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Are your rules online? Four web rule essentials

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Are your rules online? Four web rule essentials

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National Research Council Canada Institute for Information Technology Conseil national de recherches Canada Institut de technologie de l'information

Are Your Rules Online? Four Web Rule

Essentials *

Boley, H.

October 2007

* published at the International RuleML Symposium on Rule Interchange and Applications (RuleML-2007). October 25-26, 2007. Orlando, Florida, USA. NRC 49875.

Copyright 2007 by

National Research Council of Canada

Permission is granted to quote short excerpts and to reproduce figures and tables from this report, provided that the source of such material is fully acknowledged.

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❆r❡ ❨♦✉r ❘✉❧❡s ❖♥❧✐♥❡❄

❋♦✉r ❲❡❜ ❘✉❧❡ ❊ss❡♥t✐❛❧s

❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡② ✭❤❛r♦❧❞✳❜♦❧❡② ❆❚ ♥r❝✳❣❝✳❝❛✮ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ④ ❡✲❇✉s✐♥❡ss ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧ ♦❢ ❈❛♥❛❞❛ ❋r❡❞❡r✐❝t♦♥✱ ◆❇✱ ❊✸❇ ✾❲✹✱ ❈❛♥❛❞❛ ❆❜str❛❝t✳ ❋♦✉r ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡ ✐ss✉❡s ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦✉r st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥ts✿ ■✶✮ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❛❝t ❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐♥ ✐ts ♦✇♥ r✐❣❤t ❛♥❞✴♦r ❛s ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ ❢♦r ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ■✷✮ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♣❡♥ ❲❡❜ ✐s t②♣✲ ✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❜✉t ❝❧♦s❡❞ ❵✐♥tr❛♥❡t✬ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ❡①♣❧♦✐t ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♥✲ s✐st❡♥❝②✳ ■✸✮ ❙❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❝❛❧❧s ❢♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❧❛②❡r✐♥❣ ♦♥ t♦♣ ♦❢ q✉✐t❡ ✐♥❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✳ ■✹✮ ❘✉❧❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ s❤♦✉❧❞ st❛② ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❲❡❜ st❛♥❞❛r❞s✳ ❚♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss t❤❡s❡✱ ❢♦✉r ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧s ♦❢ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❡♠❡r❣❡❞✿ ❊✶✮ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❘✉❧❡ ❲✐❦✐✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛rts ❝❛♥ ❜❡ t❛❦❡♥ ❛s ❝♦❞❡ ✭♦r ❛s ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛✮ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛rts✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛rts ❛s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✭♦r ❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥t✮ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛rts✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t♦♦❧s ❢♦r ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✿ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❛ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ ✐♥t♦ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦✳ ❊✷✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❞✐s✲ tr✐❜✉t❡❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✈✐❛ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✱ s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②✱ ♣❡r♠✐tt✐♥❣ s❝♦♣❡❞ ♥❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❢❛✐❧✉r❡✱ ❛♥❞ r❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤ s♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ s❝♦♣❡❞ q✉❡r✐❡s✳ ▼♦❞✉❧❡s ❛r❡ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❛♥ ❵❊♥t❛✐❧s✬ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t✿ ♣r♦✈❡ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❛ q✉❡r② ✐s ❡♥t❛✐❧❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ❊✸✮ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ ❞✉❛❧ ❧❛②❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡✐r ❜❧❡♥❞s✳ ❚♦ ♣❡r♠✐t t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥s✱ t❤❡ ❈❆❘■◆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ✐s ❛❞♦♣t❡❞✿ ❛ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ✐s ♥♦t ♣❡r♠✐t✲ t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❛ r✉❧❡✳ ❊✹✮ ❉✐☛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ t❤❡ ❲❡❜ ♥♦t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❯❘■s ❛s ✐♥ ❯❘▲s✱ ❢♦r ❛❝❝❡ss✱ ✈s✳ ❯❘◆s✱ ❢♦r ♥❛♠✐♥❣✳ ❆ ❯❘■ ❝❛♥ t❤❡♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞✿ ❯❘▲✲❧✐❦❡✱ ❢♦r ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✐♠♣♦rt✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐t ✐s ❛♥ ❡rr♦r ✐❢ ❞❡r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ②✐❡❧❞ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❀ ❯❘◆✲❧✐❦❡✱ ❛s ❛♥ ✐❞❡♥t✐☞❡r✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❞❡r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✐s ♥♦t ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞❀ ♦r✱ ❛s ❛ ♥❛♠❡ ✇❤♦s❡ ❞❡r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ❛❝❝❡ss ✐ts ✭♣❛rt✐❛❧✮ ❞❡☞♥✐t✐♦♥✳

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❲❡❜ r✉❧❡s ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ ❛♥ ❡☛♦rt t♦✇❛r❞s ♥♦✈❡❧ ❲❡❜ s✐t❡s ✇✐t❤ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡✲✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❜❧❡ r✉❧❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❡❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❜✉✐❧❞s ♦♥ ♦✉r ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ P❖❙▲✶✱ ❉❛t❛❧♦❣❉▲ ❬▼▲❇✵✼❜❪✱ ❆▲❈✉ P ❬▼▲❇✵✼❛❪✮✱ st❛♥❞❛r❞s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❘✉❧❡▼▲ ❬❇♦❧✵✻❪✱ ❙❲❘▲ ❬❍P❙❇✰✵✹❪✱ ❘■❋ ❬❇❑✵✼❪✮✱ ❡♥❣✐♥❡s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❖❖ ❥❉❘❊❲ ❬❇❇❍✵✺❪✮✱❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳r✉❧❡♠❧✳♦r❣✴s✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✴r✉❧❡♠❧✲s❤♦rt❛t✐♦♥✳❤t♠❧

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✷ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡② ✭❤❛r♦❧❞✳❜♦❧❡② ❆❚ ♥r❝✳❣❝✳❝❛✮ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❆❣❡♥t▼❛t❝❤❡r ❬❇❇❨✵✹❪✱ ◆❇❇✐③❑❇ ❬▼❇✵✺❪✱ ❋✐♥❞❳♣❘❚ ❬▲❇❇▼✵✻❪✱ ❘✉❧❡ ❘❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❬P❑❇✵✼❪✱ ❛♥❞ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❬❇❍❱✵✻❪✮✳ ■ts ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐s t♦ ❞❡✈✐s❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② r✉❧❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤✲ ♥✐q✉❡s ❢♦r ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❘✉❧❡s✱ t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜✱ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ♦t❤❡r ❲❡❜ ✭❛♥❞ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵✮ ❛r❡❛s✳ Pr❡✈✐♦✉s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❧❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦✉r ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡ ✐ss✉❡s ✉s❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ❛s st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥ts✳ ■✶ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣❧② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣s ❵❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❙✉❜✇❡❜s✬ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts ✭❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛s❡s✱ s❝❤❡♠❛s✱ ❡t❝✳✮✳ ❆ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❛❝t ❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥t t❤❛t ✐s q✉❡r✐❡❞ ❛♥❞ r❡tr✐❡✈❡❞ ✐♥ ✐ts ♦✇♥ r✐❣❤t✱ ❛s ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ t❤❛t ❤❡❧♣s t♦ r❡tr✐❡✈❡ ♦t❤❡r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✱ ♦r ❛s ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ❬❇♦❧✾✾❪✳ ■✷ ❚❤❡ ♦♣❡♥ ❲❡❜ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s s♦♠❡ ❝❧♦s❡❞ ❵✐♥tr❛♥❡ts✬ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❞♦❝✲ ✉♠❡♥ts✳ ❖♣❡♥ ❲❡❜ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✭❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ♦✈❡r ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥✲❡♥❞❡❞ s❡t ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✮ ✐♥ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❡❧② r✐❝❤ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ✐s t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇❤❡r❡❛s ❝❧♦s❡❞ ✐♥tr❛♥❡t ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✭❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❝❧♦s❡❞ s❡ts ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✮ ✐s t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ♣❛r❛❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥tr❛♥❡t ✐s ❦❡♣t ✭❧♦❝❛❧❧②✮ ❝♦♥s✐s✲ t❡♥t✱ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡✐r ✉♥✐♦♥ ♠❛② ❜❡ ✭❣❧♦❜❛❧❧②✮ ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♦♣❡♥ ❲❡❜ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ✉s❡ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ✷✲✈❛❧✉❡❞ ❧♦❣✐❝✱ ❝❧♦s❡❞ ✐♥tr❛♥❡t r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ❡①♣❧♦✐t ✐t ❧♦❝❛❧❧②✳ ❇❡②♦♥❞ ❜❡♥❡☞t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❛♥ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ♥♦t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐t② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ✈✐❛ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✳ ■✸ ❇❡s✐❞❡s t❤❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✐ss✉❡ ■✷✱ t❤❡ tr❛❞❡✲♦☛s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❡♥❡ss ❛♥❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ tr❛❝t❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♠♣❧② t❤❛t s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ♦♣❡♥ ❲❡❜ ✐s st✐❧❧ ✉♥r❡s♦❧✈❡❞ ❢♦r ❤✐❣❤❡r ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❛❧❧s ❢♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❧❛②❡r✐♥❣ ♦♥ t♦♣ ♦❢ q✉✐t❡ ✐♥❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✳ ❲✸❈✬s ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ st❛❝❦s✱ ♦❧❞ ❛♥❞ ♥❡✇ ❬❑❞❇❇❋✵✺❪✱ ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❛ st❛rt✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❘❉❋ ❛s t❤❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❧❛②❡r✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ✭♦✍❝✐❛❧✮ ❳▼▲ s②♥t❛① ♦❢ ❘❉❋ ✐s s♦♠❡✇❤❛t ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞ ✭❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐ts tr✐♣❧❡ s②♥t❛① ✐s ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ◆✸✲❧✐❦❡ s②♥t❛①❡s ❛r❡ q✉✐t❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✮✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✭♦✍❝✐❛❧✮ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ❘❉❋ ❬❍❛②✵✹❪ ✐s r❛t❤❡r ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞ ❬❙❝❤✵✺❪✳ ❨❡t✱ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❘❉❋ st❛t❡♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❜❧❛♥❦ ♥♦❞❡s ✭❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧s✮ ✐♥ ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥s✱ q✉❡r✐❡❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ♣r♦♣❡rt② ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✭❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧s ❢♦r ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡s✮✱ ❛r❡ ❛ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧❡❛st ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❡ ✭❜✐♥❛r②✲✮❢❛❝t ❧❛②❡r✳ ❇✐♥❛r② ❉❛t❛❧♦❣ r✉❧❡s✱ s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✈✐❡✇s ♦✈❡r ✷✲❝♦❧✉♠♥ t❛❜❧❡s✱ ❝❛♥ t❤❡♥ ❜❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ t♦ ❞❡r✐✈❡ ♥❡✇ ❢❛❝ts ❢r♦♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♦t❤❡r ❢❛❝ts✱ ♠✉❝❤ ❧✐❦❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❥♦✐♥s✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❛♥ ✐rr❡✌❡①✐✈❡ s✉❜❈❧❛ss❖❢ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❘❉❋ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❞ t♦ ❞❡☞♥❡ ♦r❞❡r✲s♦rt❡❞ t②♣❡s ❢♦r ❝♦♥st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ r✉❧❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ■✹ ❙✐♥❝❡ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡s ❛r❡ ❧❛②❡r❡❞ ♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ s✐❞❡✲❜②✲s✐❞❡ ✇✐t❤✱ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❲❡❜ ❧❛♥✲ ❣✉❛❣❡s✱ ✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t r✉❧❡s s♦ t❤❛t ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐t② ✇✐t❤ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❲❡❜ st❛♥❞❛r❞s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❳▼▲✱ ❘❉❋✱ ❖❲▲✮ ✐s ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ st❛♥❞❛r❞s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❤❛r❞✱ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤✱ ✐❢ ❛♥②✱ q✉❡r② ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s❢♦r✲ ♠❛t✐♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❳◗✉❡r②✱ ❳❙▲❚✱ ❙P❆❘◗▲✱ ❖❲▲✲ ◗▲✮✷✳ ▲✐❦❡✇✐s❡✱ t❤❡ ✭s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❛♥❞ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝✮ ❧❡✈❡❧s ❛♥❞ ❞❡❣r❡❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐t② ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❊✹ ✇✐❧❧ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ ✇❤❛t ✐s ✉♥✐q✉❡ t♦ ❲❡❜ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② ❵✇❡❜✐③✐♥❣✬ ❬❇▲✵✶❪✱ ✷ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞❛❥♦❜❡✳♦r❣✴t❛❧❦s✴✷✵✵✻✵✸✲s♣❛rq❧✲st❛♥❢♦r❞

(5)

❆r❡ ❨♦✉r ❘✉❧❡s ❖♥❧✐♥❡❄ ❋♦✉r ❲❡❜ ❘✉❧❡ ❊ss❡♥t✐❛❧s ✸ ❜❛s✐❝❛❧❧② ♣❡r♠✐tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ t♦ ✉s❡ ❯❘■s ❢♦r ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦♥st❛♥ts✱ ✐♥ ✇❛②s ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ❯❘■s ✐♥ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ✭❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝✮ ❲❡❜ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✳ ❚♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss t❤❡s❡ ✐ss✉❡s✱ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ s❡❝t✐♦♥s ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❢♦✉r ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧s ♦❢ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡s✳ ❋♦r ❛ t✉t♦r✐❛❧✲st②❧❡ s✉r✈❡② ♦♥ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡s s❡❡ ❬❇❑PP✵✼❪✳

❊✶ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❘✉❧❡s ✇✐t❤ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤

❲❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❘✉❧❡ ❲✐❦✐✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❝❧❛✉s❡s ✭r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞✱ ❛s ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❝❛s❡✱ ❢❛❝ts✮ ❛r❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❞✉❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✐♥ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❧♦❣✐❝ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛rts ❝❛♥ ❜❡ t❛❦❡♥ ❛s ❝♦❞❡ ✭♦r ❛s ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛✮ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛rts✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛rts ❛s ❞♦❝✲ ✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✭♦r ❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥t✮ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛rts✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ r✉❧❡✱ ❜♦t❤ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❦❡♣t s❡♣❛r❛t❡ ✭♦✉r ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✮ ♦r ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥t❡rt✇✐♥❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛♥❛❧♦❣♦✉s t♦ ▲✐t❡r❛t❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❬❑♥✉✽✹❪ ❛♥❞ ❏❛✈❛❞♦❝✳ ■t ♠❛② ❜❡ s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t♦♦❧s ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ◆❛t✉✲ r❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤✮ ✐♥t♦ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦✳ ❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ t✇♦ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤✲t♦✲r✉❧❡ t♦♦❧s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❆tt❡♠♣t♦ ❬❋❍❑✰✵✺❪ ❛r❡ ❚❘❆◆❙▲❆❚❖❘ ❬❍✐r✵✻❪ ❛♥❞ ❆❝❡❘✉❧❡s ❬❑✉❤✵✼❪✳ ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦♦❧s ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❢♦r ❆❝❡❲✐❦✐✸❛♥❞ ❭❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❱♦❝❛❜✉❧❛r② ❛♥❞ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❘✉❧❡s✧ ✭❙❇❱❘✮ ❬❇❍❈✵✺❪✳ ❆ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ❲✐❦✐ ♣❡r♠✐ts t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✲❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts ✉s✐♥❣ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✲❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✲❡♥r✐❝❤✐♥❣ ♠❛r❦✉♣ s✐♠♣❧❡r t❤❛♥ ❍❚▼▲✳ ❊①t❡♥❞✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✱ ❛ ❘✉❧❡ ❲✐❦✐ ♣❡r♠✐ts ❢♦r♠❛❧✲❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛✉t❤♦r✐♥❣ ✉s✐♥❣ ❧♦❣✐❝✲❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✲ ❡♥r✐❝❤✐♥❣ ♠❛r❦✉♣ s✐♠♣❧❡r t❤❛♥ ❍❚▼▲ ♦r ❳▼▲✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ t❤✐s ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✲ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛✉t❤♦r✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✲❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❝❛♥ ❡♠♣❧♦② ❛ ❤✉♠❛♥✲ r❡❛❞❛❜❧❡ s②♥t❛① s✉❝❤ ❛s P❖❙▲✶✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ Pr♦❧♦❣ ❛♥❞ ❋✲❧♦❣✐❝ s②♥t❛①❡s✳ ▲❡t ✉s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳ ■♥ ❛ ❧♦❣✐st✐❝s ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡✱ t❤❡ t❡r♥❛r② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ r❡❝✐s❤✐♣ ❝❛♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧ s❤✐♣♣✐♥❣s ♦❢ ✉♥s♣❡❝✐☞❡❞ ❝❛r❣♦s ❛t ❛ t♦t❛❧ ❝♦st ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ s✐t❡s✳ ❆ ❉❛t❛❧♦❣ r✉❧❡ ✐♥❢❡rs t❤✐s ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ♣r❡♠✐s❡s✱ t✇♦ s❤✐♣♠❡♥t ❛t♦♠s ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❛❞❞ ❛t♦♠✳ ❚❤❡ s❤✐♣♠❡♥t r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ s❧♦t✲ t❡❞ ❢❛❝ts✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❞❞ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ♦♥ ❛ ❙❲❘▲ ❜✉✐❧t✲✐♥✳ ❇❡❧♦✇ ✐s ❛ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ▼❡❞✐❛❲✐❦✐✹ ♠❛r❦✉♣✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❝♦♠♠✉t❛t✐✈❡ ♣r❡♠✐s❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥❝ts✱ t❤❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ✐♥ P❖❙▲✱ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❭✯✧✲✉♥♦r❞❡r❡❞ ❧✐st ❜✉❧❧❡ts ✭❭★✧✲♦r❞❡r❡❞ ❧✐sts ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r s❡q✉❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✮✱ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡✴❜✉✐❧t✲✐♥ ❛♥❞ s❧♦t ♥❛♠❡s ✭❜♦t❤ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❤②♣❡r❧✐♥❦❡❞ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❞❡☞♥✐t✐♦♥s✱ ❝❢✳ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❊✹✮ ❛r❡ ❜♦❧❞✲❢❛❝❡❞ ✇✐t❤ tr✐♣❧❡ ❛♣♦str♦♣❤❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♥❛♠❡s ❛r❡ ✐t❛❧✐❝✐③❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❞♦✉✲ ❜❧❡ ❛♣♦str♦♣❤❡s❀ t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈❡s ✐❢✱ ❛♥❞✱ ❡t❝✳ ❛r❡ ♠❛r❦❡❞ ✉♣ ✇✐t❤ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❜r❛❝❦❡ts ❛s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❦s ✭♣♦ss✐❜❧② r❡❞✐r❡❝t✐♥❣ ✈✐❛ ✐♥t❡r✇✐❦✐ ❧✐♥❦s✮ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❡①✲ ♣❧❛♥❛t♦r② ♣❛❣❡s✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❘✉❧❡ ▼❡❞✐❛❲✐❦✐✱ t❤✐s ✐s ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② ❛ P❖❙▲ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t s❡❝✲ t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ P❖❙▲ r✉❧❡ ♠❛r❦✉♣ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐☞❡s t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ Pr♦❧♦❣✬s ❭✿✲✧ ✐♥☞① ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡♠✐s❡s✱ t♦♣✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❝♦♠♠❛s ❢♦r s❡♣❛r❛t✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❥✉♥❝ts✱ ✐♥tr❛✲ ❛t♦♠ ❝♦♠♠❛s ❢♦r ♦r❞❡r❡❞ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ s❡♠✐❝♦❧♦♥s ❢♦r ✉♥♦r❞❡r❡❞ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts✱ ✸ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❛tt❡♠♣t♦✳✐☞✳✉③❤✳❝❤✴❛❝❡✇✐❦✐❤tt♣✿✴✴❡♥✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴▼❡❞✐❛❲✐❦✐

(6)

✹ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡② ✭❤❛r♦❧❞✳❜♦❧❡② ❆❚ ♥r❝✳❣❝✳❝❛✮ ❋✲❧♦❣✐❝✬s ✐♥☞① ❭✲❃✧ ❢♦r s❧♦ts✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ♣r❡☞① ❭❄✧ ❢♦r ♥❛♠❡❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❛ st❛♥❞✲❛❧♦♥❡ ❭❄✧ ❢♦r ❛♥♦♥②♠♦✉s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✿ ❆ r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧ s❤✐♣♣✐♥❣✱ ✬✬✬r❡❝✐s❤✐♣✬✬✬✱ ❛t t♦t❛❧ ❛♠♦✉♥t✱ ✬✬❝♦st✬✬✱ t❛❦❡s ♣❧❛❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s✐t❡s ✬✬❆✬✬ ❛♥❞ ✬✬❇✬✬ ❬❬✐❢❪❪ ✯ ❛ ✬✬✬s❤✐♣♠❡♥t✬✬✬ ❤❛s ❛ ✬✬✬❝❛r❣♦✬✬✬✱ ❛ ✬✬✬♣r✐❝❡✬✬✬ ♦❢ ✬✬❝♦st✶✬✬✱ ❛ ✬✬✬s♦✉r❝❡✬✬✬ ♦❢ ✬✬❆✬✬✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥✱ ✬✬✬❞❡st✬✬✬✱ ♦❢ ✬✬❇✬✬ ❬❬❛♥❞❪❪ ✯ ❛ ✬✬✬s❤✐♣♠❡♥t✬✬✬ ❤❛s ❛ ✬✬✬❝❛r❣♦✬✬✬✱ ❛ ✬✬✬♣r✐❝❡✬✬✬ ♦❢ ✬✬❝♦st✷✬✬✱ ❛ ✬✬✬s♦✉r❝❡✬✬✬ ♦❢ ✬✬❇✬✬✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥✱ ✬✬✬❞❡st✬✬✬✱ ♦❢ ✬✬❆✬✬ ❬❬❛♥❞❪❪ ✯ ✬✬❝♦st✬✬ ✐s t❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ✬✬✬❛❞❞✬✬✬✱ ♦❢ ✬✬❝♦st✶✬✬ ❛♥❞ ✬✬❝♦st✷✬✬✳ r❡❝✐s❤✐♣✭❄❝♦st✱❄❆✱❄❇✮ ✿✲ s❤✐♣♠❡♥t✭❝❛r❣♦✲❃❄❀♣r✐❝❡✲❃❄❝♦st✶❀s♦✉r❝❡✲❃❄❆❀❞❡st✲❃❄❇✮✱ s❤✐♣♠❡♥t✭❝❛r❣♦✲❃❄❀♣r✐❝❡✲❃❄❝♦st✷❀s♦✉r❝❡✲❃❄❇❀❞❡st✲❃❄❆✮✱ ❛❞❞✭❄❝♦st✱❄❝♦st✶✱❄❝♦st✷✮✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✶ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ r❡♥❞❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❡❞✐❛❲✐❦✐ ♣❛rt✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ r❡♥❞❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✐ts P❖❙▲ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥✱ ❡♠♣❧♦②✐♥❣ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❢♦♥ts ✐♥ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ ❛♥❞ P❖❙▲✳ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✳ ❆ ❘✉❧❡ ❲✐❦✐ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳ ❋♦r ❲❡❜ ✐♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡✱ P❖❙▲ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡❞ t♦ ❘✉❧❡▼▲✴❳▼▲✱ ❛♥❞ ✈✐❝❡ ✈❡rs❛✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ♦✉r ♦♥❧✐♥❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t♦r✺ ✈✐❛ ❏❛✈❛ ❲❡❜ ❙t❛rt✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ s❡r✐❛❧✐③✐♥❣ t❤❡ P❖❙▲ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥ ❘✉❧❡▼▲✴❳▼▲ ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❛♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✳✶✳

❊✷ ❆ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❘✉❧❡ ▼♦❞✉❧❡ ❈♦♥str✉❝t

■t ✐s ❜❡♥❡☞❝✐❛❧ t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✈✐❛ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✱ s✉♣✲ ♣♦rt✐♥❣ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②✱ r❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤ s♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ s❝♦♣❡❞ ✭♠♦❞✉❧❡✲r❡str✐❝t❡❞✮ q✉❡r✐❡s ❛♥❞ ♣❡r♠✐tt✐♥❣ s❝♦♣❡❞ ♥❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ✭♦✈❡r ❝❧♦s❡❞ ✇♦r❧❞s✮✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❲❡❜ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ♠❛② ❜❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡❞ ❵✐♥ ♣❧❛❝❡✬ ♦r ❞❡☞♥❡❞ ❛t ♦♥❡ ♣❧❛❝❡ ✭❯❘▲✮ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡ss❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♦t❤❡r ♣❧❛❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ❛♥② ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ❯❘▲✲❞❡r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣✳ ✺ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳r✉❧❡♠❧✳♦r❣✴♣♦s❧✴❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r✳❥♥❧♣

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❆r❡ ❨♦✉r ❘✉❧❡s ❖♥❧✐♥❡❄ ❋♦✉r ❲❡❜ ❘✉❧❡ ❊ss❡♥t✐❛❧s ✺ ❚❤❡ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐t② ♦❢ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ♠❛② ✈❛r②✿ ✭✶✮ ■t ✐s q✉✐t❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ s♣❡❝✐❢② ♠✉❧✲ t✐♣❧❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ✇✐t❤✐♥ ♦♥❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✱ ❡✈❡♥ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t ♠♦❞✉❧❡s s♣❡❝✐☞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡♠✐s❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥❝ts ♦❢ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ r✉❧❡✳ ✭✷✮ ■t ✐s ✈❡r② ♥❛t✉r❛❧ t♦ s♣❡❝✐❢② ♦♥❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ♣❡r ✭❯❘▲✲❛❝❝❡ss❡❞✮ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✳ ✭✸✮ ■t ✐s s♦♠❡✇❤❛t ✉♥✉s✉❛❧ t♦ s♣❡❝✐❢② ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ❱❡rs✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝♦♥t❡①ts✴♠♦❞✉❧❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ st✉❞✐❡❞ ✐♥ ❆■ ❬▼❝❈✾✸❪ ❛♥❞ Pr♦✲ ❧♦❣ ❬❍❋✵✻❪✱ ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❛s ❚❘■P▲❊ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❬❙❉✵✷❪✱ ❋✲ ❧♦❣✐❝✬s s❝♦♣❡❞ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ❬❨❑✵✸❪✱ ◆✸ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❡ ❬❇▲✵✻❪✱ ❛♥❞ ❘❉❋ ♥❛♠❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤s ❬❙✈❊❙❍✵✼❪✳ ■♥ ❘✉❧❡▼▲ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❖❖ ❥❉❘❊❲ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s t❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ❛ ❘✉❧❡❜❛s❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ss✉♠❡❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ t♦♣✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❆ss❡rt✳ ■♥✐t✐❛❧❧②✱ ❛ ✌❛t s❡t ♦❢ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ st✉❞✐❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s ♦❢ ▼❝❈❛rt❤②✬s ✐st ♦♣❡r❛t♦r t♦ ♣r♦✈❡ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❛ q✉❡r② ✐s tr✉❡ ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ■♥ r❡❝❡♥t ❘✉❧❡▼▲ r❡❧❡❛s❡s✱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❛♥ ❊♥t❛✐❧s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❡r✈❡s t♦ ♣r♦✈❡ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❛ q✉❡r② ♦r ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✐s ❡♥t❛✐❧❡❞ ❜② ❛♥♦t❤❡r ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❛♥ t❤❡♥ ❜❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ❛ ♥❡st❡❞ ✭❝②❝❧❡✲❢r❡❡✮ ✐♥❤❡r✐t❛♥❝❡ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s✱ ❛s s✉r✈❡②❡❞ ✐♥ ❬❇▲▼✾✹❪✳ ❲❡ ♦♥❧② ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ s✐♠♣❧✐☞❡❞ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✐♥❤❡r✐t❛♥❝❡ ❤❡r❡✱ s✐♥❝❡ ❜② ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ✇❡ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❛ss✉♠❡ ❛ Pr♦❧♦❣✲❧✐❦❡ t❡①t✉❛❧ ♦r❞❡r ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✬s s❡t ♦❢ ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❢❛❝t ❛♥❞ r✉❧❡✮ ♦r t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✭s✉❜❝❧❛ss✲ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧✮ ❝❧❛✉s❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ❞♦ ♥♦t ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ♠❡r❣❡ ❝❧❛✉s❡s ❜✉t ❝❛♥ ❥✉st t❛❦❡ t❤❡✐r ✉♥✐♦♥✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r s✐♠♣❧✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❝❝✉rs ✐❢ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦♥❧② ♦❢ ❝❧❛✉s❡s ❢♦r ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ✭❛s ✐♥ Pr♦❧♦❣ ❞✉❜❜❡❞ ❛ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡✮✳ ❋♦r s✉❝❤ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✱ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❣r♦✉♣✐♥❣ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞✱ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ ❛ ❝❧❛✉s❡ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐t② ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ♠❛② ✈❛r② s✐♠✐❧❛r❧② t♦ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐t② ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✳ ❆s ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❧❡t ✉s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t✇♦ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ r❡s✐❞❡ ✐♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ♦r ✭❛s s❡r✐❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✳✷✮ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✳ ❇♦t❤ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ r✉❧❡s ❣r❛♥t✐♥❣ ♦r ❞❡♥②✐♥❣ ❞✐s❝♦✉♥ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ r✉❧❡s ❛❜♦✉t ❣✐✈❡❛✇❛②s ❡t❝✳ ❚❤❡ ☞rst✱ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐s❝♦✉♥t ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡✱ ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ t❤❡ ❧♦②❛❧t② ♠♦❞✉❧❡✱ ❛s ✐t ❣r❛♥ts ❞✐s❝♦✉♥t ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡s t♦ ❧♦②❛❧ ❝✉st♦♠❡rs ❢♦r ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✭♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❡♥❝❧♦s❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❭❢✳ ✳ ✳ ❣✧✮✿ ④ ❞✐s❝♦✉♥t✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✱❄♣r♦❞✉❝t✱♣❡r❝❡♥t❬✺❪✮ ✿✲ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✮✱ r❡❣✉❧❛r✭❄♣r♦❞✉❝t✮✳ ❞✐s❝♦✉♥t✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✱❄♣r♦❞✉❝t✱♣❡r❝❡♥t❬✶✵❪✮ ✿✲ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✮✱ ❧✉①✉r②✭❄♣r♦❞✉❝t✮✳ ⑥ ◆♦t❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣❡r❝❡♥t s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐ts ♦❢ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❛r❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛s ✭✉♥✐♥t❡r✲ ♣r❡t❡❞✮ ✉♥❛r② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ❛ ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ❋♦r s✉❝❤ ❵♣❛ss✐✈❡✬ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✱ t❤❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❡♥❝❧♦s❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❭❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪✧✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠s ❛♥ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❛❝ts ❛s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① t❡r♠ ✭✐♥ Pr♦❧♦❣ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛ ❵str✉❝t✉r❡✬✮✳

(8)

✻ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡② ✭❤❛r♦❧❞✳❜♦❧❡② ❆❚ ♥r❝✳❣❝✳❝❛✮ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ t❤❡ ❧❡❣❛❧✐t② ♠♦❞✉❧❡✱ ❛s ✐t ❞❡♥✐❡s ❞✐s❝♦✉♥ts t♦ ❝✉st♦♠❡rs ✇❤♦ ✉s❡❞ ❢r❛✉❞✉❧❡♥t ♣❛②♠❡♥t ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♦r ✇❤♦ ♣❛②❡❞ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✹✺ ❞❛②s ❛❢t❡r ❛ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② ✭❛ ❭✲✧ ♣r❡☞① ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ str♦♥❣ ♥❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛t♦♠s✮✿ ④ ✲❞✐s❝♦✉♥t✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✱❄♣r♦❞✉❝t✶✱❄♣❡r❝❡♥t✮ ✿✲ ♣❛②♠❡♥t✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✱❄♣r♦❞✉❝t✷✱❄❛♠♦✉♥t✱❄♠❡t❤♦❞✱❄t✐♠❡✮✱ ❢r❛✉❞✉❧❡♥t✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✱❄♠❡t❤♦❞✱❄t✐♠❡✮✳ ✲❞✐s❝♦✉♥t✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✱❄♣r♦❞✉❝t✶✱❄♣❡r❝❡♥t✮ ✿✲ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r②✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✱❄♣r♦❞✉❝t✷✱❄❛♠♦✉♥t✱❞❛t❡❬❄②✶✱❄♠✶✱❄❞✶❪✮✱ ♣❛②♠❡♥t✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✱❄♣r♦❞✉❝t✷✱❄❛♠♦✉♥t✱❄♠❡t❤♦❞✱❞❛t❡❬❄②✷✱❄♠✷✱❄❞✷❪✮✱ ❞❛t❡❞✐❢❢✭❞❛②s❬❄❞❡❧t❛❪✱❞❛t❡❬❄②✷✱❄♠✷✱❄❞✷❪✱❞❛t❡❬❄②✶✱❄♠✶✱❄❞✶❪✮✱ ❣r❡❛t❡r❚❤❛♥✭❄❞❡❧t❛✱✹✺✮✳ ⑥ ◆♦t❡ t❤❛t ❞❛t❡s ❛r❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡① t❡r♠s ♦❢ t❤r❡❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts✿ t❤❡ ②❡❛r✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♠♦♥t❤✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❞❛②✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ❛r❡ ❧♦❝❛❧❧② ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t✱ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡✐r ✉♥✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t✳ ❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ☞rst r✉❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦②❛❧t② ♠♦❞✉❧❡✱ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ ❝✉st♦♠❡rs ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❣r❛♥t❡❞ ✺ ♣❡r❝❡♥t ❞✐s❝♦✉♥t ❢♦r ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ♣r♦❞✉❝t✱ ❜✉t✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ☞rst r✉❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡❣❛❧✐t② ♠♦❞✉❧❡✱ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞❡♥✐❡❞ ❛♥② ❞✐s❝♦✉♥t ♦♥ ❛♥② ♣r♦❞✉❝t ✐❢ t❤❡② ✉s❡❞ ❛ ❢r❛✉❞✉❧❡♥t ♣❛②♠❡♥t ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✳ ❚♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s✱ ♣r✐♦r✐t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✭❝❢✳ ❈♦✉rt❡♦✉s ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ❬●r♦✵✹❪ ❛♥❞ ❉❡❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❬❇❆❱✵✹❪✮ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ t♦ ❧❡t ❛❧❧ r✉❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡❣❛❧✐t② ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ♦✈❡rr✐❞❡ ❛❧❧ ❧♦②❛❧t② r✉❧❡s✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ◆❛❢ ❛s t❤❡ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❡ ❢♦r ♥❡❣❛t✐♦♥✲❛s✲❢❛✐❧✉r❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❭⑤✲✧ ❛s t❤❡ ✐♥☞① ❢♦r t❤❡ ❊♥t❛✐❧s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t✱ ❛ ♥❡❣❛t❡❞✲❛s✲❢❛✐❧✉r❡ q✉❡r② s❝♦♣❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ✈✐❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ⑤✲ ◆❛❢✭q✉❡r②✮✳ ❊✳❣✳✱ ❧♦②❛❧t② ⑤✲ ◆❛❢✭❣✐✈❡❛✇❛②✭❏♦❤♥✱▼❡r❝❡❞❡s✮✮ ✐s tr✉❡✱ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❧♦②❛❧t② ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡♥t❛✐❧ t❤❛t ❏♦❤♥ ♦❜t❛✐♥s ❛ ▼❡r❝❡❞❡s ❣✐✈❡❛✇❛② ✭♦r ❛♥② ♦t❤❡r ❣✐✈❡❛✇❛②✮✳ ❙❝♦♣✐♥❣ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧ ❢♦r ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ q✉❡r✐❡s✱ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤ s♣❛❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ✐❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s t♦ ❜❡ s❡❛r❝❤❡❞ ❛r❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡❤❛♥❞✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧♦②❛❧t② ♠♦❞✉❧❡✱ t❤❡ q✉❡r✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡♠✐s❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝♦✉♥t r✉❧❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s♣❡❞ ✉♣ ❜② r❡str✐❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ t♦ ❝✉st♦♠❡r ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ♠♦❞✉❧❡s✿ ④ ❞✐s❝♦✉♥t✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✱❄♣r♦❞✉❝t✱♣❡r❝❡♥t❬✺❪✮ ✿✲ ❝✉st♦♠❡r ⑤✲ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✮✱ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ⑤✲ r❡❣✉❧❛r✭❄♣r♦❞✉❝t✮✳ ❞✐s❝♦✉♥t✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✱❄♣r♦❞✉❝t✱♣❡r❝❡♥t❬✶✵❪✮ ✿✲ ❝✉st♦♠❡r ⑤✲ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠✭❄❝✉st♦♠❡r✮✱ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ⑤✲ ❧✉①✉r②✭❄♣r♦❞✉❝t✮✳ ⑥ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❛ r✉❧❡❜❛s❡ ❑❇ ♦❜❡②s ✐♥t❡❣r✐t② ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ✐♥ ■❈✱ ✇❡ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ♦❢ ❬❘❡✐✽✽❪ t♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❑❇ ❡♥t❛✐❧s ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ■❈✳

(9)

❆r❡ ❨♦✉r ❘✉❧❡s ❖♥❧✐♥❡❄ ❋♦✉r ❲❡❜ ❘✉❧❡ ❊ss❡♥t✐❛❧s ✼

❊✸ ❆ss❡rt✐♦♥❛❧✲❚❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❊①♣r❡ss✐✈❡♥❡ss ▲❛②❡r✐♥❣

◗✉✐t❡ ❛♥ ❡☛♦rt ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♠❛❞❡ t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ ❞✉❛❧ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❡♥❡ss ❧❛②❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ss❡r✲ t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡✐r ❜❧❡♥❞s ❬❆❉●✰✵✺✱❑❞❇❇❋✵✺❪✳ ❚♦ r❡t❛✐♥ ❞❡❝✐❞❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ q✉❡r②✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥❛❧ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❧❛②❡r ✉s✉❛❧❧② ❝♦♥✲ s✐sts ♦❢ ❉❛t❛❧♦❣ ✭❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✲❢r❡❡✮ ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥s✱ ♣❡r❤❛♣s r❡str✐❝t❡❞ t♦ ✉♥❛r②✴❜✐♥❛r② ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡s✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❧❛②❡r✱ ❛♥ ✐rr❡✌❡①✐✈❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❉❋ ❙❝❤❡♠❛✬s s✉❜❈❧❛ss❖❢ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❧❛t❡r ❜❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ✚❉❋ ❬▼P●✵✼❪ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❘❉❋✳ ❚❤❡ t✇♦ ❧❛②❡rs ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❜❧❡♥❞❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✭✚❉❋ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✉s❡❞ ❛s t②♣❡s ❢♦r ❉❛t❛❧♦❣ ❝♦♥st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐✲ ❛❜❧❡s✱ ❛♥❞ s✉❜❈❧❛ss❖❢ ❞❡☞♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♦r❞❡r✲s♦rt❡❞ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✮ ♦r ❛ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✭✚❉❋ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✉s❡❞ ❛s ✉♥❛r② ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❞② ♦❢ ❉❛t❛❧♦❣ r✉❧❡s✱ ❛♥❞ s✉❜❈❧❛ss❖❢ ❞❡☞♥❡❞ ❛s s♣❡❝✐❛❧ r✉❧❡s ✇✐t❤ ❍❡r❜r❛♥❞✲♠♦❞❡❧ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❧❛②❡rs ❝❛♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❉❛t❛❧♦❣ ✐♥t♦ ❍♦r♥ ✭❛s ✐♥ ❖❖ ❥❉❘❊❲✬s ❤②✲ ❜r✐❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✮ ❛♥❞ ❋❖▲ ✭❋✐rst✲❖r❞❡r ▲♦❣✐❝✮ ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥s✱ ✚❉❋ ✐♥t♦ ❆▲❈ ❛♥❞ ❙❍■◗ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ✇✐t❤ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❜❧❡♥❞s ❬❘♦s✵✻❪✱ ❡✳❣✳ ❛s ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ♦✉r ❤②❜r✐❞ ❉❛t❛❧♦❣❉▲ ❬▼▲❇✵✼❜❪ ♦r ❤♦♠♦❣❡✲ ♥❡♦✉s ❆▲❈✉ P ❬▼▲❇✵✼❛❪✳ ❋♦r ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♣✉r♣♦s❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ♣❤❛s❡s✱ t❤❡ ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥❛❧ ❧❛②❡rs ❝❛♥ ♠♦✈❡ ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡②♦♥❞ ❋❖▲✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t♦✇❛r❞s ❤✐❣❤❡r✲♦r❞❡r ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝s✱ ❛s st❛rt❡❞ ❛s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡▼▲ ❢❛♠✐❧② ❬❇♦❧✵✻❪✳ ❚♦ ♣❡r♠✐t t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥s✱ ❛ ❤②✲ ❜r✐❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ❛❞♦♣t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❈❆❘■◆ ❬▲❘✾✽❪ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ❛s ❛ ✇♦r❦✲ ✐♥❣ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s✿ ❆ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ✐s ♥♦t ♣❡r♠✐tt❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❛ r✉❧❡✳ ■♥t✉✐t✐✈❡❧②✱ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ✭r❡✮❞❡☞♥❡❞ ❜② ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❧❛✉s❡s✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❛ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣② ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡s ♠♦r❡ st❛❜❧❡ ❵❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✬ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❜② ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ ♠♦r❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡ ❵❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞✬ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❧♦✇❡r ❧❛②❡r ❝❛♥ ✉s❡ s♦rt r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s ❛s s✐♠♣❧❡ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐✲ ❝❛❧ q✉❡r✐❡s ✐♥ ❉❛t❛❧♦❣ r✉❧❡ ❜♦❞✐❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❧❛②❡rs ❛r❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ t❡r✲ ♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ q✉❡r✐❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✱ ❆▲❈ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s✱ ❡t❝✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❬❑❞❇❇❋✵✺❪✱ t❤✐s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❛ ♠♦r❡ r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ✇✐t❤ s✐♠♣❧✐☞❡❞ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ❖✉r ☞♥❡✲❣r❛✐♥❡❞ ❜♦tt♦♠✲✉♣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥ts t❤❡ r❡❝❡♥t ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❖❲▲✲▲✐t❡ ✐♥t♦ ❖❲▲ ✶✳✶ ❚r❛❝t❛❜❧❡ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥ts ❬●❈●✰✵✻❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✉s❡s ❝❧❛ss❡s ♦❢ ❛ s✉❜❈❧❛ss❖❢ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣② ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s♦rts ♦❢ s❧✐❣❤t❧② ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❉❛t❛❧♦❣ r✉❧❡s✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② ♦❢ ❍♦r♥ ❧♦❣✐❝ r✉❧❡s ❡♠♣❧♦②✐♥❣ ✭✉♥❛r②✮ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥❧② ❢♦r ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ✉♥✐ts✳ ❚❤❡ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣② ❢♦r♠s ❛ ❉❆● t❤❛t ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ❱❡❤✐❝❧❡✲r♦♦t❡❞ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛♥❞ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐☞❡s ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ✐♥❤❡r✐t❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ▼✐♥✐❱❛♥ ❢r♦♠ ❱❛♥ ❛♥❞ P❛ss❡♥❣❡r❱❡❤✐❝❧❡ ✭t❤❡ ❭❃✧ ✐♥☞① ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛ s✉♣❡r❝❧❛ss ❛♥❞ ❛ s✉❜❝❧❛ss✮✿ ❱❡❤✐❝❧❡ ❃ ❱❛♥ ❱❡❤✐❝❧❡ ❃ P❛ss❡♥❣❡r❱❡❤✐❝❧❡ ❱❛♥ ❃ ▼✐♥✐❱❛♥ P❛ss❡♥❣❡r❱❡❤✐❝❧❡ ❃ ▼✐♥✐❱❛♥ P❛ss❡♥❣❡r❱❡❤✐❝❧❡ ❃ ❈❛r

(10)

✽ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡② ✭❤❛r♦❧❞✳❜♦❧❡② ❆❚ ♥r❝✳❣❝✳❝❛✮ ❚❤❡ r✉❧❡s ✭s❡r✐❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✳✸✮ s♣❡❝✐❢② r❡❣✐str❛t✐♦♥ ❢❡❡s ❢♦r ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ☞rst r✉❧❡ s♣❡❝✐☞❡s ❛ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❱❛♥ ❝❧❛ss✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ r❡❢❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ❈❛r ❝❧❛ss ✭t❤❡ ❭✿✧ ✐♥☞① ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✐ts s♦rt✮✿ r❡❣✐str❛t✐♦♥✭❄❱✿❱❛♥✱❈❆❉❬❄❘✿❉❡❝✐♠❛❧❪✮ ✿✲ ❡♠✐ss✐♦♥✭❄❱✱❈❖✷❬❄❊❪✮✱ ✇❡✐❣❤t✭❄❱✱❦❣❬❄❲❪✮✱ ❡♠✐✇❡✐❣❤t✭❈❆❉❬❄❘❪✱❈❖✷❬❄❊❪✱❦❣❬❄❲❪✮✳ r❡❣✐str❛t✐♦♥✭❄❱✿❈❛r✱❈❆❉❬❄❘✿❉❡❝✐♠❛❧❪✮ ✿✲ ❡♠✐ss✐♦♥✭❄❱✱❈❖✷❬❄❊❪✮✱ s♣❡❡❞✭❄❱✱❦♠❤❬❄❙❪✮✱ ❡♠✐s♣❡❡❞✭❈❆❉❬❄❘❪✱❈❖✷❬❄❊❪✱❦♠❤❬❄❙❪✮✳ ❆ r❡❣✐str❛t✐♦♥ q✉❡r② ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡ ❝❧❛ss ✇✐❧❧ t❤✉s ✉♥✐❢② ♦♥❧② ✇✐t❤ ❝♦r✲ r❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣❧② s♦rt❡❞ r✉❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s✱ ❤❡♥❝❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❜r❛♥❝❤ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ r✉❧❡ ♣r❡♠✐s❡s ✭t❤❡ ❡♠✐✇❡✐❣❤t ❛♥❞ ❡♠✐s♣❡❡❞ ♣r❡♠✐s❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ ❢❡❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡♠✐ss✐♦♥s ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ✇❡✐❣❤ts ❛♥❞ s♣❡❡❞s ❢♦r ❱❛♥s ❛♥❞ ❈❛rs✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✮✳ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ❊✹ ✇✐❧❧ s❤♦✇ ❯❘■✲❵✇❡❜✐③❡❞✬ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳

❊✹ ❯❘■s ❢♦r ❆❝❝❡ss✱ ◆❛♠✐♥❣✱ ❖r ❇♦t❤

❚❤❡r❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛tt❡♠♣ts t♦ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ t❤❡ ❲❡❜ ♥♦t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❯❘■s ✐♥t♦ t✇♦ s✉❜✲ ♥♦t✐♦♥s✱ ❛s ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❬❍❛❧✵✻❪✿ ❯❘▲s ✭❯♥✐❢♦r♠ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ▲♦❝❛t♦rs✮✱ ❢♦r ❛❝❝❡ss✱ ❛♥❞ ❯❘◆s ✭❯♥✐❢♦r♠ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ◆❛♠❡s✮✱ ❢♦r ♥❛♠✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐s ❞✐st✐♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥✲ ❞❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡❝❡♥t ■❘■ ✭■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧✐③❡❞✮ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❯❘■s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦r ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡s ❛s ❡①♣❧♦r❡❞ ✐♥ P❖❙▲✱ ❘✉❧❡▼▲✱ ❛♥❞ ❘■❋✱ t❤r❡❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❯❘■ ✉s❡s ❛r❡ ❡♠❡r❣✐♥❣✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r❞❡r ♦❢ ❢✉rt❤❡r ♥❡❡❞❡❞ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✭♦rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ t♦ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥ ❯❘■ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❬❇♦❧✵✸❪✮✳ ❋✐rst✱ ❛ ❯❘■ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞✱ ❯❘▲✴❛❝❝❡ss✲st②❧❡✱ ❢♦r ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✐♠♣♦rt ✭tr❛♥s✐t✐✈❡ ✐♠♣♦rt ❢♦r ♥❡st❡❞ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s✮✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐t ✐s ❛♥ ❡rr♦r ✐❢ ❞❡r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❯❘■ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ②✐❡❧❞ ❛ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛s❡ ✈❛❧✐❞ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ ❛ ❯❘■ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞✱ ❯❘◆✴♥❛♠✐♥❣✲st②❧❡✱ ❛s t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐☞❡r ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥❞✐✲ ✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❯❘■ ❞❡r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✐s ♥♦t ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ ❛s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ■❢ ❞❡r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✐s ❛t✲ t❡♠♣t❡❞ ❛s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐t s❤♦✉❧❞ r❡tr✐❡✈❡ ❛ ❵❤♦♠❡♣❛❣❡✬ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❀ ❝❢✳ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❊✶✳ ❚❤✐r❞✱ ❛ ❯❘■ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞✱ ♥❛♠✐♥❣✲st②❧❡✱ ❛s t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐☞❡r ♦❢ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✱ ♣r♦♣❡rt②✱ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ♦r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✱ ❛❝❝❡ss✲st②❧❡✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❞❡r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣ ②✐❡❧❞s ✭❛ ❭★✧✲❛♥❝❤♦r ✐♥t♦✮ ❛ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛s❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧❧② ❞❡☞♥✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✐❞❡♥t✐☞❡r ✭❛❧❜❡✐t ♣❡r❤❛♣s ♣❛rt✐❛❧❧② ♦♥❧②✱ ❛s ❢♦r ❛♥ ❘❉❋ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛s❡ ❥✉st ❣✐✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r❝❧❛ss❡s ♦❢ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✮✳ ❍❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ❯❘■ ✉s❡s ✐♥ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ r✉❧❡s✳ ❋✐rst✱ t❤❡ ❧♦②❛❧t② ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ♦❢ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❊✷ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t r✉❧❡❜❛s❡ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❯❘▲✴❛❝❝❡ss✲st②❧❡ ❯❘■ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♠♦❞❡❣✳♦r❣★❧♦②❛❧t②✳

(11)

❆r❡ ❨♦✉r ❘✉❧❡s ❖♥❧✐♥❡❄ ❋♦✉r ❲❡❜ ❘✉❧❡ ❊ss❡♥t✐❛❧s ✾ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ t❤❡ ❯❘■ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❡♥✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴P❧✉t♦ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❯❘◆✴♥❛♠✐♥❣✲st②❧❡ t♦ r❡❢❡r t♦ ❛ ❝❡❧❡st✐❛❧ ❜♦❞② ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧❧② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛ ♣❧❛♥❡t✱ ❛s ✐♥ t❤✐s r✉❧❡ ✭s❡r✐❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✳✹✮ s♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ ✐ts ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥❡t❤♦♦❞ ✭❛ ❯❘■ ✐s ❡♥❝❧♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❛✐r ♦❢ ❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❜r❛❝❦❡ts✱ ❁✳ ✳ ✳ ❃✮✿ ♣❧❛♥❡t✭❁❤tt♣✿✴✴❡♥✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴P❧✉t♦❃✱❆❉❬❄②❡❛r❪✮ ✿✲ ❧❡ss❚❤❛♥❖r❊q✉❛❧✭✶✾✸✵✱❄②❡❛r✮✱ ❧❡ss❚❤❛♥❖r❊q✉❛❧✭❄②❡❛r✱✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❆s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ r✉❧❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ t❤❡ P❧✉t♦ ❯❘■ ✐s ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❞ ♦♥❧② ❢♦r ♥❛♠✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ r✉❧❡ ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❞ ❛s ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ ❛❜♦✉t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✭❵s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ s❡❛r❝❤ ❡♥❣✐♥❡✬✮ q✉❡r✐❡s ❧✐❦❡ ♣❧❛♥❡t✭❄✇❤✐❝❤✱✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✐ts s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✇✐❧❧ ❜✐♥❞ ❄✇❤✐❝❤ t♦ t❤❡ ❯❘■✱ ✇❤♦s❡ ❞❡r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✭❵❝❧✐❝❦✐♥❣✬✮ ✇✐❧❧ t❤❡♥ r❡tr✐❡✈❡ P❧✉t♦✬s ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❡♥tr②✳ ❚❤✐r❞✱ r❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣② ✐♥ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❊✸✱ ❢♦r ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣✉r♣♦s❡s ❛ ❯❘■ ❧✐❦❡ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t❡r♠❡❣✳♦r❣★▼✐♥✐❱❛♥ ✐s ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ❥✉st t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ♥❛♠❡❀ ❢♦r ♦t❤❡r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣✉r♣♦s❡s✱ ❛❧s♦ t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ t♦t❛❧ ♦r ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ❞❡☞♥✐t✐♦♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❛t s❛♠❡ ❯❘■ ❛❝❝❡ss✲st②❧❡ ✭s❛②✱ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ❞❡☞♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ r❞❢s✿s✉❜❈❧❛ss❖❢ ❜♦t❤ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t❡r♠❡❣✳♦r❣★❱❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t❡r♠❡❣✳♦r❣★P❛ss❡♥❣❡r❱❡❤✐❝❧❡✮✳

❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❋♦✉r ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡ ✐ss✉❡s ■✶✲✹ ❧❡❞ t♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧s ❊✶✲✹✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧s ❛r❡ ✈❛r✐♦✉s❧② ✐♥t❡rr❡❧❛t❡❞✳ ❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ ❛ ❘✉❧❡ ❲✐❦✐ ✭❊✶✮ ❢♦r ❛ss❡r✲ t✐♦♥❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✭❊✸✮✱ ❜♦t❤ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❦❡♣t ✐♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ✭❊✷✮ ❛❝❝❡ss❡❞ ❜② ❯❘■s ✭❊✹✮✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝❧❛ss❡s ♠❛② ❭★✧✲❡①t❡♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❯❘■s ❢♦r ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♥❛♠✐♥❣ ✭❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ t❤❡✐r ❞❡☞♥✐t✐♦♥s✮✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❢♦❝✉s ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✇❛s ♦♥ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛t✐✈❡ r✉❧❡s ❢♦r ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛✲ t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❢♦✉r ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ✭r❡✮❛❝t✐✈❡ r✉❧❡s ❢♦r ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✉♣✲ ❞❛t❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣❧② st✉❞✐❡❞ ✐♥ ❲❡❜ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s ❘❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ❘✉❧❡▼▲ ❬P❑❇✵✼❪ ❛♥❞ Pr♦✈❛ ❬P❛s✵✼❪✿ ❚❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❡✈❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♣❛rts ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ r✉❧❡s ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ❜❡♥❡☞❝✐❛❧❧② ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ ✭❊✶✮✱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ❛r❡ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❢♦r ❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ s✐❞❡✲❡☛❡❝ts ✭❊✷✮✱ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❛❞❞❡❞ t♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❡ ❜♦t❤ ❡✈❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛r✐❡s ✭❊✸✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧ ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❯❘■s ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ t♦ ✭r❡✮❛❝t✐✈❡ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ✭❊✹✮✳ ❚❛❦❡♥ t♦❣❡t❤❡r✱ t❤❡ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧s ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ ❛ ❞✐❛♠♦♥❞✲❧✐❦❡ s②st❡♠✱ ❊✷✶ ✹✸✱ ✇✐t❤ ❯❘■s ✭❊✹✮ ❛t t❤❡ ❜♦tt♦♠✱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ✭❊✷✮ ❛♥❞ ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥❛❧✲t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❧❛②❡rs ✭❊✸✮ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ ✭❊✶✮ ❛t t❤❡ t♦♣✳ ❚❤❡ ❊✷✶ ✹✸ s②st❡♠ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛✉❣♠❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ♦t❤❡r ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s s✉♣✲ ♣♦rt ❢♦r ✭❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝✮ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ ❆P■s t♦ ✭❲❡❜✮ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ✇✐t❤ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵ t♦♦❧s✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✐s ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♣r♦❣r❡ss r❡♣♦rt ❛t ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❊✷✶ ✹✸✱ ❛♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ❛❝❝❡❧❡r❛t❡ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡s ❛s ❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ t♦ ♦t❤❡r ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳

(12)

✶✵ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡② ✭❤❛r♦❧❞✳❜♦❧❡② ❆❚ ♥r❝✳❣❝✳❝❛✮

❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥ts

❚❤❛♥❦s ❣♦ t♦ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❍✐rt❧❡ ❢♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡▼▲ ❳▼▲ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❉❡☞♥✐t✐♦♥s ✭❳❙❉s✮ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r s✉❣❣❡st✐♥❣ t♦ t❛❦❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✇✐❦✐ ❧✐sts t♦ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ ❡❛❝❤ r✉❧❡ ♣r❡♠✐s❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♥♦✇ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡ ❲✐❦✐ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ✐♥ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❊✶✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r t❤❛♥❦s ❣♦ t♦ ●r❡❣♦r② ❙❤❡r♠❛♥ ❢♦r ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❘✉❧❡ ❲✐❦✐ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s✳ ❆❧s♦✱ t❤❛♥❦s t♦ ❇❡♥❥❛♠✐♥ ❈r❛✐❣ ❢♦r ❡①t❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❖❖ ❥❉❘❊❲ ❛♥❞✱ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❚s❤❡r✐♥❣ ❉❡♠❛✱ ❢♦r ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ✐♥ ❛♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ◆❙❊❘❈ ✐s t❤❛♥❦❡❞ ❢♦r ✐ts s✉♣♣♦rt t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ❣r❛♥t✳

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❬❆❉●✰✵✺❪ ●r✐❣♦r✐s ❆♥t♦♥✐♦✉✱ ❈❛r❧♦s ❱✐❡❣❛s ❉❛♠❛s✐♦✱ ❇❡♥❥❛♠✐♥ ●r♦s♦❢✱ ■❛♥ ❍♦r✲ r♦❝❦s✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❑✐❢❡r✱ ❏❛♥ ▼❛❧✉s③②♥s❦✐✱ ❛♥❞ P❡t❡r ❋✳ P❛t❡❧✲❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r✳ ❈♦♠✲ ❜✐♥✐♥❣ ❘✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❡s ④ ❆ ❙✉r✈❡②✳ ❉❡❧✐✈❡r❛❜❧❡s ■✸✲❉✸✱ ❘❊❲❊❘❙❊✱ ❤tt♣✿✴✴r❡✇❡rs❡✳♥❡t✴❞❡❧✐✈❡r❛❜❧❡s✴♠✶✷✴✐✸✲❞✸✳♣❞❢✱ ▼❛r❝❤ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬❇❆❱✵✹❪ ◆✐❝❦ ❇❛ss✐❧✐❛❞❡s✱ ●r✐❣♦r✐s ❆♥t♦♥✐♦✉✱ ❛♥❞ ■♦❛♥♥✐s P✳ ❱❧❛❤❛✈❛s✳ ❆ ❉❡❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜✳ ■♥ ●r✐❣♦r✐s ❆♥t♦♥✐♦✉ ❛♥❞ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡②✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ ❘✉❧❡▼▲✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✸✸✷✸ ♦❢ ▲❡❝t✉r❡ ◆♦t❡s ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✹✾④✻✹✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬❇❇❍✰✵✺❪ ▼❛r❝❡❧ ❇❛❧❧✱ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡②✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❍✐rt❧❡✱ ❏✐♥❣ ▼❡✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❇r✉❝❡ ❙♣❡♥❝❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❖❖ ❥❉❘❊❲ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘✉❧❡▼▲✳ ■♥ ❆s❛❢ ❆❞✐✱ ❙✉③❡tt❡ ❙t♦✉t❡♥❜✉r❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❙❛✐❞ ❚❛❜❡t✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ ❘✉❧❡▼▲✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✸✼✾✶ ♦❢ ▲❡❝t✉r❡ ◆♦t❡s ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✶✽④✷✷✸✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬❇❇❨✵✹❪ ❱✐r❡♥❞r❛ ❈✳ ❇❤❛✈s❛r✱ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡②✱ ❛♥❞ ▲✉ ❨❛♥❣✳ ❆ ❲❡✐❣❤t❡❞✲❚r❡❡ ❙✐♠✲ ✐❧❛r✐t② ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r ▼✉❧t✐✲❆❣❡♥t ❙②st❡♠s ✐♥ ❡✲❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝✳ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❆❣❡♥ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ✭❇❆❙❡❲❊❇✮ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣✳ ❆❧s♦ ✐♥✿ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✱ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬❇❍❈✵✺❪ ❉♦♥❛❧❞ ❊✳ ❇❛✐s❧❡②✱ ❏♦❤♥ ❍❛❧❧✱ ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥❛❧❞ ❈❤❛♣✐♥✳ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❙❇❱❘✳ ■♥ ❘✉❧❡ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ❢♦r ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ❲✸❈✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬❇❍❱✵✻❪ ❨❡✈❣❡♥ ❇✐❧❡ts❦✐②✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❍✐rt❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❖❧❣❛ ❱♦r♦❝❤❡❦✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞ t❤❡ ■❞❡♥t✐☞❝❛✲ t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❈♦♥✌✐❝ts ❢♦r ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳ ■♥ ❈❛♥❛❞✐❛♥ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜✳ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❛♥❞ ❇❡②♦♥❞✿ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❍✉♠❛♥ ❊①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✸✺④✶✹✷✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬❇❑✵✼❪ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡② ❛♥❞ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❑✐❢❡r✳ ❘■❋ ❈♦r❡ ❉❡s✐❣♥✳ ❲✸❈ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ❉r❛❢t✱ ❲✸❈✱ ▼❛r❝❤ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❚❘✴✷✵✵✼✴❲❉✲r✐❢✲❝♦r❡✲✷✵✵✼✵✸✸✵✴✳ ❬❇❑PP✵✼❪ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡②✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❑✐❢❡r✱ P❛✉❧❛✲▲❛✈✐♥✐❛ P✕❛tr❫❛♥❥❛♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❆①❡❧ P♦❧❧❡r❡s✳ ❘✉❧❡ ■♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❲❡❜✳ ■♥ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❲❡❜ ✷✵✵✼✱ ♥✉♠❜❡r ✹✻✸✻✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✻✾④✸✵✾✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✼✳ ❬❇▲✵✶❪ ❚✐♠ ❇❡r♥❡rs✲▲❡❡✳ ❲❡❜✐③✐♥❣ ❊①✐st✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠s✳ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥s♦r✲ t✐✉♠✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ♥♦t❡s ♦♥✿ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ■ss✉❡s ④ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❛❧ ❛♥❞ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ P♦✐♥ts✱ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❉❡s✐❣♥■ss✉❡s✴❲❡❜✐③❡✳❤t♠❧✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✶✳ ❬❇▲✵✻❪ ❚✐♠ ❇❡r♥❡rs✲▲❡❡✳ ◆♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✸✳ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥s♦rt✐✉♠✱ ♣❡r✲ s♦♥❛❧ ♥♦t❡s ♦♥✿ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ■ss✉❡s ④ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❛❧ ❛♥❞ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ P♦✐♥ts✱ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❉❡s✐❣♥■ss✉❡s✴◆♦t❛t✐♦♥✸✱ ▼❛r❝❤ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬❇▲▼✾✹❪ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❡ ❇✉❣❧✐❡s✐✱ ❊✈❡❧✐♥❛ ▲❛♠♠❛✱ ❛♥❞ P❛♦❧❛ ▼❡❧❧♦✳ ▼♦❞✉❧❛r✐t② ✐♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✱ ✶✾✴✷✵✿✹✹✸④✺✵✷✱ ✶✾✾✹✳

(13)

❆r❡ ❨♦✉r ❘✉❧❡s ❖♥❧✐♥❡❄ ❋♦✉r ❲❡❜ ❘✉❧❡ ❊ss❡♥t✐❛❧s ✶✶ ❬❇♦❧✾✾❪ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡②✳ ❖◆❚❖❋■▲❊✿ ❊①t❡r✐♦r ❛♥❞ ■♥t❡r✐♦r ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❡s ♦❢ ❋✐❧❡✴❍❚❚P ❯❘▲s✳ ■♥ ❍❛♥♥✉ ❏❛❛❦❦♦❧❛✱ ❍❛♥♥✉ ❑❛♥❣❛ss❛❧♦✱ ❛♥❞ ❊✐❥✐ ❑❛✇❛❣✉❝❤✐✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❇❛s❡s ❳✳ ■❖❙ Pr❡ss✱ ❆♠st❡r❞❛♠✱ ❭❋r♦♥t✐❡rs ✐♥ ❆rt✐☞❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✧✱ ❙♣r✐♥❣ ✶✾✾✾✳ ❬❇♦❧✵✸❪ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡②✳ ❖❜❥❡❝t✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❘✉❧❡▼▲✿ ❯s❡r✲▲❡✈❡❧ ❘♦❧❡s✱ ❯❘■✲●r♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❈❧❛✉s❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❖r❞❡r✲❙♦rt❡❞ ❚❡r♠s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝✳ ❘✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❘✉❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥✲ ❣✉❛❣❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ✭❘✉❧❡▼▲✲✷✵✵✸✮✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶④✶✻✳ ▲◆❈❙ ✷✽✼✻✱ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✵✵✸✳ ❬❇♦❧✵✻❪ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡②✳ ❚❤❡ ❘✉❧❡▼▲ ❋❛♠✐❧② ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❘✉❧❡ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✳ ■♥ ❏♦s✓❡ ❏✓✉❧✐♦ ❆❧❢❡r❡s✱ ❏❛♠❡s ❇❛✐❧❡②✱ ❲♦❧❢❣❛♥❣ ▼❛②✱ ❛♥❞ ❯t❛ ❙❝❤✇❡rt❡❧✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ PP❙❲❘✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✹✶✽✼ ♦❢ ▲❡❝t✉r❡ ◆♦t❡s ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶④✶✼✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬❋❍❑✰✵✺❪ ◆♦r❜❡rt ❊✳ ❋✉❝❤s✱ ❙t❡❢❛♥ ❍⑧♦✌❡r✱ ❑❛❛r❡❧ ❑❛❧❥✉r❛♥❞✱ ❋❛❜✐♦ ❘✐♥❛❧❞✐✱ ❛♥❞ ●❡r♦❧❞ ❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r✳ ❆tt❡♠♣t♦ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤✿ ❆ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❘❡❛❞❛❜❧❡ ❜② ❍✉♠❛♥s ❛♥❞ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s✳ ■♥ ◆♦r❜❡rt ❊✐s✐♥❣❡r ❛♥❞ ❏❛♥ ▼❛❧✉s③②♥s❦✐✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❲❡❜✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✸✺✻✹ ♦❢ ▲❡❝t✉r❡ ◆♦t❡s ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✶✸④✷✺✵✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬●❈●✰✵✻❪ ❇❡r♥❛r❞♦ ❈✉❡♥❝❛ ●r❛✉✱ ❉✐❡❣♦ ❈❛❧✈❛♥❡s❡✱ ●✐✉s❡♣♣❡ ❉❡ ●✐❛❝♦♠♦✱ ■❛♥ ❍♦rr♦❝❦s✱ ❈❛rst❡♥ ▲✉t③✱ ❇♦r✐s ▼♦t✐❦✱ ❇✐❥❛♥ P❛rs✐❛✱ ❛♥❞ P❡t❡r ❋✳ P❛t❡❧✲❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r✳ ❖❲▲ ✶✳✶ ❲❡❜ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❚r❛❝t❛❜❧❡ ❋r❛❣✲ ♠❡♥ts✳ ❲✸❈ ▼❡♠❜❡r ❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✴♦✇❧✶✶✲ tr❛❝t❛❜❧❡✴✱ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬●r♦✵✹❪ ❇❡♥❥❛♠✐♥ ◆✳ ●r♦s♦❢✳ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❡✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ❘✉❧❡s ✈✐❛ ❙✐t✉❛t❡❞ ❈♦✉r✲ t❡♦✉s ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ✐♥ ❘✉❧❡▼▲✳ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✸✭✶✮✿✷④✷✵✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬❍❛❧✵✻❪ ❍❛rr② ❍❛❧♣✐♥✳ ■❞❡♥t✐t②✱ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ ▼❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❲❡❜✳ ❲❲❲✷✵✵✻ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ■❞❡♥t✐t②✱ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❲❡❜✱ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐❜✐❜❧✐♦✳♦r❣✴❤❤❛❧♣✐♥✴✐r✇✷✵✵✻✴✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬❍❛②✵✹❪ P❛tr✐❝❦ ❍❛②❡s✳ ❘❉❋ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✳ ❲✸❈ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥✱ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬❍❋✵✻❪ ❘✓❡♠② ❍❛❡♠♠❡r❧✓❡ ❛♥❞ ❋r❛♥✘❝♦✐s ❋❛❣❡s✳ ▼♦❞✉❧❡s ❢♦r Pr♦❧♦❣ ❘❡✲ ✈✐s✐t❡❞✳ ❘❛♣♣♦rt ❞❡ r❡❝❤❡r❝❤❡ ◆♦✳ ✺✽✻✾✱ ■◆❘■❆✱ ❘♦❝q✉❡♥❝♦✉rt✱ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❤❛❧✳✐♥r✐❛✳❢r✴✐♥r✐❛✲✵✵✵✼✵✶✺✼✴❡♥✴✱ ▼❛r❝❤ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬❍✐r✵✻❪ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❍✐rt❧❡✳ ❚❘❆◆❙▲❆❚❖❘✿ ❆ ❚❘❆◆❙❧❛t♦r ❢r♦♠ ▲❆♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❚❖ ❘✉❧❡s✳ ■♥ ❈❛♥❛❞✐❛♥ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❚❡①t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭❈❛❙❚❆✮✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✷✼④✶✸✾✱ ❋r❡❞✲ ❡r✐❝t♦♥✱ ❈❛♥❛❞❛✱ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬❍P❙❇✰✵✹❪ ■❛♥ ❍♦rr♦❝❦s✱ P❡t❡r ❋✳ P❛t❡❧✲❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r✱ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡②✱ ❙❛✐❞ ❚❛❜❡t✱ ❇❡♥✲ ❥❛♠✐♥ ●r♦s♦❢✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✐❦❡ ❉❡❛♥✳ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❘✉❧❡ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✭❙❲❘▲✮✳ ❲✸❈ ▼❡♠❜❡r ❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✴✷✵✵✹✴❙❯❇▼✲ ❙❲❘▲✲✷✵✵✹✵✺✷✶✴✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬❑❞❇❇❋✵✺❪ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❑✐❢❡r✱ ❏♦s ❞❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥✱ ❍❛r♦❧❞ ❇♦❧❡②✱ ❛♥❞ ❉✐❡t❡r ❋❡♥s❡❧✳ ❆ ❘❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜✳ ■♥ ❆s❛❢ ❆❞✐✱ ❙✉③❡tt❡ ❙t♦✉t❡♥❜✉r❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❙❛✐❞ ❚❛❜❡t✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ ❘✉❧❡▼▲✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✸✼✾✶ ♦❢ ▲❡❝t✉r❡ ◆♦t❡s ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✼④✷✾✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬❑♥✉✽✹❪ ❉♦♥❛❧❞ ❊✳ ❑♥✉t❤✳ ▲✐t❡r❛t❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❏♦✉r♥❛❧✱ ✷✼✭✷✮✿✾✼④✶✶✶✱ ✶✾✽✹✳ ❬❑✉❤✵✼❪ ❚♦❜✐❛s ❑✉❤♥✳ ❆❝❡❘✉❧❡s✿ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♥❣ ❘✉❧❡s ✐♥ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ■♥ ▼❛ss✐♠♦ ▼❛r❝❤✐♦r✐✱ ❏❡☛ ❩✳ P❛♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❞❡ ❙❛✐♥t❡ ▼❛r✐❡✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ ❘❘✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✹✺✷✹ ♦❢ ▲❡❝t✉r❡ ◆♦t❡s ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✾✾④✸✵✽✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✵✼✳

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