(دراسة عيادية 06 حالات) قلق الموت عند المرأة الحامل المصابة بارتفاع ضغط الدم

ﻲـﻤﻠـﻌﻟﺍ ﺚﺤـﺒﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺎـﻌﻟﺍ ﻢـﻴﻠﻌـﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻲـﻤﻠـﻌﻟﺍ ﺚﺤـﺒﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺎـﻌﻟﺍ ﻢـﻴﻠﻌـﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭﻲـﻤﻠـﻌﻟﺍ ﺚﺤـﺒﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺎـﻌﻟﺍ ﻢـﻴﻠﻌـﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻲـﻤﻠـﻌﻟﺍ ﺚﺤـﺒﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺎـﻌﻟﺍ ﻢـﻴﻠﻌـﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ

ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺝﺎﺤﻟﻭﺍ ﺪﻨﺤﻣ ﻲﻠﻛﺃ ﺪﻴﻘﻌﻟﺍ

ﺓﺮـﻳﻮﺒﻟﺍ

او
 ا ما 

ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻗ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ

ﻉﺮﻓ

:

ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ

ﺺﺼﲣ

:

ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ

ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﰲ ﺮﺘﺳﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺷ ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺓﺮﻛﺬﻣ

ﺺﺼﲣ ﺮﺘﺳﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺷ ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺓﺮﻛﺬﻣ

ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ

ﺒﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻥﻤ

ﺔ

:

ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﺇ ﺕﺤﺘ

:

ﺔﺒﻴﺒﺣ ﻥﺎﻤﻌﻧ

ﺔﺒﻴﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻦﺑ

ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ

::::

2011

-2012

ﻞﻣﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺓﺃﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺕﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻗ

ﻞﻣﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺓﺃﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺕﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻗ

ﻞﻣﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺓﺃﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺕﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻗ

ﻞﻣﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺓﺃﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺕﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻗ

ﻡﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﻤﻟﺍ

ﻡﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﻤﻟﺍ

ﻡﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﻤﻟﺍ

ﻡﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﻤﻟﺍ

)

 د  ارد

)

06

(

ت 

(

ﺮﻜﺷ ﺔﻤﻠﻛ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ ﰲ ﺎﺘﻘﻓﻭﻭ ﱪﺼﻟﺍ ﺎﻧﺎﻄﻋﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﱃﺎﻌﺗﻭ ﻪﺗﺎﺤﺒﺳ ﷲﺍ ﺪﻤﲝ ﺃﺪﺒﻧ

ﺔﻓﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺳﻸﻟ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺺﻠﲞ ﻡﺪﻘﺘﻧﻭ

"

ﺔﺒﻴﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻦﺑ

"

ﻻ ﻮﻟ ﺫﺇ

ﻯﺮﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﳌ ﺎﻬﻬﻴﺟﻮﺗﻭ ﺎﺍﺩﺎﺷﺭﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻋﺩﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺤﺋﺎﺼﻧ

ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻮﻫ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺭﻮﺘﻟﺍ

.

ﺔﺴﻧﻸﻟ ﻞﻴﻤﳉﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻓﺮﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻌﺑ ﻡﺪﻘﺘﻧ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﺗﻮﻔﻳ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻛ

"

ﻴﻀﻓ

ﺔﻠ

"

،

ﱃﺇ ﻰﺴﻨﻧ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻛ

ﲤﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻧﺪﻋﺎﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ

ﺎ

ﻭﺃ ﺐﻳﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻊﺿﺍﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡ

ﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﻦﻣ

.

ﺎﻧﺍﺪﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻ ﻮﻟ ﻱﺪﺘﻬﻨﻟ ﺎﻨﻛ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺍﺬﳍ ﺎﻧﺍﺪﻫ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﷲ ﺪﻤﳊﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﺗﻮﻋﺩ ﺍﲑﺧﺃﻭ

ﷲﺍ

.

ﺀﺍﺪﻫﻹﺍ

ﺀﺍﺪﻫﻹﺍ

ﺀﺍﺪﻫﻹﺍ

ﺀﺍﺪﻫﻹﺍ

ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺃﺮﻣﺍ ﺐﻴﻃﺃﻭ ﻕﺭﺃﻭ ﻞﲨﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﻱﺪﻬﺟ ﺓﺮﲦ ﻱﺪﻫﺃ

ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻲﻣﺃ ﱃﺇ

ﰐﺎﺣﻮﻤﻃ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺎﺍﻮﻋﺩﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻳﺎﻋﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻞﺨﺒﺗ ﱂ ﱵﻟﺍ

.

ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻌﺳﺇ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺎﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﺽﻮﺧ ﺪﻤﻐﺗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻞﺿﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﰊﺃ ﱃﺇﻭ

.

ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍﻭ ﻞﻫﻷﺍ ﻞﻛ ﱃﺇﻭ ﰐﺍﻮﺧﺃﻭ ﰐﻮﺧﺇ ﱃﺇ

.

ﺕﺎﻴﻓﻮﻟﺍ ﰐﺎﻘﻳﺪﺻ ﱃﺇ

" :

ﺔﻠﻴﻟﺩ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻀﻓ ،ﺀﺎﻓﻭ ،ﺓﲑﲰ

"...

ﺎﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﻢﺴﻗ ﰲ ﻲﺋﻼﻣﺯ ﻞﻛ ﱃﺇ

ﻱﺩ

.

ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺪﻳ ﱄ ﻡﺪﻗ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻞﻛ ﱃﺇ

.

ﻊﺿﺍﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻱﺪﻫﺃ

ﺭﻜﺸ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﺀﺍﺩﻫﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ ﺍ لﻭﺍﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ ﺙ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ... ... ... ... ﺝ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ

1

.

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ... ... 9

2

.

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻓ ... ... ... ... 11

3

.

ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ... ... . ... 11

4

.

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ... ... 11

5

.

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ . ... 12

6

.

ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ... 12 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ... 14 I -ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻋ لﺨﺩﻤ . ... 15

1

.

ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ . ... 15

2

.

ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ . ... 17

3

.

ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ . ... 18

4

.

ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ . ... 20

5

.

ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ . ... 21

6

.

ﺔﻤﺴﻜ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻜ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ... 23

7

.

ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺝﻼﻋ . ... 24 II -ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ... 26

1

.

ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ . ... 26

2

.

ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ . ... 27

4

.

ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ . ... 28

5

.

ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ . ... 29

6

.

ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ . ... ... 30

7

.

ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺝﻼﻋ . ... 32 ﺔﺼﻼﺨﻝﺍ ... 34 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﻔﻝﺍ : لـﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ... ... 36

1

.

لﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ . ... 37

2

.

لﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ... 38

3

.

لﻤﺤﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ . ... 41

4

.

لﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺜﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ . ... 44

5

.

لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ . ... 47

6

.

ﻥﻴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ . ... 48

7

.

لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ . ... 49

8

.

ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ . ... 52 ﺔﺼﻼﺨﻝﺍ ... 54 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ... 56

1

.

ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ . ... 57

2

.

ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ . ... 58

3

.

ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ . ... 59

4

.

ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ . ... 60

5

.

ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ . ... 62

6

.

ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ . ... 64

7

.

ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺹﻴﺨﺸﺘ . ... 66

8

.

ﺕﺎﻔﻋﺎﻀﻤ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ . ... 68

10

.

ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺝﻼﻋ . ... 71 ﺔﺼﻼﺨﻝﺍ ... 75 ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ

1

.

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ . ... 78

2

.

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ . ... 78

3

.

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ . ... 81

4

.

ﺔﻴﻋﻼﻁﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ . ... 82

5

.

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ . ... 82 ﺱﺩﺎﺴﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ 1 . ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ ) 1 ( ... 84 2 . ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ ) 2 ( ... 86 3 . ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ ) 3 ( ... 88 4 . ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ ) 4 ( ... 90 5 . ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ ) 5 ( ... ... 92 6 . ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ ) 6 ( ... 94 ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ... 97 ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ... 99 ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨ ... 100 ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ... 103 ﻕﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ

لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ

ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﻝﺍ

ﺔﺤﻔﺼ

01

2

-7

08

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ

ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ لﻜﻝ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ

ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ

82

85

-96

97

ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻴ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ،ﺎﻤﺨﻀﺘﻤ ﺎﻤﺠﺤ ﺕﻐﻠﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ ﺎﻁﻭﻐﻀ ﺕﺒﺒﺴ لﻤﺍﻭﻋﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﻌﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﻫﺎﺴﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻺﻝ ﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺤﻠﺼﻤﻝ لﻤﻌﻴ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺏﺭﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻴﻭ ﻥﻴﺘﺤﻠﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﺌﺍﺩ ﻪﺒﺸ ﻉﺍﺭﺼ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻴﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺔﺤﻠﺼﻤﻝ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻓ ،ﺓﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻋﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻝ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻘﻓ ﺭﻁﺨﻝ لﻌﻓ ﺩﺭ لﻜ ﻪﺒ ﻲﻨﻌﻨﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﺽﻴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺓﺭﻴﻁﺨ ﺏﻗﺍﻭﻋﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻋﺎﻀﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻴ . ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ لﻭﺤ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﻴ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺓﺩﺤ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺩﺸﺃ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻭﻬﻓ ،ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻗﻭﺒﺴﻤ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ لﺒ ﺔﻌﻗﻭﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺓﺭﺒﺨ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻷﻭ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ لﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺨﻴ ﺎ ﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﻭﺼﻭﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺎﻬﺒﺤﺎﺼﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺎﺒ ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺼﺈﻜ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺽﺭﻤ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻰﻀﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺓﺭﻴﻁﺨ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺩﺩﻬﻴ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺓﺭﺸﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﻡﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴﻭ ﻪﺒ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴ ﺔﻘﻠﻗﻭ ﺔﺒﺭﻁﻀﻤ . ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﻵﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﺘ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ لﻤﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻼﻝ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻋ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻨ ،لﻭﺼﻓ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺭﺨﺃﻭ ﻱﺭﻅﻨ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻴﺒﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻗﺭﻁﺘ ) ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍﻭ . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ : ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﺎﻓ ،ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻓ ﻥﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﺀﺯﺠ ، ) ﻪﺠﻼﻋﻭ ،ﻪﻀﺍﺭﻋﺃ ،ﻪﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ،ﻪﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃ ،ﻪﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ،ﻪﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ( ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﺭﺨﺃ ﺀﺯﺠﻭ ﻪﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃﻭ ﻪﻋﺍﻭﻨﺄﺒﻭ ﻪﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻀﺍﺭﻋﺃﻭ ﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐ .

ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻭ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺓﺭﺜﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ لﻤﺤﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ،لﻤﺤﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ . ﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺹ : ﻪﻋﺍﻭﻨﺄﺒﻭ ﻪﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺝﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻔﻋﺎﻀﻤﻭ ﻪﺼﻴﺨﺸﺘﻭ ﻪﺴﺎﻴﻗﻭ ﻪﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﻪﻀﺍﺭﻋﺃﻭ ﻪﻠﺤﺍﺭﻤﻭ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﻁﺨﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ لﺜﻤﻴﻓ ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ لﺼﻔﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ لﻤﺸﻴﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻌﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻭﻫ ﺱﺩﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ،ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ . ﺕﺎﺤﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨ .

ﻱﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺠﻟﺍ

ﻱﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺠﻟﺍ

ﻱﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺠﻟﺍ

ﻱﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺠﻟﺍ

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

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ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﻹﺍ

1

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ

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2

-ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻓ

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3

-ﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ

ﻭ

ﻉ

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4

-ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ

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5

-ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ

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6

-ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ

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1

-ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ

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ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻥﻼﻜﺸﻴ ﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ . ﻕﺒﻁﻨﻴﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻪﻨﻤﻷ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﻪﻝ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺄﺒ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺏﺎﺼﻴ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻴﺩﺯﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺊﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻪﻨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻴﻴﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﻨﺠﻭ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻌﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ل ) ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : 2007 ، 31 (. ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺤﻀﻭﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ G.reanheay ﻭ F.chanagan ﻡﺎﻋ 1989 : ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺼﻭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ل ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ، ﻡﻬﻤﺎﺴﺘﺍ ﺎﺒ ﺽﻓﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻀﻐﻝ ، ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤ (Alexander ;1977 ;124) . ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺭﺸﺘﻨﻴﻭ لﺒ ،ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﻜﻭ ﺥﻭﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺼﺎﻗ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺽﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻥﺃﻭ ﻲﺌﺎﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﻁﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻡﻏﺭﺒ ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺜﻴﺩﺤﻭ ) ﻲﺒﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺎﺤ : 2004 .( ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻱﻭﻤﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻓ ﺽﻐﺒ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻁﺨﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻎﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﺩﺤﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺨ لﺜﻤﻴﻓ ،ﻪﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺕﻠﻌﺠ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ لﻤﺤﻝﺎﻜ ) OMS ( ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻥﻤ ) Haut risque ( ﻪﺒ ﺕﺒﻴﺼﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ . ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒﻓ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﻪﺒ ﺭﻤﺘ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺯﻴﻓﻭ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻡﻬﻤ ﺙﺩﺤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻤﺤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﻕﺎﻫﺭﻹﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﺀﻲﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ ... ﺔﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺫﺇ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻪﺒﺤﺎﺼﻴ " ﺵﺘﻭﺩ ﻥﻼﻴﺇ " " Héléne Deutch " :" ﺘﺴﺘﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺜ ﻫﻭ ﻩﺭﻴ ﺫ لﻘﻨﺘﻭ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻩ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻅﺤﻼﻨ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﻲﻠﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ لﻤﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ " ) Deutch Héléne : 1967 ;113 ( . ﻻﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻁ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﻕﻓﺍﺭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺘﺒﺜﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤ " ﺱﻴﻓﺍﺩ ) " DAVIS ( ﻡﺎﻋ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁﻭ 1961 ﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . ﻡ .ﺃ : ﺕﻻﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﺕﻤﺘﻫﺍ

ﻰﻝﺇ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺘ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘﻓ ﻡﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻭ لﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺌﺘﻜﻻﺍﻭ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺎﻜ ﺕﻻﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﻥ . ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ " ﻱﻭﺴﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ": لﻭﻷﺍ لﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻜ لﻤﺤﻴ ﻱﻭﻗ ﻲﺴﻔﻨ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺭ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻜ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺼﻭ ﻑﻭﺎﺨﻤ لﻤﺤﻴﻭ ﺔﺒﻫ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻓﺩﻬﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﻭﺃ ، ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﺍﻭﻠﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﻤ ﻥﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ 15 -40 ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺴ -ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜ " ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ " ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ) ﻱﻭﺴﻴﻌﻝﺍ : 1992 ، 272 .( ﺱﺎﺴﺤﻹﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤ ﺔﻠﻴﻁ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻁﻴﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺩﺤﺍ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ﺨﻭ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻠﻔﻁ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﺓﺭﺎﺴ . ﺜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺭﻭ ﻥﻭﺜ " ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺍﻭ ) thorsonetal ( ﺙﻴﺤ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻥﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ 22.3 ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜﻭ ، 81 ﻜﻭ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺄﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨ ،ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻷﺍ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺍﺩﻘﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺴﺨ ﺙﻭﺩﺤﻭ ﻪﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍﻭ ﻙﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠﻝ . لﻭﻘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ " ﺵﺘﻭﺩ ﻥﻴﻠﻴﻫ " ﻲﻓ ﻫ ﺍﺫ ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ : " ﻪﻨﺃ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺎﺨﻤ ﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻜﺫﻭ ﺏﻨﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻫﺫﻘﻨﻴ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺎﻓ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺱﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻓﻭ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻕﻤﻋ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻫﺫﻘﻨﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﻥﻬﻤﻻﺃ ﻑﻔﺨﻴﻭ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺃ ﻕﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻭﺘﻜﻤ ﺭﻋﺎﺸ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻻ ﻥﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺢﺘﻔﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻫﺩﻝﺍ . ﻑﺎﻴﻁﺃ ﻰﺸﻼﺘﺘ ﻻﻭ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻔﻁﻝﺍ ﺍﺩﺩﺠﻤ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺏﺤ ﻲﻘﺘﻠﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻻﺇ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ) ﻫ ﻴ ﺵﺘﻭﺩ ﻥﻴﻠ : 2008 ، 181 ( . ﻥﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻨﻓ ﺩﻗ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻴ لﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﺸﺎﻋ ﺔﺒﻌﺼ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭ ﺩﻻﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺤ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺓ . ﺏﺭﻁﻀﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻭ ،ﺎﻤ ﺽﺭﻤﺒ ﺕﺒﻴﺼﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻫﺭﻅﺘﻨﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﺎﻋﺯﻨﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺘﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺔﻠﻴﻁ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘ ﺭﻭﺤﻤ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺒﻗﺭﺘﻭ . ﻨﺯﻜﺭ ﺩﻘﻝﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻡﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻪﻝ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ

ﺫﺇ ،ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺕﺄﺸﻨ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﻴ ﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻨ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺎﺤ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﻁﻴ : ﻨﺎﻌﺘ لﻫ ﻲ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ؟ﻊﻔﺘﺭﻤ

2

-ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻓ

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ

: ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ .

3

ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ

: ﻥﺇ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﺎﻨﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺒﺴ ﻲﻫ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﻌﻝ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ : • ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﻭ ﺓﺭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺎﻬﺸﻴﻌﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ لﻜ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ لﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻥﻭﻜ ﻥﻴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺼ . • ﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻓﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺎﺒ ﻲﻅﺤﻴ ﻡﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻤ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻋ لﻤﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ ﺭﺴﻔﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺎﺒﻭ . • ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗﻭ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻅﻭﺤﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻲﻋﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴ .

4

-ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ

:

ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ) ،ﻪﺠﻼﻋ ،ﻪﻀﺍﺭﻋﺃ ،ﻪﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃ ،ﻪﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ (.. ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻘﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺕﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺜﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﺒﺒﺤﺃ ﺍﺫﻝ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ . ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻨﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤﻜﺘﻓ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺴ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝ ﻕﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ .

5

-ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ

:

1 -ﻥﻤﻜﺘ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﻭ لﻤﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ) ﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻲ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ( . 2 ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻀﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺴﻭﻷﺍﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﻨﺍ ﺕﻔﻝ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻔﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻼﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻲﻓ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﺒﻗ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺏﻋﺎﺘﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻝﺍ .

6

-ﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ

ﺎﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻡﻴ

:

1

.

ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ

:

ﻁﺸﻨﻴﻭ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﺩﺩﻬﻴ ﻪﻔﻗﻭﻤﻝ ﻪﻜﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻪﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﺘ ﺔﺘﻗﺅﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻪﻨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻨ ﻱﺩﺍﺭﺇﻼﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺯﺎﻬﺠ .

2

.

ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ

:

ﻭﻫ ﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲ ،ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﺫﺇ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻪﺘﺠﺭﺩ ﺕﻌﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺯﺇ ﻕﻠﻗ .

3

.

لﻤﺤﻝﺍ

:

ﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﻴﻭ ﺭﻬﺸﺃ ﺔﻌﺴﺘ ﻡﻭﺩﻴﻭ ﺔﻀﻴﻭﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻱﻭﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺃﺩﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝ ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﺒ . 4 .

ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ

: ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺏﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺩ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻁﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻴﻀﻭ ﻡﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺭﺠ ﺔﻋﺭﺴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻤﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻷﺍ .

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

: : : :

ﺕﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻗ

ﺕﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻗ

ﺕﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻗ

ﺕﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻗ

ﺪﻴﻬﲤ :

II

-ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻋ لﺨﺩﻤ

.

1

.

ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ

.

2

.

ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ

.

3

.

ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ

.

4

.

ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ

.

5

.

ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ

.

6

.

ﺔﻤﺴﻜ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻜ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ

7

.

ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺝﻼﻋ

.

III

-ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ

:

1

.

ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ

.

2

.

ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ

.

3

.

ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ

.

4

.

ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ

.

5

.

ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ

ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻔﻤﻝﺍ

.

6

.

ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ

.

7

.

ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺝﻼﻋ

.

ﺼﻼﺨﻝﺍ

ﺔ

.

ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ : ﻲﻓ ﻡﻅﻋﻷﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺓﺯﺭﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﻥﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻘﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ، ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻭ ﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺩﻌﻴﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻰﻗﻻ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﻋ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺕ ﻠﻓ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻠﻝ ﺔﺒ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺍﺫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺌﺎﺸﻝﺍ . ﺩﻴﻭﺭﻓ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ " ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻠﻁﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﺘﺤ ﻩﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺒ ﻲﻋﺍﻭ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺩﻭﻠﺨﺒ ﺩﻘﺘﻌﻴ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﻩﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﺄ . ﻓ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺫﺇ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺎ ﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻻﺇ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﻥ ﻩﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﺍﺭﻁﻀﺇ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﺤ ﻥﻤﺯﻤﻭ ﺩﺎ ﻪﻴﻤﺴﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ " ﻕﻠﻘﺒ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ." ﻰﻝﺎﻌﺘ لﺎﻗ ": ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺌﺍﺫ ﺱﻔﻨ لﻜ )" ﻥﺍﺭﻤﻋ لﺁ : 185 .(

I -ﻝ ﻡﺎﻋ لﺨﺩﻤ ﻕﻠﻘﻠ : 1 -ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ : ﺕﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻑﻴ ﺭﺎﻌﺘ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺎﺒﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ، ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻨ ﻥﺃ لﺒﻗﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ : 1 -1 -ﺔﻐﻝ : ﺸﻤ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺘ ﻕﻠﻗ لﻌﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘ -لﻘﻴ -ﺎﻘﻠﻗ : ﻱﺃ ،ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ،لﺎﻘﻴﻓ ﺏﺭﻁﻀﺍ . ﺯﻨﺍﻭ ﻋ ﺞ ـ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻲﻓ . ) ﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭ : 2000 ، 1004 .( 1 -2 -ﺎﺤﻼﻁﺼﺍ : * ﻱﺭﻫﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ : ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻁﻨﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻩﺩﺩﻬﺘﻴ ﺭﻁﺨ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺘﻭﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺴﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﻪﺒﺤﺼﺘ . ) ﻱﺭﻫﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ : 2005 ، 326 .( ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺴﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻪﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻝ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﺍﺭﻝﺍﻭ . * ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺓﺭﺒﺼ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ : " ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻭﻫ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ ﻴﻏ ﺔﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﺭ Mupleasant ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺠﻴﺯﻤ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻓﻼﺘﺌﺇ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ ،ﺏﻋﺭﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻉﺯﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺎﺒﻘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﺸ ﻊﻗﻭﺘ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻡﻬﻝﺍﻭ ، ،ﺙﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻴﺸﻭ ﺭ ﻭﺃ ﺱﺎﺴﺤﻹﺍ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺽﻤﺎﻏ ﻡﻬﺒﻤ ﺎﻤ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، . ) ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺓﺭﺒﺼ ﻲﻠﻋ : 2004 ، 88 ( ﻥﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﻔﺘﻴ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺀﻲﺸﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻗ ،ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺀﻲﺸﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻬﺠﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻀﻤﺎﻏ ﺎﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻪﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻ ﺩﻗ ﻱﺃ ، .

* ﺱﻭﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻯﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻨ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ : ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺏﺒﺴﻴﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻙﻠﻤﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﻤﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻪ ﻕﻴ ﻝﻷﺍﻭ ﺴﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻪﺘﺎﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻡ ﺘ ﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻫﻭﻁﺨﻴ ﺓﻭﻁﺨ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻴﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻘ ﺭﻭﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺽﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺨﻴﻭ ،ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺨﻴ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺨﻴﻭ ... ) ﺱﻭﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻯﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻨ : 2004 ، 118 .( * ﻲﻨﺭﻭﻫ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ : " ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺭﻁﺨﻝ ". ) ﻡﺴﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : 2004 ، 169 .( * ﻡﻴﺭﻜ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻱﺭﻜﺸ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ : " ﺓﺭﺒﺨ ﻪﻨﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ ،ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻪﻴﻓﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﻝ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺭﺸ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻴ . ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻻﻭ ﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﺒ ﺏﻭﺤﺼﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺱﺎﺴﺤﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍﻭ ... ) ﻡﻴﺭﻜ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻱﺭﻜﺸ : 2006 ، 21 ( ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻪﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍﻭ . * ﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻱﻭﺴﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻑ : " ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻌﺒ ﻑﺼﻴ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻠﻝ لﻌﻓ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻗﻭ ﺏﻗﺭﺘﻭ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻭ ﺕﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴﻭ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ." ) ﻱﻭﺴﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : 2000 ، 33 .( ،ﺕﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺫﺇ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺎﻓ ﻎﻴﺭﻔﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻭ ،ﻉﺍﺭﺼ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻭﺃ . ﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ لﻭﻘﻨ ،ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻕﻠﻘﻝ : ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ ﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻁﺨﻝ ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑ ) ﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻉ ( ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻪﺠﻭﻤ . ﺄﺒ ﺏﻭﺤﺼﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻭ ﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺽﺍﺭ .

2 -ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ : ﺩﻘﻝ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍ ﻲﺘﻵﺎﻜ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻨﺼ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺍ : 2 -1 -ﻲﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ : ﺍﺫﻫ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﺙﻌﺒﻴ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻪﺒﻨﻤ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺇ ﻥﻋ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﻌﻴﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺩﺎﺠﻴ ﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﺫﻌﺘﻴﻓ ،ﻪﺘﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻕﺯﺄﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻔ ﺎ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻴ ﺹﺨﺸ ﺽﺭﻤ ﺎﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺍﺭﻴﻁﺨ ﺎﻀﺭﻤ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﺯﻋ ... ) ﺱﻭﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ : 2004 ، 120 ( ﻕﻠﻗ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻱﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻲﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺭﻗﺃ ،ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻭﺃ ، .. ﺏﻌﻠﻴ ﺍﺫﻜﻫﻭ ﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻎﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭ ﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻓﺩ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ ﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻨﺘﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﻭﻬﻓ ،ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻠﻝ ﻝ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﻴﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸﺒ ﺔﻤﺯﻼ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﻝ ﺯﻔﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺠﺘﻭ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺎﻫﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺴﻴﺭﻜﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺯﻼ . ) ﺓﺭﺒﺼ : 2004 ، 99 -100 .( 2 -2 -ﻲﺒﺎﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ : لﻠﻘﻴﻭ ،ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻌﻀﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻭﻫ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﻨﻷ ،ﺏﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﺍﺫﻔﻨﺘﺴﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺽﻴﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﻼﻏﺎﺸ ﺍﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﺩﺤﺒ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﺔﻴﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻠﻝ ﻤ ﺏﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺭﺤﻴ ﺫﺇ ﺎﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﻡﻝﺅﻤ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﻭﺃ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﺒﻤﺒ ﻉﺎﺘﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥ ﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴ . ) ﻱﺭﻫﺍﺩﻝﺍ : 2005 ، 326 ( ﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ لﻅﻴ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﺘﺒﺎﺜ ﺔ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺏﺎﺼﻴ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻘﻓﻭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﻝ ﻥﺃ ﻰﺸﺨﻴﻭ ،ﻪﻝﺍﻭﻤﺃ ﺩﻘﻔﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺎﺨﻴ ﻭﻬﻓ ،ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻗﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺠﻝﺎﺒ ... ) ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻡﺴﺎﺠ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : 2004 ، 245 ( 2 -3 -ﻲﻘﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ : ﺼﻤ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻨﻷﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻘﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ،لﺠﺨ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻝﺃ ﺱﻴﺴﺎﺤﺄﻜ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺭﺎﺜﻴﻭ ﻕﻼﺨﻷﺍﻭ لﺜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻑﻝﺎﺨﺘ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻜﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺀﻲﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺍﺫﺇ ،ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻘﻌﺒ ﺩﺩﻬﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎ

ﻪﺒﺎﻘﻋ ﻰﻠﻋﻷﺍ ﺎﻨﻷﺍ لﺯﻨﻴ ﺕﺎﻴﻗﻼﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ لﻌﻔﺒ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻌﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﻏ ﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺜﻹﺍﻭ ﻡﺩﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻩﺭﺎﻌﺸﺇ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻪﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﻤ ﻪﻝ ﺎﺒﻴﻨﺄﺘ لﺠﺨﻝﺍﻭ . ) ﺱﺎﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﻐﺒ : 2006 ، 129 .( 2 -4 -ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ : ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻭﻫ ﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺎﻓ ، ﻠﻝ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻡﻜﺤﺒ ﻥﻭﺌﻴﻬﻤ ﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﻕﻠﻘ ﺎ ﻡﻫ ﻪﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺩﺸﺃ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﺒ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺤﺇ ﺏﺎﺘﻨﻴﻭ ،ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﺠﺭﻴ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺱﻭﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻬﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺍﺩﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺱﺠﺍﻭﻬﻝﺎﺒ لﻘﺘﻨﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺒﺭﺘﻴ ﻕﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﻁﻴﺴﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻅﺤﻝ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻱﺃ لﻼﺨﻭ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺼﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺢﺒ -ﻕﻠﻗﻭ ،ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺯﻼﺘ ﺔﻴﻁﺨ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺴﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺫﺇ ﻭﻴﺯﻴﻔﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﻘﺴﻹ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍﻭ . ) ﺱﺎﻴﻻﺇ ﺔﺠﻴﻐﻴ : 2006 ، 138 ( ﻕﻠﻗ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻷ ،ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺇ ﺘ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺯﻴﻤ ﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺤ لﻗﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺯﻜﺭ ﺍﺫﻝﻭ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺓﺩ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻀﺭﻋ .. 3 -ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ : ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﻥﺇ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻪﻗﺭﻔﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﺒ ﻪﻗﺭﻔﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﻀﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﻲﻫ ،ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ لﻭﻘﻨ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ : 3 -1 -ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ : ﺎﺠﺘﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﻥﺭﺘﻘﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺃﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺘﺸﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻁﺭﻔﻤ ﻑﻭﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺯﻭ ﺏﺎﺼﻴﻭ ، ﺞﻴﻬﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺽﻴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻭ لﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﻯﺫﻷﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻁﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻔﻴﻭ ﺏﻀﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺌﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻨﺄﻤﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ، ﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺏﺭﻬﻝ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ . ﻴﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ،ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﻪﻠﻜ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻫﻭﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺜﻜﻭ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻌﻀ لﺜﻤ ﺔ ﺓﺩﺎﺤ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﺽﻴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻨﻴ ﻔﻨﺎﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍ لﺎﺼ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﻔﻨﺍﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ . ) ﺝﺭﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﺤ ﻑﻴﻁﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : 2009 ، 153 (

ﺎﻬﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﺓﺩﺸ ﻭﺃ ﻁﻐﻀ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺄﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻁﺭﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺌﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺎﻜ . ) ﺭﻴﻘﺸ : 2005 ، 329 .( ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻌﻀﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍﻭﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﺘﻭ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﺴﻭ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ لﺼﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺒﻀﻤﻝ .. ) ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﺴﺤ ﻡﻨﺎﻏ : 2007 ، 24 .( 3 -2 -ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ : ﺤﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﻴ ﺔﺸﺎﻜﻋ ﺩﻤ ) 1992 ( ،ﺎﻋﻭﻴﺸ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﺸﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺠﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻯﺫﻐﺘﺘﻭ ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻤ ﻡﺴ ﻼ ﺇ ﻪﻜﺭﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﺭ ﺱﻭﻤﻼﺘﻭﺒﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﻭ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺩﻘﻓ لﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤﺒ لﺼﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻱﺩﺒﻴ ﻻﻭ لﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺒﻜﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺽﻴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺼﺘﺘﻭ : 3 -2 -1 -ﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻱﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﺒ ﺔﻁ : ،ﺭﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻀﻋ ﻡﻻﺃ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺭﻓ ﺕﺎﻗﺩ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺏﻠﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺽﺒﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ . 3 -2 -2 -ﻲﺴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ : ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ،ﺭﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻀ ﻕﺎﺸﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻭ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ... 3 -2 -3 -ﻲﻤﻀﻬﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ : ﻥﺍﺩﻘﻓ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻭ ﻡﻀﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃﻭ ،ﺥﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﻕﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﻐﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻠﺒ ،ﺀﻲﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺜﻐﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻙﺎﺴﻤﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ لﺎﻬﺴﻹﺍ . 3 -2 -4 -ﻲﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻠﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ : ﺭﻬﻅﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻋﺍﺭﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻗﺎﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻻﻵﺍ ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻬﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﻷﺍ ،ﺔﺒﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺸﻋﺭﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺎﺠﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﻪﻌﻁﻘﺘﻭ ﺕﻭﺼﻝﺍ .

3 -2 -5 -ﻋﺃ ﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺒﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺽﺍﺭ ﻲﻠ : ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻠﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺹﻗﺎﻨﺘ ،لﻭﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺜﻜ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻘﻓ ﺎﻤﺒﺭ ﻌﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻨ ﺔ ﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﺴﻨ . ) ﺓﺭﺒﺼ : 2004 ، 104 -105 ( 3 -2 -6 -ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻲﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ : ﺔﺸﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺠﺘﺭﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻠﻏﺯﻭ لﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻠﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﺤﺸﻭ ﺱﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺠﻭﻭ ﺭﺍﻭﺩ ﻊﻤ ، ﻥﻴﻌﻝﺍ .. ) ﻯﻭﺴﻴﻋ ﻥﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : 2002 ، 09 ( 3 -2 -7 -ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﺩﻠﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ : ﻹﺍ ﺩﻠﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﺄﺸﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﻨ : ﻤﻴﺯﻜﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺤ ،ﺎﻴﺭﺎﻜﺘﺭﻻﺍ ،ﺎ ،ﻕﺎﻬﺒﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻘﺴ .. ) ﻱﺩﻝﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺏﻴﺩﺃ : 2006 ، 213 .( 3 -3 -ﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠ : ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﺘ ﻝ ﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻌﻔﻨﻺ ﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋ ،ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﺴﻔ ﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻱﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﺒﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﻌﻠﻴ ﺎﻬﺘﺄﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺯ ﻲﻓ ﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﻴ ﻋ ﺎﻬﻀﺍﺭ ﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺒﺫﻝﺎﻜ ﻡﺯﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺭ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺠ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﺒﺭ لﺼﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺭﻗ ،ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻝﺍ لﻭﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻋ ﻲﻨﺜﻹﺍ ، ﺔﻴﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻘﻓﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻝﻭﻘﻝﺍ ، . ) ﺓﺭﺒﺼ : 2004 ، 105 ( 4 -ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ : ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻥﺇ ﻪﺘﺎﺒﺒﺴﻤﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻪ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻠﻴ : 4 -1 -ﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﺜﺍﺭﻭﻝﺍ : ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺜﺍﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺘ ﺩﻜﺅ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻡﺌﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻻﺍ ﻲﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺒﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ،ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﺘﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﺨ ﻥﻴﻤﺃﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ . ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻥﺃ 15% ﺭﻤ ﺓﻭﺨﺇﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻀ ﻰ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻌﻴ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﻝﺍ . ) ﺝﺭﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﺤ ﻑﻴﻁﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : 2009 ، 151 (

4 -2 -ﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ : ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﻌﻀﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻡ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻪﻀﺭﻔﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻴ ﻪﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔ ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺩﺒ ﺕﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻌﺘﻭ ،ﻪﻌﻗﻭﺘﻭ ﺏﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻨﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﺒﻜﻝﺍ لﺸﻓﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝ ... ) ﻑﻴﻁﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : 2009 ، 151 -152 ( ﻁﺒﺭ ﺩﻗﻭ " ﻙﺍﺭﻭﺘﺃ " ﺩﻼﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ) ﻡﺤﺭ ﻥﻤ لﻔﻁﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺭﺨ ﻪﻤﺃ ( لﺎﺼﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻪﻨﺇ ﻡﺜ ، ﻁﻔﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﻡﺎ ، ﻹﺍ لﻘﺘﻨﻴ ﺍﺫﻜﻫﻭ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺎﻫﺫﻠﻝ ﻡﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ لﺎﺼﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻡﺜ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﻨ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ".. ) ﻱﺭﻫﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ ﻱﺩﻴﺒﻌﻝﺍ : 1999 .( ﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻨﺭﺃﻭ ﻡﻭﺭﻴﺠ ﺩﺩﺤ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔ ﺕﺴ ) 1986 ( ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ، . ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻌﻨ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ : 1 -ﺫﻷﺍ ﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻯ ﻱﺩﺴ Physicalharm 2 -ﺫﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺽﻓﺭﻝﺍ . Rejection 3 ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ Uncertainty 4 -ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ Cognutuve Dissonance 5 -ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﻁﺎﺒﺤﻹﺍ . ) ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺓﺭﺒﺼ : 2004 ، 96 -97 ( 5 -ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ : ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ،ﻩﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻭ ،ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺒﺴﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻥﺇ ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻵﺎﻜ ﻲﻫﻭ : 5 -1 -ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ – ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ : ﺯﻜﺭ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺠﻤﺩ " ﺍﺭﻭﺩﻨﺎﺒ " ، ﺎﻁﻤﻨ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻉﻭﻨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺌﻼﻤﺯﻭ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻠﻝ

ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻥﻋ ﻁﺍﺭﺸﻹﺍ لﺍﻭﺤﻷﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺯﺯﻌﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﻠﻓ ﻲﻜﻴﺴﻼﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ . ﺙﺤﺒ ﺩﻘﻝﻭ " ﺍﺭﻭﺩﻨﺎﺒ " ﻲﻫ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ : ﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ . ﺏ - ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﻤﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﻑﻜ . ﺝ -ﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺼﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻘﺘ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ لﻴﻬﺴﺘ . ) ﻋ ﺝﺭﻓ ﻥﻴﺴﺤ ﻑﻴﻁﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒ : 2009 ، 138 .( ﻥﺃ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻼﻘﻋ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﺎﻬﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻻﺇ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﻭ ﺔﺌﻁﺎﺨﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﺠﻋﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﻭﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﻡﻤﻌﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺍﻭﺭﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻴﺼﻴﻭ ﺭ ﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻔﺌﺎﺨ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻝ ﺔﻬﺒﺎ . 5 -2 ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ : ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﺩﻴﻭﺭﻓ ﻡﺘﻫﺇ ﺩﺩﻬﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻡﺩﺎﻗ ﺭﻁﺨﺒ ﺭﺍﺫﻨﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﺇ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻴﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ . ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻘﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺞﺘﻨﻴ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ﻝﻹﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ﻪﻨﻴﻨﺍﻭﻗﻭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺍﺯﺘ ﺒﻜﻤ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺇ ﺕﺎﺘﻭ ﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔ .. ) ﻏ ﻥﺴﺤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻡﻨﺎ : 2007 ، 315 .( ﺭﺴﻔﻴ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ " ﺩﻴﻭﺭﻓ " ﻥﻋ ﻡﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺃﺭﻁﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻓﺩﻨﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺝﺭﺨﻤ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ . ﺔﻝﻭﻔﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﻴﻭ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻭﻫ ﺕﺒﻜﻠﻝ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺕﺒﻜﻠﻝ ... ) ﻱﺭﻫﺍﺩﻝﺍ : 2005 ، 330 -331 .( 5 -3 -ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ : لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻯﺭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﻤﺤﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺃ ﻭﺠﻭ ﺩﺩﻬﺘ ﺩ ﻪﺘﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺩﺩﻬﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ . ﻓ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﺸﻓ ﻭﻫ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﻪﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﻴﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻋﻹ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻗﺎﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻀﻌﺒ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺎﻤ ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺼﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻼﺘ ﻻ ﺽﺭﻤﺒ ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺀﺎﻔﺸ ...

ﻯﺭﻴﻭ " ﺯﺭﺠﻭﺭ " ﻥﻴﺒ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ،ﻪﺘﺎﺤﻭﻤﻁﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺤﺘ ﻕﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺌﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺙﺩ . ) ﻥﻴﺴﺤ ﻑﻴﻁﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺝﺭﻓ : 2009 ، 141 .( ﺘ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺎﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﻴﺜﻤﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﻁﺒﺘﺭ ﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ل ﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﺒ لﺒﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻊﺠﺭﺘ . 5 -4 -ﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘ : ﺩﺌﺍﺭ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ " ﻲﺘﺭﺎﻤﺭﻴﻴﺒ " (Pierre marty ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻁﺨ ﺽﺭﻤ ﻪﺒﺒﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﻲﺴﻔﻨ ﺹﻭﻜﻨ ﻲﺌﺯﺠ ﻉﻭﺠﺭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺼﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺨ ﺏﺒﺴ ﺒﺜﺘﻠﻝ ﺘ ﻲﻀﺭﻤ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﺫﺇ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ . (Pierre Marty :1991, 21) ﺇ ﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥ ﺽﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝ ﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻁﺨ ﻭﻫ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻱﺃ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﺴﺠﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨ . ﺀﺍﺭﺠ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﺸﻨﺒ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻔﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﻁﺨﻭ ﻥﻤﺯﻤ ﺽﺭﻤﺒ ﺔﺒﺎﺼ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺎﻜ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ . 6 -ﺔﻤﺴﻜ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻜ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ : ﺭﺠﺭﺒﻠﻴﺒﺴ ﺯﻴﻤ ﺩﻘﻝ ) 1972 ( ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺴ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ . ﺃ -ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺴ : Trait Anxiety ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺴﻜ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ) ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻜ ( ﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺩﺒﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ، ﺎ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﺍﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﻙﻠﻤﻴ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﺒﺴﺘﻜﻤ ﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻴﺒﻜ ﺍﺩﺩﻋ ﺵﻴﻌﻴ ﻥﻷ ﻴﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺓﺭ ﺓﺩﺩﻬﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﺒ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺏﻴﺠﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻪﺘﺩﺸ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ... ﺏ -ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ : State Anxiety ﺎﺤ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺤﻹﺍ ﻱﺃ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺞﻋﺯﻤ ﻪﺘﺭﺎﺜﺇ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻁﺨﺒ . ﻭﺃ ﻡﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﺒﺴﻴ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﺒ ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻑﺼﺘﺘﻭ ﺩﺩﻬﻤ ﺀﻲﺸ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﺔﻜﺭﺩﻤ . ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤ ﻕﺭﻁﺒ ﺭﺎﺜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ