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Culture de la différence et pratiques de l'articulation entre chercheurs en micro et nanosystèmes.

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HAL Id: hal-00261107

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00261107

Submitted on 29 Mar 2008

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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Culture de la différence et pratiques de l’articulation entre chercheurs en micro et nanosystèmes.

Dominique Vinck, Matthieu Hubert, Morgan Jouvenet, Gloria Zarama

To cite this version:

Dominique Vinck, Matthieu Hubert, Morgan Jouvenet, Gloria Zarama. Culture de la différence et pratiques de l’articulation entre chercheurs en micro et nanosystèmes.. J.-P. LERESCHE, M.

BENNINGHOFF, F. CRETTAZ VON ROTEN, M. MERZ. La fabrique des sciences. Des institutions

aux pratiques., Lausanne, Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes (PPUR), pp.147-163,

2006. �hal-00261107�

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3. Culture de la différence : technique et organisation comme ressources dans la construction identitaire

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