampling sequence was selected at random from digits NR = 1 to 108 (without replacement) using the XLISP-STAT software. The function, (dotimes (i 10)(princ (sample (iseq 1 108)108))), generated the following 10 sets of the digits at random as for the testing sequence: (108 11 39 42 48 102 34 44 41 83 30 2 58 82 27 57 93 103 61 14 38 35 23 32 68 40 70 33 25 67 59 99 106 8 73 60 51 9 3 4 1 105 87 107 26 36 45 12 20 98 15 17 7 69 65 85 5 101 10 91 52 76 62 50 31 53 6 90 55 28 97 13 77 43 16 95 21 29 78 80 75 79 19 46 74 54 22 56 49 63 94 92 88 100 64 24 37 72 96 18 81 71 104 86 66 47 89 84) (81 83 35 54 6 43 86 75 14 34 68 105 50 41 33 64 99 60 77 61 27 4 25 12 2 55 79 62 44 63 95 15 51 3 46 104 57 28 49 58 71 38 67 108 19 82 70 7 29 96 18 56 97 47 21 39 45 85 5 24 17 16 66 69 103 52 11 93 1 65 90 89 20 42 94 88 48 107 40 26 74 98 31 30 76 87 8 91 9 10 92 32 53 22 106 72 78 36 73 23 37 102 59 13 84 100 80 101)
(85 45 5 3 11 41 31 63 101 39 16 91 25 1 92 62 104 108 68 103 15 57 100 13 33 83 106 40 34 102 42 88 99 96 19 64 35 23 66 24 20 72 26 38 65 21 43 67 89 17 22 8 73 79 60 69 56 53 75 93 36 44 48 74 77 28 9 61 18 70 6 50 87 59 37 71 29 95 97 7 49 80 82 76 12 32 14 4 30 90 27 10 58 55 84 54 107 81 86 94 46 52 2 98 47 51 78 105) (10 75 76 70 27 57 1 34 108 42 72 40 43 4 32 36 9 33 54 18 50 103 104 48 94 93 58 86 56 88 96 51 21 102 98 2 30 53 87 20 31 95 41 78 80 68 26 5 24 63 47 79 66 19 60 6 69 81 99 22 91 25 90 13 12 65 105 83 73 61 15 82 29 3 52 23 39 59 44 106 8 74 62 37 92 35 100 85 17 11 45 49 28 64 101 46 7 14 84 71 97 89 77 107 16 67 55 38) (1 64 75 74 57 95 65 93 37 34 47 106 98 91 94 99 81 16 28 82 88 14 60 8 48 25 52 11 3 23 12 2 67 7 46 26 108 51 50 80 45 54 107 102 17 61 27 43 36 49 100 58 15 62 69 92 30 59 18 63 20 32 13 101 56 70 73 105 29 19 33 85 35 5 9 97 68 55 103 71 89 10 79 78 24 31 96 84 77 4 41 39 38 53 87 42 86 6 104 44 90 76 21 40 72 83 22 66) (82 18 29 102 64 42 6 11 90 24 26 9 107 47 85 83 52 36 21 84 41 81 43 54 96 62 92 105 94 17 89 37 53 67 93 25 4 72 33 44 69 5 91 71 61 58 27 70 86 39 16 31 66 2 35 63 77 55 79 57 65 46 14 80 12 60 30 15 76 22 56 103 98 23 108 74 19 101 28 45 75 7 97 38 13 49 32 48 51 100 20 87 3 10 59 104 50 99 1 78 95 88 34 40 68 8 73 106) (20 17 68 7 53 79 87 1 93 67 38 42 100 31 5 64 97 60 91 105 4 59 9 49 50 80 98 28 48 103 47 23 81 26 40 104 73 82 70 15 57 66 94 3 14 76 12 51 55 69 62 63 22 88 19 2 78 107 37 99 45 29 65 61 34 92 24 18 77 21 39 35 90 106 102 25 33 16 54 44 108 43 11 52 27 84 75 41 74 95 13 101 30 56 6 96 89 71 58 46 32 8 36 85 86 10 72 83) (29 34 4 22 66 102 93 57 14 106 5 95 31 53 38 67 27 103 2 19 30 10 3 101 13 54 104 72 100 89 82 41 60 92 43 65 8 107 49 84 63 1 70 39 78 44 88 15 105 36 51 25 47 83 33 46 58 99 61 77 12 50 55 59 80 26 32 85 24 28 45 21 35 52 90 94 96 37 81 40 18 62 91 64 48 98 23 69 79 76 11 9 42 7 20 97 71 86 16 68 108 75 17 73 74 6 87 56) (27 14 63 98 69 73 84 70 102 23 80 4 3 101 85 10 39 66 61 106 28 107 89 44 47 21 53 42 50 87 78 103 5 58 17 32 108 96 36 67 35 16 95 90 74 72 7 65 77 13 51 79 104 11 30 41 91 59 83 34 15 97 99 31 71 22 105 8 26 19 49 60 18 43 45 82 92 88 86 33 64 56 75 48 25 81 76 2 20 68 12 37 52 29 9 38 62 100 55 24 54 93 6 1 46 57 40 94) (93 39 54 49 77 33 13 48 72 68 19 58 84 83 15 87 74 32 1 86 104 76 28 3 50 8 61 23 105 95 82 103 31 99 100 96 41 56 18 80 108 22 29 71 102 44 9 51 35 63 65 92 11 67 81 4 78 12 25 60 40 98 59 64 53 43 37 97 101 62 21 79 88 73 107 89 66 6 30 36 20 69 5 57 16 46 70 38 26 17 34 106 75 42 2 10 90 91 94 7 14 45 24 47 52 85 27 55)
A.2 Randomization for the second 27 brands of cigarettes (40 test samples for each brand)
The same randomization approach was also applied for the second 27 brands of cigarettes using CB = 28 to 54, NR = 109 to 216, and function = (dotimes (i 10)(princ (sample (iseq 109 216)108))).
APPENDIX B. RANDOMIZATION FOR EXPERIMENTAL SEQUENCE – for Tests with 10 Layers of Filter Paper
Randomization for 3 brands of cigarettes (40 test samples for each brand)
Chamber A Chamber B Chamber C Chamber D
CB 12 Nist 25 12 Nist 25 12 Nist 25 12 Nist 25
NR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Note: CB – cigarette brand designator (for example, CB = 12 designates the More Menthol 120's cigarette)
NR – digit relating a cigarette brand to a test chamber (for example, NR = 7 means to test an More Menthol 120's cigarette in Test Chamber C)
Nist – “standard” calibration cigarettes from NIST
The sampling sequence was selected at random from digits NR = 1 to 12 (without replacement) using the XLISP-STAT software. The function, (dotimes (i 10)(princ (sample (iseq 1 12)12))), generated the following 10 sets of the digits at random as for the testing sequence: (8 3 7 11 4 9 5 1 12 2 10 6) (8 10 11 6 9 5 2 12 3 4 1 7) (5 12 2 11 10 1 8 9 7 3 6 4) (3 2 4 7 12 6 1 8 11 5 10 9) (9 1 3 10 12 11 2 4 6 8 5 7) (10 5 3 1 7 9 6 11 4 12 2 8) (1 6 8 10 4 9 3 2 12 11 5 7) (12 8 6 1 3 10 11 4 7 5 9 2) (6 9 7 5 1 11 3 10 8 12 2 4) (10 8 9 7 4 5 12 2 11 6 1 3)
APPENDIX C. RANDOMIZATION FOR EXPERIMENTAL SEQUENCE – for Tests with 3 Layers of Filter Paper
Randomization for 2 brands of cigarettes (40 test samples for each brand)
Chamber A Chamber B Chamber C Chamber D
CB 12 25 12 25 12 25 12 25
NR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Note: CB – cigarette brand designator (for example, CB = 12 designates the More Menthol 120's cigarette)
NR – digit relating a cigarette brand to a test chamber (for example, NR = 7 means to test an More Menthol 120's cigarette in Test Chamber D)
The sampling sequence was selected at random from digits NR = 1 to 8 (without replacement) using the XLISP-STAT software. The function, (dotimes (i 10)(princ (sample (iseq 1 8)8))), generated the following 10 sets of the digits at random as for the testing sequence: (4 3 7 5 6 1 8 2) (6 3 5 4 7 1 2 8) (1 5 6 3 4 8 7 2) (5 7 8 6 1 4 2 3) (2 7 5 3 1 4 8 6) (7 8 6 2 3 1 4 5) (2 1 3 8 6 5 7 4) (6 5 2 7 3 8 4 1) (8 5 2 4 3 1 7 6) (5 7 8 3 6 1 4 2)
