Continental shelter atlas for Africa

Continental Shelter Atlas

for Africa

The first Continental Shelter Atlas for Africa is the contribution ofEGA and Shelter Afrique

to the Second United Nations Conference on

Human Settlement (the City Summit).

/ "

Credits

Consultants: Tara Singh Chona,Lamin Barrow, Mohammed Said and Evanson Njuguna Coordinator: Prof. Saad Saleh Yahya

Acknowledgements:

Acknowledgements are due to several people who have contributed to this Atlas. These include:Kingsley Y.'Amoako, Executive Secretory,Economic Commission for Africa (ECA);

Makha D.Sarr, Deputy ExecutiveSecretary, ECA; Patrick K. Bugembe, Olllcer-in-Chorqe, Industry and Human SettlementsDivision IIHSD!, ECA; Alexander Zakharov, Officer-in- Charge, Human Settlements Section, IHSD, ECA; Ousmane Laye and Fatma O. Moma IHSD, ECA; Oumar

T.

Bah, Head of Administration and Cooperation, Shelter-Afrique;

and Osita Okonkwo, Senior Project Officer, Shelter-Afrique.

Special thanks are also due to the Chiefs of Divisions,ECA; UNCHS [Hcbitot], UNEp, Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, Ministry of Planning and Develop- ment in Kenya and other institutions and individuals who have assisted in various ways in the preparation of this Atlas.

Cover Photos: UNCHS (Habitat),Houses in Africa

Inside Cover Illustration: European Space Agency, "Aerial photograph of Africa"

Colour Separation: Prepress, Nairobi Printers: Colourprintlimited,Nairobi

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FORAFRICA&SHELTER AFRIQUE COPYRIGHTIe) 1996 Any port of this publication may be freely reproduced, with appropriate acknowledgment.

Notetothe reader:

Thisis the first Continental Shelter Atlas for Africa. The Atlas is prepared as a contribution of Economic Commission for Africa IECAI and The Company for Habitat and HOUSing in Africa (Shelter-Afriquel to the Second United Notions Conference on Human Settlements (HABITATII -The City Summit), convened in Istanbul, Turkey in June 1996.

The maps used are graphical depictions of countries, not gee-palitical definitions. The boundaries,classification, colour,.data and denominations in this Atlas do not imply any judgement on the legal or other status of any territory,or any endorsement to or occept- ance of any boundary and informatio n by the Economic Commission for Africa, Shelter- Afrique or their affiliates. Sources of data and information have been duly acknowl- edged.

Please send all correspondence and comments'0:

Economic Commission for Africa (ECA),

Industry-and Human Senlements Division (IHSD), .P.O. Box 3001,

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

or

The Company~rHabitat and Housing in Africa (Shelter·Afrique),

P.O. Box 41479, .

Nairobi, Kenya.

Source:UNCHS (Habitat) Aerialviewojsettlement in Africa

i. FOREWORD ii.PREFACE

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SUB-REGIONS OF AFRICA 2.1.COUNTRIES

2.2.POPULATION 2.3.CAPITAL CITIES 2.4.URBANIZATION 2.5.ECONOMY 2.6.AGRICULTURE 2.7.ENVIRONMENT

3. SHELTER SECTOR OVERVIEW

J.1.HOUSEHOLDS 3.2.SHElTER STOCK 3.3.SHELTER DEFICIT

4. LAND, INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 4.1 .LAND

4.2.WATER 4.3.SANITATION 4.4. TRANSPORTATION 4.5.ENERGY

4.6.COMMUNICATIONS 4.7.HEALTH

4.8.EDUCATION

5. CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS 5. 1.CONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY

5.2.BUILDING MATERIALS AND RESEARCH 5.3.WOMEN AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION 6. SHELTER FINANCE MARKETS

6.1.GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE 6.2.PRIVATEHOUSING EXPENDITURE 6.3.NOMINAL LENDING INTEREST RATES 7. DISASTERS AND REFUGEES

7. 1. DISASTERS

7.2.REFUGEES AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE

8. TECHNICAL NOTES 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

iii iv

3

15

21

33

41

47

53

ContinentalShelterAtlas for Africa;1996

Peace, stability and beller living conditionsare the visions for Africa in the 21 st century. We cannot have one without the others. Peace and stability are the prime conditions to meet our basic needs and bring a beller life for Africans, through the spread ofhousing,clean water, electricity,transport, and beller management of our environment. We will reach our goals through global solidarity, and through African cooperation in particular.

~,,~

ECA

Continental Shelter Alios for Africa,1996

The United Nations Conference on Human Settlements lHabitat II) aims to address two global themes. They are "Adequate Shelter for All";and "Sustainable Human Setllements Developmenl in an Urbanizing World". Both areofspecial concern for Africa, where urban growlh has been exploding at a role far beyond the growlh ofhousing and infrastructure to support the people flooding into urban areas. While every person's rightto shelter is being acknowledged round the world, the African reality is the rapid spread of poor housing and unsustainable senlernents.

This firstContinental Shelter Atlas for Africaprovides ECA and SHELTER-AFRIQUE member states with key data, information and indicators on the stateofhuman senlernents and shelter conditions. It will help all actors in the public and private sectors and in voluntary and women's groups to focus their efforts to improve human setllements in Africa and make ad- equate shelter available for all.

The central role of women in human seltlernents development and management hardly needs stressing and must be given much more recognition and support. Community participation must count on women's involvement and their demonstrated energy and commitment. Their role in planning and developing cities,towns and villages should be strengthened.

The new and sharper focusofECA's efforts include promoting better management of develop- ment, tackling the imbalance between population and environment, and spreading information as a basic tool. That is why we will go on working with partners to serve our member countries with information on policy and strategy options for managementofhuman settlements; and on what is happening on the ground. We wish to beofever more practical value to Africa's hard- pressed policy makers in this and other crucial areasofsustainable development.

ECA would like to acknowledge the cooperationofThe Company for Habitat and Housing in Africa (SHELTER-AFRIQUEI in the preparation of this Atlas. ECA, in collaboration with Shelter- Afrique, has also prepared the Regional Report on the State of Human Settlements in Africa to complement the information in this Atlas. Both these documents we trust will be found useful

;nfo,mat;on tool, in the campaigntop:a'ideodequole,helte, foe all in the_~;7de,

K.Y.Amoako

~e

Executive Secretory Managing Director

Economic Commission for Africa Shelter-Afrique

This first Continental Shelter Atlas presents the key shelter sector indicators and related info rma tio n for Africa.

While the right of every person to adequate shelteris gaining wide acknowledg- ment by African governments, the reality on the ground is characterized by macro-economic imbalances, inadequate policy responses and resource con- straints. This reality is visible in the many slums and squatter.settlementsin urban areas. The conditions in the urban areas are probably worse than in the rural areas. In the major cities and towns, such as Luanda, Lilongwe and Addis Ababa, between 70 and 80

%

of the people live in slums and squatter settlements while in most rural villages the majority

of

the people live and work on their own small farms with traditional dwellings having limited or inadequate infrastructure serv- ices,especially water and sanitation.

Public sector shelter policies, programmes and projects have generally not been able to meet the shelter demand resulting in high shelter deficits. Private sector participation in theshelter market has largely been confined to the informal sector in the supply of low cost; temporary shelters in slums and squatter settlements} villages and market centres. In the formal sector, it is mainlylimited to the supply of middle and high income housing in towns and cities. The housing deficit in most African countriesis very high. .

The aim

of

this Continental Shelter Atlas for Africa is to:

• Present the trendsin performanceof the shelter sector at the country and conti- nentallevels using shelter indicators and performance factors;

• Highlight the impacts of demographic growth and urbanization trends on the shelter sector, including a review and analysis

of

relevant socio-eco- nomic data at the country and continental levels;

• Show a comparative picture of the shelter and human settlements condi- tions in all African countries using maps, graphs, charts and other compu- ter-aided graphics;and

• .Outline cross-sectoralimpacts of urban poverty, unemployment,environmental degradation and unstainable development on the sheltersector.

Given the large number of countries involved and limited understanding

of

the dynamics of the shelter sector in many African countries, it is not surprising that thereis a divergence of views on the appropriate strategies for solving this multi- faceted problem.

The countries differ not only in their levels of economicdevelopment, urbanization patterns and relative sophistication

of

their construction sectors but alsoin shelter policies and strategies,programmes and projects. Analysis

of

the maincharacter- istics of the shelter sectorcan contribute significantly to the diagnosisand resolu- tion of the shelter.problem in Africa on a comprehensive basis.

ECA and Shelter Afrique have prepared this Atlas to assistcountries in shelter policy formulation and strategy implementation initially by documenting and analyzing the sta te of human settlements in all countries in the Afric.an Region. The Atlas will be regularly updated to incorporate changes on the ground.The updated data bank will facilitate information dissemination on the shelter sectorin African countries.The Atlas is also an importani contribution of ECA and Shelter Afrique to the preparatory process by the African region for the Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (HABITAT\I -The City Summit) sched- uled to be held in Turkey in june 1996 and the follow-up actionsto be undertaken at the community, national, regional and interna tio nal levels.

The data and indicators in thisShelter Atlas have been collected from relevant national reports; publications, data and statistics available from the Economic Commission for Africa (ECAl. the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (HABITAT), the World Bank, Britannica 1995 and other sources available at Shelter Afrique. Comments by rnernberstotes and other relevant parties on a draft have been incorporated in this final Atlas.

The format for the Atlas has been designed to facilitate understanding on a com- parative basis at the country and regional levels. Each map is colour-coded and supported with tables of indicators, statistics, bar and pie charts. The Alias is divided into six complementarysections each one addressing a specific set

of

issues.

Continental ShellerAliosforAfrica , 1996

::s

. . J

' a 0.

e 1\ .. ^_.

o ::s

Data on the shelter and human settlement conditions in all the countries of Africa are extremely useful in understanding the multi-faceted problem of habitat in a rapidly urbanising continent. This first Continental ShelterAtlas for Africa aims at presenting these facts using a number of tools,which include statistical tables, graphiq>, maps,and photographs on each of the six topical areas presented in this Atlas. .

For the purposes of thisAtlas countries in Africa are divided into five sub-regions using the United Nations grouping of Eastern Africa; Central Africa; Northern Africa; Southern Africa and Western Africa. Each country has been identified by name,capital city and total land area. Sub-totals for each sub-region and totols for Africa have also been tabulated as applicable. .

Section 2 of this Atlas consists of information on individual countries; their popula- tion; capital cities; urbanization trends; economic performance; agricultural and environmental characteristics. A key indicator for each of these sub-topics has been identified and presented in the form of a. colour-coded map with a legend and sources of information. Bar and pie charts show'the trends in each sub- region using consistentcolour codes. This format has been opplied in all the sections of the Atlas to enable comparison of trends at country, sub-regional and regional levels.

Section 3 on ShelterSector Overview consist of information on Households; the Shelter Stock and Shelter Deficits.

Section 4 on Land, Infrastructure and Services presents information on Land;Wa- ter; Sanitation; Transportation; Energy;Communications; Health and Education.

'Sectio n 5 on Construction and Building Materials includes.information on the

Construcnon Industry; Building Materials and Research;Women and Community Participation .

Section 6 on Shelter Finance'and Markets consist

of

information on Government Expenditure; Private Expenditure on Housing; and Nominal Lending Interest Rates.

2 Conlinenlal Shelter Atlasfor Africa.1996

Section 7 on Disasters and Refugees provides information on Disasters; Refugees and Internally Displaced People.

Technical Notes have been presented"to supplement the information in each of the above sections and to clarify any variations in the source, time and scope of the data and statisticsused in compilation of this Atlas. A Bibliography

of

^major

sources of information has also been listed at the end of the Atlas.

Soust»:UNCHS (Habitat) & UNEP PropleofAf'rim

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2.1. COUNTRIES

Africa is divided almost equally into two by the Equator and lies within the tropical region with the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the south.

The Prime Meridian (0 longitude) crosses from north to.south and passes east of Accra, Ghana: The land formation is a vast plateau with the Sahara Desert in the north-west. There is an enormous wealth of naturalresources and agriculture is the predominant land use.

Tne countries in Africa are grouped into five sub-regions in accordance with the United Nations classification namely: Eastern Africa; Central Africa; Northern Af- rica; Southern Africa and Western Africa.

Out of Africa'stotal area of 30,363,221 sq. km., Eastern Africa occupies an area

of

6,400,265

sq.

km. (21 .09 %);Central Africa 6,612,392sq.km.121 .78 %1;North- ern Africa 8,515,370sq.km.(28.05%1 ; Southern Africa'2,677,768sq.km.(8.82%) and Western Africa 6,157,426 sq. km. (20.27%). Sudan isthe largest country with 2,503,890

sq.

^km.,while Seychelles is thesmallest with a land area of only 455

sq.

^km.

As

an average measure of a country's achievement in empowering its people by providing opportunities for long and healthy life,knowledge and a decent standard of living, the human development index (HDII offers~ broader concept of human development than the narrow dimension provided by GDP'per capita. Mauritiusand Seychelles with HDls of 0.821 and 0.81 0 respectively, are the only African countries in the high human development category. The HDI of Sub-Saharan Africa (0.3891 is less than half that of latin America and the Caribbean (0.823)and slightly less than that of South Asia [0.453).

For each country the HDI and the Total land Area in square kilometers [sq. krn.] are highlighted in table 1.

2.2. POPULATION

Africa's total population in 1993 was estimated at 700.16 million growing at a rate of 3:0% per annum over the period 1990-1995. This population is pro- jected to'rea ch 1.03 billion by the year 2010. At 213.65million, Eastern Africa is the most populated region, slightly,more than Western Africa (212.36 million], while Southern Africa has the lowest at about 45.71 million.'

4 Continental ShelterAlias for Africa,1996

Nigeria is the most populous country with 119.05 million people, about 17% of the continent'spopulation. Some 23 countries have populations ranging from 1 to 5 million and 26 were in the 6-30 million bracket.

Country populations as

of

1993, and the average annual population growth rates for the period 1985-1993, are presented as'key demographic indi cators in table 2, Although one of the largestcontinents, covering 30.36millionsq.km.representing 22%

of

^{the global}land area profile, Africa had only about12.2%of the world's population in 1994. Africa'sshare of the world's population is projected to increase to 14.8%by 2010,largely on account of a higherrate

of

population growthin comparisonwithother continents. Climatic and geographic factors in addition to the slavetrade, diseases, physical relief, colonialism, the apartheid system, armed conflictsand governmentpoll- cies have exertedconsiderable influence,on the pattern of human settlements in Africa.

2.3 CAPITAL CITIES

Africa'scapital cities have a population estimated at 47.24 million people, about.

6.9%of the continent'spopulation and"2 1%.of theurban populati<;fl;;~Capital cities in Eastern Africa have the highest population-at 13.33 million,abotii28.22%

of

the total forAfrica, while capital citiesin Southern Africa have the lowest at 1.6 0 million [3.39%). This urban population trend in Africa is a major indicator of the primacy role of capital cities in the continent, which is projected to continue into the next century as the high rate of urbanization continues.

Indeed there are secondary cities in Africa which ore more populated than the capi- tal cities, such as lagos; Nigeria with a population of 10.29 million is much more populated than Abuja which is the new capital city. There are considerablevaria- tions in size ranging from 0.03 million in Victoria, Seychelles to 6.85 million in Cairo, Egypt. The populations of Cairo and lagos are projected toincrease to 1 1.8 millionand 12.9 millionrespectively by year 2000.

The capital city population trend in the context of the country population density indicates that the majority of the population is living in rural areas with a population density of less that 50 persons per sq. km.. Mauritius has the highest population density at more than 530 persons per sq. km., followed by Rwanda 237 persons per sq.km., while a few countries have a density of 50 - 100person~per sq. km.,and a few others have as low as 2 persons pe:r sq.km.

- - - -- -- - -- -

ISUB·REGIONS

TABliEfI:SUB-REGIONS OF AFRICA ^,

SUB-REGION HUMAN COUNTRY SUB-REGION HUMAN COUNTRY

COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT LAND AREA COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT LAND AREA

INDEX Sq.Km INDEX Sa.Km

1992 1992

AFRICA 0.483 30,363,221

EASTERN AFRICA 0,414 6400 285 NORTHERN AFRICA 0.635 8515370

BURUNDI 0.286 27816 IALGERIA 0.732 2381741

COMOROS 1862 E1WPT 0.613 997739

DJIBOUTI 0.336 23,200 LIBYA 0.768 1757.000

ETHIOPIA 0.227 1.133.882 MOROCCO 0.554 456 730

ERITREA 117400 SUDAN 0.379 2503890

KENYA 0.481 562,646 TUNISIA 0.763 164150

MADAGASCAR 0.432 587.041 WESTERN SAHARA 252120

MALAWI 0.330 118484

MAURITIUS 0.821 2,040 SOUTHERN AFRICA 0:615 26n768

MOZAMBIQUE 0.246 812379 BOTSWANA 0.763 561730

ZIMBABWE 0.539 390.757 LESOTHO 0:473 30355

RWANDA 0.332 26,338 NAMIRIA 0.611 825118

REUNION 2512 SOUTH AFRICA 0.705 1'223 201

SEYCHELLES 0.810 455 SWAZILAND 0.522 17364

SOMALIA 0.246 637.000

TANZANIA 0.364 942,799 WESTERN AFRICA 0.329 6157.426

UGANDA 0.329 241,040 BURKINA FASO 0.226 274400

ZAMBIA 0.425 752614 CAP VERDE 0.536 4033

BENIN 0.332 112,660

GAMBIA 0.299 10,689

GHANA 0.482 238,1533

GUINEA 0237 245,857

CENTRAL AFRICA 0.422 6612392 GUINEA·BISSAU 0.293 36125

ANGOLA 0.291 1246700 COTE D'IVOIRE 0.369 320763

CAMEROON .0.503 475442 LIBERIA 0.325 99067

CENTRALAFRICA N REP. 0.361 622436 MALI 0.227 1 24l!574

CHAD 0.296 1,284,000 MAURITANIA 0.359 1030700

CONGO 0.538 342000 NIGER 0.207 1.287.000

EQUATORIALGUINEA 0.399 26051 NIGERIA 0.406 923768

GABON 0.579 .267 667 SENEGAL 0.340 198.712

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE 0.451 1,001 SIERRA LEONE 0.221 71740

ZAIRI= 0.384 2,345,095 TOGO 0.409 56,785

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.

fl'lO:'OS SUB-REGIONS

Co~lnentalShel1ef Atles

SUb-reglonltand Countries .-._._.,.-

~ ^MeurttiUl.

-

• Eastern Africa

• Central Africe

• Northern Africa

• Southern Africa

• We8tem Africa

5eoTome& • Principe:

' - : Verdee- ."

SUB-REGIONS OF AFRICA

-:

Source:United Nations, 1995 8.82%(SA)

%0'TOlalLanclAreabySub-region.

~ . I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

LandAreabyStb-reg;on.

1.

I I

I .

..J

CENTRAL AFRICA EASTERN AFRICA

WESTERNAFRICA NORlHERN AFRICA

SOlmiERN AFRICA

_I~~^{SUB-REGIONCOUNTRY}

-

^{POPULATIONNumbar} GROWTH RATE^POPULATION

-

^SUB-REGIONCOUNTRY ^POPULATIONNumber GROWTH RAT!^POPULATION

In'000 %p,& In'000 %p,&

1993 1~ 1993 1985-93

AFRICA 699,717 2.9

EASTERN AFRICA 213.213 2.8 NORTHERN AFRICA 150,878 2.8

BURUNDI "QAn .,0 I"'''O:''IA 27.045 2.7

COMOROS 605 3.6 EI:;YPT 5S9f\~ 2.4

DJIBOUT I 481 4.9 LIBYA 5035 3.6

ETHIO PIA 50689 3.1 MOROCCO 26654 2.5

ERITREA 3n9 3.0 SUDAN 27364 2.9

KENYA 28038 3.0 ITlINI!;IA 8565 2.1

MADAGASCAR 13 235 3.6 WE"'TERN SAHARA 252 4.3

MALAWI 10 565 3.2

MAURITIUS 1108 0.9 SOUTHERN AFRICA. 45.707 2.9

MOZAMBIQUE 15 440 1.1 IBOTSWANA 1350 3.0

ZIMBABWE 10560 3.3 LESOTHO 1168 2.9

RWANDA 7,768 3.3 INAMIRIA 1583 3.1

620 1.9 SOUTl-l AFRICA 4On4 24

!;EYCHELLES 75 1.4 SWAZILAND 832 3.1

SOMALIA 9531 2.2

TANZANIA 28702 3.0 WESTERN AFRICA 212.362 2.11

UGANDA 19168 3.1 BURKINA FASO 9n3 . 2.6

ZAMBIA 8851 3.6 CAP VERDE 395 ao

BENIN" 5,067 3.1

GAMBIA 930 2.8

GHANA 16,422 3.2

GUINEA 6,296 3.9

CENTRAL AFRICA n557 2.9 GUINEA-BISSAU 1027 2.1

ANGOLA 10259 4.1 COTE D'IVOIRE 13414 ~7

CAMEROON 12744 2.6 ^LIBERIA 2.840 2.5

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP. 3251 2.8 ^MALI 10118 2.8

CHAD 6019 2.5 MAURITANIA 2203 2.8

CONGO 2438 3.0 NIGER ^/ 8514 ~.2

EQUATORIAL GUINEA 380 2.4 ^NIGERIA iis.oss 2.7

IGABON 1276 3.3 SENEGAL 7.937 2.4

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE 131 2.0 I "'I"RRA LEONE 4491 2.5

ZAIRE 41,061 3.8 TOGO 3.879 3.1

~

, ,

'.~• POPULATION

TotalPopulationIn millions

\ . L .s1

^..~...

^--

~ ^MaurtIlul

- -

⁽⁾

o

^teesthen1

11 , - 9

• 10-49

• 50-99

• 100 and over

· . .

s.oTomt& •

-

POPULATION OF AFRICA, 1993

' .. ~e-V.-ot

21.56% (NA)

EASTERNAFRICA

J

^{i i i i I}

NORTHAFRICA CENTRALAFRICA WESTERNAFRICA

50000 10ססoo 150000 200000 250000

f'o<>ulabO<lbySu!HegIon. '"011011IIf'o<>u'"lIon_ by&llMogIon. Source:ECASecretariat, United Natlon8,1995 ContinentalShelter AU. .

' .

SUB-REGION . CAPITAL CITY SUB-REGION CAPITAL CITY

COUNTRY CITY POPULATION COUNTRY CITY POPULATION

Name MIUlons Name Millions

1994·95 1994-95

AFRICA 72.05

EASTERN AFRICA 14.83 NORTHERN AFRICA 'l2.n

BURUNDI IBU]Umbura 0.24 ALGERIA Algiers 3.70

COMOROS 'Moron 0.02 EGYPT Cairo 9.66

DJIBOUTI CO]lI:lOUlf 0.32 liBYA Triooll azr

ETHIOPIA Addis Ababa 2.21 MOROCCO Rabal 1.58

ERlmEA ASmara 0.37 SUDAN Khartoum 2.43

KENYA Nairobi 2.08 TUNISIA Tunis 2.04

MADAGASCAR An1ananarlvo 1.05 WESTERN SAHARA EIAaiun 0.09

MALAWI lilonilwe 0.27

MAURITIUS Porllouls 0.14 SOllTHERN AFRICA 1.59

MOZAMBIQUE U.M'~ 2.23 BOTSWANA Gaborone 0.14

ZIMBABWE Harare 1.19 lESOTHO Maseru 0.17

RWANDA Kigali 0.23 NAMIBIA WIndhoek 0.16

1"'1'11'-1""'" Salnt·Dennis 0.10 SOUTH AFRICA Pre10ria 1.07

SEYCHEllES VlC10ria 0.03 SWAZILAND Mbabane 0.05

SOMALIA Mogadishu ' 0.98

TANZANIA DaresSalaam 1.44 WESTERN AFRICA 23.41

UGANDA Kampala 0.95 BURKINA FASO OuagadOugou 0.44

ZAMBIA lusaka 0.98 CM>VERDE Praia nM

BENIN Cotonou 0.53

GAMBIA Banjul 0.44

GHANA Accra '1.69

GUINEA ConakrY 1.51

CENTRAL AFRICA 9.45 GUINEA·BISSAU Bissau 0.13

ANGOLA luanda 2.21 COTE D'IVOIRE Abidjan 2.80

CAMEROON Yaounde 1.12 LIBERIA Monrovia 0.69

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP. Banoui 0.71 MALI Bamako . n.75

CHAD N Damena 0.53 MAURITANIA Nouakchott 0.48

CONGO Brazzaville 1.01 NIGER Nlamev 0.40

EQUATORiAlGUINEA Malabo 0.03 NIGERIA laoos 10.30

GABON libreville 0.35 SENEGAL Dakar 1.99

SAO TOME&PRINCIPE is ae ome 0.04 SIERRA LEONE Freetown 0.67

ZAIRE Kinshasa 3.45 TOGO lome 05~

POl1Louls<!r "

Salnt0enI0

_ . *

CITIES

-e ...

*

More than 1mlmon CapttaJCities Population

*

less lhan 0.5mllllon

*

^0.5•1.OrnIllIon

CountryPopulation Density (People persq. km,-)

o

^{lessthan 50}

• 50·100

• .More than 100

CAPITAL CITIES IN AFRICA

<, :,:Pf'&1&

· . .

3UI0" (NA) 13.11'"(CA)

CENTRAl.AFR.CA

1 - -

.EASTEAN AFRlCA

WESTERN AFRICA] i ii i I

NORTHERN AFRICA

SOUTHERN AFRICA

10 Ie zo :Ie

C... C_Pooula1ionby&b-regIon. CopIlaICOl.."""""'lien'"bySob-fegO>n. Source:United Nations, Britannica, 1995 ContInental Sheller Atlas

SUB-REGION URBAN AVERAGE SUB·REGION URBAN AVERAGE

COUNTRY POPULATION ANNUAL COUNTRY POPULATION ANNUAL

%ollotal GROWTH RATE % ollotal GROWTH

Population %(1960-93) Population RATE

1993 1993 %(1960-93)

.AFRICA 35.2 4.8

EASTERN AFRICA 31.2 4.7 NORTHERN AFRICA 53.8 3.4

BURUNDI 7.5 6.7 ALGERIA 55.8 4.4

COMOROS 30.7 3.7 EGYPT 44.8 2.1

DJIBOUTI 82.8 4.9 LIBYA 88.0 4.4

ETHIOPIA 13.4 4.3 MOROCCO 48.4 ' 3.4

ERITREA 17.2 3.5 SUDAN . 24.6 3.2

KENYA 27.7 7.0 TUNISIA 57.3 3.0

MADAGASCAR 27.1 5.9 WESTERN SAHARA 59.9 .3.6

MALAWI 13.5 6.7

MAI,JRInUS 40.6 0.6 SOUTHERN AFRICA 34.1 5.9

MOZAMBIQUE 34.3 8.4 BOTSWANA 28.1 7.6

ZIMBABWE 32.1 5.6 LESOTHO 23.1 6.6

RWANDA 6.1 4.7 INAUIRIA 37.4 6.0

REUNION 67.8 3.8 SOUTH AFRICA 50.8 2.7

SEYCHELLES 54.5 0.9 SWAZILAND 31.2 8.6

SOMALIA 25.8 3.1

TANZANIA 24.4 6.5 WESTERN AFRICA 35.1 5.0

UGANDA 12.5 4.8 BURKINA FASO 27.2 2.8

ZAMBIA 43.1 3.8 CAP VERDE 54.3 5.2

BENIN 31.3 4.5

GAMBIA 25.5 6.0

GHANA 36.3 4.2

GUINEA 29.6 5.6

CENTRAL AFRICA 40.5 3.4 GUINEA·BISSAU 222 3.6

ANGOLA 32.2 2.9 COTE D'IVOIRE 43.6 ^{5.2 .}

CAMEROON 44.9 5.3 LIBERIA 45.0 5.1

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP. 39.3 3.1 MAli 27.0 5.5

CHAD 21.4 3.2 MAURITANIA 53.8 6.9

CONGO 58.8 5.4 NIGER 17.0 1>.3

EQUATORIAL GUINEA 42.2 2.3 NIGERIA 39.3 5.5

GABON 50.0 2.7 SENEGAl 42.3 3.8

SAO TOME&PRINCIPE 48.7 2.4 SIERRA LEONE 36.2 5.1

ZAIRE 29.1 3.3 TOGO 30.8 5.1

,

Seydlel'"

URBANIZATION

Urban Population as % of

i

\---,.- ..

Mau11tiu:5 ..

Total Populallon

Reunion

D

^{LesSthan 11.0%}

D

^11.1·25.0%

II!!

^25.1-50.0%

• 50.1-75.0%

• 75.1-90.0%

SaoTon. & ..

Prlnapo

..

URBAN POPULATION IN AFRICA, 1993

Cope

" - : Verde

· ..

'7.52'1"(SA)

27.84%(NA) :zo.eQ%(CAl

eo

50 411 30 '0 20

EASTERN ...FRICA

CENTRAL AFRICA

WESTERN AFfIICA

J

^{I I I i i}

NORTHERNAFRIC...·• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • SOUTHERN AFRIC'"

un-Pooulolk>n(%)oflOlllIPoou..8on~Sul>-rogIon. ^%ofT",", _ bySul>-rogIon Source:UnitedNations, 1995 Continental Shelter Atlas

2.4 URBANIZATION

Although the least urbanized continent with about 33% of the population living in urban areas, Africa has the highesturbanization rate which averaged 4.8% per annum over the period 1980 to 1993. In 1990, thetotal urban population was estimated at 213.84million and the level of urbanization is projectedto reach 52%

of

the total populationby the year 2020.Based on 1993 data,Northern Africa has the highesturbanpopulation which accounts for about 53.8%of the total population inthe Sub-region and has an average annual growth rate of about 3.4%. Southern Africa is experiencing the highest rate

of

urbanization with an average annual growth rate

of

5.9 %with 34.1 % urbanisation level. Thisis followed by Western Africawith growth rate of 5.0 %; Eastern Africa with 4.7%; and Middle Africa with 3.4 % per annum.

The number of urban agglomerations with population of 2 million and more has increased fromonly two in 1970 to eight in 1990 andis projected to reach to 31 by 2010. This trend has created adverse consequences on the environment, social and economic development. Libya isthe most urbanized country with 84% of its total population livingin urban areas, whileBurundi is least urbanized with only 2% of its population living in urban areas.The highest rate of urbanization is in Mozambique, at 8.4% per annum, which may be linkedto the populationmovements due to the civil war in the country. The lowest rate of urbanization at 0.6% per annum is in Mauritius although 41% of its total population is already urbanized.

GLOBAL TREND IN URBANIZATION:

1990 Urban Pop. 2020

Toial

Pop.

(0/0) (0/0 p.a.) Urban. Pop.

(mAlion) (0/0)

Africa 648 33 4.8 52

Asia 3,113 35 4.1 49

Europe 498

74

0.9 77

N. America 276 75

I.

1 77

S. America

448

72 3.4 83

USSR 289 66 1.6 77

Oceania 26 71 1.5 75

World Total 5,292 45 2.9 58

Source: UN, World Urbanization Prospects, 1990.

For each country Urban Population as a percentage of Total Population (1993 figures); and Average Urban Annual Growth (percentage) from 1980 to 1993, have been used as key indicators of urbanization.

2.5

^ECONOMY

The Gross National Product (GNP) per capita in US Dollars in 1993; and the Average Inflation Rate per annum from 1985 to 1993 have been used as key economic indicators.

The map and the data provide useful informationon levels

of

economicdevelop- ment, as commonly conceived, and living standards in different countries in Af- rica.This map also summarizes,using the criterion of per capita GNP, the amount

of

new wealth available to individuals in each country. There is a wide range of per capita GNP in the 55 African countries. The value attributed to the highest income country, Libya Arab Jamahiriya, is nearly twice that of the continental mean; and nearly 100 timesthat

of

the lowest income country (Somalia). Subregion- wise, North Africa has the highest average per capita inco me (US$ 1,742), followed by Southern Africa (US$l,6 87 ), Central Africa (US$ 1,009), Eastern Africa (US$845), and Western Africa (US$3801. The average inflation rate for the continent reached 77.9% in 1993 as a result

of

hyper-inflation in Zaire, Zambia and Sudan.

2.6 AGRICULTURE

Africa's economy is predominantly agrarian with approximately 50%

of

its GDP coming from the agricultural sector. The land under cultivation in the region is estimated at 195 million hectares. This large concentration

of

farm land, mostof which is in Sub-Saharan Africa, constitutesonly 26% of potentially arable land. The remaining land offers abundont opportunitiesfor expanding food and cash crop production.

.The agricultural sector, which is the backbone of Africa's economy, accounts for 80-90% of the region's population in employment and produces about one-half of the world's cocoa and cassava; one-fifth of its coffee, sorghum, millet and sesame seeds; and one-tenth of its tea, cotton-and sugar-cone. It also accountsfor an

Sub-RegionsofAfrico 9

ECONOMY

~(.,^.... ,

TA811Ef5~r" ; • ~e(:

, _{, . . F.Ft lC A'6Wl"}

"""'z.,.,

SUB-REGION GNP AVERAGE SUB-REGION GNP AVERAGE

COUNTRY PER CAPITA INFLATION COUNTRY PER CAPITA INFLATION

US Dollarso.a, RATE US Dollarsp.a. RATE

1993 %(1985-93) 1993 %(1985-93)

AFRICA 1,000 77.9

EASTERN AFRICA 846 31.5 NORTHERN AFRICA 1,749 28.8

BURUNDI 237 9.7IAI"I=RIA 2.095 20.5

COMOROS 431 IEGYPT 991 12.5

QJIBOUTI 992 4.4 LIBYA 5792

ETHIOPIA 101 7.8 MOROCCO 963 5.2

ERITREA 120 4.6 SUDAN 382 101.4

KENYA 339 45.8 ITUNISIA 1.720 4.3

MADAGASCAR 229 10.0 WESTERNSAHARA 300

MALAWI 194 34.1

MAURITIUS 2.679 10.5 SOUTHERN AFRICA 1,687 12.9

MOZAMBIQUE 87 42.2 BOTSWANA 2,855 14.3

ZIMBABWE 642 27.6 LESOTHO 346 15.0

RWANDA 339 12.4 I...AIJIIRIA 1505 8.5

2.790 SOUTH AFRICA 2547 9.7

~HELLi"> ^{5253 1.3 SWAZILAND 1184 17.0}

I!'lOMALIA 57 75.4

TANZANIA 96 23.5 WESTERN AFRICA 457 17.4

UGANDA 220 6.1 BURKINAFASO 307 0.6

ZAMBIA 403 189.0 CAP VERDE 101~ 22.1

BENIN 411 0.1

GAMBIA 381 6.5

GHANA 427 25.0

GUINEA 481 7.1

CENTRAL AFRICA 1009 249.7 GUINEA·BISSAU 274 48.1

ANGOLA 883 5.9 COTE D'NOIRE 727 2.8

CAMEROON 794 230.0 LIBERIA 633 60.0

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP. 455 -2.9 MALI 263 -0.3

CHAD 232 -9.2 MAURITANIA 524 9.3

CONGO 1,222 2.4 NIGER 282 -1.2

EQUATORIAL GUINEA 439 -0.4 NIGERIA 326 57.2

GABON 4483 1.5 SENEGAL 729 -o.e

SAO TOME&PRINCIPE 420 32.8 SIERRALEONE 1n 22.2

r7AiRF' ^{151 1986.9 TOGO 336 -1.0}

I.tluntlul e Raur'llon

":"', Seychlll ••

ECONOMY

.:

SICTome& •

P,,""".

Lower MiddleIncome $695-$2785

• Upper MiddleIncome $2786-$8625

• High Income morethan $8626

ECONOMIES'OF AFRICA, 1993

GNP percapna US Dollarsper annum,1993

o

Low Income lessthan $695 Cope

'.. ~Vtrde

...

^~

2l1.35%(SAl 7.92%(WAI

3O••2%(NA}

17.55%(CA) CENTRAl.~F'UCA

o 200 400 SOO 800 1000 1200 1400 '600 1eoo

EASTERN~FRIC~

I••••••••

WESTERN AFRICA

J

^{i i i i i i i i}

SOUTHERNAFRICA NCRTJoIERN AfRICA

Average GNP percapitabySutH', gipn. A~r.geGNPor.by Sub-region

Source: ECA,World Bank,1995 Continental Shelter Atlaa

annual production of about 190 million cattle; 210 million sheep; 175 million goats; 4 million tons of beef and veal;2 million tons of poultry; 14 million tons of cow's

-mllk:

2 milliontons of eggs; 0.7 milliontons of cattle hides; and 5 million tons of fish.

For each country, the share of agriculture in the Gross Domestic Product (GDPI in 1993 and farmland area in the same year have been used as key indicators of the sector at the national level.

2.7. ENVIRONMENT

Africa, like other continents, has a synergy between environmental ql.}ality,social and economic development and growth.·Africa is experiencing environmental degradation linked with the lack

of

economic development. The total forest cover- age of about 22

%

of the total land area is depleting at an annual rate

of

-0.3

%

per annum. Deforestation is advancing at about 4.1 million ha. each year.The main causes being: iiI fuelwood and charcoal consumption; (iiI change into ag- riculture and grasslands; and (iii! overcutting

of

trees for timber and fuelwood production. One of the worst consequences is desertification.Macro and micro climate variations are also linked to the vanishing,'fragmentation and genetic degradation of natural forests. This rate of deforestation is high when compared to the small areas reforested (only about 6% of the forest cover losses] ond the ogre-forestry dependency of most economies of the countries in the continent.

For each country Forest Coverage as a percentage of Total Land Area in 1990;

and Average Annual Change in Forest Coverage as a percentage from 1981 to 1990, have been used as partial indicators on the state

of

the environment in Africa .

Source:UNCHS(Habitat) ©Jackie Cunis

&l1ingbUSforji11!lJJ(}()disa majorcauseof deforestation

Source:UNCHS(Habitat)

Thepooroccupy~nallands whi£hmay

pose

^healthand environmental hozard.!

Sub-Regions of Africa 1 1

AGRICULTURE

i - ·

SUB-REGION AGRICULTURE FARMLAND SUB-REGION AGRICULTURE FARMLAND COUNTRY 1%SHARE OF GOP % of Total COUNTRY 1%SHARE OF GDP %of Total

1993 Land AI1lB 1993 LandArea

1993 1993

AFRICA 25 23

EASTERN AFRICA 33 26 NORTHERN AFRICA 16 21

BURUNDI 54 ⁸⁶ Lr.FRIA 15 17

COMOROS 39 44 EGYPT 16 5

DJIBOUTI 3 <1 LIBYA 5 5

ETHIOPIA 48 6 MOROCCO 14 20

ERITREA 48 6 SUDAN 34 13

KENYA 29 ¹² TUNISIA 16 65

MADAGASCAR 34 4 WESTERN SAHARA 14 19

MALAWI 38 14

MAURITIUS 10 54 SOUTHERN AFRICA 9 31

MOZAMBIQUE 33 18 BOTSWANA 5 6

ZIMBABWE 18 rr LESOTHO 10 12

RWANDA 41 51 NAMIBIA 11 1

RFUNION 34 28 SOUTH AFRICA 4 83

SEYCHELLES 4 28 SWAZILAND 13 52

SOMALIA 34 2

TANZANIA 43 6 WESTERN AFRICA 35 17

UGANDA 56 11 BURKINA FASO 37 33

ZAMBIA 29 1 CAP VERDE 13 R

BENIN 37 29

GAMBIA . 27 17

GHANA 47 11

GUINEA 24 7

CENTRAL AFRICA 30 20 GUINEA-BISSAU 44 5

ANGOLA 15 4 COTE D'IVOIRE 37 9

CAMEROON 22 3 LIBERIA 39 4

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP. 50 <1 ^MALI 42 2

CHAD 44 46 MAURITANIA 27 <1

CONGO 11 <1 NIGER 39 3

EQUATORIAL GUINEA 47 NIGERIA 36 37

GABON 8 <1 SENEGAL 19 59

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE 34 99 SIERRA LEONE 38 38

ZAIRE 40 3 TOGO 49 7

Uaurffius a Reunloo SeyehoI1..

AGRICULTURE

1(}.240/0

Sao

p-

Tome& •

.,

AGRICULTURE IN AFRICA

."

• 25-39%

.4(}.6Q%

Agncuture as% Share of GOP, 1993

D

^Lessthan10%

Cape

""- ~Vecde

.26'lIo(WA)

[

••.•-::.,-».'

.... ...y !\

...'....

----_J

26.93"4 EASTERN AFRICA

CENTRAL AFRICA

NORTHERN AFRICA

SOUTHERNAFRICA

.O''''ISAl

WESTERNAFRICA.

'0 15 20 25

-r

30

'*

24.53% (CA) 13Jt,... (NAI

Agncuttl,lreas a % $hare of GOP tJySub-~. Agrieoltl.I'e%GOPShereby'~. Source: World Bank, 1995 Contlnen181 Shelter Alias

SUB·REGION : FOREST FOREST SUB·REGION FOREST FOREST

COUNTRY COVER COVER COUNTRY COVER COVER

%ot Total Land Av. Annual %ofTotal Land Av. Annual

Area, 1990 Change%, Area,1990 Change%,

1981-90 1981-90

AFRICA 22 -0.3

EASTERN AFRICA 18 -e.e NORTHERN AFRICA 8 0.5

BURUNDI 9 -0.6 IALGERIA 2 -0.8

COMOROS 16 0.0 EGYPT 0 0.0

DJIBOUTI 1 0.0 LIBYA 0 1.4

ETHIOPIA 13 -0.3 MOROCCO 20 1.5

ERITREA 13 -0.3 SUDAN ra -1.1

KENYA 3 -0.6 TUNISIA 4 1.9

MADAGASCAR 27 -0.8 WESTERNSAHARA 9

MALAWI 37 -1.4

MAURITIUS 28 -0.2 SOUTHERN AFRICA 11 -e.t

MOZAMBIQUE 22 -0.7 BOTSWANA 25 -0.5

ZIMBABWE 23 -0.7 LESOTHO 5 -0.5

RWANDA 2 -0.3 INAMIRIA 15 -0.3

REUNION 1 -1.1 SOUTHAFRICA 4 0.8

SEYCHELLES 19 0.0 SWAZILAND 6 0.1

SOMALIA 1 -0.4

TANZANIA 38 -1.2 WESTERN AFRICA 26 -e.a

UGANDA 32 -1.0 BURKINAFASO 16 -0.7

ZAMBIA 43 .1.1 CAPE VERDE 2 0.0

BENIN 45 ·1.3

GAMBIA 10 -0.8

GHANA 42 .1~

GUINEA 27 -1?

CENTRALAFRICA 46 -e.s GUINEA·BISSAU 72 -0.8

ANGOLA 19 ·0.7 COTE D'IVOIRE 34 ·1.0

CAMEROON 44 ·0.6 LIBERIA 48 -0.5

CENTRAL AFRICAN REP. 49 -0.4 MALI 9 -0.8

CHAD 9 -0.7 MAURITANIA I 0.0

CONGO 58 ·0.2 NIGER 2 -0.4

EQUATORIAL GUINEA 65 ·0.4 NIGERIA 17 -0.7

GABON 71 -0.6 SENEGAL 39 -0.7

SAOTOME & PRINCIPE 48 0.0 SIERRALEONE 28 -0.6

ZAIRE 50 -0.6 TOGO 25 -1.5

Seychelles

ENVIRONMENT

Egypt

ForestCoveras % of

..

^",...

~ ^{MaunriU$ •}

Total Land Area, 1990

Reunion

D

Less thanl0%

II]

^10-14%

•

^{• 15·29%30·59%}

• More than 60%

· .-

SeoTome&, . Principe

•.

... ~Vsn:lee-

FOREST COVER IN AFRICA

10.131f,ISA)

4225% (CAl 10 15 :!O 25 30 3S 40 046 50

CENTRAL AFRICA EASTERN AFRICA

WESTERNAFRICA

J

^{i i i i i}

SOUTHERN AFRICA NORTHERNAFRICA

ForestCovel' ee a%of Tor.aJLandAreabySlJb.-regIon, AI/srage FtJresl Cover %bySutHeg lon. Source: World Bank,1995 Continental ShelterAlias

eft :r-

CD -

;- ..

3.1 HOUSEHOLDS

Africa has about 134.30 million households with an average size of 5.1 persons per household. At 43.54 million, Eastern Africa has the highest number

of

house- holds, followed by Western Africa with 38.32 million whileSouthern Africa has the lowest number of households at 10.16 million. Nigeria accounts for 15.6%of the total number of households in Africa.

For each country the Total Number of Households in 1993;and Average Household Size in 1993,are presented in the table as shelter need indicators.

3.2. SHELTER STOCK

Africahas a stockof about87.44millionshelter units with an average of2.6 rooms per unit. This shelter stock is far below the number

of

total households

of

134million and is generally inadequate in terms of both quality and affordability.Eastern Africa has the largest shelter stock128.87million) and Southern Africa has the smallest shelter stock (B.12million).The expansion of informal settlements in many urban areas is a byproduct of the relatively high price/income ratios in the formal sector partly created by the inappropriate building standards and regulations enforced in many countries.

For each country the Total Number

of

Shelter Units in 1993; and Rooms per Shelter Unit (average in 1993), have been used as key shelter stock indicators.

3.3. SHELTER DEFICIT

About46.B7 million shelter units are needed to provide adequate shelter for all the households living in the continent. This shelter deficit is computed on the basisof the quantity

of

units and floor area per person. It also relates to quality of units and adequacy of basic services such as water, sanitation, lighting, ventilation and type of construction of units. Western Africa has the largest shelter deficit (1 B.64 million) while Southern Africa has the smallest deficit 12.05 million). Reducing this shelter deficit is the major shelter policy challenge facing all African countries.

For each country the Total Number of Shelter Unitsneeded in 1993and Persons per Room as average number of persons living in a room in 1993, have been used as key shelter deficit indicators.

16 ContinentalShelter Atlas forAfrica,1996

Source: Nation Newspapers Ltd

Unplanned settlements haveincreased due to poverey,high rateof urbanisation and inadequate policy responses.