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Ice Regime Shipping System Pictorial Guide
T ra nsport Ca na da
T ra nsport s Ca na da
This booklet was developed by Dr. Garry Timco a nd Dr. Michelle Johnston of theCa na d ia n Hydraulics Centre, National Research Council o f Canada. Support andfunding for its development was provided b yTransport Canada.
Photographs u se d in th isb o o kle twe re p ro vid e d b y several individuals a n d organizations including Bob Gorman,Michelle Johnston,Garry Timco, th e CanadianCoast Guard, a ndFedna v Limited.An u m b e ro fth e p h o to gra p h s were ta ke n b y Ice Service Specialists of the Canadian IceService.
This book was developed as a reference guide for the Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System (AIRSS). It is a pictorial guide that outlines the four steps that are needed to apply the Ice Regime System. First, the user characterizes the Ice Regime. Second, the Class-dependent Ice Multipliers are obtained. Third, information about the Ice Regime and the Ice
Multipliers is combined to determine the Ice Numeral. Finally, the Ice Numeral is used to decide whether the vessel should proceed or take an alternate route. It is hoped that the information contained in the following pages will help the reader understand the Ice Regime System while providing a concise methodology for applying AIRSS.
For complete information regarding the regulatory requirements for ships operating in Canadian Arctic waters, please check the Transport Canada website www.tc.gc.ca. The last page of this booklet contains details about additional contacts.
Defining the Ice Regime Shipping System... What is an Ice Regime? ... Why Use an Ice Regime System? ... How the Ice Regime System Works ... Characterizing the Ice Regime ... Ice Concentration ...
Vessel Classification ... Ice Multipliers ... Calculating the Ice Numeral ... Table of Ice Multipliers...
Apply AIRSS ... Type E Vessels ... Type D Vessels ... Type C Vessels ... Type B Vessels ... Type A Vessels CAC 4 Vessels CAC 3 Vessels
CAC 2 & CAC 1 Vessels ... Comparison of IN for Each Class... I. The Arc tic Ic e Re gime S hipping S ys te m
II. Ic e Re gime s
III. Ic e Nume rals
IV. Fo ur S te p Pro c e s s : S um m arize d
V. D e taile d Example s fo r Eac h Ve s s e l Clas s
VI. Calc ulate d Example s o f the Ic e Nume ral VII. Furthe r Info rmatio n
Stages of Development ... Stages of Decay ... Ice Roughness ... How to ... ... ... 1 7 2 5 3 1 3 5 5 1 2 3 4 5 8-9 10-13 14-19 20-23 24 26-27 28 29 30 32-33 36-37 38-39 40-41 42-43 44-45 46-47 48-49 50 52-56
Ice in the Arctic is a very complex and dynamic material. It has a wide range of thickness, concentration, age and roughness. Moreover, ice conditions
throughout the year.
There are a number of vessels that travel in Canada's Arctic, and it is important that their transit through the ice is a safe one. This is important for both personnel safety as well as preventing pollution in the Arctic. How can this be done?
Transport Canada has implemented a Regulatory Standard that is intended to minimize the risk of pollution in the Arctic due to damage of vessels by ice. It is called , for "
".
AIRSS combines information on the ice conditions and a ship’s capability in ice to assess the potential for damage from the ice. It uses the concept of an “
” to characterize the ice.
in the Arctic change
AIRS S Arc tic Ic e Re gime S hipping S ys te m
Ic e Re gime
CCGS LOUIS S. ST.-LAURENT
An is a region of ice with more-or-less
consistent ice conditions. From a navigation standpoint, it is an area in which there is the likelihood of impacting certain ice types, while maintaining a constant mode of navigation. Basically, the Ice Regime is the ice that the ship will likely encounter.
The Ice Regime takes into account several important factors of the ice -- concentration, thickness, age, state of decay, and roughness.
Ice has caused significant damage to vessels in the Arctic. There have been over 200 reported damage events over the past 25 years. Approximately one-third of those events had the potential to cause pollution. AIRSS is intended to minimize the risk of damage by taking into account the actual ice conditions that vessels sail through.
Damage c aus e d by Ic e
AIRSS takes into account a vessel's ability to travel safely in all types of ice conditions. Because different vessels have different capabilities in ice-covered waters, each
vessel is assessed and assigned to a . This
rating reflects the strength, displacement and power of the vessel. The relative risk of damage to a vessel by different types of ice is taken into account using "weighting" factors, called .
In the Ice Regime System, a simple calculation relates the strength of the ship to the danger presented by different ice regimes. The calculation gives an
. Ice regimes that are not likely to be hazardous have zero or "positive" Ice Numerals. Those regimes that could be dangerous have "negative" Ice Numerals. As always however, the safety of the ship is the responsibility of the Master.
Step 1: Characterize the Ice Regime
Step 2: Determine the Class-dependent Ice Multipliers Step 3: Calculate the Ice Numeral
Step 4: Decide whether to proceed
The Ice Regime System can be applied using four steps.
These steps are discussed in the following pages. Ve s s e l Clas s
AIRSS relies upon accurately assessing the ice
conditions. The Canadian Ice Service (CIS) issues Ice Charts to provide an overview of the ice conditions in different geographic regions. Ice Charts are produced
using give
an excellent indication of the general ice conditions in an area.
Although Ice Charts have an important role for vessels traversing ice-covered regions, their importance is, of course, no substitute for real-time observations made from the bridge. AIRSS relies upon up-to-date
information that is obtained directly from the bridge and integrates that real-time information with the capability of each vessel class. In effect, this results in customized routing for each vessel, depending upon its
ice-worthiness.
the most current available technology. They
As such, Ice Charts are one of the most useful resources to provide a ship with an overview of the ice conditions in a certain area, in of when it is needed. That information can be used successfully for strategic
planning. Ice Charts are also useful when the ship is confronted with difficult ice conditions, since the Charts can be used to determine alternate routes.
advance
CIS Ic e Chart
The primary factors used to define the Ice Regime are as follows: Ice Concentration Sta geofDevelopment Sta ge o fDe ca y Ice Roughness Thickness Age Ic e Re gime
The next several pages illustrate the characteristics of sea ice that are used to define Ice Regimes.
9 te nths very closepack less t h a n 1 tenth open water 4 - 6 te nths open d rift 1 0 te nths
com pact/ consolidatedice
Ice coverage in an area is determined by its total concentration, expressed in “tenths”. AIRSS uses the partial concentration of each ice type in determining the Ice Numeral. 1 - 3 te nths very o p e n d rift 7 - 8 te nths closepack/drift 9+ te nths very closepack 10
le s s than 1 te nth
open water
4 - 6 tenths
open drift
1 - 3 te nths
12
7 - 8 te nths
close pack/drift
9 te nths
9 + te nths
very close pack
1 0 te nths
Ice has thefollowing : (lessth a n 1 0 cm thick)
Sea ice that is in early sta geso f formation. Th isice isle ssth a n 10 cm thick and in small platelets orlu m ps, or ice in a soupy-looking layer. N e wice is usually subdivided into fra zil,grea se ice, slush orsh u ga .
(less than 1 0 cm th ick)
Ath in elastic crust of floa tingice tha t easily bendsfro m waves a ndswells. It has a mattesurfa cea ppea ra nce.
(10 to 30 cm thick)
Young iceissubdivided in to th e following sub-stages:
- Youngice, 10 t o 1 5 c m thick, tha t isle sse la stic than Nilas. It often breaks from swells.
- Young ice, 15 to 3 0 cm thick. (30 to 7 0 cm thic k)
Sea ice that grows from Young Ice a n d is3 0 to 70 cm th ick. Th is is separatedinto (30 t o 5 0 c m thick) a nd (5 0 to 70 cmthick).
(70 to 120 cmthick) Sea ice that is 70 to 1 2 0 cm thick.
(> 120 cmthick) Sea ice that is greater than 120 cm (1 .2 m )th ick.
Sea ice that has survived o n e m e ltsea so n. It stands higher out o f t he wa ter than first-year ice. Summer melting has often smoothed and rounded it. Melt wa terp u d d lesin the summera reoftengreenish-blue.
Sea ice that has survived more than one melt season. This ice ca n be more than 3 m thicka n d isve rystro n g. It has a characteristic bluish co lo u ra n d usually has a higherfreeboard th a n first-year ice. Itu su a llyh a s a weathered, undulating surface.
Ice tha t has originated from a glacier t hat ca lve d in to th e sea.
stage 1 stage 2 S t a g e s o f D e ve lo pme nt Grey (G) Gre y-white (GW) New (N ) Nilas (NI)
Yo ung Ice (YN )
Thin Firs t-ye ar Ice (FY)
Me dium Firs t-ye ar Ic e (MFY)
Thick Firs t-ye ar Ice (TFY)
S e c o nd-ye ar Ic e (S Y)
Multi-ye ar Ic e (MY)
Glac ial Ice
Ne w (N)
First-year sea ice, sm all floes less than 10 cm thick
Nilas (NI)
Gre y-white Ic e (GW)
First-year ice that is 15 to 30 cm thick
Gre y Ic e (G)
First-year ice that is 10 to 15 cm thick
Thin Firs t-ye ar Ic e (FY)
First-year ice that is 30 to 70 cm thick
Me dium Firs t-ye ar Ic e (MFY)
S e c o nd-ye ar Ic e (S Y)
S ea ice that has survived one m elt season
Thic k Firs t-ye ar Ic e (TFY)
First-year ice that is greater than 120 cm thick
Multi-ye ar Ic e (MY)
S ea ice that has survived m ore than one m elt season
Glac ial Ic e
During the spring, the sea ice begins to melt and decay, with a resultant decrease in strength. The
of sea ice are: No Melt (winter) Snow Melt Ponding
Thaw Holes (drainage) Rotten # # # # # S tage s o f D e c ay
The Regulatory Standard of AIRSS takes into account the Stage of Decay by adding a value of + 1 to the Ice Multiplier for the ice type that has Thaw Holes (and is in the process of draining) or is Rotten. This bonus can be applied to multi-year ice, second-year ice, thick first-year ice or medium first-year ice. Great caution should be exercised if applying a decay factor to multi-year ice, as this type of ice is responsible for the majority of ship damage events in the Arctic.
Recent research has provided new insight on the decay of sea ice. The Canadian Ice Service, with assistance from the Canadian Hydraulics Centre, is developing weekly Ice Strength Charts for the Canadian Arctic. The charts will provide information on the Stage of Decay (or ice strength) of level, first-year ice.
The photographs on the following pages can be used as a guide to the application of the decay bonus.
No Me lt (Winter c o nditio ns ) CIS
Ice Strength Chart (prototype)
22
S no w Me lt
Thaw Ho le s
Ro tte n
Add + 1 to the Ice Multipliers for MY, SY, TFY and MFY ice
24
AIRSS also takes into account the If
the ice regime has an overall concentration of 6-tenths or greater and more than one-third of an ice type is deformed by ridges, rubble or hummocking, the Ice Multiplier for the deformed ice must be decreased by 1.
Ic e Ro ughne s s .
Ro ugh Ic e
A ship is characterized by its “ ”. The class of the vessel reflects its structural strength, displacement, and power for breaking ice.
The classes are designated as either “ ” vessels, which are designed for first-year sea ice, or “
” vessels which are designed for more severe ice conditions.
The Vessel Class is
determined by Transport Canada regulations based on the vessel’s characteristics.
Ve s s e l Clas s
Type
CAC -Canadian Arc tic Clas s
Inc re as ing ic e c apability
Ve s s e l Clas s
Maximum Allo wable Ic e Type
Ic e Thic kne s s
(c m)
CAC1 No Limit no limit
CAC2 Multi-year no limit
CAC3 Second-year no limit
CAC4 Thick First-year > 120
Type A Medium First-year 7 0 -1 2 0
Type B Thin First-year (stage 2) 50 - 70
Type C Thin First-year (stage 1) 30 - 50
Type D Grey-white 15 - 30
Type E Open Water / Grey 10 - 15
PIERRE RADISSON
Canadian Coast Guard IcebreakerFEDERAL POLARIS Fednav Ltd. Arctic cargo vessel
Ic e Multiplie rs (IM)are numbers that are used to indicate the severity of each Ice Type for the vessel. These numbers can be positive or negative. Positive numbers represent less risk to the vessel. Negative numbers represent more severe ice for the vessel. Transport Canada regulations assign a unique set of
It is important to understand that the basic
ons) or rough ice (more severe conditions).
Ice Multipliers to each Vessel Class.
Ice
Multipliers for a vessel do not change. However, when appropriate, the Multipliers should be adjusted to account for decayed ice (less severe conditi
The Ice Multipliers are fundamental to the Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System because they are used to
calculate the , as shown on the
opposite page.
Ic e Nume ral (IN)
The value of the Ice Numeral is used to determine if a vessel is allowed to enter the Ice Regime. If the Ice Numeral is or , the vessel is allowed to proceed. If the Ice Numeral is , the vessel should not proceed and an alternate route must be found.
zero positive
negative
An is calculated for each Ice Regime.
Using arithmetic, the for the
vessel and the of
each ice type are combined in the following form: Ic e Nume ral (IN)
Ic e Multiplie rs (IM) Ic e Co nc e ntratio ns ( C - in te nths )
IN
=
[
x
[
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
IMMY IMTFY IMMFY IMFY IMGW IMG IMN IMOW IMS Y[
[
+
[
[
+
[
[
+
[
[
+
[
[
+
[
[
+
[
[
[
[
+
+
CMY CTF Y CMFY CFY CGW CG CN CO W CSYmulti-year (MY) ice second-year(S Y)ice thick first-year (TFY) ice
grey-white (GW)ice grey (G) ice new (N) ice open water (OW) thin first-year(FY) ice medium first-year(MFY) ice
30
The for AIRSS is given below for
Type vessels and CAC4 and CAC3 vessels. There are no Ice Multipliers for CAC2 and CAC1 vessels.
Ic e Multiplie r Table
E D C B A 4 3
M Y Multi-Year Ic e - 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 - 3 - 1
SY Secon d Ye ar Ice - 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 - 3 - 2 1
TFY Th ick First Yea r Ice > 120 cm - 3 - 3 - 3 - 2 - 1 1 2
M FY Med ium First Ye ar Ice 70 -120 cm - 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 1 2 2
FY Th in Firs t Year Ice
stage 2 50 -70 cm - 1 - 1 - 1 1 2 2 2
stage 1 30 -50 cm - 1 - 1 1 1 2 2 2
GW Gr ey-Whit e Ic e 15 -30 cm - 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
G Gr ey Ic e 10 -15 cm 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
N I Nila s, Ice R ind < 10 c m 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 N New Ice < 10 c m " " " " " " "
Bra sh (ice f ragm en ts) " " " " " " "
Bergy Water " " " " " " "
Op en Wate r " " " " " " "
Ic e R oug hnes s: If the t otal ice c on cent ration is 6/ 10s or g rea te r an d mor e th an on e-thir d of an ic e ty pe is def ormed, subtr act 1 from t heIMfor the defo rme d ice type.
Ice Multipliers for each Vessel Cl ass
Ice Types Type Vessels CAC
Ic e D ecay : If MY, SY, T FY o r MFY ice has Thaw Holes or is R ott en, add 1 to theIM
32
The Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System (AIRSS) can bea p p lied using the four steps listed below, and as shown on the opposite page.
S te p 1 : Define the Ic e Re gime , based upo n ic e c o nditio ns
S te p 2 : Obtain Clas s -de pe nde nt Ic e Multiplie rs (IM) and m ake any ne c e s s ary adjus tme nts
S te p 3 : Calc ulate the Ice Num e ral (IN)
S te p 4 : De c ide whe the r to pro c e e d or to take an alte rnate ro ute
After the Ice Numeral (IN) has been calculated, use it to decide whether to proceed into an IceRegime or choose an a lterna teroute. Use this criterion: If the IN is zero or positive, the ship may proceed with due diligence. If the IN is less than zero, the shipmust find a na lterna te route. The Ice Numeral (IN) integrates information about the Ice Regime and the Vessel Class. For each Regime, an IN should beca lcula ted bycombining theconcentra tionofe a ch ice type (including openwa ter) and the Class-dependent Ice Multiplierassociated with ea ch ice type. Calculate the Ice Numeral using the format given on page 29.
Ice regimes are characterized by their ice concentration a n d the typeso f ice in that Regime, including open water. Ice types areidentified by their stage of development. Determine which typesof ice are decayed o rh a ve su rfa ce roughness.
Obtain the Ice Multipliers for your Vessel Class, as established by Transport Canada. If any ice types are decayed or rough, ma kethe appropriate a djustmentto th e Ice Multipliers for thoseice types.
S tep 2 : Clas s -de pe nde nt
Ic e Multiplie rs S te p 1 : De fine the Ic e Re g i m e C C C C C C C C C MY SY TFY MFY FY GW G N OW - Multi-yearice (MY) -Second-year ice (SY)
-Thickfirst-yea r ice (TFY) -Med iu mfirst-yea rice (MFY) -Thinfirst-yea r ice(FY) - Grey-white ice (GW) - G re yice (G ) - New ice (N) - Open wa te r(O W) IM IM IM IM IM IM IM IM IM MY SY TFY MFY FY GW G N OW IN S te p 3: Calc ulate IN S te p 4: De c ide IN is zero or p ositive IN less than zero adjustm ents to IM needed for decayed o rro u gh ice? Ve s s e l Class CAC1 CAC2 CAC3 CAC4 Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E
36
The Ic e Multiplie rs (IM)for Type E vessels are:
Multi-year IMMY -4
Second-year IMS Y -4
Thick First-year IMTF Y -3
Medium First-year IMMFY -2
Thin First-year (stage 2) IMF Y -1
Thin First-year (stage 1) IMF Y -1
Grey-white IMG W -1 Grey IMG 1 New IMN 2 Open Water IMO W 2 IN + 8 = [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] = C C 3 7 MFY IM O W IM -2 2 MFY O W 3 /1 0 MFY, 7 /1 0 OW IN= + 8 Ice Deca y Ice Roughness : If has or i s , to the fo rth a tice typ e .
: If moretha n one-third of an ice
type i s deformed, from the .
Thaw Ho le s Ro tte na d d 1 subtract 1
MY,SY,TFY o rMFYice
the total ice co n ce n tra tio n is6 /1 0 so rgre a te ra n d for th e ro u gh ice
IM
IN -2 7 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 2 7 1 MY IM CTFY IM CO W IM -4 -3 2 MY TFY O W IN -4 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 4 1 5 TFY IM CMFY IM CO W IM -3 -2 2 TFY MFY O W 4 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 MFY, 5 /1 0 OW IN= -4 2 /1 0 MY, 7 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 O W IN= -27
38 IN + 8 = [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] = C C 3 7 MFY IM O W IM -2 2 MFY O W 3 /1 0 MFY, 7 /1 0 OW IN= + 8
The Ic e Multiplie rs (IM) for Type D vessels are:
Multi-year IMMY -4
Second-year IMS Y -4
Thick First-year IMTF Y -3
Medium First-year IMMFY -2
Thin First-year (stage 2) IMF Y -1
Thin First-year (stage 1) IMF Y -1
Grey-white IMG W 1 Grey IMG 2 New IMN 2 Open Water IMO W 2 Ice Deca y Ice Roughness : If has or i s , to the fo rth a tice typ e .
: If moretha n one-third of an ice
type i s deformed, from the .
Thaw Ho le s Ro tte na d d 1 subtract 1
MY,SY,TFY o rMFYice
the total ice co n ce n tra tio n is6 /1 0 so rgre a te ra n d for th e ro u gh ice
IM
IN -2 7 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 2 7 1 MY IM CTFY IM CO W IM -4 -3 2 MY TFY O W IN -4 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 4 1 5 TFY IM CMFY IM CO W IM -3 -2 2 TFY MFY O W 2 /1 0 MY, 7 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 O W IN= -27 4 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 MFY, 5 /1 0 OW IN= -4
40 IN + 8 = [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] = C C 3 7 MFY IM O W IM -2 2 MFY O W 3 /1 0 MFY, 7 /1 0 OW IN= + 8
The Ic e Multiplie rs (IM)for Type C vessels are:
Multi-year IMMY -4
Second-year IMS Y -4
Thick First-year IMTF Y -3
Medium First-year IMMFY -2
Thin First-year (stage 2) IMF Y -1
Thin First-year (stage 1) IMF Y 1
Grey-white IMG W 1 Grey IMG 2 New IMN 2 Open Water IMO W 2 Ice Deca y Ice Roughness : If has or i s , to the fo rth a tice typ e .
: If moretha n one-third of an ice
type i s deformed, from the .
Thaw Ho le s Ro tte na d d 1 subtract 1
MY,SY,TFY o rMFYice
the total ice co n ce n tra tio n is6 /1 0 so rgre a te ra n d for th e ro u gh ice
IM
IN -2 7 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 2 7 1 MY IM CTFY IM CO W IM -4 -3 2 MY TFY O W IN -4 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 4 1 5 TFY IM CMFY IM CO W IM -3 -2 2 TFY MFY O W 2 /1 0 MY, 7 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 O W IN= -27 4 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 MFY, 5 /1 0 OW IN= -4
42 IN + 1 1 = [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] = C C 3 7 MFY IM O W IM -1 2 MFY O W 3 /1 0 MFY, 7 /1 0 OW IN= + 11
The Ic e Multiplie rs (IM)for Type B vessels are:
Multi-year IMMY -4
Second-year IMSY -4
Thick First-year IMTFY -2
Medium First-year IMMF Y -1
Thin First-year (stage 2) IMFY 1
Thin First-year (stage 1) IMFY 1
Grey-white IMGW 1 Grey IMG 2 New IMN 2 Open Water IMOW 2 Ice Deca y Ice Roughness : If has or i s , to the fo rth a tice typ e .
: If moretha n one-third of an ice
type i s deformed, from the .
Thaw Ho le s Ro tte na d d 1 subtract 1
MY,SY,TFY o rMFYice
the total ice co n ce n tra tio n is6 /1 0 so rgre a te ra n d for th e ro u gh ice
IM
IN -2 0 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 2 7 1 MY IM CTFY IM CO W IM -4 -2 2 MY TFY O W IN + 1 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 4 1 5 TFY IM CMFY IM CO W IM -2 -1 2 TFY MFY O W 2 /1 0 MY, 7 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 O W IN= -20 4 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 MFY, 5 /1 0 OW IN= + 1
44 IN + 1 7 = [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] = C C 3 7 MFY IM O W IM 1 2 MFY O W 3 /1 0 MFY, 7 /1 0 OW IN= + 17
The Ic e Multiplie rs (IM)for Type A vessels are:
Multi-year IMMY -4
Second-year IMS Y -3
Thick First-year IMTF Y -1
Medium First-year IMMFY 1
Thin First-year (stage 2) IMF Y 2
Thin First-year (stage 1) IMF Y 2
Grey-white IMG W 2 Grey IMG 2 New IMN 2 Open Water IMO W 2 Ice Deca y Ice Roughness : If has or is , to the fo rth a tice typ e .
: If moretha n one-third of an ice
type isdeformed, from the .
Thaw Ho le s Ro tte na d d 1 subtract 1
MY,SY,TFY o rMFYice
the total ice co n ce n tra tio n is6 /1 0 so rgre a te ra n d for th e ro u gh ice
IM
IN -1 3 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 2 7 1 MY IM CTFY IM CO W IM -4 -1 2 MY TFY O W IN + 7 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 4 1 5 TFY IM CMFY IM CO W IM -1 1 2 TFY MFY O W 2 /1 0 MY, 7 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 O W IN= -13 4 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 MFY, 5 /1 0 OW IN= + 7
46 IN + 2 0 = [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] = C C 3 7 MFY IM O W IM 2 2 MFY O W 3 /1 0 MFY, 7 /1 0 OW IN= + 20
The Ic e Multiplie rs (IM)for CAC 4 vessels are:
Multi-year IMMY -3
Second-year IMS Y -2
Thick First-year IMTF Y 1
Medium First-year IMMFY 2
Thin First-year (stage 2) IMF Y 2
Thin First-year (stage 1) IMF Y 2
Grey-white IMG W 2 Grey IMG 2 New IMN 2 Open Water IMO W 2 Ice Deca y Ice Roughness : If has or i s , to the fo rth a tice typ e .
: If moretha n one-third of an ice
type i s deformed, from the .
Thaw Ho le s Ro tte na d d 1 subtract 1
MY,SY,TFY o rMFYice
the total ice co n ce n tra tio n is6 /1 0 so rgre a te ra n d for th e ro u gh ice
IM
IN + 3 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 2 7 1 MY IM CTFY IM CO W IM -3 1 2 MY TFY O W IN + 1 6 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 4 1 5 TFY IM CMFY IM CO W IM 1 2 2 TFY MFY O W 4 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 MFY, 5 /1 0 OW IN= + 16 2 /1 0 MY, 7 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 O W IN= + 3
48 IN + 2 0 = [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] = C C 3 7 MFY IM O W IM 2 2 MFY O W 3 /1 0 MFY, 7 /1 0 OW IN= + 20
The Ic e Multiplie rs (IM)for CAC 3 vessels are:
Multi-year IMMY -1
Second-year IMS Y 1
Thick First-year IMTF Y 2
Medium First-year IMMFY 2
Thin First-year (stage 2) IMF Y 2
Thin First-year (stage 1) IMF Y 2
Grey-white IMG W 2 Grey IMG 2 New IMN 2 Open Water IMO W 2 Ice Deca y Ice Roughness : If has or is , to the
for th a tice type.
: If mo retha no ne-third of an ice
type is deformed, fro m th e .
Thaw Ho le s Rotten add 1 subtract 1
MY, S Y, T F Yo r MFYic e
th e to ta lice concentrationis6 /1 0 so rgre a te ra n d for the r o ugh ice
IM
IN + 1 4 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 2 7 1 MY IM CTFY IM COW IM -1 2 2 MY TFY O W IN + 2 0 = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = [ x ] + [ x ] + [ x ] = C 4 1 5 TFY IM CMFY IM CO W IM 2 2 2 TFY MFY O W 4 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 MFY, 5 /1 0 OW IN= + 20 2 /1 0 MY, 7 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 O W IN= + 14
50
CAC2 and CAC1 vessels, which may be Icebreakers or cargo vessels, are designed for virtually all ice conditions in ice-covered waters. There are no Ice Multipliers for CAC2 and CAC1 vessels.
1 0 /1 0 TFY
1 0 /1 0 TFY (Ro ugh)
Ve s s e l Cl as s Typ e E Type D Ty pe C Type B Typ e A CAC 4 CAC 3 Ice N ume ral -3 0 -3 0 -3 0 -2 0 -1 0 1 0 2 0 Dec is i on
Ve s s e l Cl as s Typ e E Type D Ty pe C Type B Typ e A CAC 4 CAC 3
Ice N ume ral -4 0 -4 0 -4 0 -3 0 -2 0 0 1 0
Dec is i on 52
Ves s e l Cl as s Type E Type D Ty pe C Type B Typ e A CAC 4 CAC 3
I c e N ume ral -7 -7 -7 2 2 0 2 9 29
D ec is i on
9 /1 0 MFY (Ro tte n), 1 /1 0 OW
6 /1 0 FY (s tage 1 ), 4 /1 0 N
Ves s e l Cl as s Type E Type D Ty pe C Type B Typ e A CAC 4 CAC 3
I c e N ume ral 2 2 1 4 1 4 2 0 2 0 20
54
1 /1 0 MY, 6 /1 0 TFY, 2 /1 0 MFY, 1 /1 0 OW
6 /1 0 S Y (Ro tte n), 3 /1 0 TFY (Ro tte n), 1 /1 0 OW
Ve s s e lClas s Type E Type D Type C Type B Type A CAC 4 CAC 3
Ic e Nume ral -2 4 -2 4 -2 4 -1 6 -6 9 1 7
D e c is io n
Ve s s e lClas s Type E Type D Type C Type B Type A CAC 4 CAC 3
Ic e Nume ral -2 2 -2 2 -2 2 -1 9 -1 0 2 2 3
5 /1 0 TFY (Ro ugh), 5 /1 0 OW
6 /1 0 MFY (Ro ugh), 4 /1 0 O W
Ve s s e l Class Type E Type D Type C Type B Type A CAC 4 CAC 3
Ic e Nume ral -5 -5 -5 0 5 1 5 2 0
De c is io n
Ve s s e l Class Type E Type D Type C Type B Type A CAC 4 CAC 3
Ic e Nume ral -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -4 8 1 4 1 4
56
1 /1 0 MY, 8 /1 0 TFY, 1 /1 0 OW
Ves s e l C la s s Type E Typ e D Type C Type B Type A CAC 4 CAC 3
Ice Nume ral -2 6 - 2 6 -2 6 -1 8 - 10 7 17
Dec is io n
4 /1 0 TFY, 6 /1 0 OW
Ves s e l C la s s Type E Typ e D Type C Type B Type A CAC 4 CAC 3
Ice Nume ral 0 0 0 4 8 1 6 20
The Canadian Hydraulics Centre is working with Transport Canada, the Canadian Coast Guard, and Ship Owners & Operators to ensure that the Ice Regime System has a solid scientific basis. Work in this area is ongoing.
Additional information on AIRSS can be found in the following publications:
AIRSS 1996.
Transport Canada Report TP 12259E, Ottawa. Ont., Canada.
ASPPR, 1989.
. Transport Canada Report TP9981,Otta wa .Ont.,Ca na da .
Timco,G .W. and Kubat, I. 2002.
. CHC Report CHC-TR-002, Transport Canada Report TP 13916E, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
Timco, G.W. and Johnston, M. 2003. ,
. Transport Canada Report TP 12819, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
Arctic Ice Regim e S hipping S ystem (AIRS S ) S tandards.
Proposals for the Revision of the Arctic S hipping Pollution Prevention Regulations
S cientific Basis forthe Ice Regim e S ystem : Discussion Paper
Ice Decay Boundaries fortheIceRegim e S ystem
UserAssistance Package fortheIm plem entationofAIRS S
Arctic WatersPollution PreventionAct,a ndRegula tions.
CHC ReportCH C-TR-009,Ottawa,Ont.,Canada.
T ra nsport Ca na da
T ra nsport s Ca na da
For additional information about opera tionsin Canadian Arctic waters, please contact:
Mr. Peter Timonin, P.Eng. Regional Director, Marine
Prairie and Northern Region - Marine Transport Canada
Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 0P6 Canada
For additional information about Canadian ice-covered waters regulatory development and related R&D, please contact:
Mr. V.M. Santos-Pedro, P.Eng.
Director, Construction and Equipment Standards MarineSa fety
Transport Canada 330 Sparks St.
Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0N8 Canada
For additional information o n th e scientific basis for the Ice Regime System, pleaseconta ct:
Dr. G.W. Timco
Canadian Hydraulics Centre
National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6
Canada [email protected] 344 Edmonton St., PO Box 8550 e-m ail e-m ail e-m ail
