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endogenous phosphorylated phosphatidylinosital 4-kinase (p14k92).
I. Szivak, Njc Lamb, Lm Heilmeyer
To cite this version:
I. Szivak, Njc Lamb, Lm Heilmeyer. Subcellular localization and structural function of en- dogenous phosphorylated phosphatidylinosital 4-kinase (p14k92).. Journal of Biological Chem- istry, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2006, 281 (24), pp.16740-16749.
�10.1074/jbc.M511645200�. �hal-00113456�
Subcellular Localization and Structural Function
of Endogenous Phosphorylated Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase (PI4K92) *
Received for publication, October 27, 2005, and in revised form, March 22, 2006 Published, JBC Papers in Press, April 10, 2006, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M511645200
Ilona Szivak‡, Ned Lamb§, and Ludwig M. G. Heilmeyer‡1
From the‡Institut fu¨r Physiologische Chemie, Ruhruniversita¨t Bochum, 44801 Germany and the§Institute Ge´ne´tique Humaine, CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
Anti-phosphopeptide antibodies were raised against phosphati- dylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K92) phosphorylation sites (Suer, S., Sickmann, A., Meyer, H. E., Herberg, F. W., and Heilmeyer, L. M. Jr.
(2001) Eur. J. Biochem. 268, 2099 –2106). Characterization proved three of them (anti-pSer-294, anti-pSer-496, and anti-pThr-504 antibody) to be highly specific, recognizing solely PI4K92 phospho- rylated at these sites, respectively. Indirect immunofluorescence reveals that PI4K92 phosphorylated on Ser-294 localizes exclusively at the Golgi. The enzyme phosphorylated on Ser-496 and Thr-504 is detected in nuclear speckles. Phosphorylation of Ser-294 on PI4K92 increases the lipid kinase activity and thus serves better in maintain- ing Golgi function and morphology (compare Hausser, A., Storz, P., Martens, S., Link, G., Toker, A., and Pfizenmaier, K. (2005) Nat. Cell Biol. 7, 880 – 886). Microinjection of anti-pSer-496, but not of anti- pSer-294 or anti-pThr-504 antibody, into the cytoplasm or into the nucleus of HS68 cells leads to development of hotspots, probably representing aggregated PI4K92, and in later stages, cells become apoptotic and finally die. The association of phosphorylated PI4K92 with nuclear speckles is dynamic and follows the morphological alteration of speckles upon inhibition of mRNA transcription with
␣-amanitin. Overexpressed PI4K92 phosphorylated on Ser-294 is not transported to the nucleus, and that phosphorylated on Ser-496 is found in the nucleus and mislocalized at the Golgi complex. We conclude that nuclear phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, and con- sequently, synthesis of polyphosphoinositides are required for a correct nuclear function.
In the past 20 years, evidence has been accumulated for the presence of intranuclear polyphosphoinositides that form the components of a phosphoinositide-phospholipase C cycle (for review, see Ref. 1), which is independent from that at the plasma and other cytoplasmic mem- branes (2, 3). In a recent study, the pleckstrin homology domain of phospholipase C␦1 has been used as a probe to show that phosphati- dylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2)2is present intranuclear and is not detectable in the nuclear membrane (4). Alternatively, a
monoclonal antibody used for indirect immunofluorescence staining procedures reveals PtdIns(4,5)P2in distinct subnuclear domains, iden- tified as “nuclear speckles” (Refs. 5 and 6, and see also Refs. 7 and 8).
Most probably, these latter polyphosphoinositides are not present in membranes but are associated with proteins (2, 3, 9). In principal, it explains why they are not extractable with Triton X-100, which, how- ever, completely removes the nuclear double membrane (9).
Several distinct functions are well known for polyphosphoinositides in the cytoplasm in addition to their role as precursor for the generation of second messengers, inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol.
In the middle of the 1990s, it was revealed that PtdIns(4,5)P2itself may serve as a regulator or effector molecule on its own right (for review, see ref. 10). In many cell types, stimulation with growth factors or hormones results in marked changes in cellular morphology. This alteration is thought to be due to a rearrangement of actin via influencing actin- binding proteins such as profilin, cofilin,␣-actinin, vinculin, talin, and ezerin by binding to polyphosphoinositides (11).
In addition, PtdIns(4,5)P2plays an important role in membrane traf- ficking. It is suggested to regulate exocytotic fusion of synaptic (gluta- mate release) and dense core vesicles (dopamine release) with the plasma membrane (12, 13). Besides PtdIns(4,5)P2, the phosphatidyl- inositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) and the generating enzyme, phos- phatidylinositol 4 kinase (PI4K), seem to be directly involved in secretion processes and have an essential role in regulating clathrin- dependent endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and endosome motility (14 –17). However, little is known about the alternative func- tion of PtdIns(4,5)P2in the nucleus other than that it is a precursor in the phosphoinositide cycle.
In nuclei stripped of their envelope with detergent, PI4K and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase as well as diacylglycerol kinase activities are reported to be associated with the nuclear matrix using biochemical approaches (18). Phospholipase C as well as protein kinase C appear to co-localize on the nuclear matrix as shown by immunoelectron microscopy (3, 19). More precisely, phos- phatidylinositol phosphate kinase isoforms, type I, i.e. the phosphati- dylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase, and type II, i.e. the phosphatidyl- inositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase, have been shown to be associated with nuclear speckles (5).
Molecular details of several PI4K isoforms are known today. These are PI4K230, PI4K92 (also known as PI4K), and PI4K55 (for review, see Ref. 20). By blocking nuclear export with leptomycin B (LMB), two of these isoforms have been shown to accumulate in the nucleus, PI4K230 (21) and PI4K92 (17). Within the nucleus, the native PI4K230 seems to be localized in the nucleolus, whereas no specific nuclear location has been reported for PI4K92. In addition, PI4K92 has been shown to exert an important function in maintaining the structural integrity of the Golgi complex (16).
*This work was financially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Fonds der Chemie. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertise- ment” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1To whom correspondence should be addressed: Institut fu¨r Physiologische Chemie, Ruhruniversita¨t Bochum, Universita¨tstr. 150, MA 2/141, 44801 Germany. Tel.: 49-234- 322-8428; Fax: 49-234-321-4193; E-mail: Ludwig.Heilmeyer@ruhr-uni-bochum.de.
2The abbreviations used are: PtdIns(4,5)P2, phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate;
PtdIns(4)P, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate; PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, phosphatidylinosi- tol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate; PIPK, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase; PI4K, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase; LMB, leptomycin B; TBS, Tris-buffered saline; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HA, hemagglutinin.
THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY VOL. 281, NO. 24, pp. 16740 –16749, June 16, 2006
© 2006 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. Printed in the U.S.A.
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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY VOLUME 281 • NUMBER 24 • JUNE 16, 2006 This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license.In the intact cell, we have shown that PI4K92 can be phosphorylated on eight sites; however, nothing is known on the function of these phos- phorylation sites so far (22). Here we will demonstrate that specifically phosphorylated forms of PI4K92 are associated with speckles in the nucleus and that an alternatively phosphorylated form is associated with the Golgi apparatus in the cytoplasm. Moreover, injection of anti- PI4K92 antibodies directed against a specific phosphorylation site into the nucleus leads to cell death, underlying the important function of the PI4K92 for cell survival.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Reagents—Anti-HA monoclonal antibody (HA.11), monoclonal antibody against nuclear envelope pore complex protein and poly- clonal anti-giantin and anti-actin antibody were from Covance Inc.
Anti-PI4K antibody was from Upstate Biotechnology, and anti- Sc-35 antibody was from Sigma. The monoclonal anti-golgin97 anti- body and the fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies were from Molecular Probes. Peroxidase-conjugated polyclonal anti-rab- bit and monoclonal anti-mouse antibodies were from Amersham Biosciences. Peroxidase-conjugated Protein A was from Pierce.
Monoclonal antibodies against PtdIns(4,5)P2and phosphatidylinosi- tol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) were from Echelon. Cell culture material was from Sigma. Standard molecular biological tools were from Stratagene if not designated otherwise. All other chemicals were of high performance liquid chromatography or ana- lytical grade.
Phosphorylation State and Site-specific Antibody Production and Puri- fication—Individually designed polyclonal anti-phosphopeptide anti-sera and synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences of human PI4K92 were obtained from NEOSYSTEM (Strasbourg, France). The following phosphopeptides (and cognate non-phosphopeptides) were used: H⫹ -KRTAS(PO3)NPKVY-OH (pSer-294); H⫹-RRRLS(PO3)EQLAY-OH (pSer-496); and H⫹-AHTPT(PO3)AFKRY-OH (pThr-504), corresponding to the human PI4K92 sequence (22).
Two rabbits per site were immunized, and the collected immune- sera were clarified by centrifugation. Ammonium sulfate precipita- tion was carried out by standard procedure (23). IgG fractions were subjected to affinity chromatography. Phosphopeptides and non- phosphopeptides were coupled with carbodiimide-activated EAH- Sepharose 4B (Amersham Biosciences), according to the manufac- turer’s instructions, at 7 mg/ml resin. Columns were reused several times and stored in water at 4 °C.
Anti-phosphopeptide antibodies were eluted with 0.1Mglycine, 0.5M
NaCl buffer (pH 2.7) into tubes containing NaOH. Elution fractions of affinity-purified anti-phosphopeptide antibodies were stored at 4 °C in 0.02% NaN3, 0.1% Triton X-100 for up to 4 weeks. Immune response was monitored by ELISA. 0.1 mg/ml phosphopeptide as well as the corresponding non-phosphopeptide were dissolved in 100 mM NaHCO3buffer, pH 9.6, and microplate wells were coated overnight at room temperature.
DNA Constructs—The human PI4K92 encoding pFastBAC-HTa construct was obtained from Suer (22) and amplified by PCR, generat- ing new restriction sites as follows: KpnI primer (forward), 5⬘-CGGGG- TACCGGAGATACAGTAG-3⬘, and NotI primer (reverse), 5⬘-TA- AAGCGGCCGCATGATGCCGTT-3⬘. The 2428-bp PCR product (the complete coding region of the human PI4K92) was ligated with T4-DNA Ligase (Roche Applied Science) with KpnI/NotI restricted pHM6 mammalian expression vector (Roche Applied Science).
The created construct is the pHM6⫹PI4K92 that was used to express PI4K92 tagged with an N-terminal HA tag (HA marker pep-
tide: MWPWDVPDWA) and a C-terminal His6tag in Cos7 cells, as wild type (PI4K92-WT). The constructs were verified by sequencing.
The integrity and expression levels of the fusion proteins were assessed by Western blot analyses using a monoclonal antibody against HA (Convance) with cell lysate prepared from Cos7 cells transfected with the constructs.
Total Cell Lysate and Western Blot Analysis—Cultured cells were scraped into denaturating lysis buffer (50 mMTris-HCl (pH 7.9), 150 mMNaCl, 0.25%(w/v) SDS, 0.25% (w/v) deoxycholate, 1% (v/v) Nonidet P-40, 1 mMEDTA) containing protease inhibitors (final concentrations:
10g/ml aprotinin, 1 g/ml leupeptin, 1 g/ml pepstatin, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) and protein phosphatase inhibitors (final concentrations: 20 mMNaF, 20 mM-glycerophosphate, 1 mM NaOV4, 1Mokadaic acid, and 1Mmicrocystin) or non-denaturating lysis buffer (instead of 0.25% SDS, 0.25% deoxycholate, and 1% Nonidet P-40, it contained 1% Triton X-100). Cell homogenate was passed through a 26-gauge needle few times and centrifuged at 20,000⫻ g for 20 min at 4 °C. Supernatant was assayed for protein concentration by the Lowry method. Collected supernatant of non denaturating cell lysate was employed for immunoprecipitation followed by lipid kinase activity assays.
Aliquots of denaturating lysates containing equal amounts of protein were subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis and Western blotting. The poly- vinylidene difluoride membrane was blocked using 5% milk powder in Tris-buffered saline (TBS)(50 mMTris, 150 mMNaCl, and 0.1% Tween 20) for at least 1 h at room temperature. As primary antibody, anti- PI4K antibody was used at 0.1 g/ml in 1% milk powder in TBS, or affinity-purified anti-phosphopeptide antibodies were used at 1–10
g/ml. The membrane was rinsed two times and then washed three times in TBS for 10 min and subsequently incubated with secondary antibody using peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit antibody (Amersham Biosciences) at the dilution of 0.005g/ml in 1% milk pow- der in TBS for 1 h. After washing, the binding of antibodies was detected with enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL Advance; Amersham Bio- sciences) and visualized using x-ray film (Amersham Biosciences). For antibody blocking experiments, affinity-purified anti-phosphopeptide antibodies were preincubated for 2 h at room temperature with 20
g/ml respective phospho- or dephosphopeptide.
Immunoabsorption—Unspecific binding sites of Sepharose beads conjugated with anti-rabbit antibody (Sigma) were preblocked with 3%
(v/v) bovine serum albumin in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 2 h at 4 °C. 5g of anti-PI4K or affinity-purified anti-phosphopeptide antibodies were added to equal protein concentration containing ali- quots of cell lysate and incubated for 2 h at 4 °C with continuous rota- tion. The antigen-antibody complex was collected by adding 40l of preblocked anti-rabbit antibody-conjugated Sepharose beads. Control experiments included mock immunoprecipitation in the absence of antibody and the use of anti-giantin IgG. After 2 h of incubation, beads were washed with 2⫻ 0.5 ml of lysis buffer, 2 ⫻ 0.5 ml of lysis buffer additionally containing 400 mMNaCl, and 2⫻ 0.5 ml of PBS. Samples were subjected to Western blot analyses, or alternatively, immunoad- sorbents on Sepharose beads were analyzed for PI4K92 activity.
PI4K92 Activity Assay and Product Analysis—Incorporation of radioactivity from [␥-32P]ATP into extractable organic solvent material was measured as described previously (24). Produced phospholipids were extracted according to Ref. 25. The chloroform phase was trans- ferred to scintillation vials or spotted onto TLC plates NH2 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Plates were developed in 1-propyl acetate/2- propanol/ethanol/6% aqueous ammonia (3:9:3:9, v/v) (26) and visual- ized by PhosphorImager (Amersham Biosciences).
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In Vivo Metabolic Labeling—Cos7 cells were grown on 10-cm diam- eter dishes. One day before phosphate deprivation, cells were trans- fected with 8g of PI4K92-WT plasmid DNA at a density of 80% con- fluence. At the start of phosphate deprivation, cells were washed three times with sodium phosphate- and sodium pyruvate-free Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium containing 0.5% dialyzed fetal calf serum and than incubated for 10 min. After phosphate deprivation, cells were met- abolically labeled with [32P]orthophosphate (ICN) at a concentration of 1 mCi/ml in phosphate-free medium containing 0.5% dialyzed serum for 4 h. After labeling, cells were incubated with 100Mcalyculin A in phosphate-free medium for 10 min followed by washing three times with ice-cold PBS containing calyculin A. Cells were lysed in 0.5 ml of denaturating lysis buffer. Metabolically labeled cell lysate was used for immunoabsorption followed by Western blotting. To detect the amount of PI4K92, the same membrane was probed with anti-PI4K
antibody (0.1g/ml) followed by detection with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody.
Cell Treatments, Transfection, and Immunofluorescence—Human skin fibroblasts, cell line HS68, and Cos7 cells, were cultured in Dulbec- co’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 10g/ml gentamycin. For immunofluorescence microscopy, Hs68 cells or transfected Cos7 cells were grown on chamber slides (Nunc) and were fixed with 4% (v/v) formaldehyde in PBS (Sigma) for 20 min at room temperature. After five washes with PBS (5 min each), fixed cells were incubated in blocking and permeabilization solution (5% serum from the host animal of the secondary antibody and 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS) for 30 min. This solution was also used for diluting the primary and secondary antibodies. Cells were sequentially incubated with pri- mary and then fluorophore-labeled secondary antibodies for 1 h, respectively, at a concentration suggested by the manufacturer. Cells were washed five times with PBS containing 0.2% Triton X-100 after antibody incubations. Following the last washing step, the cells were postfixed with 4% (v/v) formaldehyde in PBS and then mounted with ProLong Antifade Kit (Molecular Probes). For inhibition of transcrip-
FIGURE 1. Immunoreactivity of affinity-purified phosphopeptide antibodies. A, reactivity of affinity-purified phosphopeptide antibodies. Reactivity of anti-pSer-294 (-⽧-) (panel I), anti-pSer-496 (-F-) (panel II), and anti-pThr-504 (-f-) (panel III) and relevant preimmune sera (-Œ-) against the appropriate phospho- (solid symbols) and dephosphopeptides (open symbols) was determined by ELISA. conc., concentration. B, Western blot analysis of total lysates prepared from HS68 and Cos7 cells overexpressing wild type PI4K92 with anti-PI4K92 control antibody and affinity-purified anti-phosphopeptide antibodies (anti-pSer-294, anti-pSer-496, and anti-pThr-504). Membranes were incubated with anti-phos- phopeptide antibody alone(⫺/⫺) or with antibody that was preincubated with 10g of relevant dephosphopeptide (⫹/⫺) or 10 g of relevant phosphopeptide (⫺/⫹). C, COS7 cells overexpressing wild type PI4K92-HA were labeled with 1.25 mCi/ml [32P]orthophosphate (see “Materials and Methods”) and immunoabsorbed with anti-PI4K92 control antibody and with affinity-purified anti-phosphopeptide antibodies (anti-pSer-294, anti-pSer-496 and anti-pThr-504). Immunoprecipitated proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. Phosphorylation of PI4K92 was detected by autoradiography. The amount of immunoprecipitated PI4K92 was determined by immunoblot- ting of the same membrane with control anti-PI4K92 antibody. As negative control, a sample of anti-giantin antibody was used for immunoprecipitation (IgG). WB, Western blot. D, endogenous PI4K92 was immunoprecipitated from HS68 cells lysate with PI4K92 control antibody and with affinity-purified anti-phosphopeptide antibodies (anti-pSer-294, anti- pSer-496, and anti-pThr-504) followed by lipid kinase assay as described under “Materials and Methods.” Bars represent standard deviations of three assays. E, immunoprecipitated proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes as described under “Materials and Methods.” The amount of immunoprecipitated PI4K92 was determined by immunoblotting of the membrane with positive control PI4K92 antibody. As negative controls, mock immunoprecipitations (mock IP) were performed in the absence of the antibody, and a sample of anti-giantin antibody was used for the immunoprecipitation (IgG).
Subcellular Localization of Phosphorylated PI4K92 Forms
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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY VOLUME 281 • NUMBER 24 • JUNE 16, 2006tion, HS68 cells were grown on chamber slides and were treated with 10
g/ml ␣-amanitin for 4 h before immunofluorescence staining.
Cos7 cells were transiently transfected with constructs containing the HA-tagged PI4K92 wild type cDNA using FuGENE 6 transfection rea- gent (Roche Applied Science) according to the manufacturer’s instruc- tions. After 24 h, cells were used for immunofluorescence microscopy or to analyze the CRM1-dependent nuclear export, where cells were treated with 5 ng/ml LMB (Sigma) for 2 h before immunofluorescence staining (27).
Optical sections were captured with a confocal laser scanning micro- scope (Zeiss Axioplan LSM 510) using⫻100/1.3 (oil immersion lens) objective and a krypton argon laser to simultaneously excite Alexa Fluor 488 and 594 dye at 488 and 568 nm, respectively. Emissions were col- lected with filters BP 505-550 for Alexa Fluor 488 and LP 585 for Alexa Fluor 594. Microscopic images were obtained by using Confocal Assist- ant LSM 5.0 software and processed in Corel Photo Paint 12.
Microinjection—HS68 cells were microinjected as described previ- ously (28). Cells were fixed at different times after injection and stained for the localization of microinjected anti-phosphopeptide antibodies using Alexa Fluor 488-labeled anti-rabbit antibody or for the microin- jected anti-PtdIns(4,5)P2 and anti-PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 antibodies using Alexa Fluor 488-labeled anti-mouse antibody. The chromatin was stained with Hoechst stain (0.1 mg/ml; Sigma), applied just before cells were mounted, and observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy.
Determination of Cell Death—Cells were observed in 2-h intervals from 2 to 18 h after microinjection. Microinjected cells were detected by the fluorescent marker injected with the antibody (Texas Red-conju- gated dextran). Microinjected cells with prominent nucleolar coales- cence (as determined by phase contrast microscopy) and (after 14 h) detectable loss of adhesion were counted in a defined area. The levels of cell death were calculated as the percentage of cells showing both nuclear fragmentation and loss in cell adhesion in comparison with the background uninjected cells. As a control, a similar number of cells were injected with the same antibody after heat inactivation.
RESULTS
Anti-phosphopeptide Antibodies Specifically Recognize Phosphoryl- ated Forms of PI4K92—Anti-phosphopeptide sequence-specific anti- bodies were generated by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phos-
phopeptides covalently coupled to ovalbumin. Each peptide was built of four amino acids up- and downstream of the phosphoamino acid according to the described specific amino acid sequences of PI4K92 (22). It was certified that these peptides are unique among known phos- phopeptide sequences and that they are a typical feature of PI4K92 according to BLASTP 2.2.5. data base search (29).
In the ELISA tests, affinity-purified antibodies (see “Materials and Methods”), anti-pSer-294 (Fig. 1A, panel I), anti-pSer-496 (Fig. 1A, panel II), and anti-pThr-504 antibodies (Fig. 1A, panel III), react exclu- sively with the relevant phosphopeptides but not with the dephos- phopeptides. Preimmune sera show no immunoreactivity. A commer- cially available anti-PI4K antibody directed against residues 410–537 of human PI4K92, including the phosphorylation sites pSer-496 and pThr-504, does not yield a signal neither with the appropriate phos- phopeptide nor with dephosphopeptide (not shown).
In whole cell extracts prepared from HS68 human fibroblast cells (Fig. 1B), these three above mentioned affinity-purified anti-phos- phopeptide antibodies selectively detect a 92-kDa protein correspond- ing to PI4K92, which was certified with the commercially available anti- body against human PI4K92 (anti-PI4K, later termed control antibody). In Cos7 cells containing recombinant PI4K92 (Fig. 1B), only the anti-pSer-294 and the anti-pSer-496 antibody detect the 92-kDa protein, whereas no reactivity was observed with the anti-pThr-504 antibody. Immunolabeling of the 92-kDa PI4K is inhibited by preincu- bation of antibodies with the appropriate phosphopeptide but is unaf- fected by preincubation with dephosphopeptide (Fig. 1B).
Transfected Cos7 cells overexpressing wild type PI4K92 were labeled with [32P]orthophosphate (see “Materials and Methods”). A radioac- tively labeled 92-kDa protein is immunoabsorbed with anti-pSer-294 and anti-pSer-496 antibodies as well as with the control anti-PI4K92 antibody (Fig. 1C, X-ray). The protein bands detected by autoradiogra- phy were identified as PI4K92 by Western blotting with the control antibody (Fig. 1C, WB). In agreement with the Western blotting exper- iments reported in Fig. 1B, no reactivity was shown with the anti-pThr- 504 antibody.
Anti-phosphopeptide-antibodies immunoabsorb lipid kinase activity (Fig. 1D) from HS68 cell lysate prepared under non-denatur- ating conditions. More of the lipid kinase activity is precipitated with
FIGURE 2. Localization of the Ser-294 phospho- rylated PI4K92 at Golgi complex. Cells were double-stained as described under “Materials and Methods” with anti-pSer-294 antibody (a) and with anti-Golgin97 antibodies (b and e). The merged images are shown in panels c and f. The anti-pSer-294 antibody was preincubated with 20
g/ml corresponding phosphopeptide (d). Bars, 10m.
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anti-pSer-294 antibody than with the control anti-PI4K92 antibody (defined as 100%). The anti-pSer-496 antibody precipitates approx- imately an equal amount of kinase activity, whereas anti-pThr-504 antibody yields much less. Based on parallel Western blotting exper- iments, it can be shown that the majority of the PI4K92 protein was obtained with the control anti-PI4K92 antibody (Fig. 1E), whereas anti-pSer-294 as well as anti-pSer-496 and anti-pThr-504 antibodies immunoabsorb much less (Fig. 1E).
The assay for PI4K activity contains 0.4% Triton X-100 to block phos- phatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. In agreement, all of the immunopre- cipitated PI4K92 enzymes produce exclusively PtdIns(4)P. In a TLC system that allows separation of D3 and D4 phosphorylated derivatives, only the D4 phosphorylated species is detected (not shown). Taken together, these data demonstrate that these affinity-purified anti-phos- phopeptide antibodies selectively and specifically recognize their and just their adequate phosphorylation site of native PI4K92; thus, they are suitable for localization studies by immunocytochemistry.
Native Specifically Phosphorylated PI4K92 Reveals Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Localization—Immunofluorescent staining with affinity-puri- fied anti-pSer-294 antibody shows the presence of Ser-294 phosphoryl- ated PI4K92 at the Golgi structure (Fig. 2a). The identified subcellular structure is verified by merging the images obtained with anti-pSer-294 antibody with that of the Golgi marker, anti-Golgin97 antibody (Fig. 2c).
When the anti-pSer-294 antibody was preincubated with an excess of phosphopeptide encompassing the Ser-294 phosphorylation site, this Golgi-associated staining disappeared completely (Fig. 2d), whereas incubation of the marker antibody retained the Golgi staining pattern (Fig. 2e). In agreement, no change is observed by merging the two micrographs (Fig. 2f). Thus, the phosphopeptide itself does not prevent the Golgi staining. No change in staining pattern was observed by pre- incubation with dephosphopeptide (not shown).
The anti-pSer-496 antibody recognizes a speckled nuclear compo- nent (Fig. 3a). Indeed, as revealed in the merged image, anti-pSer-496 antibody co-localizes with a marker antibody directed against a splicing
FIGURE 3. Localization of the Ser-496 phospho- rylated PI4K92 at nuclear speckles. HS68 cells were stained with anti-pSer-496 antibody (a, d, g, and j) and co-stained with anti-Sc-35 (b and e), anti-nuclear envelope (NE) (h), and anti-golgin97 (k) marker antibodies as described under “Materi- als and Methods.” The merged images are shown in c, f, i, and l. The anti-pSer-496 antibody was pre- incubated with 20g/ml corresponding phos- phopeptide (d). Bars, 10m.
Subcellular Localization of Phosphorylated PI4K92 Forms
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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY VOLUME 281 • NUMBER 24 • JUNE 16, 2006factor, Sc-35, which is a subcomponent of nuclear speckles (Fig. 3c.).
Thus, in the nuclear speckles, the Ser-496 phosphorylated enzyme is present. Preincubation with the corresponding phosphopeptide elimi- nates this staining completely (Fig. 3d), whereas again, staining with the marker antibody is uninfluenced (Fig. 3e). Merging these two micro- graphs does not change the anti-Sc-35 antibody staining pattern (Fig.
3f). No co-localization was observed with the marker antibody for nuclear envelope and a Golgi protein as shown in the micrographs (Fig.
3, i and l). Essentially, an identical behavior is seen with the anti-pThr- 504 antibody (Fig. 4). Again, the image obtained with the anti-pThr-504 antibody merged with that obtained with the anti-Sc-35 antibody veri- fies the speckle localization. In addition, preincubation with the corre- sponding phosphopeptide prevents speckles staining with the anti- phosphopeptide antibody but not with the anti-Sc-35 antibody. No co-localization is observed with either nuclear envelope or the Golgi apparatus.
Inhibition of RNA polymerase II with␣-amanitin causes reorganiza- tion of the nuclear staining pattern into fewer and larger structures, as revealed by staining with anti-pSer-496 as well as with anti-pThr-504 antibodies (Fig. 5, d and e). An identical rearrangement of staining pat- tern is seen with the anti-Sc-35 antibody (Fig. 5f).
In Cos7 cells, inhibition of nuclear export with LMB leads to accumula- tion of the overexpressed enzyme in the nucleus as revealed by staining with anti-HA antibody (Fig. 6, a and e). The anti-pSer-294 antibody detects the phosphorylated form of the enzyme at the Golgi apparatus but no enzyme in the nucleus (Fig. 6b). The merged picture shows that the Ser-294 phos- phorylated enzyme stays on the Golgi, whereas the non-phosphorylated form at this site is transported into the nucleus (Fig. 6c). The opposite is seen with the anti-pSer-496 antibody. Nuclear staining is observed with both the anti-phosphopeptide as well with the anti-HA antibody. In addition, both antibodies stain the Golgi apparatus, which never has been observed with the endogenous enzyme (Fig. 6).
FIGURE 4. Localization of the Thr-504 phospho- rylated PI4K92 at nuclear speckles. HS68 cells were stained with anti-pThr-504 antibody (a, d, g, and j) and co-stained with anti-Sc-35 (b and e), anti-nuclear envelope (NE) (h), and anti-golgin97 (k) marker antibodies. The merged images are shown are c, f, i, and l. The anti-pThr-504 antibody was preincubated with 20g/ml corresponding phosphopeptide. Bars, 10m.
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Microinjection of Anti-pSer-496 Antibody into HS68 Cell Results in Cell Death—Microinjected anti-pSer-496 antibody into the cytoplasm of HS68 cells is not translocated to the nuclear fraction but causes cell death with a half-time of⬃18 h (Fig. 7, a and b). Neither the cytoplasmic actin filaments nor the DNA structure change due to the presence of these antibodies in the cytoplasm within a period of 7 h.
The anti-pSer-496 antibody was microinjected into the nucleus, where it shows initially an even distribution (Fig. 7e). After⬃7 h, anti- pSer-496 antibody targets 6 –20 hotspots in the nucleus, independent of the nucleoli, in G1phase (Fig. 7h) and a limited number of hotspots in G2 phase cells (not shown). Nuclear hotspots become significant as cells begin to die. After 24 h following the microinjection, a large aggregate of the PI4K92 evolves, and cells undergo apoptosis (Fig. 7k). Finally, the nuclear staining collapses; however, DNA does not condense. In addi- tion (Fig. 7l), super bundling of actin occurs due to the stress induced by the antibody present in the nucleus (Fig. 7m).
Nuclear injection increases the speed in which cells die. Heat-inacti- vated or control antibody anti-pSer-294 has no effect (not shown).
In another series of experiments, anti-pSer-496 antibodies were micro- injected into the nucleus of HS68 cells, and after⬃10 h, the cells were stained with anti-PtdIns(4,5)P2and anti-PtdIns(3,4,5)P3antibodies. Fig. 8 shows that the microinjected cell (Fig. 8a) develops hotspots and that this cell exhibits a much lower amount of nuclear PtdIns(4,5)P2(Fig. 8b) than the non-injected control cells (compare Fig. 8, a and b), indicating that the anti-pSer-496 antibody inhibits the production of PtdIns(4,5)P2due to inhi- bition of PtdIns(4)P synthesis. However, the level of PtdIns(4,5)P2in cyto- plasmic membranes including Golgi does not show any change. Thus, the nuclear decrease is not reflected in the level of PtdIns(4,5)P2in cytoplasmic membranes (compare injected and non-injected cells in Fig. 8b). The level of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3is much lower in the nucleus; therefore, the decrease of this phospholipid following microinjection of anti-pSer-496 antibody is hardly to be detectable (not shown).
FIGURE 5. Reorganization of nuclear speckles upon treatment with␣-amanitin. HS68 cells were treated with␣-amanitin (d–f) as described under “Materials and Methods.” Cells were dou- ble-labeled with anti-pSer-496 antibody (a and d) with anti-pThr-504 antibody (b and e) and anti- Sc-35 antibody (c and f). Bars, 10m.
FIGURE 6. Behavior of phosphorylated PI4K92 forms upon nuclear export inhibition by LMB.
Cells were transfected with wild type PI4K92-HA- tagged plasmid DNA. After 24 h, the CRM1-depend- ent nuclear export was blocked as described under
“Materials and Methods.” Cells were double labeled using anti-HA antibodies (a and e), anti-pSer-294 antibody (b), and anti-pSer-496 antibody (f). Merged images are shown in c and g. Bars, 10m.
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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY VOLUME 281 • NUMBER 24 • JUNE 16, 2006Microinjection of anti-PtdIns(4,5)P2(Fig. 8d) leads to aggregates of PI4K92 as seen previously (compare Fig. 7k). Indeed, the cells die as well.
Heat-inactivated antibody has no effect (not shown). It allows the con- clusion that microinjected anti-pSer-496 antibody blocks the produc- tion of PtdIns(4)P, and as a consequence, the production of the higher phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol derivatives, which, however, seem to be absolutely required for a correct nuclear and cellular function.
DISCUSSION
Phosphorylated PI4K92 was detected in mammalian cells previously without defining its phosphorylation status (30). Eight phosphorylation sites were determined on the His6-tagged human PI4K92 isoform puri-
fied in its native form from Sf9 insect cells by mass spectrometry (22).
However, no function could be assigned to any of these eight phospho- rylation sites until today. Therefore, in this study, polyclonal antibodies were generated against each phosphorylation site taking the sequence information described by Ref. 22. As proposed in Refs. 31 and 32, we synthesized nonameric peptides comprising four amino acids up- and downstream from the phosphorylated amino acid in question. Some of these peptides overlap; however, no cross-reactivity was ever observed in ELISA tests (not shown). Five antibodies showed strong cross-reac- tivity with proteins other than PI4K92 (not shown), which were, there- fore, eliminated from further studies. In contrast, three affinity-purified anti-phosphopeptide antibodies (anti-pSer-294, anti-pSer-496, and
FIGURE 7. Microinjection of anti-pSer-496 anti- body into HS68 cells. Cells were cultured and microinjected as described under “Materials and Methods.” Equal concentrations of affinity-puri- fied phosphospecific antibodies or control anti- bodies (rabbit IgG) were microinjected into the cytoplasm (a– d) or the nucleus (e–m). After the microinjection, cells were incubated for 8 h (a– c);
for 45 min (e–g); for 7 h (h–j); and for 24 h (k–m) before staining for Ser-496 phosphorylated PI4K92 (a, e, h, and k), for DNA (b, f, i, and l) and for actin (c, g, j, and m). Bars, 10m.
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anti-pThr-504) selectively recognize a single 92-kDa band, like the con- trol anti-PI4K92 antibody. The phosphorylation site and state specific- ity was verified by ELISA tests, by immunocompetition, by immunoab- sorption of PI4K92 activity, and by immunoabsorption of in vivo
32P-labeled phosphoprotein.
The enzyme activity assays after immunoabsorption with anti-pSer- 294, anti-pSer-496, and anti-pThr-504 antibody clearly show that these antibodies do not inhibit the PI4K92 activity. Moreover, these experi- ments have revealed that phosphorylation of PI4K92 definitely occurs on a rather low level. There is much less PI4K92 immunoadsorbed by the anti-phosphopeptide antibodies than by the control anti-PI4K92 antibody. Since the PI4K92 phosphorylated on Ser-294 and on Ser-496 expresses an even higher activity than that precipitated by the control antibody, the phosphorylated enzyme must have a higher specific activ- ity than the average immunoadsorbed enzyme by the control antibody representing a mixture of all non- and phosphorylated enzyme forms.
The evaluation for Thr-504 phosphorylation is undefined due to the low amount of precipitated protein. Nothing can be said in relation to the phosphorylation state of the five sites not characterized here, which might influence the specific activity as well. Thus, it can be concluded that three of the eight anti-phosphopeptide antibodies (anti-pSer-294, anti-pSer-496, and anti-pThr-504 antibody) strictly recognize only the specifically phosphorylated forms of PI4K92.
Phosphorylated PI4K92 on Ser-294 Is Associated to the Golgi Complex—
With these three anti-phosphopeptide antibodies, a correlation between the phosphorylation of specific sites and the location of the native enzyme could be shown in the cell. First, the Ser-294 phosphorylated species is exclusively observed at the Golgi. Indeed, it has been shown that PI4K92 is required to maintain a native Golgi structure and function (16, 17, 30). For this function, a highly active and Ser-294 phosphorylated form seems to be necessary. It is interesting to note that this phosphorylated form expresses a higher specific activity than the average enzyme including all different phosphorylated forms, which might also be important for the integrity of the Golgi structure, especially since a dead mutant of PI4K92 does not maintain a correct Golgi structure (16).
The Ser-294 phosphorylated enzyme has never been detected in the nucleus. Even when the enzyme was overexpressed and nuclear export
was blocked with LMB, the Ser-294 phosphorylated enzyme remains only on the Golgi. One of several interpretations could be that the Ser- 294 phosphorylated form cannot be imported into the nucleus or is actively exported from the nucleus. Of course, it cannot be excluded that other phosphorylation sites on the enzyme or multiple phospho- rylated forms are responsible for this effect.
Phosphorylated PI4K92 on Ser-496 and on Thr-504 Localize to the Nuclear Speckles—A surprisingly clear location of the native enzyme has been found in the nucleus with the two anti-phosphopeptide anti- bodies, anti-pSer-496 and anti-pThr-504, namely on a specific nuclear component, the speckles. A faint nuclear staining of PI4K92 without defining a specific location within the nucleus has been described pre- viously (17). Nuclear import and export signals within the sequence of the enzyme have been proposed (17, 20). Indeed, inhibition of nuclear export with LMB leads to massive accumulation of the enzyme in the nucleus (17). Again, no specific location within the nucleus has been detected in these experiments. Even in this non-physiological condition, only the Ser-496 phosphorylated form is found in the nucleus but not the Ser-294 phosphorylated form, as shown here. Nothing can be said concerning the Thr-504 phosphorylated form because this antibody does not recognize the recombinant protein in Cos7 cells. However, the overexpressed enzyme, phosphorylated on Ser-496, is also found at the Golgi, where the native Ser-496 phosphorylated form of the enzyme has never been found. Thus, the overexpressed enzyme is mislocalized there. However, it shows that Ser-496 can be phosphorylated in the cytoplasm. The protein kinase responsible for the phosphorylation of Ser-496 is protein kinase A (33), which is present, as is well known, in the cytoplasm. It is not known, however, whether the native enzyme can be phosphorylated in the nucleus as well (33). Unfortunately, microinjec- tion of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A or its corresponding inhibitor, protein kinase A inhibitor, did not provide clues to this ques- tion (experiments not shown). Even less is known about the location of Thr-504 phosphorylation; no protein kinase could be assigned for cat- alyzing this reaction (22).
The presence of PI4K92 on speckles is consistent with the finding that a large set of enzymes of the phosphatidylinositol cycle as well as their products are detected there (i.e. PIPKs type I␣ and type II␣ isoforms as
FIGURE 8. Microinjection of anti-pSer-496 and anti-PtdIns(4,5)P2antibody into the nucleus of HS68 cells. HS68 cells were cultured and stained as described under “Materials and Methods.” Equal concentrations of anti-pSer-496 antibodies (a– c) and anti-PtdIns(4,5)P2(d–f) antibodies were microinjected in to the nucleus and stained with the anti-pSer-496 antibody (a and e) or the anti-PtdIns(4,5)P2antibody (b and d). DNA was stained with Hoechst (c and f). Bars, 10m.
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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY VOLUME 281 • NUMBER 24 • JUNE 16, 2006well their product, PtdIns(4,5)P2(1, 5); phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Class 2␣ and 2 (34, 35); SHIP-2 (36, 37)). Thus, the whole phosphati- dylinositol cycle can occur on speckles. It is interesting to note that the phosphatidylinositol cycle occurs in the nucleus on a non-membranous structure, the speckles, whereas in the cytoplasm, it is restricted to membranes.
The nuclear speckle morphology correlates with transcriptional activity; speckles are small and more diffuse when pre-mRNA synthesis occurs and fewer and larger when transcription is inhibited (38 – 40). It was demonstrated that the PIPKs and their product, PtdIns(4,5)P2, reor- ganize identically with speckles, both spatially and temporally, suggest- ing direct interaction of PIPKs with speckle component(s) (5). An iden- tical reorganization pattern was observed in the case of Ser-496 and Thr-504 phosphorylated PI4K92 (Fig. 7.).
Microinjection of anti-pSer-496 antibody leads to cell death either when injected into the cytoplasm or much faster when microinjected into the nucleus. This seems to be due to the lowering the PtdIns(4)P level, and as a consequence, that of PtdIns(4,5)P2on the speckles (Fig. 8.).
Apparently, the enzyme is phosphorylated on Ser-496 in the cyto- plasm and transported to the nucleus. This transport might be inhibited by the presence of these antibodies recognizing and binding to the phos- phorylated Ser-496 site in the cytoplasm. By this way, the enzyme might be trapped in the cytoplasm, and therefore, the level in the nucleus is decreased critically. Indeed, phosphorylation of the enzyme on Ser-496 in the cytoplasm has been shown by overexpressing it and mislocalizing it on the Golgi (compare Fig. 7.).
Microinjection into the nucleus causes a disorganization, seen as hotspots, or in later stages, as collapsed nuclear structure. Hotspots can be interpreted as aggregates of PI4K92 in the nucleus. Thus, a precise localization of the enzyme on the speckles might be a prerequisite of an correct function (i.e. synthesis of PtdIns(4)P). This synthesis apparently does not occur anymore since the downstream signaling product PtdIns(4,5)P2is certainly decreased under these conditions (Fig. 8). It is not a consequence of antibody binding to Ser-496 phosphorylated PI4K92; indeed, the antigen-antibody complex is catalytically active considering the positive results of enzyme activity assays after immuno- absorption. The non-production of PtdIns(4)P or PtdIns(4,5)P2is prob- ably due to the dislocation of the PI4K92 from the speckles. Indeed, our data show that the protein-bound PtdIns in the speckles, presumably awaiting phosphorylation, cannot be exchanged against PtdIns(4)P since co-injection of PtdIns(4)P together with the anti-pSer-496 anti- body has no effect on cell survival (data not shown). As usual, there can be many reasons for this observation (e.g. PtdIns bound on to PtdIns- transport-protein cannot be exchanged against PtdIns(4)P (42)).
What might be the function of these polyphosphoinositides on the speckles is not known. They could serve as precursors of the phosphati- dylinositol cycle, or polyphosphoinositides might have an organiza- tional function for the integrity of the speckles itself, which could be carried out by PtdIns(4)P, PtdIns(4,5)P2, or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3being syn- thesized by the divers phosphatidylinositol kinases present on the speckles as well.
Acknowledgments—We thank Petra Goldmann and Monika Cochu for expert technical help.
Addendum—During preparation of this manuscript, an article was published by A. Hausser et al (41) reporting the presence of a Ser-294 phosphorylated form of PI4K92 (PI4KIII) overexpressed in Cos7 cells on the Golgi complex.
Phosphorylation was catalyzed by PKD1 and PKD2. Additionally, an anti- pSer-294 phosphopeptide antibody against an epitope comprising amino acids 289 –297, slightly modified (K297L), precipitated PI4K92 from HEK293
cells. Thus, their conclusions are in perfect agreement with the observation reported here.
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