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The behaviour of steel in building fires
11
abutment l alcove r alignment r apartment r arch r area r ashlar l attic l batten l bay l bearing l bevel .'board l bond l brace&
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brick l building r bulkhead bungalow r caisson r causeway l ceiling l cellar cement l ceramlc l chimney l clay l concrete*- .
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reinforced r reveal r roof r sand l sheathing l specification l stress l vermiculite l wallboard l weathering l window l wire l wood
THE BEHAVIOOR OF STEEL IN BUILDING FIRES
II
An Annotated BibliographyCompiled by L. KONICEK
Steel Industries Fellow, Division of Building Research (Second holder of an industrial fellow ship e stablished by The Steel Induetry of Canada at the National qesearch C ouncil)
PART I MATERIAL PROPERTIES PART
ff
FIELE RESISTANCEPART
III
FIRE EXPERIENCEI I
Revised August, 1973(Entries in the April 1965 edition of this Bibliography by W. W e Stanzak are included in this edition)
DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OTTAWA, CANADA
Copies of articles listed in this Bibliography may be obtained, in general, through the photocopying service of the National Science Library of Canada. The cost of copies prepared by the Xerox method is $0.10 per sheet with a minimum charge of $1.00. Microfilms (35mm) ore also available on request; the rote for this service is $0.1 5 for 10 exposures or fraction thereof with a minimum charge of $1.00. Requests for copies of articles should be addressed to the lnterlibrory Loan and Photocopying Servlce, National Science Library, National Research Council of Conada, Ottawa, Canada, K I A 052. Requesters ore asked not to submit payment with orders; invoices will be sent at regular intervals. Remittances in the form o f cheques or money orders must be made payable to , the Receiver General of Canada credit National Research Council. I f preferred, a deposit account may be arranged, by submission of a cheque or money order -
/
PREFACE
This edition of Bibliography No. 30 l i s t s references about fire protection of steel constructions published until 1973. The
references were obtained by reviewing technical journals and the references cited in relevant papers. The entries in the April 1965 edition of this Bibliography compiled by
W.
W. Stanzak a r e included.The material has been arranged by subject into three parts:
I. Material Properties
11. F i r e Resistance
.
F i r e ExperienceMost of the entries include a brief summary., Others, whose title explain the subject sufficiently o r which were not available for review, a r e merely listed.
F i r e resistance ratings a r e not included in this bibliography, Performance ratings can be found in such publications a s Supplement No. 2 to the National Building Code of Canada, National Board of F i r e Underwriters Listings, and the Building Materials List of Underwriter s y Laboratories,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to thank W. W. Stanzak, the f i r st holder of the Steel Industries Fellowship, for all his help and valuable comments.
PART I
-
MATERIAL PROPERTIESThe publications presented in this section contain information leading to an understanding of the deflection and collapse of steel structures at elevated temperatures, In addition, some references on behaviour of f i r e protective materials a r e listed.
PART
II
-
FIRE RESISTANCEMost of the available publications dealing with fire and
steel a r e included in this part, They summarize present knowledge of fire protection of steel elements of structures, and practical application of that knowledge. They also indicate the course of future research activities.
PART
III
-
FLRE EXPERlENCEThis part presents some analysis of f i r e development,
analysis of f i r e s in steel buildings and results of several full-~scale tests.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF STEEL IN BUILDING FIRES
C
PART
I
-
MATERIAL PROPERTIESELASTIZIT~T UND FESTIGKEIT VON SPEZIAL S T ~ H L E N BEI
HOHEN TEMPERATUREN (Elasticity and Strength of Special
Steels a t Elevated Temperatures). G. Welter, Forschungsarbeiten auf dem Gebiet d e s Ingenieurwesens, Nr. 230, Verein deutscher Ingenieure
,
Berlin, 1921.COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AND CAST IRON SHAPES AT TEMPERATURES
U P TO 950°C (1742°F). S.H. Ingberg and P.D. Sale. P r o c . , American Society for Testing and Materials, Vol. 26, 1926, p. 33.
The author p r e s e n t s the r e s u l t s of almost 100 compression t e s t s c a r r i e d out on s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l
I
beams, channels and angles. A hollow round cast-iron shape was a l s o investigated. The paper i s a useful p a r t of the literature i n that i t attemptst o throw light on the s t r u c t u r a l performance of building m a t e r i a l s under f i r e test.
COMPRESSION TESTS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.
P.
D. Sale. National Bureau of Standards, Journal of Research, Vol. 13, R P 741, Washington, Nov. 1934. PROPERTIES OF METALS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.G. V. Smith. Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering Series. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1950.
This book deals, i n general, with plastic deformation, c r e e p , and f r a c t u r e of metals. The work i s particularly notable f o r its extensive bibliography comprising 488 references
.
THE ROLE OF ANELASTICITY IN CREEP, TENSION
AND
RELAXATION BEHAVIOUR. J. D. Lubahn. T r a n s .
,
Am. Soc. Metals, Vol. 45, 1953, p. 787-838.THE STRENGTH O F CARBON STEELS FOR ELEVATED TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS.
R.
F. M i l l e r , P r o c .,
American Society f o r Testing and M a t e r i a l s , Vol. 54, 1954, p. 964.VERM.1CULITE AS FIRE PROTECTION FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL. L.A. Ashton. Civil Engineering (London), Vol. 50, No. 586, A p r i l 1955, p. 403-405.
ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES O F CARBON STEELS. ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 180, 1955. 63p.
C R E E P O F ENGINEERING MATERIALS. I. Finnie and W. R. Heller. McGraw-Hill, 1959.
COMPRESSION AND BUCKLING CHARACTERISTICS O F ANNEALED AND AGED INCONEL 718 NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOY AT TEMPERATURES UP TO 1400°F. J. Dubuc and G. Welter. ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 303, 1961.
Buckling t e s t s a t r o o m and elevated t e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e c a r r i e d out on columns in a special f i x t u r e developed at Ecole P o l y - technique (Montreal), using pin-ended supports. Experimental buckling s t r e s s e s a r e compared with those calculated by
E u l e r ' s f o r m u l a using the tangent modulus determined f r o m the experimental compression s t r e s s - s t r a i n d i a g r a m s .
KRIECHFESTIGKEIT METALLISCHER WERKSTOFFE ( C r e e p Strength of Metallic M a t e r i a l s ) . F. K. G. Odgvist and J. Hult. Verlag Springer, Berlin, 1962.
This book d e a l s with the following subjects: mathematical
-
physical theory; s t r e s s and deformation during c r e e p ; r o d s , f r a m e s , plates, sheets; s t r e s s relaxation; t h e r m a l s t r e s s e s ; and stability p r o b l e m s during creep. A l a r g e n m b e r of bibliographical r e f e r e n c e s a r e included.BIOLOGICAL E F F E C T S OF ASBESTOS. Annuals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 132, Art. 1, p. 1-766. Editor H, E . Whipple, December 31, 1965.
THE BEHAVIOUR O F STRUCTURAL STEEL IN FIRE. F . P . A . Journal, 1966, No. 73, p. 379-85.
C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e and corresponding strength and rigidity a r e introduced f o r m i l d steel. Brief descriptions of t e s t s which w e r e c a r r i e d out t o get m o r e p r e c i s e t e m p e r a t u r e s attained by
s t e e l i n f i r e s of different intensity a r e given. Results of f i r e t e s t s and furnace t e s t s a r e reported.
ELEVATED TEMPERATURE TENSILE C R E E P AND RUPTURE PROPERTIES O F VARIOUS CARBON STEELS, Tr\T
"HIGH
TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES O F STEELS.
"
J. Glen, R. F. Johnson, M. J. May, D. Sweetman. Proceedings of the joint conference organized by the B r i t i s h Iron and SteelR e s e a r c h Association and the I r o n and Steel Institute, Eastbourne, 1966, p. 159.
A COMPREHENSIVE CREEP MODEL. T. Z. Harmathy, T r a n s .
,
A.S.M.E., Journal of B a s i c Engineering, Vol. 89, S e r i e s D., No. 3, Sept. 1967, p. 496-502.Based on D o r n l s c r e e p theory, a comprehensive c r e e p m o d e l has been developed that i s applicable t o the calculation p r o c e s s a t steadily increasing t e m p e r a t u r e s and slowly varying load. BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURAL S T E E L IN FIRE. M i n i s t r y of
Technology and F i r e Officest Committee. Joint F i r e R e s e a r c h Organization. Symposium No. 2. P r o c .
,
Symposium held a t the F i r e R e s e a r c h Station, Borehamwood, H e r t s .,
J a n u a r y 1967.London, 1968. H e r Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 135,60s Od. BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURAL S T E E L IN FIRE. 0. P i e r m a r i n i .
M i n i s t r y of Technology and F i r e Offices1 Committee. Joint F i r e R e s e a r c h Organization. Symposium No. 2. Bekraviour
of S t r u c t u r a l Steel in F i r e . P a p e r 11, p. 124-126. London, 1968. H.M. Stationery Office. 135 p, 60s Od.
E F F E C T OF CARBON CONTENT ON THE REDUCTION OF YIELD POINT OF STEEL AT
HIGH
TEMPERATURES. K. Takano, F i r e Prevention Society of Japan, s i x monthly conference, May 20 and 21, 1969, p. 9-11.PREDICTION OF CREEP EQUATION OF STATE FROM
ISOTHERMAL TESTS. D. Knight. D.H. Skinner, M. G. May. Melbourne Re s e a r c h Laboratories, Clayton, Vic.
,
Australia,1969. The Broken Hill P r o p r i e t a r y Company Limited, Australia.
BAULICHER BRANDSCHUTZ
-BAUSTOFFE-SOUNDERBAUTEILE.
H. Seekamp, H. Bub. Sonderheft zur Zeitschrift Bau. E r i c k Schmidt Verlag, Berlin, 1970.
"Creep" of p r e s t r e s s i n g s t e e l and elevated temperature properties of s t r u c t u r a l steels a r e presented. Also, f i r e spread a t
exterior wall (floor t o floor) i s discussed.
ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE TENSILE AND CREEP PROPERTIES O F SOME STRUCTURAL AND PRESTRESSING STEELS. T. Z. Harmathy, W. W. Stanzak. American Society f o r Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 464, 1970, p. 186. The tensile and c r e e p c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of two s t r u c t u r a l steels (ASTM A36 and CSA G-40.12) and/or p r e s t r e s s i n g s t e e l (ASTM A421) have been investigated.
ON THERMAL STRESSES IN BEAMS. B.A. Boley. Cornell
University, Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. Technical Report No. 5, New York, May 1971, 21 p.
MEASUREMENT O F THE DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL. S. J. Wiersma, S.
B.
Martin. Annual r e p o r t , U. S. Stanford R e s e a r c h Institute. Menlo P a r k , California, August 197 1, 49 p. and appendixe s.
TENSILE DATA ON FOUR STRUCTURAL STEELS. A.G. Stevens, R. C. Cornish, D. H. Skinner. Melbourne R e s e a r c h Laboratories, Clayton, Vic., The Broken Hill P r o p r i e t a r y Company Limited,
Australia. November, 197 1.
This report p r e s e n t s , in detail, the r e s u l t s of tensile testing a t controlled s t r a i n r a t e s and at temperature range.
PART 11
-
FIRE RESISTANCETHE FIREPROOFING OF STEEL BUILDINGS. J . K. Freitag. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1899.
FIRE PREVENTION AND
FIRE
PROTECTION. 3. K. Freitag. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1912.This work is now mainly of historical value, but detailed descriptions of the performance in m a j o r f i r e s of some "fire- prooft* buildings a r e of interest. Also, many of the principles of f i r e protection s e t forth a r e unchanged with time, and
s t i l l applicable.
FIRE TESTS OF
BUILDING
COLUMNS.S.H.
Ingberg,H.K.
Griffin, W. C. Robinson, R. E. Wilson. U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Technologic P a p e r s of the Bureau of Standards, No. 184, 1921.This t e s t s e r i e s involves an extensive inve stigation into building columns. The t e s t s on steel columns, in particular, a r e
notable f o r the: (1) large number of steel shapes and sections (2) unprotected and partially protected columns
tested
(3) variety of protection covering m a t e r i a l s investigated.
F u l l details of f i r e t e s t data and supplementary t e s t r e s u l t s a r e included. F i r e t e s t s were c a r r i e d out in accordance with the now standard requirements of ASTM E l 19, although the standard had not yet been developed a t the time.
REPORT OF A FIRE ENDURANCE TEST MADE UPON A STEEL
I JOIST FLOOR. University of Columbia, Dept. of Civil
Engineering, May 1932.
A f i r e t e s t on a floor supported by long-span steel joists ( 2 0 f t ) was c a r r i e d out in a wood fired t e s t chamber. The results report a f i r e exposure of 101.32 p e r cent in a t e s t period of over 2 1/2 hours.
FEUERSICHERHEIT VON STAHLSKELETTBAUTEN, ( F i r e Safety of Steel Skeleton Structures). E. P e stalozzi. Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Nr. 27, 1938.
MASCO FIREPROOF SPECZFICATION PLASTER. Munn and Steele Inc.
,
New York, 1946.This paper includes a r e p o r t of a f i r e t e s t conducted a t New York when g i r d e r s , columns and floor joists were all incorporated in a single t e s t assembly. The s t e e l f r a m e was not loaded, and only the temperature of the s t e e l columns and g i r d e r s
was recorded. The floor on the joists, however, was subjected t o a live load.
LA PROTECTION DES CONSTRUCTIONS METALLIQUES CONTRE LE FEU, (The Protection of Metallic Structures Against F i r e ) . A.N. Balbchersky. Ossature Mgtallique, 1948, No. 4, p. 190. FEUERSICHERHEIT VON STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN, ( F i r e Safety
of Steel Structures). E. Pestalozzi. Zweite Internationale Tagung d e r Stahlberatungs stellen, London, 1948.
DIE
FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLBAUTEN, ( F i r e Safety of Steel Buildings). F. ~ G h l e r . Stahlbau, Bericht Nr. 6, 1948.FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN, I. Teil, ( F i r e Safety of Steel Structures). E. Geilinger and C. F. Kollbrunner. Mitteilungen d e r Technische Kommis sion de s Verbandes Schweizerischer ~ r z c k e n b a u - u n d Stahlhochbau Unternehmungen, Nr. 3 , Verlag Leernann, ~ G r i c h , 1950. The authors develop t h e i r subject in a fundamental manner. F i r e load, classification of buildings according t o hazard, the performance of steel in f i r e , economic aspects of f i r e , and insurance a r e considered.
DIE
FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN, (The F i r e Safety of Steel Structures). E. Geilinger. Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Nr. 49, Dec. 1950.This a r t i c l e p r e s e n t s a brief treatment of the subject m a t t e r
contained in FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN, I. Teil.
FIRE TESTS OF STEEL COLUMNS PROTECTED WITH SILICEOUS AGGREGATE CONCRETE. N. D. Mitchell. U. S. Department
of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Building
M a t e r i a l s and Structures Report, BMS 124, Washington, 1951. F o u r f i r e t e s t s a r e reported but the aggregates do not represent n o r m a l concrete aggregates.
HOW TO FIREPROOF A LIGHT STEEL FRAME-AND KEEP IT LIGHT. Architectural F o r u m , Vol. 96, Feb. 1952, p. 140.
Protection against f i r e of light s t e e l f r a m e s i s discussed, including economic aspects due t o dead load. Contemporary methods of column and ceiling protection a r e shown.
FIRE TESTS OF STEEL COLUMNS ENCASED WITH GYPSUM LATH AND PLASTER. N. D. Mitchell and J . V. Ryan. U. S. Department
of Commerce
,
National Bureau of Standards, Building Mate r i a l s and Structures Report BMS 135, Washington, April 1953.The report comprises 16 f i r e t e s t s , 14 of which were c a r r i e d out in accordance with the then relatively new alternate method of t e s t , f i r s t appearing in ASTM E l 19-47.
FIRE TESTS OF COLUMNS PROTECTED WITH GYPSUM. N.D. Mitchell. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of
Standards, R e s e a r c h P a p e r RP563, Journal of Research, Vol. 10, Washington, June 1953.
This booklet contains the r e s u l t s of 6 f i r e t e s t s on s t e e l columns protected by gypsum block masonry.
INVESTIGATION ON BUILDING FIRES; PART V: FIVE TESTS ON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. L.A. Ashton and N. Darcy.
National Building Studies, Re s e a r c h P a p e r No. 12, Her Majesty1 s Stationery Office, London, 1953.
This book contains f i r e t e s t r e s u l t s f o r brick walls, solid partitions, reinforced concrete walls, hollow partitions, f i l l e r joist floors, reinforced concrete floors, hollow clay tile f l o o r s , timber floors, protected s t e e l columns, reinforced concrete columns and protected s t e e l beams.
FIRE ENDURANCE OF OPEN-WEB STEEL JOIST FLOORS WITH CONCRETE SLABS AND GYPSUM CEILINGS. U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Building M a t e r i a l s and Structures Report BMS 141, Washington, August 1954.
This i s a report on 18 f i r e t e s t s of steel joist supported assemblies. Various plaster thicknesses and supporting m e a n s w e r e
investigated.
EXPLORATORY FIRE ENDURANCE TEST ON STEEL FLOOR UNITS PROTECTED WITH VERMICULITE ACOUSTICAL PLASTIC. Vermiculite Institute, Chicago, M a r c h 1956.
A small-scale f i r e t e s t on a panel 3 f t by 3 1/2 f t i s described in detail. Temperatures m e a s u r e d a t various locations in the c r o s s -section of the specimen a r e plotted, t o show the temperature distribution in a floor of t h i s type.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF STEEL FLOOR CONSTRUCTIONS PROTECTED ON THEIR UNDERSIDE BY DIRECTLY APPLIED VERMICULITE ACOUSTICAL PLASTIC. Vermiculite Institute, Chicago, 1956.
FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN, 11 T e i l
( F i r e Safety of Steel Structures). E. Geilinger and W. Geilinger. Verlag Schweizer Stahlbauverband, ~ g r i c h , 19 56.
This booklet contains the r e s u l t s of small-scale t e s t s on insulating protective m a t e r i a l s f o r steel. The furnace had an opening of 1 square m e t e r and was oil fired. A hose s t r e a m , generally not used in small-scale testing, was applied t o each sample after t e s t .
STUDIES OF TYPE 301 STAINLESS STEEL COLUMNS. J. Dubuc, V. N. Krivobok and G. Welter. ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 196, 1957.
The authors report on a study of the behaviour in compression of type 301 austenitic stainless s t e e l s t r u c t u r a l elements. The
beneficial effects of heat treatment a t relatively low t e m p e r a t u r e s on the s t r e s s - s t r a i n relationship is revealed.
BRANDVERSUCHE MIT
STAHLSTGTZEN
IN ENGLAND, ( F i r e T e s t s of Steel Columns in England). P. BouC. Fortschritte und Forschungen im Bauwesen, Reihe D, Heft 2 7 , Baulicher Feuerschutz, 1957.CONCRETE FILLED STANCHIONS. P. BouC. Acier -Stahl-Steel, No. 9, Sept. 1957, p. 351.
The structural design and f i r e -resistance of concrete filled columns a r e examined. Results of 13 f i r e t e s t s on tubular specimens, some unfilled, others filled, and several filled and with an outer protective mantle, a r e tabulated. T e s t s were c a r r i e d out in accordance with German Specification DIN 4102, except that the t e s t s were continued until s t r u c t u r a l failure occurred ( r a t h e r than the 350°C specified maximum average steel temperature). It was shown that steam buildup in closed cross-sections m a y cause premature structural failure in the f i r e test.
FIRE -RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION I N MODERN STEEL-FRAMED BUILDINGS. American Institute of Steel Construction, New York, Sept. 1959.
Modern m a t e r i a l s , floor assemblies, column protections and membrane protections a r e mentioned. Tables f o r f i r e resistance
ratings of protected columns, beams, g i r d e r s , t r u s s e s , floor assemblies and roof systems a r e provided. A f i r e in a department
store having plaster membrane protection for structural m e m b e r s i s examined. A description of f i r e protection to the steel
f r a m e of some modern buildings is also included.
DER F E U E R S C ~ U T Z
IM
STAHLHOCHBAU, INSBESONDERE VON STAHLSTUTZEN, ( F i r e Protection in Steel High-Rise Buildings, Particularly of Steel Columns). Berichte de s Deut scheylAusschusses f:r Stahlbau, Heft 21. Stahlbau-Verlag, Koln, 1959. STEEL BUILDINGS AND FIRE PROTECTION IN EUROPE.
C. F. Kollbrunner. P r o c .
,
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Structural Division, Vol. 85, No. ST9, Nov. 1959, p . 125-149.A general picture of steel f r a m e construction in Europe i s
presented. The author examines f i r e loads and the corresponding s t r u c t u r a l f i r e resistance required. Some non-standard f i r e
t e s t s a r e briefly described, on both interior and exterior columns. The author concludes that carefully designed steel s t r u c t u r e s m a y be unprotected with a f i r e load of up t o 25 kg/m2(5. 12 lb/ft2).
FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN, 111 Teil: FEUERVERSUCHE MIT BELASTETEN STAHLRAHMEN ( F i r e Safety of Steel Structures, P a r t LII: F i r e T e s t s with Loaded Steel F r a m e s ) . C. F. Kollbrunner. Verlag Schweizer Stahlbauverband, ~ G r i c h , 1959.
T h r e e f i r e t e s t s on loaded welded s t e e l f r a m e s a r e recorded. One f r a m e was unprotected, the other lightly protected (concrete f i l l in the section profiles). The f i r e load in the wood fired
t e s t chamber was varied f r o m approximately 5 t o 10 lb. p e r sq. f t .
LIGHTWEIGHT FIRE PROTECTION AND THE STRUCTURAL ENGINEER. A. R. Mackay. The Structural Engineer, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 1,
Jan. 1960, p. 20.
The paper suggests that use of m a s s i v e dense concrete encase- m e n t s for the f i r e protection of s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l i s outdated and uneconomical. The application of lightweight f i r e protection in the f o r m of vermiculite/gypsum p l a s t e r i s discussed and i t s economics a r e examined. Several general recommendations a r e introduced f o r the guidance of s t r u c t u r a l engineers and designers.
BEWERTUNG DES FEUERSCHUTZES DER STAHLKONSTRUKTIONEN NACH DEM PUNKTSYSTEM, (Determination of F i r e Resistance in Steel Structures by the Point System). C
.
F. Kollbrunner and P. B o d . Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Vol. 78, No, 9, M a r c h 1960.A proposed point system f o r calculating the degree of protection required by s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l in a building i s described. The point number i s determined p r i m a r i l y by the f i r e load, but many other factors affecting f i r e hazard t o a building a r e
accounted for. The method determines, depending on the number of points accumulated, whether steelwork should be unprotected, lightly protected, o r massively protected. T h r e e hours i s the maximum f i r e resistance requirement provided for.
BERECHNUNG DER FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKPNSTRUKTIONEN IM HOCHBAU UND IHRE PRAKTISCHE DURCHFUHRUNG,
(Calculation of F i r e Safety in High-Rise Steel Structures and i t s P r a c t i c a l Application). C. F. Kollbrunner and P. B o d . Verlag Schweiaer Stahlbauverband, ~ G r i c h , 1960.
The purpose of this paper is to serve a s a basis of discussion with European building officials. A method of evaluating the protection (if any) required by structural s t e e l m e m b e r s if
described. Tables of thickness of protective cover required to give the calculated f i r e resistance a r e included. (This publication has also been issued in English and French).
FEUER UND STAHL, ( F i r e and Steel). W. Geilinger. Mitteilungen d e r Teknische Kommission, Heft 21, Verlag Schweizer Stahlbauverband, ~ G r i c h , July 1960.
SPONSORED FIRE-RESISTANCE TESTS ON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. Joint F i r e Research Organization, Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, 1960.
This publication briefly gives t e s t results f o r the following constructions: 1. load -bearing walls (including some steel
columns a s a p a r t of the wall); 2. non-loadbearing walls (including sheet steel walls); 3. simply supported floors with attached
ceilings; 4, restrained floors with attached ceilings; 5. floors with suspended ceilings; 6. protected steel columns.
FIREPROOFING STEEL HISTORY AND DESIGN METHODS IN THE U. S. A. K. R. Woods and F.A. Thulin. Acier-Stahl-Steel, No. 12, Dec. 1960, p. 513.
The w r i t e r s present a brief history of the ASTME-119 standard f i r e test. Some examples of f i r e resistance ratings for beams and joists a r e given. The formula for predicting f i r e resistance ratings, outlined i n Building M a t e r i a l s and Structure s Report No. 92 of the NationalBureau of Standards have been extended by the authors.
SULLA RESISTENZA DEI PILASTRI DI ACCLAIO ALLE ELEVATE TEMPERATURE, (On the Resistance of Steel Columns t o
Elevated Temperature). Salvatore Cuomo. L'ingenere
,
N. 5, Rome, 1960.T h i s report contains a theoretical study of steel columns based on the mechanical properties of s t e e l at elevated temperatures and on the Euler and modified Euler equation.
SU ALUME PROVE AL FUORO DI STRUTTURE DI ACCIAIO VERIAMENTE PROTETTE, ( T e s t s on the behaviour in f i r e of s t e e l s t r u c t u r e s with various types of insulation). Salvatore Cuomo. Antincendio e protezione civile, N. 23 and 24,
Nov. and Dec. 1960, Rome.
PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AGAINST FIRE. G.I. Bird. Joint F i r e R e s e a r c h Organization F i r e Note No. 2, London, 1961. The protection of s t e e l columns and beams, a s well a s protection of s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l by suspended ceilings i s briefly discussed.
PROTECTION OF STEEL IN BUILDINGS
-
SOME PRESENT TRENDS. Joint F i r e Re s e a r c h Organization, International Council f o rBuilding Re s e a r c h Studie s and Documentation. Working party on f i r e r e s e a r c h , 61/32 (U. K. ) 1961.
This s h o r t paper on protection o r lack of protection t o s t e e l in buildings mentions modern light f o r m s of encasements f o r beams and columns, a s well as continuous ceiling (membrane) protection.
FIRE PROTECTION IN STEEL FRAMED BUILDINGS. 0. P i e r m a r i n i . C. I. B. Working P a r t y on F i r e Research. 61/51 (I). 11 p.
This paper p r e s e n t s
an
opinion which differs somewhat f r o m American practice. A %irtual f i r e load", r a t h e r than the actual f i r e load, i s advocated. "Virtual f i r e load" i s evaluated by a point system not described here.FIRE PROTECTION THROUGH MODERN BUILDING CODES. American Iron and Steel Institute, New York, 1961.
FIRE TEST OF A STEEL COLUMN OF 8-INCH "H" SECTION, PROTECTED WITH 4-INCH SOLID HAYDITE BLOCKS. T. Z. Harmathy and J . A. C. Blanchard, National R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Research, F i r e Study No. 6, F e b r u a r y 1962, (NRC 6668).
FEUERSICHERHEIT DER STAHLKO,TSTRUKTIONEN, IV Teil: FEUERSCHUTZ VON STALSTUTZEN, ( F i r e Safety of Steel Structures, P a r t IV: F i r e Protection of Steel Columns).
W. Geilinger m d S. Bryl. Verlag Schweizer Stahlbauverband, ~ G r i c h , 1962.
This booklet contains the r e s u l t s of t e s t s c a r r i e d out by the authors f r o m 1957 t o 1959. The relationship between f i r e load, f i r e development, and f i r e duration is s e t down. A theoretical method of calculating the f i r e resistance of steel columns engulfed in flames on a l l sides i s proposed, and i t s practical application i s illustrated.
FIRE TESTS WITH EXTERIOR COLUMNS. W. Bongard. Der Stahlbau, Berlin, May 1963.
This paper comprises a s e r i e s of f i r e t e s t s on unprotected and partially protected exterior columns. These t e s t s constitute an inf orrnative s e r i e s but the number of variables inve stigated by only a few experiments was r a t h e r large. The columns were not loaded during the t e s t s . (Copies of this a r t i c l e in English a r e available f r o m the American Iron and Steel Institute. )
THE THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF TEMPERATURE RISE OF THERMALLY PROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS EXPOSED TO FIRE. Seiichi Fujii. Building Research Institute, Japan. Occasional Report No. 10, June 1963.
MODERN FIRE PROTECTION FOR STRUCTURAL STEELWORK. B r i t i s h Constructional Steel Association, Pub. No. F P E , 1963. Various types of protection f o r beams and columns a r e
illustrated, and their f i r e resistant classifications listed. Membrane protection systems f o r floor beams a r e also
included. The protective m a t e r i a l s a r e of a proprietary nature. FIRE RESISTANCE OF ENCASED STEEL STANCHIONS. H. L.
Malhotra and R. F. Stevens. P r o c .
,
Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 27, Jan. 1964, p. 77.This paper d e s c r i b e s f i r e t e s t s on columns designed a s corn- bination columns in accordance with B r i t i s h Standard BS 449 (1959). An intereGsting comparison with the r e s u l t s of e a r l i e r f i r e t e s t s on concrete encased columns i s thus provided. Covers ranging f r o m 1 t o 3 in. of stone aggregate concrete were
FIRE ENDURANCE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS. G. W. Shorter. National R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Research,
Canadian Building Digest No. 53, Ottawa, May 1964.
TEN RULES OF FIRE RESISTANCE RATING. T.Z. Harmathy. National Research Council, Division of Building Research, Building R e s e a r c h Note No. 46, Ottawa, July 1964.
Ten fundamental r u l e s of f i r e endurance rating a r e presented and explained in this note. Several examples of t h e i r application in practice a r e a l s o provided. The paper i s a useful contribution t o the l i t e r a t u r e particularly in that it indicates m e a n s f o r c o r r e c t l y a s s e s s i n g the effect of changes f r o m tested assemblies.
ERMITTLUNG DES EINFLUSSES DER QUERSCHNITTSGR~SSE VON UMMANTELTEN
STAHLTRXGERN
AUF DAS ERGEBNIS VON BRANDVERSPJCHEN (Determining the Effect of C r o s s -Section Size on the Results of F i r e T e s t s of Encased Steel Beams). T. Kristen and H. J. Wierig. Baulicher Brandschutz, Berlin, 1964. Verlag Wilhelm E r n s t und Sohn, Berlin.Five f i r e t e s t s on loaded beams of various cross-sections a r e described. It was concluded that both the beam profile and weight affect the r e s u l t s of f i r e t e s t s , but further work would be required before quantitative information could be developed.
FIRE
ENDURANCE OF PROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS AND BEAMS.M. Galbreath and W, Stanzak. National Research Council, Division of Building Research, Technical P a p e r No. 194, Ottawa, May 1965, (NRC 8379).
This paper brings together the r e s u l t s of f i r e endurance t e s t s .
UNPROTECTED STEEL SUPPORTS. F i r e m e n , Vol. 33, No. 2, 1966, p. 11. The a r t i c l e warns of the possible collapse of the tank supporting
s t e e l columns under intense f i r e .
FIRE RESISTANCE AND STEEL FRAMED BUILDINGS. H. L. Malhotra. Building M a t e r i a l s , April 1966, p. 69 -72.
The a r t i c l e introduces the t i m e requirements f o r f i r e resistance of buildings with different height and u s e . The technical properties of
s t e e l at high t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e discussed. Seine methods of applica- tion of light m a t e r i a l s as a f i r e protection of s t e e l structural elements a r e described.
E F F E C T OF STRUCTURAL RESTRAINT ON THE FIRE RESISTANCE O F PROTECTED STEEL BEAM FLOOR AND ROOF ASSEMBLIES. R. Bletzacher. (Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute). U . S. Ohio State University. Engineering Experiment Station. F i n a l Report
EES
246/266. Columbus, Ohio, 1966, pp. 130. FIRE TESTS ON WIDE-FLANGE STEEL BEAMS PROTECTED WITHGYPSUM -SANDED PLASTER. W. W. Stanzak. National R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building R e s e a r c h , F i r e Study No. 16,
Ottawa, June 1967.
This r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s a s e r i e s of t h r e e f i r e t e s t s on wide-flange s t e e l b e a m s protected with gypsum-sanded p l a s t e r .
WATER-FILLED TUBULAR S T E E L COLUMNS
-
FIRE PROTECTION WITHOUT COATING. L. G. Seigel, Civil Engineering, 196737(9) 65-7.
FIRE RESISTANCE O F S T E E L DECK FLOOR ASSEMBLIES. H. Shaub, S. L. H. Ingberg, U. S. Department of C o m m e r c e . National Bureau of Standards. Building Science S e r i e s 11, Washington, Dec. 1967, pp. 22.
FIRE TEST ON A WIDE-FLANGE S T E E L BEAM PROTECTED WITH A ONE-INCH GYPSUM-SANDED PLASTER SUSPENDED CEILING MEMBRANE. W. W. Stanzak. National Re s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Research, F i r e Study No. 19, Ottawa, December 1967. T h i s r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s a f i r e t e s t on a wide-flange s t e e l beam and floor section protected by a suspended ceiling m e m b r a n e of
gypsum-sanded p l a s t e r .
FIRE PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS BY FILLING WITH WATER. A r e p o r t t o Stewards and Lloyds Ltd.
W. S. Atkins & P a r t n e r s , Epsom, 1967. P r i n t e d . 27 p.
+
appendixes. FIRE AND THE PROTECTION O F STRUCTURES. L.A. Ashton,S t r u c t u r a l Engineer, Vol. 46, No. 1, Jan. 1968, p. 5-12.
T h i s paper h a s been p r e p a r e d a s a f a i r l y detailed review of f i r e protection of s t r u c t u r e s . M o s t attention is given t o f i r e r e s i s t a n c e , t h e f a c t o r s affecting t h i s p r o p e r t y of s t r u c t u r e s , and the d a t a
derived f r o m t e s t s f o r m a n y f o r m s of construction.
DER SCHUTZ VON STAHLBAUTEILEN GEGEN FEUER. J . Stanke. ~ r a n d v e r h E t z u n ~ und ~ r a n d b e k - ~ f u n ~ Nr. 2, 1968. (In German). P r o t e c t i o n of s t e e l building e l e m e n t s against f i r e .
RESEARCH ON THE FIRE RESISTANCE O F S T E E L BEAMS. H. Saito. Japan, M i n i s t r y of Construction. Building R e s e a r c h Institute.
R e s e a r c h P a p e r 31, M a r c h 1968, pp. 24.
BRANDVERSUCHE AN UMMANTELTEN STAHLTR~GERN. C. Me y e r
-
Ottens. D e r Stahlbau, 37 J a h r g . , Heft 6, J u n i 1968, p. 4.Description and r e s u l t s of f i r e t e s t s of protected s t e e l beams.
THE CIRCULATION O F WATER THROUGH STRUCTURES. J. Reverdy. Acier-Stahl-Steel, No. 10, October 1968, p. 448-50.
The a r t i c l e d e s c r i b e s the construction of a high-rise
building in F r a n c e . Water -filled tubular columns a r e linked together a t the top and bottom and s e r v e a s a communicating v e s s e l . At a n outbreak of f i r e , the m e t a l t e m p e r a t u r e does not r e a c h a dangerous level.
CONVENTION EUROPEEN DES ASSOCLATIONE DE LA CONSTRUGTIONE METALLIQUE. Subcommittee 3.1.
,
Locarno 1968, p. 16.(In French).
T h i s is a r e s e a r c h r e p o r t on the f i r e r e s i s t a n c e of m e t a l construction, in 1967-68.
FEUERWIDERS~ANDSFXHIGKEIT
VON WASSERGEK~HLTENSTAHLSTUTZEN. H. Ehm, W. Bongard. D e r Stahlbau, 37(1968), H.G., p. 161 -64 (In German).
An a r t i c l e discussing the f i r e r e s i s t a n c e of water-cooled s t e e l columns. BRANDSCHUTZ
IM
STAHLBAU, TEIL 1 , C. Meyer-Ottens.Stahlbau-Verlags
-
G rn b H, ~ g l n , 1968 (In German).P a r t 1 is concerned with f i r e protection of underfloor framework. BRANDSCHUTZ
IM
STAHLBAU, TEIL 2. C. Meyer-Ottens.Stahlbau
-
Verlags-
G m b H, Kgln, 1968 (In German).FURTHER EXPERIMENTS ON TEMPERATURES REACHED BY S T E E L I N BUILDINGS. E.G. Butcher, G.K. Bedford, P. J. Terdell. Symposium No. 2.
,
Behaviour of S t r u c t u r a l Steel in F i r e , P a p e r No. 1 , H.M. Stationery Office,London 1968.
FIRE RESISTANCE O F S T E E L DECK FLOOR ASSEMBLIES.
H.
Shaub, S.H. Ingberg. p. 78-97Ministry of Technologyand F i r e Office s t Committee. Joint F i r e Re s e a r c h Organization. Symposium No. 2. Behaviour of S t r u c t u r a l Steel in F i r e .
P a p e r 7. London, 1968. H e r M a j e s t y ' s Stationery Office. pp. 135 60s Od.
FIRE TESTS ON PROTECTED S T E E L GIRDERS. C. Meyer-Ottens, p. 118-22. M i n i s t r y of Technology and F i r e Offices1 Committee. Joint F i r e R e s e a r c h Organization. Symposium No. 2.
Behaviour of S t r u c t u r a l Steel in F i r e . P a p e r 10. London, 1968. H e r Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 135,60s Od.
BRANNBESKY TTELSE AV STALKONSTRUKSJONER. F. ~ b ~ r n a r k Bygg, 1969, 17(10), p. 184-186 (In Swedish).
The a r t i c l e is concerned with f i r e protection of s t e e l s t r u c t u r e s , classification of m a t e r i a l s and recommends m a t e r i a l s suitable f o r protection of s t e e l elements.
S T E E L PROPERTIES FOR FIRE RESISTANCE. R. Groenhaut,
D. C. Knight, D. H. Skinner. Melbourne R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s , Clayton, Vic. The Broken Hill P r o p r i e t a r y Co. Ltd.
,
Australia, May 1969.
FIRE RESISTANCE O F PROTECTED S T E E L COLUMNS. F i r e P r o t e c t i o n Review, May 1969, p. 236.
T h i s technical information sheet i l l u s t r a t e s various f o r m s of protected steel columns and b e a m s which have been given a f i r e r e s i s t a n c e grading.
DESIGN OF LIQUID -FILLED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS FOR FIRE RESISTANCE. L. G. Seigel, Acier -Stahl-Steel, No. 6, June
1969, p. 262-66.
This paper presents the design procedure that was used t o establish the f i r e resistance f o r the liquid-filled exterior USS Cor -Ten high-strength low alloy steel columns of the United States Steel Office Building being constructed in Pittsburgh, Pa.
,
USA.FIRE TESTS ON A WATER-COOLED STEEL COLUMN. (In German) E. Knublauch, Stahlbau, 1969,
-
38 (6) 182-4. SHEET STEEL AS A PROTECTIVE MEMBRANE FOR STEELBEAMS AND COLUMNS. W. W. Stanzak, National Research Council, Division of Building Research, F i r e Study No. 23, Mov. 1969. (NRC 10865).
A protective membrane separates the m e m b e r t o be
protected f r o m the f i r e , without coming into direct t h e r m a l contact with the member. This report d e s c r i b e s the results of f i r e t e s t s on a s t e e l beam and two columns.
BRANDVERSUCHE AN EINER WASSERGEK~LTEN S T A H L S T ~ T Z E N . E. Knublauch, D e r Stahlbau 38 (1969), H. C., p. 182-184.
The a r t i c l e describes f i r e testing of water -filled steel columns.
KVALIFICERAD BRANDTEKNISK DIMENSIONERING AV S T A L B ~ R V E R K (Qualified Fire-Protection Design of Steel Structures).
I?
S.E. Magnusson, 0. Petterson. Byggmastaren, Vol. 48, 1969, No. 9, p. 23-31. (In Swedish).
The article deals with specification of f i r e load and determination of time -tempe r a t u r e curve. Some simplifying methods f o r
calculation of f i r e performance by relation of time-temperature curve field t o load-bearing capacity of structure for each point in time during a f i r e a r e presented.
WATER-FILLED S T E E L COLUMNS FOR FIRE PROTECTION. L. W. P o r t , J , J. Keough, R. W. Woollett. Civil
Engineering T r a n s a c t i o n s , Institution of Engineers A u s t r a l i a , 1969, p. 162-4.
Water a s a coolant is used f o r a t e m p e r a t u r e reduction of s t e e l columns.
THE CALCULATION O F THE
FIRE
RESISTANCE O F S T E E L CONSTRUCTIONS. Schweizerische Z e n t r a l s t e l l e f g r Stahlbau, Zurich, 1969. 42 p. T r a n s l a t e d by W. W. Starrzak, (Issued a s NRC Tech. Translation No. 1425).The p r o b l e m s of f i r e protection of s t e e l construction have been placed on a scientific b a s i s and the r e q u i r e d f i r e r e s i s t a n c e laid down. The calculation method p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n p e r m i t s
prediction of f i r e r e s i s t a n c e . It m a y be noted that the assumptions and r e sult s w e r e thoroughly checked through evaluation of f i r e t e s t s .
BEREGNING AV KONSTRUKSJONERS B R A N N P ~ K J E N N ~ G , OPPVARMING
OG
ISOLASJON. J. Thrane. Bygg, 1969, 17(10), p. 176-83 (In Swedish).WASSERK~HLUNG VON S T A H L S T ~ T Z E N
IM
FEUER. E. Knublauch, ~ r a n d v e r h ; t u n ~ und Brandbekampfung, No. 1, 1970. (In German). Water cooling of s t e e l columns in f i r e .FIRE ENDURANCE
-
SOME DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. W. W. Stanzak, Engineering Digest, A p r i l 1970. (NRC 1 1465).The b a s i c a i m of designing f o r f i r e endurance is t o i n c r e a s e the stability of construction and t o d e c r e a s e the deformation which m a y develop in individual components when exposed t o f i r e
.
A METHOD O F CALCULATING THE FIRE RESISTANCE DURATION O F S T E E L STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. (In German).
R. Rudolphi, E. Knublauch. F o r t s c h r . B e r . VDI-Z, 1970, 5(10), 41 -90.
SHEET S T E E L AS A FIRE PROTECTIVE MEMBRANE. Canadian Institute of Steel Construction, Case Histories No. 16, p, 8, June 1970.
A sheet s t e e l functioning a s a f i r e protective m e m b r a n e i s a new concept of f i r e protection. T h r e e f i r e t e s t s a r e reported
-
one on a beam and two on columns. F i r e r e s i s t a n c e c l a s s - ification t i m e s ranged f r o m 314 h r . t o 2 h r . The work w a s c a r r i e d out under the Steel Industries Fellowship P r o g r a m . DESIGNING FOR FIRE SAFETY WITH EXPOSED STRUCTURALSTEEL.
L.G.
Seigel. F i r e Technology, Vol. 6, No. 4, Nov. 1970.Two methods of protecting exposed s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l f r o m f i r e within a building a r e described. They a r e : liquid filled tubular m e m b e r s and flame shields. The t e s t data on which the designs a r e based is reviewed t o provide experimental support.
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND FZRE PERFORMANCE. W. W. Stanzak, National R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building
R e s e a r c h , Building R e s e a r c h Note.No. 73, Ottawa, Feb. 1971,
6 P*
FIRE ENGINEERING DIMENSIONING OF INSULATED S T E E L STRUCTURES
HAVING
LOAD-BEARING OR SEPARATING FUNCTIONS. S.E. Magnusson, 0. P e t t e r s s o n . (Vag-
och vottonbyggaren, 1969 (4) 197-213). I r o n and Steel Institute. BISI 8641. London, Feb. 1971.EVALUATION O F THE BEHAVIOUR OF STEELS IN FIRE. D. C. Knight. BHP technical bulletin, Vol. 15, No. 2,
November 197 1.
Author d i s c u s s e s human safety, f i r e ratings, basic f a c t o r s of f i r e s e v e r i t y and fuels. Other p a r t s of the a r t i c l e d e a l with behaviour of s t e e l under f i r e conditions and economy of f i r e protection.
II-
17BRANDSCHUTZ VON S T A H L S T ~ T Z E N DURCH W A S S E R K ~ H L U N G . D e r Bauingenieur, 46 (1971), Heft 5. (In German).
D e s c r i b e s an on-site f i r e t e s t on a water-filled column in Dus seldorf. The t e m p e r a t u r e i n the f i r e compartment reached
1000°C i n 90 minutes, but the t e m p e r a t u r e on the s t e e l column n e v e r exceeded 180°C.
CALCULATION O F THE FIRE RESISTANCE LIMIT VALUE TO BE MADE ON THE BASIS O F FIRE LOADING IN RELATION TO
THE STRUCTURES O F RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS. K. Kovacs. Hungary, Epitosugyi Monosegellenorzo Intezet. (EMT) Budapest,
1971, 14 p.
DESIGN O F FIRE-RESISTIVE ASSEMBLIES WITH S T E E L JOINTS. B.M. Cohn. Arlington, Va. (1971). 42 p. (Steel J o i s t Institute,
Technical Digest No. 4). Jointly by Gage-Babcock and Associates, Inc. OPTIMUM FIRE RESISTANCE O F STRUCTURES. T. T. Lie. National
R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Re s e a r c h , Technical P a p e r No. 356, Ottawa, J a n u a r y 1972. (NRC 12249).
COLUMN COVERS: A PRACTICAL APPLICATION O F SHEET S T E E L AS A PROTECTIVE MEMBRANE. W. W. Stanzak. National
Re s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Re s e a r c h , F i r e Study 27, F e b . 1972, 26 p. (NRC 12483).
This is a description of two f i r e t e s t s on s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l columns protected by standard gypsum wallboard held i n place with
sheet s t e e l column covers.
A NUMERICAL PROCEDURE T O CALCULATE THE TEMPERATURE OF PROTECTED S T E E L COLUMNS EXPOSED TO FIRE. T . T . L i e , T. Z. Harmathy, National R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Research. F i r e Study No. 28, Ottawa, M a r . 1972. (NRC 12535). FIRE RESISTANCE DESIGN FOR S T E E L STRUCTURES. H. Saito. Japan,
M i n i s t r y of Construction, Building R e s e a r c h Institute R e s e a r c h P a p e r No. 53, Tokyo, May 1972, pp. 36.
DESIGN O F FIRE COVER ON S T E E L STRUCTURE. T. Wakamatsu. Japan, M i n i s t r y of Construction, Building R e s e a r c h Institute R e s e a r c h P a p e r No. 54, Tokyo, M a y 1972, pp. 36.
TESTING AND ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF STEEL STANCHIONS. J . Stanke, ( P r o g r e s s Reports of VDI Journal, S e r i e s 5, No. 10, Oct. 1970). Department of the Environment. Building Research Station. L i b r a r y
Translation No. 307, Borehamwood, July 1972. Typescript 32 p.
A METHOD OF CALCULATING THE FIRE RESISTANCE DURATION OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. R. Rudolphi,
E . Knublauch. ( P r o g r e s s Reports of VDI Journal, S e r i e s 5, No. 10, Oct. 1. Department of the Environment. Building R e s e a r c h Establishment. F i r e R e s e a r c h Station. L i b r a r y Translation No. 305. Borehamwood, July 1972. Typescript 32 p. and figs.
EXTREME VALUE THEORY AND FIRE RESISTANCE. G. Ramachandran, Department of the Environment and F i r e Officesa Committee.
Joint F i r e R e s e a r c h Organization. F i r e Research Note 943 Borehamwood, August 1972.
FIRE AND BUILDINGS. T. T. Lie, Applied Science Publishers Ltd.
,
London, 1972.This book deals with various aspects of protection of buildings against spread of f i r e and collapse. Descriptions a r e given on the development p r o c e s s of f i r e and the estimation of the expected temperature and duration of f i r e s in buildings. P a r t i c u l a r emphasis is placed on preventing the spread of f i r e by compartmentation of a building with f i r e -resisting constructions. Attention i s a l s o paid t o economic aspects of
f i r e . ,
SWITZERLAND.
BRAND-VERH~JTTUNGSDIENT
F ~ R INDUSTRIE UND GEWERBE. G.E. Blatt, /42/2372, Zurich, 1972. Printed,22 p. (in German).
FIRE TESTS ON PROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS WITH DIFFERENT CROSS -SECTIONS. W. W. Stanzak, T. T. Lie. National Re s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Research, F i r e Study 30, Ottawa, Feb. 1973. (NRC 13072)
Seven f i r e t e s t s w e r e conducted to provide experimental data showing how column f i r e endurance v a r i e s with the size and shape of the s t e e l cross-section. All columns w e r e protected with
the s a m e thickness of insulating m a t e r i a l . The r e s u l t s a r e plotted to show how generalized f i r e endurance ratings can be developed f o r a particular protective m a t e r i a l .
HOW STEEL FITS IN WHEN FIRE PROTECTION I$ A MAJOR WORRY. W.
W,
Stanzak. Board of Trade Journal, March1973.
Toronto.
FIRE RESISTANCE OF UNPROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS.
W. W. Stanzak, T. T. Lie. ASCE, Journal of the Structural Division, Vol.
99,
No. ST5, May, 1973. p. 837-852-The w r i t e r s have investigated the f i r e resistance of unprotected steel columns by methods of numerical calculation and by
full-scale f i r e t e s t s in their laboratory, with a view t o developing simple expressions f o r calcula3;ing the f i r e resistance of these building elements
.
P A R T 111
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F I R E EXPERIENCETESTS O F SEVERITY O F BUILDING FIRES. S. H. Ingberg N. F. P. A. Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1, J u l y 1928, p. 43.
E x p e r i m e n t s in two f i r e - r e s i s t i v e t e s t buildings with a c t u a l office and r e c o r d r o o m f u r n i s h i n g s a r e described, resulting i n the p r o p o s a l of a n e m p i r i c a l method f o r determining equivalent f i r e s e v e r i t y with r e s p e c t to the s t a n d a r d f u r n a c e test.
F I R E TEST O F BRICK JOISTED BUILDINGS. N. F. P. A. Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1, J u l y 1928, p. 62.
DAS GROSSFEUER IN DEM STAHLSKELETTBAU DES WARENHAUSES "ARAW IN PRAG ( T h e G r e a t F i r e i n the S t e e l Skeleton Construction of the Warehouse
"AraH i n P r a g u e ) . E. Melan. Bauingenieur, Heft 27, 193 1. F I R E IN BUILDINGS. E. L. B i r d and S. J. Docking. A.and C.
Black Ltd., London, 1949.
A r a t i o n a l tr e a l m e n t of the s u b j e c t of f i r e and f i r e protection i n building construction is presented. Such
a s p e c t s as combustibility, f i r e load, f i r e growth, behaviour of m a t e r i a l s in f i r e , and f i r e i n s t e e l f r a m e d buildings a r e considered.
F I R E GRADING O F BUILDINGS. Part I. G e n e r a l P r i n c i p l e s and S t r u c t u r a l P r e c a u t i o n s
.
P o s t War Building Studies No. 20, H.M.S.O., London, 1946.SIZE AND BORDER CONDITIONS O F TEST SPECIMEN IN THEIR RELATION TO RESULTS O F F I R E TESTS. S.H. Ingberg. A m e r i c a n Society f o r Testing M a t e r i a l s , 1949 Reprint, ASTM 93.
S TAHLBAU UND FEUERPOLIZEI. (Steel Building and F i r e Officials)
.
E. Geilinger.
Mitteilungen d e r Technische Komrnission d e s Verbandes S c h w e i z e r i s c h e r Bruckenbau-
und Stahlhochbau Unternehmungen, Heft 8, E r s te Schwei- z e r i s c h e Stahlbautagung, Ziirich 1953, V e r l a g Leeman, Ziirich, Dec. 1953.FIRE BEHAVIOUR I N ROOMS. K. Kawagoe. Building R e s e a r c h Institute, Minis t r y of Construction, Japan, 1958.
The author r e v e a l s a n extensive study of the behaviour
of f i r e i n rooms, including m a n y m o d e l t e s t s . E x p e r i m e n t a l f i r e s i n v a r i o u s c o n s t r u c t i o n s a r e d e s c r i b e d ; two of t h e s e w e r e i n a lightweight s t e e l construction.
FEUERSICHERHEIT
IM
S TAHLHOCHBAU. ( F i r e Safety i n High-Rise S t e e l Buildings).C. F. Kollbrunner. Beilage ((Technik)), Nr. 13 1 6 und 1317 d e r Neue ZGrcher Zeitung 29 A p r i l 1959.
PROPOSED CRITERIA FOR DEFINING LOAD FAILURE O F BEAMS, FLOORS AND ROOF CONSTRUCTIONS
DURING F I R E TEST. J.V. Ryan and A. F. Robertson. National B u r e a u of Standards, Journal of R e s e a r c h , 63C, p. 121, J u l y 1959.
Deflection a n d r a t e of deflection a r e proposed as f a i l u r e c r i t e r i a .
VERSUCHE UND ERFAHRUNGEN
GBER
DIE FEUERSICHER- HEIT VON STAHLHOCHBAUTEN. ( T e s t s and E x p e r i e n c e on t h e F i r e Safety of High-Rise S t e e l Buildings).C. F. Kollbrunner. Inzenyr s k e Stavby s Vlozkou Mechanizace, 9, Prague, 5 S e p t e m b e r 1959.
FEUERSICHERHEIT IM S TAHLHOCHBAU ( F i r e Safety i n High-Rise S t e e l Buildings).
M. G r e t e n e r . Beilage ((Technik)), Nr. 3016 d e r Neue Ziircher Zeitung, Oct. 1959.
MUSS DER MODERNE STAHLHOCHBAU DAS FEUER FURCHTEN? (Need P r e s e n t - D a y High S t e e l Buildings b e Afraid of F i r e ? )
C. F. Kollbrunner. Stahlbaubericht Nr. 24, Schweizer Stahlbauverband, Dec. 19 59.
(A similar a r t i c l e h a s been published in English ( s e e next item).
NEED PRESENT-DAY HIGH S T E E L BUILDINGS BE AFRAID O F FIRE?
C. F. Kollbrunner. Building with Steel, Volume 1, No. 3,
1960.
FIRE AND THE DESIGN O F BUILDINGS. J. H. McGuire, National R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Research,
Canadian Building Digest No. 11, Ottawa, Nov. 1960.
NORME DI SICUREZZA (Standard of Safety). P e r l a protezione c o n t r o il fuoco d e i f a b b r i c a t i a s t r u t t u r a i n a c c i a i o d e s t i n a t i a d uso civile. ( F o r protection a g a i n s t f i r e in buildings with s t e e l - f r a m e s t r u c t u r e f o r public use). Minis t e r o DelllInterno, Direzione Generale d e i S e r v i z i Antincendi. Rome 1961.
F i r e h a z a r d s t o s t e e l buildings a r e evaluated by a point s y s t e m and a d e g r e e of protection a p p r o p r i a t e t o the h a z a r d
is specified i n tables. Although the h a z a r d classification
is decided largely by the f i r e load, a reduction coefficient determined by the point s y s t e m often r e d u c e s the h a z a r d classification considerably below the value determined by u s e of the f i r e load concept alone. The standard is notable i n that it provides a calculation method f o r determining the d e g r e e of protection required f o r s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l in buildings. DER MODERNE STAHLOCHBAU UND DAS FEUER.. (Modern
High-Rise Buildings and F i r e ) . C. F. Kollbrunner
.
O s t e r r e i c h i s c h e Ingenieur-Archiv, Vol. 15, 1961, p. 109
-
114. FIRE AND THE COMPARTMENTATION O F BUILDINGS. J. H.McGuire. National R e s e a r c h Council. Division of Building Research, Canadian Building Digest No. 33, Ottawa, Sept. 1962.
THE BUILDING OFFICIALS' VIEWPOINTS O F FIRE TESTS. T. H. C a r t e r . P r e s e n t e d a t the F o u r t h Pacific A r e a
National Meeting, American Society f o r Testing and Materials, 1 t o 5 October, 1962, P a p e r No. 194.
Both f l a m e s p r e a d and f i r e r e s i s t a n c e t e s t s a r e discussed i n this paper, with emphasis on E-119. It is suggested that s u c h i t e m s a s stiffness, s l e n d e r n e s s (of columns), b e a m width to depth ratios, etc, m i g h t b e considered a s c r i t e r i a used in evaluating f i r e - r e s i s t i v e a s s e m b l i e s .
THE FIRE MARSHAL'S VIEWPOINT O F FIRE TESTS. R.E. Carlson. P r e s e n t e d a t the Fourth Pacific A r e a National Meeting, American Society f o r Testing and Materials, 1 to 5 October 1962, P a p e r No. 195.
F i r e t e s t methods and procedures, a s well a s the contents of t e s t r e p o r t s a r e c r i t i c a l l y appraised by the author. He suggests s o m e methods
or changes which might be considered to m a k e f i r e testing a m o r e exact science.
FLAME SPREAD. G. W. Shorter. National R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Research, Canadian Building Digest No. 45, Ottawa, Sept. 1963.
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION IN EUROPE. Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1963.
The m a j o r portion of this book concerns analysis of recently e r e c t e d European s t e e l buildings. One section is devoted to the new I P E section profiles,
outlining their nature, and pointing out their advantages over the old I- sections. Of particular i n t e r e s t f o r the purpose of this bibliography is the section on llCalculation of Fireproofness in Multi-Storey Buildings" by C. F.
Kollbrunner and P. B o d . This book m a y b e regarded as a v e r y useful contribution to the l i t e r a t u r e on the design of steel-f r a m e d buildings.
FEU E T ACIER ( F i r e and Steel). D. Sfintesco. Publimental,
Paris, 1963.
In this brochure the author gives s o m e p a r t i c u l a r s about m e a n s of extinguishing a f i r e , the f i r e load and the
reduction coefficient, a s well a s protection of s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l m e m b e r s .
FEUERSICHERHEIT
VON
S TAHLKONS TRUKTIONEN ( F i r eSafety of Steel Structures). C. F. Kollbrunner. Schweizerische Bauzeitung, No. 51, 17 Dec. 1964.
The author points out r e c e n t p r o g r e s s i n the field and d i s c u s s e s the c u r r e n t attitudes of building officials on unprotected and lightly protected s t e e l s t r u c t u r e s .
111 -5-
ON THE FIRE PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES O F ALUMINUM SASH. M. Hamada, Bulletin, F i r e Prevention Society of Japan, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1966, p. 21-25
(In
Japanese with English summary).Wire g l a s s windows with aluminum s a s h a r e used a s f i r e protective windows. The shape of a s a s h and i t s n e c e s s a r y thickness w e r e designed a f t e r completing f i r e tests.
BEHAVIOUR O F END RESTRAINED S T E E L MEMBERS UNDER FIRE. H. Saito, Bulletin, F i r e Prevention Society of
Japan. Vol. 15, No. 1, 1966, p. 7-20 (In Japanese with English summary).
When s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s with generally fixed ends a r e exposed t o f i r e , the deformations a r e re,strained and inner s t r e s s appears.
In
this paper, the behaviour of this inner s t r e s s is discussed on simplified m e m b e r s .FIRE I N THE THIRTEENTH STOREY. F i r e Journal, July 1966, p. 16-19.
Comments on f i r e in high-rise f i r e - r e s i s t i v e building. P a r t i c u l a r building was m a d e of protected s t e e l framing, b r i c k and stone c u r t a i n walls and reinforced c o n c r e t e roof slab. The f i r e was s p r e a d upward v i a windows.
THE TEMPERATURE ATTAINED BY S T E E L IN BUILDING FIRES. E. G. Butcher, T. B. Chitti, L. A. Ashton. F i r e Technical P a p e r No. 15, London, H.M.S.O., 1966.
A s e r i e s of t e s t s w e r e m a d e jointly with the B r i t i s h Iron and Steel Federation to provide information about the t e m p e r a t u r e s attained in building f i r e s involving various f i r e loads and
d e g r e e s of ventilation. The range of f i r e loads was represen- tative of hospital, domestic, and s o m e office occupancies. S t e e l columns and beams of various sections w e r e included i n f i r e tests.
U.S. S T E E L HEADQUARTERS, WORLD'S SECOND LARGEST OFFICE SPACE. J. G. Hotchkiss, Acier-Stahl-Steel, No. 9,
1967, p. 372-78.
The a r t i c l e p r e s e n t s a technical description of a high-rise off i c e building m a d e of steel. Water -f illed exterior s t e e l columns protected f r o m freezing w e r e used.
In
c a s e of fire, a gravity circulation s y s t e m cools the s t e e l column.DEFLECTION AND FAILURE O F STEEL-SUPPORTED FLOORS AND BEAMS I N FIRE. T. Z. Harmathy,
National R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building R e s e a r c h . R e s e a r c h p a p e r No. 345. Ottawa, December 1967.
(NRC 9933)
LOAD AND FIRE TEST DATA ON STUD-SUPPORTED
FLOOR. N. S. P e a r c e , W. W. Stanaak, National R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building R e s e a r c h . R e s e a r c h P a p e r No. 344, Ottawa. December 1967. (NRC 9932)
ESTIMATION O F F I R E TEMPERATURE- TIME CURVE
IN ROOMS. K. Kawagoe, Building R e s e a r c h Institute, R e s e a r c h P a p e r No. 29, Tokyo, 1967.
This r e p o r t r e - e x a m i n e s the b e s t balance equation and p r e s e n t s m o r e p r e c i s e calculations using a n electronic computer.
F I R E SAFETY WITH S T E E L CONSTRUCTION. D.C. Beam, R. V. HGbert, Canadian S t e e l I n d u s t r i e s Construction Council, 19 67.
A m a n u a l on t h e u s e of s t e e l construction under the F i r e Safety R e q u i r e m e n t s of the National Building Code of Canada, 19 65 edition, second printing.
FULLY
-
DEVELOPED COMPARTMENT FIRES; TWO KINDS O F BEHAVIOUR. P. H. Thomas, A. J.M. Heselden, M.Law, J F R O Technical P a p e r No. 18, H e r M a j e s t y ' s Stationery Office, London, 19 67.
STRUCTURAL F I R E PROTECTION. J. A. Bono, Actual Specifying Engineering, 1967, p. 79-85.
An introduction to f i r e protection engineering. Definition of b a s i c t e r m s and application of b a s i c r u l e s i n s t r u c t u r a l engineering p r a c t i c e .
THE MC CORMICK PLACE FIRE, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
JANUARY 16, 19 67. A m e r i c a n I r o n and S t e e l Institute, New York, 1967.
This is a p r e s e n t a t i o n of available technical f a c t s about the the f i r e of M c C o r m i c k P l a c e Exhibition C e n t e r i n Chicago.
It is based upon on-site inspections m a d e by the f i r e protection and s t r u c t u r a l e n g i n e e r s of t h e Engineering Division of A m e r i c a n I r o n and S t e e l Institute.
THE SEVERITY O F FIRES IN STEEL-FRAME BUILDINGS. L.G. Siegel, Engineering Journal, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1967. A brief h i s t o r y of time-curve development. Comparison of ASTM E l 19 Standard F i r e - Temperature Curve to t e m p e r a t u r e in a n actual f i r e and to t e m p e r a t u r e attained
in the t e s t f i r e s . Some experiments with s t e e l - f r a m e buildings indicate that both t e m p e r a t u r e and duration depend on the
amount of combustible m a t e r i a l to burn. A mathematical statement of the b e s t balance f o r a f i r e in a building i s presented.
FIRE IN HIGH BUILDINGS. M. Galbreath, National R e s e a r c h Council, Division of Building Research, Fire Study No. 2 1 Ottawa, April 1968. (NRC 10081)
This is a study which was undertaken of r e p o r t s of f i r e s that have o c c u r r e d since 1.950 in high-rise buildings.
BLIND SPOTS IN BUILDING CODES. R.L. Moulton, F i r e Journal, Vol. C2, No. 4, July 1968.
The subject of this a r t i c l e is the I1blind spotst1 of building codes as: The life span of buildings, the r o l e of the f i r e department, unlimited a r e a s , maintenance, the 'If ir e l i m i t s t 1 fallacy, learning f r o m f i r e experience.
FLAMEPROOFING COATINGS FOR FERROUS METALS. K u r t H e r b e r t s and Co. V o r m Otto Louis Herberts, German P a t e n t No. 1, 245, 519, July 27, 1967, Chem. Abstr. 1968, 68 (2) 4017.
Application of coatings as a f i r e protection of s t r u c t u r a l elements.
E F F E C T O F DECK ON FAILURE TEMPERATURE O F S T E E L BEAMS. W. W. Stanzak, T. Z. Harmathy, F i r e Technology, Vo1.4, No. 4, Nov. 1968, p. 265-70. (NRC 10523)
I t is generally believed that the heat sink c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of decks have a significant effect on the t e m p e r a t u r e a t which
s t r u c t u r a l f a i l u r e of s t e e l beams o c c u r s i n f i r e . However, the r e s u l t s of a s e r i e s of f i r e t e s t s f a i l t o support this contention.
