الدراسة النظرية لمركبات العناصر الإنتقالية من النوع M(NR2)6

ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﺇ ﺕ ﺓ

:

ﺔﻤﻁﺎﻓ ﻱﺎﺤﺭﻓ

....

ﻓﺭﺸﻤ ﺎ

...

ﻨﺤﺘﻤﻤ ﺎ

...

ﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺎ

( 20

ﺔـﻴﺒﻌﺸ Républiqu

Ministère de l’Enseignement Su et de la Recherche Scientifique Ecole Normale Supérieure Vieux Kouba – Alger Département de1 chimie

ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻘﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺮﺻ

ﺇ ﺕﺤﺘ

ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﺼ ﻲﻁ ﺤﺭﻓ -

ﺀﺍﺭ ﻡﺴﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭﺒﺃ ﺩﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﺎ

ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ

:

ﺀﺍﺭﻫﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻁﺎﻓ ﻱﺎﺤﺭﻓ - ...

ﻡﺎﻬﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﺎﺴﻗ - ...

...

ﻰﻠﻴﻝ ﻡﺎﺘﻤﺘﻭﺒ - ...

...

ﻥﺍﻭﺠ ﺔﻌﻓﺩ )

2015

ﺍ ﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝ

ue Algérienne Démocratique Populair

ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻲ

ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴ

ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ Supérieur

ﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻛﺮﻤﻟ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺳ ﻉﻮﻨﻟﺍ

M(NR ² ) ⁶

ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ : ﻲﻁﺍﺭﻴﻗ -

ﺀﺍﺭﻫﺯﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺒﺃ ﻡﺴﺎﻗ - ﻥﺎﻴﺯﻭﺒ -

aire

ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺘﺎﺴﻸﻝ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ – ﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ

ﻡﺴﻗ ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ

ﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ

ﻔﻝﺍ ـــــ ﺱﺭﻬ

ﻤﻝﺍ ـــــ ﺔﻤﺩﻘ

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01

-I ﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ لﻭ

: ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ...

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04

-1-I ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ

ﺎﻬﻤﺎﺴﻗﺃ ﻭ ..

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-2-I ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻠﻝ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺍﻭﺨﻝﺍ

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09

-3-I ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻼﻤ

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10

-4-I ﺕﺍﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ

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-5-I ﺔﻴﻘﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ...

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13

-6-I ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤ ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻘﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ...

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15

-II ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ :

ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ...

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18

-1-II ﻤ ـ ﻤﺩﻘ ـ ﺔ ...

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19

-2-II ﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﻭﻫ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ

ﻤ ﺓﺩﺩ

EHT ...

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. ...

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19

-3-II ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ

FMO ...

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21

-4-II ﻨ ـ ﻴﺘ ـــــ ﺔﺠ

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21

-III لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ

: ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

M(NR2)6

…

…..

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…….

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2 2

-1-III ﻤ ــ ﻤﺩﻘ ــــ ﺔ

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23 -1-1-III

ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺓﺫﺒﻨ

ﺓﺭﺼﺘﺨﻤ ...

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23

-2-1-III ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻫ

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25

-3-1-III ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ

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25

-2-III ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ

M(NR2)6

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. 28

-1-2-III ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﻨﻴﻤﺃ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺃ

d ﻥﺩﻌﻤﻠﻝ

…….

…

……..

...

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28

-2-2-III

ﻲﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ( ( ) )

……….…..

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31

-1-2-2-III ﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ

ﺌ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺞ ...

. ..

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33

-2-2-2-III ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ

...

. . ...

. ....

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35

-3-2-2-III ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

C

...

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. ...

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35

-4-2-2-III ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ

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-5-2-2-III ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ

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-6-2-2-III ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ

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-7-2-2-III ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ

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-8-2-2-III ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ

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-3-2-III ﻱﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ

...

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. ...

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40

-1-3-2-III ﺩﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ

...

… . ...

. ...

40

-2-3-2-III ﺭﻁﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ

… . ...

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-3-III ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍ

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ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ ...

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ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ...

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ﻕﺤﻠﻤ ...

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لواد ا سر :

لود ا :01

ا ر ا ض و

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05

لود ا :02

ا ار ور ا ب ر ا

و ا d ...

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10

لود ا : 03

ا ا ر ور ا ب ر ا

ا d ...

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10

لود ا :04

ا مور ا د ا صاو!

...

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11..

لود ا :05

" " ت و ر ط% ا ف ا ...

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1 1

ا لود . :06 ـ ( ) ر " ت ا % ط ا ...ev

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33

لود ا 07

تاراد" ا ر ": ا % ط ا * "" ا

ت ...

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. ...

34

لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ 08

: ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ d⁰

. ...

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34

لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ 09

ـ ارار ا ر +ا ت ا % ط ا : d⁰

إ d¹⁰ ا ر

Cr , Mo

...W ...

...

...

40

لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ 10

: ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤ d

ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﻠﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻷﺍ

ﺭﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﺒ ﺎﺘﺎﺒﺜ

ﺕﺎﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻻﺍ ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ

Cr Mo , ﻭ

W ..

...

...

...

41

لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ 11

: ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ d⁰

ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻠﻝ C ﺙﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤﻠﻝ Cr

،

Mo

، W . . ...

41

لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ 12

: ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ

ـﻝ ﺎﺘﺎﺒﺜ d⁰

ﻰﻝﺇ d¹⁰ لﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ Ti , V

ﻭ

Cr . ...

. ...

. 44

لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ 13

: ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤ d

ﻰﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﻠﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﺹﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﺒ ﺎﺘﺎﺒﺜ

ﺕﺎﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ

Ti ,V ﻭ

Cr ...

...

...

. 44

لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ 14

: ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ d⁰

ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻠﻝ C ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤﻠﻝ Cr

، Ti ،

V ....

. ...

...

45

ل ــ ا سر ــــ

ل ا

: 1 ط ار ا ل و يد " ا ط ر" ا

π ...

15

ل ا 2 تاراد" ا ل " : d

...

25

ل ا 3 ـ ز ا تاراد" م ر: WH66-

...

27

لﻜﺸﻝﺍ 4

: ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ

ـﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺩﻤﻠﻝ

₂⁻

..

...

...

...

28. ل ا :5

* ا ت0) 1 ا طط!" ا

د " ا

30……..….…………( )

ل ا :6

ز ا تاراد" % ط ا ت و " طط!"

د "

W( )

...

...

ل ا

: 7

د " ز ا تاراد" ا طط!"

W( )

ت0 ...

...

39.

ت و ر ا سر

م ر :1

د " ا د ھ

( )

...

...

...

29

م ر :2

"" ا ا د3 ا ا ل ( ( 3)₂)₆.

....

...

32.

م ر :3

تاراد" طط!" ا ل d

...A 43

1

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ :

ﺕﻁﻋﺃ ﻻﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ

ﻷﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻏﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝ ﻱﺩﻴﻤ

ﻹﺍ ﻭ ₂ ﻱﺩﻴﻤ ﺍﺩﻼﻴﻤ

ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﻌﻤ ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝ ﺕﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘﻤﻜ )

ﻥﺩﻌﻤ ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ -

ﺕﻭﺯﺃ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ

ﻸﻝ ﻱﺯﻴﻔﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺤﺎﺘﻔﻤ لﻴﺭﺘﻨ ﻭﻠﻴﺭﻜ

) ﻭ ﺕﻴﺒﺜﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻴﺭﺘﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺴﻜﻷﺍ

ﻶﻝ ﻲﺌﻴﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺯ .

لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ

= ₂

ﻭ ( ₃)₂]

ﻭﺍ

= [

ﻥﺩﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﺓﺩﺴﻜﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ )

ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺜ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﺘ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜ ﻭ

ﺩﻭﻬﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻲﻨﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻼﻝ ﺅﻓﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻭ ﻲﻘﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ )

ﻭ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ

ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ

) ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ

ﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﺎ

ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ

) ﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺯﻔﺤﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ

) ﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺤ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻠﻝ ﺱﻨﺎﺠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻔﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﻴ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﺒﺭﻜﻭﺭﺩﻴﻬﻝﺍ

ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴ

ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺴﻜﻨﺍ ﻭ

− ) − ,

) − . −

ﺩﺩﻤﺘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭﻠﻝ ) −

ﻭﺍ (

ﻭ ﻪﺒ ﺅﺒﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻭ ﻥﻜﻤﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺎﻤﻤ

ﻭﻁﺘ ﺯﻴﻔﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻅﻭﺤﻠﻤ ﺭ

ﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝ

.

ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻭﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻥﻭﻔﺸﺘﻜﻤ ﻥﺃ

ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ

− σ ﺃ ﻭ لﻴﻜﻝ M − N

ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﺘﻤ ﺩﻴﻤﺃ لﻴﻜﻝﺃ ﻲﺌﺎﻨﺜ

ﺔﻴﻘﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ

ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ )

ﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻤﻭﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ

ﻵﺍ ﺔﺤﻨﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻡﻏﺭﺒ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺴﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﺘﻭﺯ

ﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ -

ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋ .

ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻴﻷﺍ

ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻪﻓﺭﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻅﻭﺤﻠﻤ ﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ )

ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ₂

= , , ,

ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﺒﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ

ﺭﺸﻋ ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ ,

ﻡﺯﻝ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ

ﺍ ﻻ ﺭﺎﻅﺘﻨ ﻰﺘﺤ

ﺔﻨﺴ 1935 ﻥﻤ

ﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﺠ لﻭﺃ

ﺏﻜﺭﻤ

ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ₂ ﺱﻴﻭﻠﻨﺭﺎﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺭﺍﺩ

(dermer et fernlius) )

ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻭﻫ

2

ﻲﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻥﺩﻌﻤ (Ti(Nɸ₂)₄

) ﻭ

"#( ₂)₄ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻠﺼﺤﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﻻﺇ

ﺩﻌﺒ 25 ﺔﻨﺴ

ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻤ ,

ﻥﺇ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘ لﻭﺃ

ﺏﻜﺭﻤ ﺃ ﻭﺩﻴﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﻁ لﺌﺎﺴ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻴﻨﺍﺭﻭﻴﻝﺍ

$( %&₂) )

ﻡﺘ

ﺔﻨﺴ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ 1956

ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ لﺁﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻠﻴﺠ

) ﻡﺯﻠﺘﺴﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻭ ﻻﺍ

ﻰﺘﺤ ﺭﺎﻅﺘﻨ 1974

ﻝ لﻭﺼﺤﻠ

ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻨﻴﺘﻜﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ .

ﻲﻓ 1959 ﻊﻀﻭ

ﺱﺎﻤﻭﺘ ﻭ ﻲﻝﺩﺍﺭﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ

( ₂) :

ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻴ

ﻥﻤ

#'⁽ ﻰﻝﺇ

#'⁽ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ

ﻰﻝﺇ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ :

"#(4), *(4 +(3), +(4)

.

لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ

ML

ﻙﻴﺘﺒﻝﻭﻤﻭﺍ )

ﺱﻔﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ

ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺙﻴﺤ

= (( - ), ₂

ﻭ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ OR

) ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺭﻭﻁﺘ

ﺍﺭﺨﺅﻤ )

ﻓ ﻲﻔ 1990 لﻭﻜ ﻭ ﺎﻤﺍﺩﺍ

0. 0. 2. 34356)

ﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﻜﻤﺘ (789

ﻥﻴﺒﻜﺭﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ

ﻭ ﻱﻭﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺒﺴ ﻭﺫ ﺭﺨﻷﺍ

ـﻝ ﻲﻠﻔﺴ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﺸﺒ ﺎﻤﺎﻗ ﻭ *(2)

لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻝﺍ

لﻴﻠﺤﺘ

ﻷﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ; لﻭ

₄ ₄ )₂ *( )₃

1-

(η ( = " <, =-)

ﻭ

2,5- ₂ ₄ ₄ )₂ *( )₂

-1

(η ( = " <, =-) )

ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺸﺘﻤ ـــ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻭ ﺔﻬﺒﺎ

ﻲﻓ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﻉﻭﻨ

ﺒﺴﻝﺍ ــ ﻥﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺃ ﻪﻨ ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﻔﺴ لﻭﻷﺍ

ﻥﻴﺒﺴ ﻭ ﻱﻭﻠﻋ

ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺜﻠﻝ

ــ ﻲﻨﺎ )

ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ *(2) ﺙﻴﺤ

ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﻭﻜﻴ ﺱﻨﺭﺘ لﻭﺭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﻱﺩﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻴ ﻁﻁﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ

ﻀ ﻴﺯﺠ ﻡ ﺄ ﻥﻴﺩﻴﺭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻱ .

ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻕﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﺨ

ِ ـﻝ ﺭﻴﻏ *(2)

ﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻠﻜ ﺓﺩﺎﺘﻌﻤ )

ﻥﻭﻔﺸﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻭﺤﺭﺘﻗﺍ

ﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻜ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ

ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝ ﻡﻭﺭﻜﻝﺍ لﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻠﻔﺴ ﻥﻴﺒﺴﺒ d⁴

2.73-2.83 •

eff

=

• .(

3

ﺍﺫﺇ ﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺫ @

ﺔﻗﺎﻁ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺭﻅﺎﻨﺘ ﻭ

, ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭﻝ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﻭﻫ )

ﻭ

ـﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﻝﺎﺒ 2.5

- ﻝﻭﺭﻴﺒ لﻴﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻨﺜ لﻴ

) 2,5- ₂ ₄ ₄ )₂ *(= )₂

-1

( η ﻙﻠﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

ﺎﻴﻏﺍﺭﻓ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺭﻭﺤﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻌﻀﻭ ,

ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﺒ ﻕﺴﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﺒﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﺒﺭ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻫ لﻜﺸ ﻭﺫ ﻭﻫ

ﻲﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻋ @⁴

. ﻭ ﻡﻭﺭﻜﻠﻝ ﻱﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﺴ

4.87 •

eff

=

• .(

ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﺡﺭﺸ لﻭﺤ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ـﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﻌﻤ

ﻸ ﻙﻴﺘﺒﻝﻭﻤﻭﺍ ﺩﻴﻤ

ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺯﺎﻏ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻻﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺎﺒ ;n

) لﺁ ﻭ ﻥﻝﺎﻫ ـﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﺸﺒ ﺎﻤﺎﻗ

" (4): " ( ^C)₄ ; '(4): '( ₂)₄ ,

لﻭﺤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺔﻠﺜﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ

ـﻝﺍ

*( ₂)₄

ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ لﺁ ﻭ ﻥﺠﺎﻫ

ﺔﻨﺴ 1988 ,

ـﻝﺍ

" ( ₂)₄

ﻡﺘ

ﻩﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺭﻅﺎﻨﺘﺒ

ـﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ

é

*( ₂)₄

ﻥﺍ ﻅﺤﻼﻨ

ـﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ

*( ₂)₄

ﻪﻝ لﺜﺎﻤﺘﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﻝﺍﺯﺎﻤ

ـﻝﺍ

H( ₂)₄

, ﻪﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ

ﻲﺴﻴﻁﺎﻨﻐﻤﺎﻴﺩ ﺏﻜﺭﻤ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ

ﺒ

ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ـ

. D₂D

ـﻝﺍ لﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ ـﻝﺍ ﻼﺜﻤ

M( ₂)₄ ﻊﻤ

)

= , %&

( ﺔﻨﺴ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ

1962 ـﻝﺍ

M( =ℎ₂)₄ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻻﺍ ﻪﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻭ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ

1995 , ﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻌ

ﻭ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﻲﻋﺎﺒﺭ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻅﺎﻨﺘﻤ ﻻﺍ

ﺝﺎﺠﻭﻋ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

ﻥﺇ ﺏﺴﻨﻴ ﺃ ﺎﺴﺎﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﺤﺩﺯ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻲﻏﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ )

ـﻝﺎـﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

− ( ( ﻭ

ﺏﻜﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﺒﺭ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ # . ₄

ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺩﺠ ﻲﻫ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻤﻭﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻨﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ )

ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ﻭ

ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ M(NR₂)n

ﻥﻴﻤﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ

لﺜﻤ ﻱﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ :

( = , < , H, , K) ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺡﺭﻁﺘ ﻻ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ

ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤﻠﻝ

− ( )

لﺜﻤ [ ₃=&;]

ﻼﺜﻤ ) ﺫﻨﻤ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﻲﻫ ﻭ

ﺔﻨﺴ 1909 ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﺠ ﻲﻫ ﻭ

=& − ₂ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ

ﺔﻤﺭﺎﺼ .