Minimisation de la force de
contrainte lombaire des égoutiers .
Fait par: Romain Jallon
Étude en cours:
Objectif: caractériser l’influence des outils et des couvercles d’égouts sur le travail des égoutiers.
Travail des égoutiers:
n Ouverture de couvercle d’aqueducs ou d’égouts.
n Utilisation d’outils adaptés: le crochet, le pic et
n Utilisation d’outils adaptés: le crochet, le pic et le protol.
n Soulèvement de plusieurs type de couvercle.
n Contraintes lombaires (force de compression en L5-S1) très importantes lors du travail.
=> risques d’accident du travail.
Problématique: Analyser les postures selon le type d’outil et de couvercle pour:
n Éventail des risques potentiels pour l’égoutier.
n Émission de recommandations pour un outil plus sécuritaire.
Analyse des postures:
Utilisation du logiciel 3DSSPP
n Modélisation de la posture avec un mannequin 3D:
Analyse des postures:
Utilisation du logiciel 3DSSPP
Objectif du plan d’expérience
n Étudier les conditions qui minimisent la force de compression lombaire (L5-S1) de l’égoutier lors de l’utilisation du crochet.
n Identification de 5 facteurs contrôlables:
Valeur Valeur
n 1 variable de réponse: Force de compression en L5/S1.
Variable Nom Valeur
minimum
Valeur maximum X1 Angle de flexion du tronc (Trunk flexion) 50° 110°
X2 Angle de l’avant bras (ForeArm) -90° 0°
X3 Angle du bras (UpperArm) -90° -45°
X4 Angle de la force exercée avec l’outil -90° -45°
X5 Poids du couvercle 60 kg 100 kg
Plan fractionnaire 2 (5-1)
n Analyse exploratoire.
n Générer un plan fractionnaire avec Statistica: 2 (5-1) avec 3 répétitions au centre et pas de randomisation.
Aliasing of Effects (Computed from Generators) (maths) 2**(5-1) design, Resolution R=V
Design: 2**(5-1) design (maths) Standard
Run A B C D E
2**(5-1) design, Resolution R=V Word lengths: {1}
Factor Alias
1 A B C D E 1*2 1*3 1*4 1*5 2*3 2*4 2*5 3*4 3*5 4*5
3*4*5 2*4*5 2*3*5 2*3*4 1*4*5 1*3*5 1*3*4 1*2*5 1*2*4 1*2*3
Fractional Design Generators (maths) 2**(5-1) design
(Factors are denoted by numbers) Factor Alias
5 1234
Run A B C D E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 (C) 18 (C) 19 (C)
-1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000
Plan fractionnaire 2 (5-1) :Analyse
Effect Estimates; Var.:L5/S1; R-sqr=,99888; Adj:,99325 (maths) 2**(5-1) design; MS Residual=16372,9
DV: L5/S1 Factor
Effect Std.Err. t(3) p Coeff. Std.Err.
Coeff.
Mean/Interc.
(1)Flexion (2)Forearm (3)Upperarm (4)Handforce degree (5)Weight 1 by 2 1 by 3
2873,42 29,35526 97,8844 0,000002 2873,421 29,35526 -1768,13 63,97831 -27,6363 0,000104 -884,063 31,98916 1390,38 63,97831 21,7320 0,000213 695,188 31,98916 639,38 63,97831 9,9936 0,002132 319,688 31,98916 -374,13 63,97831 -5,8477 0,009968 -187,063 31,98916 1166,88 63,97831 18,2386 0,000360 583,438 31,98916 -977,13 63,97831 -15,2728 0,000610 -488,563 31,98916 -623,63 63,97831 -9,7474 0,002294 -311,813 31,98916
ANOVA; Var.:L5/S1; R-sqr=,99888; Adj:,99325 (maths) 2**(5-1) design; MS Residual=16372,9
DV: L5/S1
Factor SS df MS F p
(1)Flexion (2)Forearm (3)Upperarm (4)Handforce degree (5)Weight 1 by 2 1 by 3 1 by 4 1 by 5
12505064 1 12505064 763,7661 0,000104 7732571 1 7732571 472,2787 0,000213 1635202 1 1635202 99,8725 0,002132 559878 1 559878 34,1954 0,009968 5446389 1 5446389 332,6466 0,000360 3819093 1 3819093 233,2570 0,000610 1555633 1 1555633 95,0127 0,002294 5016480 1 5016480 306,3893 0,000406 47198 1 47198 2,8827 0,188103 1 by 4
1 by 5 2 by 3 2 by 4 2 by 5 3 by 4 3 by 5 4 by 5
1119,88 63,97831 17,5040 0,000406 559,938 31,98916 -108,63 63,97831 -1,6978 0,188103 -54,313 31,98916 901,88 63,97831 14,0966 0,000773 450,938 31,98916 -9,13 63,97831 -0,1426 0,895626 -4,563 31,98916 286,38 63,97831 4,4761 0,020785 143,188 31,98916 -210,63 63,97831 -3,2921 0,046004 -105,313 31,98916 -328,63 63,97831 -5,1365 0,014295 -164,313 31,98916 528,38 63,97831 8,2587 0,003718 264,188 31,98916
2 by 3 2 by 4 2 by 5 3 by 4 3 by 5 4 by 5 Error Total SS
3253514 1 3253514 198,7134 0,000773 333 1 333 0,0203 0,895626 328043 1 328043 20,0357 0,020785 177452 1 177452 10,8381 0,046004 431978 1 431978 26,3837 0,014295 1116721 1 1116721 68,2054 0,003718
49119 3 16373 43674665 18
Pareto Chart of Standardized Effects ; Variable: L5/S1 2**(5-1) des ign; MS Res idual=16372,9
DV: L5/S1
-,142626 -1,69784
-3,29213 4,476126
-5,13651 -5,84768
8,258658 -9,74744
9,993621 14,09657
-15,2728 17,50 398
18,2386 21,73197
-27,6363
p=,05
Standardized Effect Es tim ate (Abs olute Value) 2by4
3by4 3by5 4by5 (3)Upperarm 1by2 (5)Weight (1)Flexion
Probability Plot; Var.:L5/S1; R-s qr=,99888; Adj:,99325 2**(5-1) des ign; MS Res idual=16372,9
DV: L5/S1
2by41by5(4)Handforce degree3by42by53by5(3)Upperarm4by51by3 2by31by2 1by4 (5)Weight
(2)Forearm (1)Flexion
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
- Interactions - Main effects and other effects Standardized Effects (t-values ) (Abs olute Values ) 0,0
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
Expected Half-Normal Values (Half-Normal Plot)
,05 ,25 ,45 ,65 ,75 ,85 ,95 ,99
Les résultats ne sont pas
Plan fractionnaire 2 (5-1) :Analyse
Effect Estimates; Var.:L5/S1; R-sqr=,99888; Adj:,99325 (maths) 2**(5-1) design; MS Residual=16372,9
DV: L5/S1 Factor
Coeff. minimise Mean/Interc.
(1)Flexion (2)Forearm (3)Upperarm (4)Handforce degree (5)Weight
2873,421 -884,063 1,00000
695,188 -1,00000 319,688 -1,00000 -187,063 1,00000 583,438 -1,00000
Effect Estimates; Var.:L5/S1; R-sqr=,99888; Adj:,99325 (maths) 2**(5-1) design; MS Residual=16372,9
DV: L5/S1 Factor
Coeff
=abs(v1) Mean/Interc.
(1)Flexion
2873,42105 884,06250
n Les résultats ne sont pas concluants.
n Beaucoup de variables significatives.
n Mauvaise stratégie d’approche (trop de facteurs et grands écarts de posture)
(5)Weight 1 by 2 1 by 3 1 by 4 1 by 5 2 by 3 2 by 4 2 by 5 3 by 4 3 by 5 4 by 5
583,438 -1,00000 -488,563 1,00000 -311,813 1,00000 559,938 -1,00000
-54,313 450,938 -1,00000
-4,563 143,188 -1,00000 -105,313 1,00000 -164,313 1,00000 264,188 -1,00000
Pour minimiser:
1 by 2: 1*-1= -1 en réalité c’est 1 pour minimiser.
(2)Forearm (5)Weight 1 by 4 1 by 2 2 by 3 (3)Upperarm 1 by 3 4 by 5
(4)Handforce degree 3 by 5
2 by 5 3 by 4 1 by 5 2 by 4
695,18750 583,43750 559,93750 488,56250 450,93750 319,68750 311,81250 264,18750 187,06250 164,31250 143,18750 105,31250 54,31250 4,56250
Nouveau plan factoriel
n Semble logique que la force de compression dépende du poids du couvercle.
n Le « Handforce degree » est le moins significatif des facteurs.
n Je fixe:
¡
L’angle de la force exercée avec l’outil: -65°
¡
L’angle de la force exercée avec l’outil: -65°
¡
Le poids: 80 kg.
¡
Plus petite variation des trois autres facteurs.
Variable Nom Valeur
plan 2
(5-1)Valeur nv plan X1 Angle de flexion du tronc (Trunk flexion) 50°/110° 75°/95°
X2 Angle de l’avant bras (ForeArm) -90°/0° -70°/-40°
X3 Angle du bras (UpperArm) -90°/-45° -100°/-70°
X4 Angle de la force exercée avec l’outil -90°/-45° -65°
X5 Poids du couvercle 60/100 kg 80 kg
Plan factoriel complet 2 3
n Analyse confirmatoire
n Génère avec Statistica un plan complet 2 3 avec 4 points au centre et pas de randomisation.
n Plan factoriel fractionnaire 2 3-1 non recommandé car de résolution III.
Forearm UpperArm Flexion L5-S1Design: 2**(3-0) design (maths3) Standard
Run A B C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (C) 10 (C) 11 (C) 12 (C)
-1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000
-70 -100 75 1237
-40 -100 75 2211
-70 -70 75 2183
-40 -70 75 3001
-70 -100 95 983
-40 -100 95 978
-70 -70 95 942
-40 -70 95 1990
-55 -85 85 1584
-55 -85 85 1584
-55 -85 85 1584
-55 -85 85 1584
Plan factoriel complet 2 3 :Analyse
Effect Estimates; Var.:L5-S1; R-sqr=,94836; Adj:,88639 2**(3-0) design; MS Residual=42605,43 DV: L5-S1
Factor
Effect Std.Err. t(5) p Coeff. Std.Err.
Coeff.
Mean/Interc.
(1)Forearm (2)Upperarm (3)Flexion
1655,083 59,5857 27,77653 0,000001 1655,083 59,58568 708,750 145,9545 4,85597 0,004650 354,375 72,97725 676,750 145,9545 4,63672 0,005649 338,375 72,97725 -934,750 145,9545 -6,40439 0,001376 -467,375 72,97725
Pareto Chart of Standardized Ef f ect s; Variable: L5-S1 2**(3-0) design; MS Residual=42605,43
DV: L5-S1
-1,31034 1,536438
4,636719 4,855965
-6, 40439
2by 3 1by 2 (2)Upperarm (1)Forearm (3)F lex ion
1 by 2 1 by 3 2 by 3
224,250 145,9545 1,53644 0,185032 112,125 72,97725 -187,250 145,9545 -1,28293 0,255764 -93,625 72,97725 -191,250 145,9545 -1,31034 0,247043 -95,625 72,97725
ANOVA; Var.:L5-S1; R-sqr=,94836; Adj:,88639 (maths3) 2**(3-0) design; MS Residual=42605,43
DV: L5-S1
Factor SS df MS F p
(1)Forearm (2)Upperarm (3)Flexion 1 by 2 1 by 3 2 by 3 Error Total SS
1004653 1 1004653 23,58040 0,004650 915981 1 915981 21,49916 0,005649 1747515 1 1747515 41,01625 0,001376 100576 1 100576 2,36064 0,185032 70125 1 70125 1,64592 0,255764 73153 1 73153 1,71699 0,247043 213027 5 42605
4125031 11
-1, 28293
p=, 05
Standardized Ef f ect Estim ate (Absolute Value) 1by 3
Prob ability Plot; Var.:L5-S1 ; R-s q r=,948 36; Ad j:,88639 2**(3-0 ) des ign; MS Res idu al=42 605,43
DV: L 5-S1
1by3 2 by3 1by2
(2)Up pe ra rm (1 )Fore arm
(3 )Flexio n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
- Intera ctions - Main effects and other effects Stand ardized Effects (t-values ) (Ab s olute Val ues ) 0,0
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
Expected Half-Normal Values (Half-Normal Plot)
,0 5 ,2 5 ,4 5 ,6 5 ,7 5 ,8 5 ,9 5 ,9 9
n Test de significativité: OK (R 2 adj = 0,89).
n Test de normalité: OK
n Analyse des résidus: OK
Plan factoriel complet 2 3 :Analyse
Normal Prob. Plot; Raw Residuals 2**(3-0) design; MS Res idual=42605,43
DV: L5-S1
1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
,95 ,99 Observed vs. Residual Values
2**(3-0) design; MS Residual=42605,43 DV: L5-S1
150 200 250
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Residual -3,0
-2,5 -2,0 -1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0
Expected Normal Value
,01 ,05 ,15 ,35 ,55 ,75
Predicted vs . R es idual Values 2**(3-0) des ign; MS R es idual=42605,43
D V: L5-S1
50 0 100 0 150 0 200 0 250 0 300 0 350 0
Predicted Values -1 50
-1 00 -5 0 0 50 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0
Raw Residuals
Obs erv ed v s . Predic t ed Values 2**(3-0) des ign; MS R es idual=42605,43
D V: L5-S1
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Obs erv ed Values 500
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Predicted Values
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Observed Values -150
-100 -50 0 50 100
Raw Residuals
Optimisation: plan CCD
n Analyse confirmatoire / optimisation
n Génère avec Statistica un plan CCD (16 essais et 2 répétitions au centre)
2**(3) central composite, nc=8 ns=6 n0=2 Runs=16 (mathsCC) Standard
Run A B C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (C) 16 (C)
-1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 -1,68179 0,00000 0,00000 1,68179 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 -1,68179 0,00000 0,00000 1,68179 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 -1,68179 0,00000 0,00000 1,68179 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000
Optimisation: plan CCD
Effect Estimates; Var.:L5-S1; R-sqr=,99908; Adj:,9977 (mathsCC) 3 factors, 1 Blocks, 16 Runs; MS Residual=683,6878
DV: L5-S1 Factor
Effect Std.Err. t(6) p Coeff. Std.Err.
Coeff.
Mean/Interc.
(1)Forearm (L) Forearm (Q) (2)Upper arm(L) Upper arm(Q) (3)Flexion (L)
1585,991 18,43680 86,0231 0,000000 1585,991 18,43680 603,365 14,14822 42,6460 0,000000 301,683 7,07411 -31,354 17,17333 -1,8257 0,117684 -15,677 8,58666 582,708 14,14493 41,1955 0,000000 291,354 7,07247 -6,963 17,15665 -0,4058 0,698943 -3,481 8,57832 -772,802 14,14987 -54,6155 0,000000 -386,401 7,07493
Pareto Chart of Standardized Effects; Variable: L5-S1 3 factors, 1 Blocks, 16 Runs; MS Residual=683,6878
DV: L5-S1
-,899292 -1,75725 -1,82572 2,377923 2,459885
41,19555 42,64601
-54,6155
Flexion(Q) 1Lby2L Forearm(Q) 2Lby3L 1Lby3L (2)Upper arm(L) (1)Forearm(L) (3)Flexion(L)
(3)Flexion (L) Flexion (Q) 1L by 2L 1L by 3L 2L by 3L
-772,802 14,14987 -54,6155 0,000000 -386,401 7,07493 -15,451 17,18166 -0,8993 0,403143 -7,726 8,59083 -32,490 18,48902 -1,7573 0,129386 -16,245 9,24451 45,481 18,48902 2,4599 0,049127 22,740 9,24451 43,965 18,48901 2,3779 0,054924 21,983 9,24451 ANOVA; Var.:L5-S1; R-sqr=,99908; Adj:,9977 (mathsCC) 3 factors, 1 Blocks, 16 Runs; MS Residual=683,6878 DV: L5-S1
Factor SS df MS F p
(1)Forearm (L) Forearm (Q) (2)Upper arm(L) Upper arm(Q) (3)Flexion (L) Flexion (Q) 1L by 2L 1L by 3L 2L by 3L Error Total SS
1243411 1 1243411 1818,682 0,000000 2279 1 2279 3,333 0,117684 1160268 1 1160268 1697,073 0,000000 113 1 113 0,165 0,698943 2039340 1 2039340 2982,853 0,000000 553 1 553 0,809 0,403143 2111 1 2111 3,088 0,129386 4137 1 4137 6,051 0,049127 3866 1 3866 5,655 0,054924
4102 6 684
4460156 15
-,405831 -,899292
p=,05
Standardized Effect Estimate (Absolute Value) Upper arm(Q)
Flexion(Q)
P robabi li ty Pl ot; Var.:L5-S1; R-s qr=,99908; Adj:,9977 3 fac tors , 1 Bl oc ks , 16 Runs ; MS Res idual =683,6878
DV: L5-S1
Upper arm(Q) Fl exi on(Q)
1Lby2L Forearm(Q)
2L by3 L 1Lby3L
(2)Upper arm (L) (1)Forearm(L)
(3)Fl exion(L)
-1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
- Interac ti ons - Mai n effec ts and other effec ts Standardi zed E ffec ts (t-values ) (Abs ol ute Val ues ) 0,0
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
Expected Half-Normal Values (Half-Normal Plot)
,05 ,25 ,45 ,65 ,75 ,85 ,95 ,99
Optimisation: plan CCD
N ormal Prob. Plot; R aw R esiduals 3 factors, 1 Blocks, 16 R uns; M S Residual= 683,6878
D V: L5-S1
1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
Expected Normal Value
,95 ,99
Res iduals vs . Del eted Res idual s 3 fac tors , 1 Bl oc ks , 16 Runs ; MS Res i dual=683,6878
DV : L5-S1
3 4 5 6 7 8
Studentized Del. Residuals
n Test de significativité: OK (R
2adj= 0,997).
n Test de normalité: OK
n Analyse des résidus: OK
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
R esidual -3, 0
-2, 5 -2, 0 -1, 5 -1, 0 -0, 5 0,0 0,5
Expected Normal Value
,01 ,05 ,15 ,35 ,55 ,75
Observed vs. Predicted Values 3 factors, 1 Blocks, 16 Runs; MS Residual=683,6878
DV: L5-S1
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 Observed Values
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
Predicted Values
Observed vs. Residual Values 3 factors, 1 Blocks, 16 Runs; MS Residual=683,6878
DV: L5-S1
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14001600 1800 20002200 2400 2600 2800 Observed Values
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Raw Residuals
-4 0 -30 -20 -1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50
Raw Res idual s -4
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Studentized Del. Residuals
Optimisation: plan CCD
Des irability S urface/Contours; Method: Spline F it
0,31 0,26 0,21 0,16 0,11 0,06 0,01
Des irability S urface/Contours; Method: Spline F it
0,31 0,26 0,21 0,16 0,11 0,06 0,01
-72 -70 -68 -66 -64 -62 -60 -58 Forearm -102
-100 -98 -96 -94 -92 -90 -88
Upper arm
0,31 0,26 0,21 0,16 0,11 0,06 0,01
0,31 0,26 0,21 0,16 0,11 0,06 0,01
Les facteurs significatifs et leurs valeurs sont
• Forearm (L) : -1 : -64°
• Upper arm (L) : -1 : -94°
• Flexion (L) : 1 : 91°
1 by 3 : -1*1 = -1 (OK)
Force en L5-S1 = 493 N
Forearm
0,31 0,26 0,21 0,16 0,11 0,06 0,01
-72 -70 -68 -66 -64 -62 -60 -58 Forearm 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96
Flexion
0,31 0,26 0,21 0,16 0,11 0,06 0,01
-102 -100
-98 -96
-94 -92
-90 -88 Upper arm 89
90 91 92 93 94 95 96
Flexion