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Compréhension des facteurs de contrôle des performances de la déshydratation mécanique des boues résiduaires en filtre-presse

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HAL Id: tel-01308192

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308192

Submitted on 27 Apr 2016

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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Compréhension des facteurs de contrôle des

performances de la déshydratation mécanique des boues résiduaires en filtre-presse

Julian Tosoni

To cite this version:

Julian Tosoni. Compréhension des facteurs de contrôle des performances de la déshydratation mé- canique des boues résiduaires en filtre-presse. Autre. Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2015. Français. �NNT : 2015CLF22650�. �tel-01308192�

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