Clothing recommendations for surviving prolonged periods in the Arctic
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(2) Report Documentation Page REPORT NUMBER. PROJECT NUMBER. DATE. OCRE-TR-2012-12. A1-001091. October 2012. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION. DISTRIBUTION. Unclassified. Unlimited. TITLE. Clothing Recommendations for Surviving Prolonged Periods in the Arctic AUTHOR(S). Jonathan Power John Monk CORPORATE AUTHOR(S)/PERFORMING AGENCY(S). NRC Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering - St. John’s PUBLICATION SPONSORING AGENCY(S). Transport Canada RAW DATA STORAGE LOCATION(S). PEER REVIEWED. No MODEL #. PROP #. EMBARGO PERIOD. PROJECT. GROUP. PROGRAM. Marine Safety FACILITY KEY WORDS. PAGES. FIGS.. TABLES. Arctic, mass rescue, hypothermia clothing survival time. vi,102. 2. 3. SUMMARY. The diminishing of ice has resulted in the opening of new avenues for marine vessels to navigate through the Arctic. This increase in marine traffic also includes cruise ships that often times carry thousands of passengers. If a cruise ship was to be abandoned, it may take up for five days or more before the passengers could be rescued. The level of thermal protection provided to these passengers was investigated to determine if it was sufficient to ensure their survival until help arrives. The level of thermal insulation provided by a variety of clothing ensembles were measured using thermal manikins under a variety of conditions. These insulation values were then inputted into a modified version of the Cold Exposure Survival Model to calculate predicted survival times. It was found that while the majority of the clothing ensembles did provide a sufficient level of thermal protection under ideal conditions, wetting the clothing and the addition of wind resulted in a significant decrease in thermal protection. These ensembles should be kept dry and used in conjunction with a wind break such as a tent or liferaft. It is recommended that any clothing ensembles intended to provide a sufficient level of thermal protection for people stranded in the arctic have a in-situ clo value of 2.6. ADDRESSES: NRC - Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering St. John's Arctic Avenue, P. O. Box 12093, St. John's, NL A1B 3T5 Tel.: (709) 772-5185, Fax: (709) 772-2462. Ottawa 1200 Montreal Road, Building M-32 Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6 Tel.: (613) 991-0301, Fax: (613) 952-7679.
(3) National Research Council Canada. Conseil national de recherches Canada. Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering. Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial. CLOTHING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SURVIVING PROLONGED PERIODS IN THE ARCTIC OCRE-TR-2012-12. Jonathan Power John Monk October 2012.
(4) Abstract In recent years the amount of ice coverage in the Arctic has receded opening up new avenues for marine vessels. Due to the economic advantages offered by these new avenues, Arctic traffic has increased and now includes cruise ships in addition to the normal commercial vessels. Recent marine accidents have called into question the impact of one in the Arctic where resources are limited and cruise ships can carry thousands of passengers who will need to survive in the harsh environment. As a result the passengers and crew of the cruise ship may be reliant on whatever supplies and equipment they carry on board with them. The thermal insulation of various clothing ensembles were measured to determine if they provided sufficient protection from hypothermia in order for people to survive in the Arctic until rescued. The thermal insulation values of the clothing ensembles were measured using thermal manikins in the following conditions: dry/still air; dry/wind; wet/still air; and wet/wind. These values were inputted into a modified version of the Cold Exposure Survival Model to give predicted survival times for 60-70 year old females, which were deemed to be the demographic that would cool the fastest. None of the clothing ensembles tested were able to provide a sufficient level of thermal protection when immersed in 0°C water. The majority of the clothing ensembles were able to provide enough thermal protection in -15°C air but only in ideal conditions. With the exception of two, all the ensembles were very sensitive to wind and wetting and would experience a significant decrease in insulation therefore greatly reducing predicted survival time. Only the ensembles that incorporated sleeping bags did not experience a significant drop in insulation when exposed to wind. It was found that a minimum in-situ clo value of 2.6 was required to ensure that people would not perish from hypothermia in the short term. The majority of the clothing ensembles tested will provide a sufficient level of thermal protection to prevent hypothermia in Arctic conditions but only if they are kept dry and out of the wind. It is recommended that these select clothing ensembles be used in conjunction with a wind break such as a tent or inflatable liferaft. Future work should investigate the possibility of creating a clothing ensemble specifically designed for survival in the Arctic that has an in-situ clo value of 2.6.. OCRE-TR-2012-12. i. .
(5) Acknowledgements The project team would like to thank Dr. Peter Tikuisis and Mr. Allan Keefe for their extremely generous help and support on this project. We would also like to thank the CORD Group Ltd. for their work and effort on testing the variety of clothing ensembles. The project team is also very grateful for the support provided by Transport Canada throughout the lifetime of this project. We would like to thank the Search and Rescue New Initiatives Fund (SAR-NIF) for their financial support of this project.. OCRE-TR-2012-12. ii.
(6) Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vi 1.0 Introduction. .............................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 Methods..................................................................................................................................... 2 3.0 Results. ...................................................................................................................................... 4 4.0 Discussion. ................................................................................................................................ 9 5.0 References. .............................................................................................................................. 15 Appendix A – Survival Time Predictions Report ......................................................................... 16 Appendix B - Thermal Manikin Testing Reports….…………………………………………….36. OCRE-TR-2012-12. iii. .
(7) List of Tables Table 2.1. Clothing ensemble names and descriptions. ................................................................. 3 Table 3.1. Predicted ST (hrs) for specific clothing ensembles immersed up to the neck in 0°C for 50th percentile 60-70 year old females. ........................................................................................... 4 Table 3.2. Predicted ST (hrs) for specific clothing ensembles in -15°C air for 50th percentile 6070 year old females. ........................................................................................................................ 6. OCRE-TR-2012-12. iv. .
(8) List of Figures Figure 3.1. Predicted survival times (hrs) for 50th percentile 60 – 70 year old females in specific clothing ensembles immersed in 0°C water. ................................................................................... 5 Figure 3.2. Predicted ST (hrs) for 50th percentile 60 – 70 year old females for all clothing ensembles in varying conditions in -15°C air. ................................................................................ 8. OCRE-TR-2012-12. v. .
(9) Glossary CESM. Cold Exposure Survival Model. LSA. Life saving appliance. IMO. International Maritime Organization. RCPL. Royal College of Physicians London. ST. Predicted survival time (hours). TPA. Thermal protective aid. OCRE-TR-2012-12. vi. .
(10) 1.0 Introduction. In recent years, the diminishing of ice has resulted in the opening of new avenues for marine vessels to navigate through the Arctic (Case, 2012). These new avenues have been perceived as economically advantageous as they offer shorter and faster routes compared to more traditional ones. In addition to an increase in shipping, the opening of passageways through the Arctic has resulted in a rise in cruise ship activity as well. These cruise ships often times carry a passenger and crew compliment of several thousand, and often drawn comparisons to small cities due to their population. After the sinking of the MV Explorer in 2008 in Antarctica, questions have been raised with regards as to how great an impact a similar marine accident in the Arctic could have. Given the remote location of the Arctic, and the lack of infrastructure in the immediate area, it has been suggested that rescue could take up to five days or more, if such an accident was to occur (IMO, 2006). As a result, the passengers and crew of the cruise ships may be reliant on whatever supplies and equipment they carry on board. Cruise ships are regulated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which mandates that specific pieces of life saving appliances (LSA) must be carried on board at all times. Lifejackets, lifeboats, and liferafts are some examples of LSA that are carried by these ships. Thermal protective aids (TPA) can also be carried on board, while immersion suits are recommended for every passenger (IMO, 2010) they are not mandatory. This can result in an inconsistent level of thermal protection provided to the passengers and crews if they were to evacuate the ship in the cold conditions of the Arctic. The varying level of thermal protection provided may mean the difference between surviving until rescue arrives, or succumbing to hypothermia; a drop in deep body temperature to 35°C or lower (RCPL, 1966). One objective of the Search and Rescue New Initiatives Fund (SAR-NIF) project “Thermal Requirements for Surviving a Mass Arctic Rescue” was to measure the level of thermal protection provided by various clothing ensembles that may be carried by ships operating in the Arctic, and to determine if they are sufficient in preventing death due to hypothermia before rescue.. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 1. .
(11) 2.0 Methods. Insulation values (measured in clo1) for a variety of clothing ensembles (Table 2.1) in different environmental conditions were measured in two separate sessions. In the first session the clothing insulation values were measured using a Thermal Instrumented Manikin (TIM); in the second session the measurements were performed using a 23-zone thermal manikin (NEMO). Each data collection session is explained in detail in separate reports attached (Appendix B). Survival times (ST) were generated using a custom modified version of the Cold Exposure Survival Model (CESM) (Appendix A). Survival times were generated for two separate conditions: immersions in 0°C water, and in -15°C air across a variety of clo values. Survival times were generated for an older female population since they would represent the “worst case” scenario as ST decreases with age and females cool faster than males (Keefe and Tikuisis, 2008). All ST given in this report are for the 50th percentile 60-70 year old female population. The CESM is unable to account for unknown factors that could affect survival during extended exposure to cold conditions and will only predict ST up to 36 hours (Keefe and Tikuisis, 2008). If the person is able to survive hypothermia past 36 hours, and if death does occur, it will likely be due to other factors (Keefe and Tikuisis, 2008). The clo values measured on the clothing ensembles were inputted into the modified version of the CESM to generate specific ST for each ensemble in the two conditions. ST for certain ensembles (e.g. MAJAID 1) were not generated for 0°C water since it is not conceivable that someone would be in a sleeping bag in the water.. 1. One clo is equivalent to the amount of insulation required to keep a seated person comfortable in 21°C air at 50% relative humidity, and air movement of 0.1mÂs-1 (Golden and Tipton, 2002).. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 2. .
(12) Table 2.1. Clothing ensemble names and descriptions. Ensemble Cabin Wear. Description Denver Hayes JMC 61001 Denim Jeans, Cherokee 100% cotton long-sleeved flannel shirt, 90% cotton socks ((9% nylon + 1% Lycra Spandex), Denver Hayes 100% cotton boxer shorts, Dakota leather shoes (Style #MDNS308NST).. Deck Wear. Stanfield’s long underwear (long-sleeved shirt (6623) and pants (6602)), Denver Hayes JMC 61001 Denim Jeans, Cherokee 100% cotton long-sleeved flannel shirt, 90% cotton socks (9% nylon + 1% Lycra Spandex), Denver Hayes 100% cotton boxer shorts, Dakota leather shoes (Style #MDNS308NST), Helly Hansen Soft Pile jacket and pants, Helly Hansen Compass jacket (AJ301) and pants (U310), Wind River toque with fleece lining (Style 47-2694HH), Wind River fleece mittens (Style 71-9-85905).. Expedition Wear #1 Expedition Wear #2 Abandonment Wear 1a Abandonment Wear 1b. “Deck Wear”, except wool socks and Baffin Industrial boots ASTM 2413-05 Polar Proven -40˚C with five layer liner. “Expedition Wear #1”, except Helly Hansen Compass jacket and pants replaced by Mustang Survival MS195 HX Integrity Suit (XL), and fleece mittens. “Deck Wear”, plus Helly Hansen P2000 Passenger Suit/Thermal Protective Aid (TPA), SOLAS Life Vest (Lalizas 70169 BV), wool socks, and deck shoes. “Deck Wear”, plus Mustang Survival Coverall (Once Only Suit – Anti-exposure Model MSD685), SOLAS Life Vest (Lalizas 70169 BV), wool socks, fleece gloves, and deck shoes.. Abandonment Wear 2 Major Aid. “Deck Wear”, with wool socks minus footwear plus Mustang SOLAS Immersion Suit, SOLAS Life Vest (Lalizas 70169 BV), fleece mittens, and wool socks. “Cabin Wear” without Dakota Shoes. Includes parka, pants, mittens, toque, and. (MAJAID) #1. boots.. MAJAID #2a. “MAJAID #1” inside a down filled casualty bag.. MAJAID #2b. “MAJAID #1” inside a synthetic filled casualty bag.. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 3. .
(13) 3.0 Results. The calculated ST for the 50th percentile 60-70 year old females for specific clothing ensembles immersed in 0°C water are given in table 3.1. Table 3.1. Predicted ST (hrs) for specific clothing ensembles immersed up to the neck in 0°C for 50th percentile 60-70 year old females. Ensemble. Clo Value (clo). Survival Time (hrs). Cabin Wear. 0.05. <1. Deck Wear. 0.16. 2.6. Expedition Wear #1. 0.17. 2.7. Expedition Wear #2. 0.30. 3.6. Abandonment Wear #1a. 0.17. 2.7. Abandonment Wear #1b. 0.19. 2.8. Abandonment Wear #2. 0.55. 6.2. MAJAID #1. 0.12. 2.4. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 4. .
(14) 35. Survival Times (hrs). 30 25 20 15 10 5 0. Clothing Ensemble. Figure 3.1. Predicted survival times (hrs) for 50th percentile 60 – 70 year old females in specific clothing ensembles immersed in 0°C water.. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 5. .
(15) Table 3.2. Predicted ST (hrs)2 for specific clothing ensembles in -15°C air for 50th percentile 6070 year old females. Ensemble. Cabin Wear. Deck Wear. Expedition Wear #1. Expedition Wear # 2. Abandonment Wear # 1a. Abandonment Wear # 1b. Abandonment Wear #2. Wind. Wetted. Clo Value. Survival Time. (clo). (hrs). No. No. 1.32. 9.1. No. Yes. 0.67. 3.4. Yes. No. 0.39. 2.2. Yes. Yes. 0.24. 1.7. No. No. 2.2. 28.7. No. Yes. 1. 5.7. Yes. No. 1.46. 11.0. Yes. Yes. 0.45. 2.4. No. No. 2.91. > 36. No. Yes. 1.09. 6.5. Yes. No. 1.54. 12.3. Yes. Yes. 0.62. 3.2. No. No. 3.45. > 36. No. Yes. 1.47. 11.2. Yes. No. 2.2. 28.7. Yes. Yes. 0.78. 4.1. No. No. 3.21. > 36. No. Yes. 2.04. 23.6. Yes. No. 2.14. 26.7. Yes. Yes. 1.22. 7.9. No. No. 3.06. > 36. No. Yes. 1.15. 7.1. Yes. No. 1.65. 14.3. Yes. Yes. 0.65. 3.3. No. No. 3.30. > 36. 2. If survival times are greater than 36 hours, then factors other than hypothermia are likely to result in death.. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 6. .
(16) MAJAID # 1. MAJAID # 2a. MAJAID #2b. OCRE-TR-2012-12. No. Yes. 1.66. 14.5. Yes. No. 2.08. 24.8. Yes. Yes. 1.15. 7.1. No. No. 2.7. > 36. No. Yes. 1.29. 8.7. Yes. No. 1.09. 6.5. Yes. Yes. 0.63. 3.2. No. No. 5.98. > 36. Yes. No. 3.15. > 36. No. No. 3.94. > 36. Yes. No. 2.61. > 36. 7. .
(17) 35. Survival Time (hrs). 30 25 20 Dry, No Wind. 15. Wet, No Wind 10. Dry, Wind Wet, Wind. 5 0. Clothing Ensemble. Figure 3.2. Predicted ST (hrs)3 for 50th percentile 60 – 70 year old females for all clothing ensembles in varying conditions in -15°C air.. 3. If survival times are greater than 36 hours, then factors other than hypothermia are likely to result in death.. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 8. .
(18) 4.0 Discussion. The predicted ST calculated show that the majority of the clothing ensembles tested would provide a sufficient level of thermal protection to allow people to survive for prolonged periods while awaiting rescue in the Arctic, under very specific conditions. None of the ensembles tested provided a sufficient level of thermal protection when completely immersed in water (Table 3.1; Figure 3.1). It is strongly recommended that no passenger wearing any of these ensembles abandon the ship into the water and remain there. The Cabin Wear ensemble does not offer a sufficient level of thermal protection to ensure survival for more than a few hours in -15°C air. When wearing the ensemble dry with no wind, the predicted survival time is only 9.1 hours. When the ensemble is wetted, the ST prediction drops to 3.4 hours. When the ensemble is dry, and wind is blowing, the ST is 2.2 hours. When the ensemble is wetted and in the wind, the ST is only 1.7 hours. The Cabin Wear ensemble should not be considered an acceptable one to use when evacuating in the Arctic as it offers very little thermal protection in even the most ideal conditions. In the most ideal conditions (dry and no wind), the Deck Wear ensemble almost provides a sufficient level of thermal protection to prevent death from hypothermia before 36 horus. When it is dry and in still air, the predicted ST for Deck Wear is 28.7 hours. However, the Deck Wear ensemble is extremely sensitive to wetting and wind and loses much of its thermal protection when affected by these factors. When the Deck Wear ensemble is wetted, ST is reduced by 80% down to 5.7 hours. In wind, ST is reduced by 62% down to 11 hours. When the Deck Wear is wetted and in wind, ST is reduced by 92% down to 2.4 hours. The Expedition Wear #1 ensemble will provide the required level of thermal protection necessary for an acceptable ST (> 36 hours), but only in ideal conditions; i.e. when it is dry and there is no wind present. The Expedition Wear #1 ensemble is very sensitive to wetting as ST drops by 84% to 6.5 hours when it is wetted. Wind also has an extremely deleterious effect on the ensemble as it reduces ST by 70% to 12.3 hours. A combination of wind and wetting resulted in a 92% reduction of ST to only 3.2 hours. The level of thermal protection provided by the Expedition Wear #2 ensemble is similar to #1, but also suffers from the same sensitivity to wind and wetting. When this ensemble is dry and. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 9. .
(19) there is no wind, the predicted ST is greater than 36 hours. With wind however, the predicted ST drops 29% to 28.7 hours. When it is wetted, ST is only 11.2 hours. With both wind and wetting the predicted ST drops to 4.1 hours; a 90% reduction from the dry and no wind condition. The Abandonment #1A ensemble performs better than the previous ensembles, but only achieves the high level of thermal protection required to survive for long periods of time in the arctic under ideal conditions. When it is dry, and there is no wind, the predicted ST for the Abandonment #1A ensemble is greater than 36 hours. The predicted ST drops to 26.7 hours when wind is added. Wetting the ensemble reduces predicted ST down to 23.6 hours. When the ensemble is wetted and in wind, the predicted survival times drops 80% down to 7.9 hours. The Abandonment #1B ensemble suffers a greater degradation in thermal performance due to wind and wetness compared to #1A. Similar to #1A, in the optimal conditions (dry and no wind) the predicted ST is greater than 36 hours. The addition of wind causes a reduction in predicted ST to 14.3 hours. Wetting the ensemble causes an even greater reduction in ST down to 7.1. The addition of wind and wetting together results in a predicted ST of 3.3 hours for the Abandonment Wear #1B ensemble which is almost equivalent to the Expedition Wear #1. The Abandonment #2 ensemble performs better than #1b, but slightly worse than #1a. It achieves the required predicted ST of greater than 36 hours when dry and no wind. When #2 is in wind, the predicted ST drops to 24.8 hours. When wetted, the predicted ST drops to 14.5 hours. When #2 is both wetted and in wind the predicted survival time drops to 7.1 hours. The MAJAID 1 ensemble follows a similar trend as the previous ensembles. In the optimal condition of being dry and no wind present, the predicted ST is greater than 36 hours. However, when this ensemble is wetted or there is wind present, the ST is drastically reduced. Adding wind will result in the predicted ST dropping to 6.5 hours. When MAJAID 1 is wetted, ST drops to 8.7 hours. With both wind and wetness combined, the predicted ST drops to 3.2 hours, which is equivalent to that observed with Expedition Wear #1 in the same conditions. The MAJAID 2a and 2b ensembles are the only ones that provided a high level of thermal protection in conditions other than the optimal one of being dry and no wind. The predicted ST for MAJAID 2a and 2b ensembles is greater than 36 hours when in still air and when in wind.. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 10. .
(20) These were the only ensembles not to suffer a significant reduction in thermal protection when wind was added. With the exception of the MAJAID 2a and 2b, all other clothing ensembles were highly sensitive to wetting and the addition of wind, and lost a significant amount of thermal protection as a result. These reductions in thermal protection resulted in predicted ST that was less than the 36 hour threshold indicating that hypothermia will be the most likely cause of death. Once wetted (except MAJAID 2a and 2b) none of the ensembles tested were able to provide a level of thermal protection sufficient to prevent death from hypothermia before 36 hours. The addition of wind also caused the majority of the ensembles to lose a deleterious amount of thermal protection, but not to the same level as when they were wet. Wetting and wind together resulted in a reduction in thermal insulation that generated predicted ST that were much lower than when the ensembles were dry and in still air. Due to these sensitivities to wind and wetting, it is recommended that all clothing ensembles remain dry and in still air. This can be accomplished by ensuring that the evacuees remain unexposed to the outside weather for as long as possible to prevent the possibility of wetting due to rain or snow. Once evacuated from the vessel, it is recommended that the evacuees seek shelter in an enclosed space such as a liferaft, lifeboat, or tent in order to block the wind. The predicted ST for the varying clothing ensembles were made with the assumption that the people would be in a stationary, resting position with a normal metabolic response (Tikuisis and Keefe, 2012). Exercise has been advocated as a survival strategy for people enduring prolonged exposure to cold conditions (Faerevik et al., 2010). A recent study by Faerevik and colleagues (2010) had participants in insulated immersion suits immersed in 2°C water with wind and waves for three hours. The participants in that study performed the immersions in two different conditions: stationary; and performing moderate leg exercise for a five minute period every 20 minutes. Faerevik and colleagues (2010) found that when the participants performed the leg exercises deep body temperature was significantly higher throughout the immersions compared to when they were stationary. It was also reported that the participants had less cold sensation and less sensation of shivering during the leg exercise condition compared to being stationary. The authors conclude that the moderate leg exercise provides a practically significant survival advantage at sea and under severe conditions.. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 11. .
(21) While it is possible that exercise4 could be a survival strategy for people stranded in cold conditions, the implementation of such a tactic may be challenging to do for a variety of reasons. Firstly it is not known at what intensity and frequency of exercise would be required to ensure that ST could be significantly extended compared to when resting. It is difficult to predict how ST would be affected due to exercise as the CESM has no provision for predicting ST if exercise is involved since exercise cannot be predicted (Tikuisis and Keefe, 2012). There is also the uncertainty about how intense a prescribed exercise activity can be for the people. A young, healthy, physically fit individual will experience a different level of intensity for a specific exercise compared to someone who is older, has a pre-existing health condition, and is not physically fit. In this example, the prescribed exercise may have different effects on the two people: one person may need to perform a more strenuous exercise to get an increase in metabolic rate that will significantly increase ST while the other may find the prescribed exercise too strenuous and may become physically fatigued in a short amount of time and not be capable of maintaining that level of activity. Another difficulty in prescribing exercise as a survival strategy is the underlying assumption that people are physically capable of performing it. If people are injured or incapacitated they will be incapable of performing the exercise to increase survival time. An alternative to prescribe exercise as a survival strategy for mass arctic casualties is to provide additional clothing for insulation. Previous work by Waag and colleagues investigated the effects of varying clothing ensembles on the thermal responses of participants immersed in 3.6°C water for six hours (Waag et al., 1995). The authors investigated four separate immersion conditions: an immersion with a standard suit (condition A); a standard suit with extra insulation added on the back (condition B); suits with a new insulative material (condition C); wearing standard suits · O max for five minutes at 20 minute intervals (condition D). while exercising at 40% of their V 2 The authors found that when the participants exercised (condition D) deep body temperature was significantly higher compared to when they were stationary (condition A). The authors also found that when the participants wore the suit with extra insulation (condition B), their deep body temperature was significantly higher compared to condition A. There was no significant difference between the levels of heat production while resting between condition B and D. This ϰ. With relation to a survival strategy, exercise refers to any kind of physical activity that increases the metabolic rate, and therefore heat production, of an individual above resting values.. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 12. .
(22) suggests that the level of heat production in condition B was similar to that in D meaning that the extra amount of insulation provided was just as effective at maintaining a higher deep body temperature (compared to condition A) as exercising in the water was (Waag et al., 1995). As a result, a more practical suggestion instead of recommending periodic exercise is to simply provide additional clothing to the mass arctic rescue survivors. This would ensure that they would receive the benefits of periodic exercise without having to do so. Surviving for prolonged periods in the Arctic poses a large challenge due to the harsh environmental conditions and extreme remoteness limiting the amount of resources that can respond quickly to an emergency. Protection from the harsh environments is one of the main priorities to prevent death from hypothermia. The following are the recommended clothing ensembles that can provide protection against hypothermia for passengers travelling in the Arctic. Recommended clothing ensembles5: •. Expedition Wear 1 and 2.. •. Abandonment Wear 1a, 1b, and 2.. •. MAJAID 1, 2a, and 2b.. It should be noted that while the above clothing ensembles will provide the necessary thermal protection against hypothermia they are all extremely sensitive to wind (except MAJAID 2a and 2b) and wetting. Therefore it is recommended that these clothing ensembles be used in conjunction with shelter such as a tent, inflated liferaft, or lifeboat to help block wind and ensure that they remain as dry as possible. The clothing ensembles recommended are not specifically designed for surviving for prolonged periods in the Arctic; instead they are pieced together from various light articles of clothing and thermal protective aids. If a specific clothing ensemble is developed in the future with the primary purpose of providing a sufficient level of thermal protection against hypothermia, it is recommended that the in-situ clo value be at least 2.6clo. If this clothing ensemble is able to achieve a clo value of at least 2.6clo while wet and exposed to wind it would still provide a 5. Refer to Table 2.1 (page for a detailed description of each ensemble.. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 13. .
(23) sufficient level of thermal protection to prevent hypothermia while awaiting rescue. Future work should look at the development of such a clothing ensemble that is not sensitive to wind and wetting (i.e. windproof and water proof) allowing it to achieve an in-situ clo value of 2.6clo without relying on extra insulation to compensate for the sensitivity. In conclusion, the majority of clothing ensembles tested will provide a sufficient level of thermal protection to prevent hypothermia from occurring in the first 36 hours in -15°C air. These ensembles are sensitive to wind and wetting, and therefore should be kept as dry as possible and used within a temporary shelter such as a tent or inflated liferaft. When used in such a fashion, these ensembles will ensure that casualties of a mass arctic rescue will not succumb to hypothermia in the short term.. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 14. .
(24) 5.0 References. Case, B. (2012). Arctic ice disappearance should be `wake-up call`. CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2012/09/13/f-franklin-arctic-ice-retreat.html. Faerevik, H., Reinertsen, R. E. and Giesbrecht, G. G. (2010). Leg exercise and core cooling in an insulated immersion suit under severe environmental conditions. Aviat Space Environ Med, 81, 993-1001. Golden, F. S. C. and Tipton, M. J. (2002). Essentials of Sea Survival. Human Kinetics. Windsor, ON, Canada. International Maritime Organization. (2010). Guidlines for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Resolution A.1024(26), Circ 1056). London. International Maritime Organization. (2006). Report to the Marine Safety Committee on Radio Communication and Search and Rescue. Keefe, A. A. and Tikuisis, P. (2008). A guide to making stochastic and single point predictions using the Cold Exposure Survival Model. DRDC Toronto. TM 2008-61. RCPL. (1966). Report of the Committee on Accidental Hypothermia. Royal College of Physicians of London. Tikuisis, P. and Keefe, A. A. (2012). Predictions of Survival Time for Mass Casualties of Cold Exposure. Waag, T., Hesselberg, O. and Reinertsen, R. E. (1995). Heat production during cold water immersion: the role of shivering and exercise in the development of hypothermia. Arctic Med Res, 54 Suppl 2, 60-4. . OCRE-TR-2012-12. 15. .
(25) Appendix A – Survival Time Predictions Report. OCRE-TR-2012-12. 16. .
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