Classification systems, tables and methods for compiling and publishing industrial statistics

UNITED NATIONS

ECONOMiC

\ ■qciai: council

;, ECONOMIC COMMISSION F0£ AF.RICA

. ; Seminar "on incLustrial Statistics

; Jlddis- Ataba, ^--15 June S

. pf- -tiie co-operation with the Bureau

Distr.

LIMITED

/. 14/cas, 2-swq/i st/stat/conp. 12/L. 3

•28 March"1:962

Operations

(Prepared by;the-: 3tat^ic>l;0ffice of /^he. United Nations)

English

Page 2 ^ ;

' - \ Table of Contents

I. Introduction * ...«••

II. System of ^Classification . . . , k

#V- Kind of industrial activity ...,.• J

B. Size1 • • ' '-■• ' ' *■■.!-,■-;■■*■,..;:■■■ 9 C. Type of operation . . . .... ,;r >;-,•:.- * »•■•■•.•.:..•:> ^o *.*.':♦.-*■'■• *

D. Area ... •...:.•..•..• -'•".''.'':' i)*''\-^%('i-r-:* ' ""

E. Classification struc|&t?T-^r other; characrter^ticB of .,,

the statistical and tabiLL^tiJig unit .. r .i(r:,.:.., ,, V:r! ..;... • -^

F. Commodity classification structures ■• • X5

III. Editing 16

... 17

A. Purpose of Editing

tiiiU"■■' "B. Metnods for Detecting 'Omissions and Inaccuracies. ... 1&

C. Correction of Qmiscions and Inaccuracies Detected 21

D. Verification of the Editing 23

E. Stage at which Schedules Should be Edited 23

IV. Coding and Computation of Data for Publication . , O

A. Procedures, Materials and Instructions . . , . . • . . - • • 25

B. Organization and Resources for Coding ^

- ' rr- ... .26

V, Compilation. ...■;'•■'-•■♦ • •

A. 'Compilation Directly iroci Questionnaires. 2T

■ iioj^/. Compiiation 53arough ¥orltsheets • • 28

C. Compilation Through Marginal or Other Coded Cards 28

D. Punch Cards and Machine Tabulation 50

E. Additional Steps in Sample Inquiries 5^

y. Preparation of Tables for Publication ... 3^

... 37 VI. Tables for Publication

A. Tabulations according to classifying items 38 3. Organizing the various statistics int* individual tables. . . 1+1

C. Sets of Tables la

P. Historical statistics and analytical ratios ^3

. ^ 5

E. Survey descriptions

AHHEX I - Definition of Establishment Characteristics AflHEX II - List of Mining Products

ANNEX III - 2ab!e Plans for an Infrequent and an Annual Inquiry AHHEX IV - The Survfey Descriptions Recocmena^d for Publication

%

₉

I%

English iJi/ 13

Page 3

n. planning,-, en. industrial, inquiry, should be . fables, tq be. published. Planning the-ta^fte^f^

Jhe inquiry, such as,the:,questionnaires ■:■©£

PMrc^s. to be utilized in -gftther^tlw,..!^^

translate the ptatist^al neefig of. the goyerment and inta.pre.ciae. st^tls^ics to b^ gathered

."the..etatiq.tical oanitrand. scheme^,pf;,classi^ic^fet?»ii to

u?^d?, permitting'.easier-: assessment: of

of meeting,these needs,. -v;.>,

: tiie choice pf, techniques-- ^^.-pgii

o; .the

^ design

sss.yp.-::-':- ■t.A*--j.'rt=i.:.4ri^^rT-4--^;1-wy]fr! v.?u^^.. ±ur conveying theresul^Sr.of^lie--. inquiry .,i;?,,.,-: ■-..■;, ... tq+fbe consumer pf the data in

;; ttfc'--■ ;■ ; ■"■;-.-:;- venient form.. .... ... ... . .... .... _. _ _..:. _r.

In view of the valuable role that draft ta]5a£S,can,play to detailing-.-prac tical, as well as desirable, objfctiyes -for,an inquiry and sound techniques ..fpr, parrying it. through,, it is particularly ,useful;:to design..a set of,,tables -.Wjy^fe the Planning. q£.an industrial^qiiiry. which.hac not ."beea.- taken in

' PT^^ ^.' J™^ ■ .- - - ■ " ■ "... ■

,2, .Suitable ob.t3ectives.for,b6siq,(.9jinual and less frequent).,and, current

(monthly or quarter;y)r,industrial inquiries have been. dealt wit& in^he

Seminar paper, QbJeetive?...a9guGoiiteTfcro£ I^d-jntrial Inquiries,^- Covered there-were, the various ..statistics tiwtt,might.be compiled,fe;.each-,type; of industrial inquiries au ,:well as.;the -=ita.ias. of; daU 4o^^athered, ;-the-

^tatistical and tabulating ani^G :to .be u^.lli^Qd.^ia^-^hs-.-f-iQld.pf-ifldustrial

units to be covered for this purpose. In -ohic Vs,Ve- attention is devoted

English ,v-.i.i -■» .

Page k ■;. ■;.;

to the schemes of classifications required for compiling the suggested sta-

^-t£st£c& and-tUfe tabled-and metnb<£s::b^ which1 ■these <&ta''might be edited,

'■: *'b<3n$£&£d andpuisllsn'ed lii the case of an!annual or1 infrequent, comprehen

sive' Inquiry.1" ftls<* discussed in the Tatter connexion'are; the characteris-

■ 'ttcs- dt ttis .tabulating unit according tb which the various statistics' should "be classified, and the descriptions of the methdds'and -'definitions

o:f the^Tt^uiry'thatT should be issued with rthe tables. As "in the case of 'lifejae-idiecussloh^-bf- the objectives and content1 6'f industrial inquiries,

t part'ieuljar attention^ is paid in this paper to the1 classification structures

■tdaat" should1 be utilized and the tables -anct; other information that might be issued by the countries of the ECA region as part: of the 1963 Programme.

;prb<ie;dures> forms and instructions must be worked out for editing, coding -and abstraeting'dat'a from the questionnaires collected in industrial

■ ■" inquiries and for compiling and publishing tables. In addition, plans need to be formulated for (i) organizing the work, (ii) controlling its quality and progress, and:'(iii) mobilizing requiredrpersonnel andv other resources.

: 3. ' It :should;:be noted that tables on monthly or quarterly data are not discussed in this paper. Considerably fewer statistics are compiled in .: current than tri basic iMustrial inquiries and the problems of organizing

the current data into tables are not as great as in the case of "basic data.

Further, the discussion of tables for annual inquiries should suggest use- vfia/tables for current surveys.

?■' .■■-; r.-:.■ - ." ..i-l"- SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION " " " '

\. In order to issue significant tabulations of the results of industrial

■inquiries, schemes for classifying various characteristics of ihe unl£s

covered in these inquiries are required. The required system's1 of 'classifi- :cation may-relate-to the kind of industrial activity,' the location, the

size, tfie" type of-'economic and legal organization and tiie type of operation of statistical, and t.a.b.ulatihg units.. . Classification of da"6a ^acc6rding to ' ';kind of industrial activity Is needed in both basicand current industrial

inquiries. Tabulations according to area may be desired'in arinual aswell as-compreheJisive inquiries^ and classification of data acicotding to the

E/CK. IVCAS. 2-EBQ./13 ST/STAT/CONF.12/L.3

English Page 5

•*? ^,toes£«f ^strial lories.. In particular

pw^iopa. are required of ^ acoo

,:«.?e,,jt»pe of operation and kind of

^ classification structures for these characteristics that

jvtne^ ProgrMBe ln ^ ^ ^^ ^ ' ■ ^ ^^ r

,r..Kind of Industrial Activity . '"

of;.and Criteria for a. System, of Classification '

^ #. ^ accord^ tp .i^indof industrial activity are fun-

P^«nated analysis and US, of a wlde range of statistic, - on industrial units hut also on.other kinds of business and on the t^f (the ??Pulation:v A; syste, of industrial classification should

^ provide th,meanE for grouping, together .data that are consistent

^coverage on.various aspects of the resources and activities of similar jono|c^its, i,e., units *ich en^e in the production,,, in ., simS,r

commodities and services and which may be expectedtp haye economic experience. These two objectives of an industrial ^ssi.

oft,n operate in opposite directions ^with regard to th^ scopfof

^Sk??!&**» °f..** Ossification. Furnishing categories to

^ccommgate the classification of a wide range of consistent .data"*end. to ,,.«$p.#e scopes each category, ;which in. turn .reduces the. .de "

, V-^rjty between tne economic units classified to it" '"

S.fa :jEhis conflict in ends, has universal^ been, resold by.S^in& the

-ope. of the narrowest categories of ^^^

f

E/CH■'.ltyCAS .2-EHQ :/l3

st/scat/c6hf . 12/L. 3

English .

Page 6

■ * fe^sistent with the combination of ^ctiyities occurring in most ,pf the esta- V■■■ 'hUshments'of a country andjii) providing,a hierarchy of ■ catties .of

"""'widening scope"- for example,, unit grpvnjs^groups,, .major.;6rpups, «*-,,

""■^isionsT Wfirst criterion ensures the ^efulne^pf.+he. classification system^or^ring and^analy.lng consistent dafa^the ^sources and ' " activities of industrial and other units as wep. as the,practicability of - : the scheme for coding questionnaires and o^er mat^ials on:j£» units.

The second device aUoys for Jhe^industriaEc^ssifipat^^f^stabl^h- of similar units *ben the availab^, information for, ^his. purpose xs

restricted than^n a.iasic industry inqu^ry^d,^ succ^sxve

d fi^ria^^ct^ity

"'su-arization of data, clas^fi^d according to;:kind

"to'^cilita^ the use^f $he hierarpte of c^egories ^n. summarization, it

ta^ the use^ $ ^

customary, to emp^y, a ^cimal system,^ npt^ion,.in .systems; of industrial c^sification::it,,hpuld^

? ture of widening categories- may. also^e helpful in. consistent ;claSsifica- :i tipn accord^ to Hind of, industrialactivity,, of data^otfe on enterprises

or stoiir^road ta^atiflg.units and,on establishments; or,establishffent-

type units... ■ . . . ■-._.. ::■■■•;-.•.■-■:.-. •.■■■''■- .-.■.-■..-■■-■

C V -;"- fe vi,w of the abpve, an- es^ential; phase of fprmu^ting. pr ^eyisxng a

; System Pf° industrial .clarification is_ investi6ati^ the, actual combination

^activities - i.e./the kinds of commodities produced,and,service ren-

aered and the process involved in this ',ife^ establishments of,the. country- A comprehensive industrial inquiry is an exeunt mediW,fordoing this in

^ the'ease of industrial.units. Because the distribution^ activities among industrial establishments changes as the economy grows and technolo^

isi^sirable ^i^^^^^8 *

revised-We every ten ^^^^

_^n ^ th^cdmbin^idn-Jo

FSnrotfier but also to the kind^of^scent

that m^^^^

l^gories shouSS^rovia in^-ind^tr^'classification stature

of a country only for activities which are significant in its economy.

8. A Scheme of industrial classification is not design** to draw

.TA

esta-

has the attributes required nf « e + 4^t V ' ^ r^^d of a system ,Of

so

: t fflay be ^^or contracted-

to ^ve^^ts the us^ ^

3 g

_thereto,

E/CN. 14/CAS. 2 -EHQ • A3 ST/STAT/CONF.12A- •3

English

Page 8

International Standard Industrial Classification in providing inter

nationally comparable statistics classified according to kind of economic activity. In particular, as part of the 19^3 Programme, it is recommended that data be'classified according.to the ISIC, if feasible, at the group

level of the classification.^ In addition, the Economic and Social Council,

as veil as the Statistical Commission, of.the United Nations -has suggested that Governments consider developing their national industrial classification by adapting the international standard to their own .economy and needs.

'Practically, aTl the African "countries which did not have national'industrial : classifications before the ISIC was adopted have followed this course. And

^countries wnbW industrial classification antedated the ISIC,hav;e;^ in

"revising their system, introduced a considerable degree of comparability

"'ll.Jl- In adapting the ISIC to their economy and needs, most countries have found it necessary to sub-divide the groups of the international classifi cation into unit groups. This is the case because the groups of the inter national standard were made wide enough to embrace differences between countries in the combination of activities in establishments. Interesting unit groups care should be taken that the scope of each unit group is

sufficiently wide to embrace the bulk of the activities engaged in by units which would be classified to it as well as to include; the establishments which account for the bulk of the activities that- define the unit group.

Otherwise, serious difficulties will be encountered in assigning industrial

; codes to statistical and tabulating units - and the meaning and Consistency of'the data classified to each unit, group will be limited. Further/ in subdividing any group of the ISIC into unit groups the totality of these unit groups should coincide with the coverage of the ISIC group if com parability is' to be maintained between the national and international systems of classification. Some countries have found-it desirable to combine groups of the ISIC in devising their national classification* ^To

kj:* See-Annex I and Part II, International Recommendations pn the 1965

World Programme of Basic Industrial Statistics, Statistical Papers,

Series M, No. 17, Rev. 1, Add. 1. ^ .,

E/OT.14/GAS

English// "■ . ...: .."'"'"!■ Vs.■'"Va

Page 9 ■.■■ - \ .

maintain comparability with the international standard either all or some groups-under the..same. majoj;-.-group of. the ISICshould be combined* ,

B. sige. .-. ,:■•■■-■■■■ ■■■ •'■■ -.. -■•:'■:■.'■. ■ ■ .-.. ■ ■>.-.••■ - ■■ ■ ■. ■-■ • ■-=.

12. African countries have ■utilized a, number of statistics to classify ■'

establishments^-according to size;- (i): gross- receipts, (li) employment, »

(iii):tas-eTor; non-use-of m«,roh,anical;p.ower, and (iv) whether industrial

units fai;ii.:dn.4o: "OO;ttage> handicraft-or factory production. Essentially the same sftaitistic has been used to.distinguish between large and siaaJLl ;

units £oth the: purpose of determining the coverage of inquiries (i.e.,,-4o.:

eliminate- small establishments that are -to be excluded from an' inquiry) v ?

or utilizing/ less -extensive questionnaires for small establishments: "than 7 ■ for large ■imiiJBi-•-■ *■ ■• ■ ■. : . ■ ■ ■-•■ ■ v .-■ ■ "■. '■'.-' 13* Among: the foregoing: statistics) employment is the most generally,use ful measure^of the siaeiof^ an establishment. (Hie: Statistical Commission ■ has recommended'-the' average number of persons engaged during the reference year as a measure of size? and/vfasis" is also the criterion of size- recoil^ *-

mended for the 19^3 Programme. The other measures of size, though^aiso useful-fo*'^certain purposes^ have certain- drawbacks'. ■ . ..

14. ' pt:e> twoi most important shortcomings of the value of gross receipts'' !

as a size^measure "arei ''(i1) Reflecting the cost of the raw materials used5 "^

in the :prd3.ub'tive activities;'of the Unit, as well as 'the value bf wbrk1 > ";- done by 'the7 unit, the" :amoUnt- of ■ gross receipts inflates the'size of"J' -:i^- establishtfen'ts'th'at 'titilize" expensive raw materials in relation to"-tZbD86-'

units ^employing' !ch"ea^' i^aw* mater-ials; (ii) Because of the impact of ^rice-

changes on the valu^e <5f"'gi*dss receipts'from one time period to the next,' it is'difficultj; if not impossible to make a historical comparison accord ing to' size 'groups; Value added-, which :has sometimes been considered ad :

a substitute'for gross receipts, does not have:the first deficiency" but

also diifiteta '£rbm the impact of price changes. For international comparisons, both gross^retteapts and value added are difficult size measures to cope

with because of■the problem of finding an appropriate exchange rate. The■"

use of non-use of mechanical power or whether units fall into cottage, handicraft br factory production are not flexible criteria of size and '

the latter' criterion" is very' difficult to define. ■■.■■•■

E/CN,tyQ/

ST/STAT/C0NF.12/LO

English Page 10

15. "The* number of size classes for which industrial data are to be shown depends on the character of the industrial units in each country. In the ' international recommendations it is suggested that, where possible, the data be ■shbwn separately for each of six size classes with lower limits of five, ten,:twenty, fifty, and one hundred persons engaged. For national use many countries prefer to use more size classes, often further sub

dividing- the groups oiie to four and'of one hundred and more. In this connexion the Seminar may wish to consider whether lower limits for size classes in addition to those recommended for the world as a whole - e.g., one, three, two hundred persons engaged - should be suitable for use in the 1963 Programme for the ECA region. It should be emphasized that the nuinber--©if: size classes decided upon when'the table plans are being pr'e- pared cfejpehas not only on the need for'detailed data but also on the necessity of protecting the identity of individual respondents and of mainlining an acceptable level of reliability.

C. l|]?ype of Operation ': ■ ■ "1" '■ ■'■-:■-

16. In the benchmark inquiries for African countries it is important to distinguish data for factory units from that for other kinds of industrial units. Some'countries of the area have drawn this distinction between' industrial units in terms of the size (e.g., number of engaged) of these units and^the presence or lack of installed power equipment. In other instances,-use'has been made of the number of persons Engaged only ^r of rather ill-definea categories of handicraft type and factory-type" production.

For. purposes of comparing the structure of the industrial sector of various countriesy as well as changes over time in the structure of the sector in one country, precise, objective and easily applied criteria are required for type of operation. This is also the case where comparisons are to be ■ made with regard to efficiency or other characteristics of either factory- type, product ion :or home-centered, cottage-type industrial activities, -ft combination of size-and whether or: not power equipment is installed pro- ■ vides.an objective and- realistic way of drawing the sort of distinction that is: required for these purposes. Though it might also be useful to : add to these characteristics the type of premises in which the industrial

Vs irrQ.

ST/STAT/C0MF.12/L

English Page 11

It is difficult to define, or in practice

to apply ^uch a.d^tinction^The^ aize of the establishment and vhetuer or' not^QVer.equi^ept^sdnstalled are there'fbre"'suggested;1 in Annex"I, as

r 4«Ktog.,rtto distinctions according to type of operation. It s^rth^1fi^^.tfe-perton8 engaged be utilized as the

tlie : '"

Ij. Ar.ea ■"" ■ "' ' ■ ""'■'■

17--' 'Sy its •■ nature, tfarei classification system is peculiar to each

country.' 'There are,-however, certain comon.elements that might be observe^

Generally, -each geographic area for which industrial data are shown should - coincide with one or a collection of political or administrative sub-divisions of the eduntry. ^is is desirable because of the following: :' (i)- Industrial

and elated policies and plans are likely to deal with the regularly 9sta- bUtfced ad---trative areas;(ii) Other economc and demographic data usually relate^tV^ administrative or political sub-divisions;(iii) The political sUb-^iisiB i--StU countr;- ^,™iljr uniqueiy ^ clearly defined; and

(iv) DlreaoM*, and related address linformation are keyed to existing .

political -STib-divisions. r

18. Thfere- are usually'a number of different' kinds of political or admin- istrative sub-divisions from which to choose in making up region, for which

separate industrial data will be shown. Such regions should be defined so that-they are (i) BlSnlficant in the making and. administering of industriai policies and-plans, (ii) relatively homogeneous with respect to the nature of the industrial units located there and (iii) large enough so that data can be published without the disclosure of confidential information con cerning single ■■ industrial units, and, if sampling is used, without excess-

ively high errors. " "-

19. In general,' it is1 desirable that the geographic classification pr

for at least '■ two^ or three levels of classification. This provides the ■:

flexibility needed both for detailed structural analysis and for the classi fication of data emanating from; a,sample survey,, tfithin such a system pro-''

vision can also be made for special kinds of ecSnomxo re«ions, SUch as

municipal areas.

ST/STAT/CONF.12/L.3 "

English ■■ _ . .. ,: = -■" ■■ ■■-

Page 12 J .-■-■ -; "' ■' " ,..,....

>■'-; :';.»■«■■ "r"''■"

, .;■" -.-.?t=. ■"■■' ■ ■ ■'■ ■■'■•■ "

20. In most geographic classifJcation, .gy&t&ms each statistical region is_

identified "by a decimal notation in,much,.the' ;same: way that different kinds, of industrial activity are identi£i.e14...,. Thus, the first digit of the

identifying code would identify the major ■-'geographic region and subsequent

digits would identify successively Smaller areas. A numerical code of this >

sort is, of course, essential__wh%re.mechanical tabulating equipment is-.used.

E. Classification Structures for,. Other. Characteristics of the Statistical and Tabulating Unit ""'"""■''"' "'",,.

21. The characteristics of the statistical and tabulating unit other than those discussed above by which it" is often useful to classify industrial data, in. conjunction with a' classification by kind of industrial act-ivity, are: (i) economic organization (i.e., whether the statistical unit is the whole or only part of■a parent enterprise), and (ii) legal organization

(i.e., whsther the legal entity of which the statistical unit is the whole or a part', is ^-.'.corporation, a partnership, a single proprietorship, etc.).

22. Primarily of interest for the'Study of the concentration of industrial control, tabulations .by kind of industrial activity and economic organiza tion would rarely "be dons except for an infrequent industrial inquiry.

Most important here is the definition of the enterprise used. In the ' recommendation in basic industrial statistics, three possible definitions.

of the e^tei-prise are given. The moot useful definition for the study of

concant-ration is that which defines the enterprise most broadly.^ For

some purposes, it may be desirable to extend the classification by economic organizations to show the relative importance of enterprises of various sizes - i.e., various sizes in terms of the number of their subsidiary statistical units.

23- In the case of nest African countries, there is likely to be more interest in tabulation of industrial data by kind of industrial activity and type of economic organization and/or legal organization than those according to industrial accivity and economic organization. This is true because of the small number of multi-unit enterprises, all 'of which are

5/ See RecoTnaor.datioya in :Basic Industrial Statistics, op. cit., Part I.

ST/STAT/qOJJF. 12/L ,-j;, ■-. ■-

//

English ■; ■ ; ■ .

Page 15 ■ ■

tncorjiorstted. On the other hand; classification of data according to a combination of kind of legal organization and type of economic organi

zation will provide valuable information on the socio-economic structure of the industrial sector. In fact; for some African countries, because,of the paucity of important multi-unit enterprises; tabulations,"by kind of indus trial activity and legal organization may satisfy most of the. requirements

•for such information. Owing to the number and variety,of legal forms, how ever, it was not possible to formulate a suggestion for their classifica tion that'would be internationally useful.

F Commodity Classification Structures

W. ;' tfhile among the most useful data from a comprehensive inquiry or an annual or current survey, data oh the quantity and value of individual pro ducts, raw materials and fuels produced or consumed are expensive to

collect and process and difficult to collect in a consistent manner.

Because of this, careful planning of this phase of the inquiries including the system of identifying and classifying commodities, is essential.

£5. Even in the less industrialized countries, thousands of different com

modities flow from and through the industrial sector. Though some of these lend themselves to easy definition and meaningful quantitative measurement, many - in particular highly finished items - cannot be defined precisely

enough to make their quantitative neasurement possible without setting up and defining an impossibly long list of products. As a result, it is

necessary to select fbr individual measurement only important products and

raw materials that can be sufficiently well defined to.yield addit.ive data

"on quantities and that can be conveniently reported on by industrial units.

The remaining commodities must be measured in broader terms,-- namely, in

value." For this purpose, among other reasons, it is advantageous to, build

a commodity classification structure. The system of commodity classifica-

: tion would, for example, facilitate the gathering of more reliable as well as more precise and useful information on-the products or raw materials of industrial units than'if one figure were sought on all the remaining pro- r"'ducts or raw/materials. Again, however, the reportability of data for the

"individual categories of the system must be given detailed consideration.

ST/STAT/CONF. 12/L. 3

English

Page I**-

26.' For the gff^tiVe;gatherdiig. processing and tabulating pf commodity iata, a' classific&tidn and coding ::scheme:ds also;-required. Further, ,it

is'desirable'to"devise! a'1 seKfeme^tkat -faciaitate.s the analytical uses of

the ;t-Lgures'gathered oh' products and raw materials <-.+-A.,;few o£,£he more

'^porba^e analyses, the' Sase^-#Hieh vill.depend an the nature,of commodity

coding "and'classification system, are: : .- - ■ ■ ■..-

.a.yi;^, * -v-'(i)' Aii analysis showing the major:industry ■; of. product ion. ;and ,;.-;;«.-;;,;-.. -^ , Consumption-of each^commodity and commodity;, group. .Tlje

ability to make this analysis for each commodity,.as a pro

duct and the sasie comncdity as a raw material or .fuel will

' : r;;: ■' ■-■(&) facilitate the comparison of the production with the

'L - -~ cttnsiiiaption of domestic industry, and (b) provide the

: : : :" necessary data for the xonstruction of wholesale price

■"*■-'■■■■-- indexes and input-output-tables-for the various Rectors of

"''■■ " ■": ■ the economy. ' ■ " " -. - .:;= .:::'■ p'< ■ ■ ; ■■.,-:■.■ -~->r

' ■ (ii) An analysis of the commoditc? data-that will allqy one to

S r relate the production and cong^mpticn Q^domestic industry

""■' ■' with lfcporUS'!eKd exports,. ■■■ . ! r-\ y: -.■■:■, >-.. j.^ .;--;.,/.::.;.;^-

""' "' '"'- (iii) An analysis of ^tha^degree .of. speeial-Lza$;ipn,o^^dus^rial

' ] "; ; -1 units -end of tt:e product ion of capital- goodLs^.pther^producer :-y-::<''"'''' ■ ■' "goods and■ edns'uiiier goods "by these unites..-,,L .y :k .

2i::: To best serve all of -tiie ■purpos£?s outlined ^ove.-.the, cpmnodity coding

and classification'sche^-should be. clocely related to the classification

"scheme according to kind of- -activity .utilised in economic .statistio^v tiaat accbr'aitak'to clas^ bf coicioatLty: e^loycd in external,

ft has already been^ noted a^ve that the bind of activity :o£ the: industrial i un'it is determined by tSe"*ss£i& productactumed ov^ by ^that unit,. : A ..useful

starting point in coriBtructlns ths,/coraodity classificationiac^ewft^wld therefore be listing the various ccr^dditi-s which are .the.-.pptoarX;products of each of tne three or-four-dici* ■claSoes.pf fining o^ffianufa.cturing. In the case of'cohstraetiohthe -listing vou-U-consist.-o^-typef-.pf.prp.Jects

(e.g., dwelling ^nbn-reBi^cnxl:al structures, roads,. dar2Sj:and.conservation

prbjects, etb'.y; rather than kinds of commodities. The clas.s;rpf industrial

E/CK1VCAS.2-ENQ./1?

ST/STAT/CONF. 12/L- 3

English Page 15

activity to which each commodity is primary might thence the broadest way of grouping these commodities and the three or four-digit codes of the ,;

industrial classification - for example for the ISIC groups or sub-divisions of these groups"- would become the first portion-fof^he codes; forthe .com

modity classification. ' - ° - '•-'■- --- :- ,t :: :■:■■

28. In order to provide "a5link to the classification.utilized for eternal tra^/the next stage of the-commodity classification scheme for mining and

"manufactured products - commodity-classes - would be defined by use of the

categories of the external trade commodity classification, that,are ^omr;

parable to'the four-digit cla^sWes (income instances sub-divisions of the classes)""of the revised" Standard'International Trade Classification ■ ..

(SITC-ETN). The commodities primary to each kind of mining and;manufac

turing might be grouped according to these categories, and fourth and/.pr

fifth digits would be added to the earlier three'or four,digits In or;der to identify commodity classes. The four-digit categories of the SIT<?tSTN

are, on the whole, very suitable for this purpose because of the common

use,' in external trade of commodity classifications comparable to it.and the neatness of fit between the four-digit categories of the,SETC-BTK, on

the one hand, and the groups of the ISIG or sub-divisions of these groups,

on the other, .Finally, the five-digit commodity classes made up of a number of commodities which lend themselves to meaningful measurement of '.quantities produced might be sub-divided into these commodities and a sixth - digit would be. added to\he commodities codes for this'purpose.

■ 29, It would be most desirable to utilize the same codes for commodities - when consumed as raw materials or fuels as when produced. This would-

materially facilitate tracing the flow of commodities through manufacturing, construction, mining, etc. - for example, in compiling^ in^ut-output and similar tables. For use. in the classification of raw'materials or, perhaps, fuels,, it may be necessary in a number of cases to telescope tne commodity codes,for products tothe level of commodity classes or even industries of origin. This is the case because respondents will be unable to furnish sufficient detail on the .quantity and value of some of the raw materials

or even fuels that they utilize.

e/cn. 14/cas. 2-ekq. /13 st/stat/gonp.12/l.3

"Elish' v "'

Page, 1-6 ,..,.... ■■■_,--. ... . .

T'30. . Attention; should V^lled'trthefabt thai in order to use-the frames

of reference discussed above to construe? ^realistic commodity .classifica tion, detailed information is required on the important products as., well as

■, significant raw materials and fuels, present or prospective, for which

, -quantity-and value' data can t. gathered.' It is not worthwhile, -for example, to define .commodities or commodity classes" for products attd/or ^materials f and fuels which do not ocour or which are of such minor importance in the

activities of establishments that separate data are not wanted afid/or cannot

gathered* . .... : ,. ■ .

-31...,,In..t .e case of mining-, a list is shown in Annex II which might furnish useful guidance to the countries of the re£ion in delineating the=individual . .minerals for which quantity and value of'output should be gathered in

inquires that are part of the 1963 Program^ as rWell as in other industrial .Burveys.... The Seminar may wish tc commend the lisf to the'countries of the

■-■ region for that purpose.

III.

32. Editing is generally one of the early steps in .processing. Editing

involves several steps: "'(i)" scrutinizing questionnaires for .omissions, (ii) checking for internal consistency (i.e.,- ascertaining, wheth^ answers

to different queries on the same questionnaire are consistent with each other) and (iii) external consistency checks (i.e., determining whether

the Vata given by an establishment are consistent with figures Reported by

it in an earlier inquiry or by other establishments in the same inquiry,

"or with, statistics' obtained from-ctaer sources.-,: The first .an^seoond checks Tare'generally" simple and; inexpensive, but .the- third may be difficult and

costly^' Fossible deficiencies found in questionnaires haye been corrected by'raising questions with" respondents or by estimating;(:imputin^). figures.

It has been the general practice "to verify the editing.; through ^ither com plete or sample chec&ihg. In basic inquiries where a field-staff is employed, either field visitors, field offices or central offices can do this work, and within the central office editing can be introduced at various stages in processing. Editing has been done either by hand or mechanically. Here, the following questions o,. methods and organisation

for editing are covered.

i. What pu

fcr dat

.A- ..-Purpofie

17

poses might editing servo?

the altci-ati^ procedures, forms' and instructions

cUns d2ir;s::6rn alicTinaecuracits in aasvers to queries, rl;. t^m-Mil-v,.ri^im- ediul-,.5 vcrk? At vhat stage' e^:- v^t 2 :,t;.r^ ^ do-io, and vho" should be . !'

r^ /or ~ h;.:; v->-\? ' '" ' : ""'

""" -'■ ■■»■■"•■■■ --> ■:- r-^--■;:■-^ a-c, organizing

j.s r.c-j-j L:i - r.:. -- p,..v. o;^:^ -V.JO 0:p '0::_^c inquiry?

3 y or tho ^.

length of eiipt-i-i

3^. The Ettt^pi;

chewed --roear'aioi- pa publishad e.jxt?

that ^oc^lb1^ :l-T

ever, surli ?+■'-■--

-coir;.

c?

correct tc;r_ of "oo:i.^

effect■ on p^bll";^;-:' way, the nunber. c^- limits, r_r.d ecib.-r:-, with their cocb. ;■

ments VO'jJrl -'jS' r.> m-

might rcsitfi i^ " "c tablen. More cov-" .<

questionnaires weight .In;-the rv- methods;,for-(.:l) rc rather, then-irpu;. 1 would br TiGud only

■ ->.

. - .- „■ V -

y.-.o ■.a-.ua m designing

■ " "' ■ - -■-mlicity of the ' '■-■:r ■-■-'2['J or (ill) the

Ll c-eii-3 -M:,dt could be 'J rrply (i.e., its effect

^hl3e degree of assurance

■ ), r--^ the checks. How-

sv-niag end, frequently,

s. of type3 of response

,' ,, ■.■-..

a en the detection and

^ . '" "

r nave on important

', ■ '-:i

i...l cci-re.-jtod. In this :,% ke-p-G vithin tolerable

. f-y all establish ., xncon^iatencies that

. ■ ' :-.

^vrr iu the published to

r;

. ■ ■ ■ ■

iyp and definitive

^...-.^ "" V

i«^rJ'-.-rr respondents

,. ^ " ' ;:

c^ict?. of editing

English Page 18

small-scale sample inquiries, the more costly editing methods would be used for all respondents, small and large, since each respondent, regardless of 'size, has a great individual effect on the published data.

35- "-"Many governments have edited questionnaires not only to find and eliminate1 deficiencies1in data collected, but also to educate their staff and the respondents. This has b^en done by correcting mistakes.in inter pretation, wording or instructions for queries for which deficient answers were -parti'cularly common. For this purpose, governments would need..to edit questionnaires soon after their collection. To correct misunderstandings -By :f±el&; -staff or respondents, emissions and errors in questionnaires would,

of -courpe1,- need to be pointed out to them. It is desirable that editing.-be --:Used—to/ educate respondents and agency staff in early inquiries.

B. Methods for Detecting Omissions and Inaccuracies

'■■$6-.- "The approach adopted toward editing questionnaires does not materially

■-affect the -character of the tests for omissions and inaccuracies, although

■■•it■"does' "markedly influence when and how the tests are applied. ...

'-a'.- ■Omissions

■37- ^ Finding omissions requires simple scrutiny of reported data.. It is . . important to locate omissions in all questionnaires for those queries that

(l■); deteraine the coverage for industrial inquiries and the characteristics by which data are distributed (e.g., name and address of the. establishments and description of type of activity) and (ii) furnish figures that enter : iato published tablec.

b. ■Tiiternsrl consistency checks . ...

38;- ■' internal consistency checks consist of determining (i) whether the,.

figur'e '-reported for a query that is divided into subsidiary questions is, equal td the total of the component figures recorded (e.g., whether the.:

total'number engaged firing a specified period equals the sum for the same perio&y of■the number of working owners, unpaid family workers, homeworkers and employees), (ii) whether the answers to the same query in different.

parts "of a questionnaire are; in fact, the same, and (iii) .whether figures...

given; ifor queries, that can generally be expected to be substantially less ..

or more than-those for others are, in fact, so (e.g., whether total wages

English Page 19

and salaries for -an inquiry year are less than cash receipts for the-same -y>;

period). Governments have made Wide use of internal consistency checks-, ^r-u since these checks are easily appliedj either "by hand or mechanically,. -.^.:.

and are usually1 bonclusive'and: significant - i.e., failing to satisfy the check indicates the presence of one or more errors that are liekly to

■become apparettfc in^e published: data. These checks, however> would uncover errors in oaly a limited number of answers. ! c. External consistency checks

39- Because internal consistency checks can detect only some of the deficiencies in reported data, countries have employed external checks.

The external consistency checks utilized generally consist of ascertaining whether^'the ratio between figures reported for two queries by the same

establisnment falls within a tange determined either from (i) earlier questionnaires from the same establishment, (ii) questionnaires for the same type of establishments in the inquiry/or (ill) economic data obtained from other sources. Some of the ratios it has been found useful to utilize in these checks are: (i) average wages and salaries paid per employee or per man-hour worked; (ii) wages and salaries paid to value added; (iii) cost of raw m&terials to value;df gross output; or (iv) unit prices for .-

individual raw materials or products. In addition to the foregoing -,-. ,.

routinlzed external consistency checks, industrial specialists may be l:1 ,:

employed to scrutinize questionnaires, especially those from very large

establishments, in the light of their knowledge of industrial condii^ns.. ..;

ho* External consistency checks are, on the whole, difficult to apply ..

because they (i) require many computations and comparisons, (ii) involve the

exercise of judgement, 'and (iii) frequently must be done by non-mechanical,:

means. Judgement plays an important part in external consistency tests: j ,;..,.

be'caii'se considerable knowledge of industry is required in order-; to set the1:-:;

range'within wM'dH the ratio between items of data can be expected, to. fall,, v and" riffcios tfiaf-'fall outside of this range may still be corrects , ,,.r .!;;:-t:

d. Procedure'^, -fbrms and: instructions ;. ; , . ;,..■',- . ■■

kl. In general, -it is desirable to systematize and routinize the, application of editing checks'. Formulating specific procedures,, forms and instructions.,

ST/STAT/C0HF.12/L 5

English Page 20

for editing has the: advantage"of establishing Tihifa^ ^ts'aljno'st :ali <3f (--~3 which could be applied effectively by clerical persomiel or-me^ehanical. - : ^':

devices. Such "materials arid procedures should indicate the following*"* >-'■■'

li What Questionnaires are to be scrutinized, how they'are ■■ ■■-■:

;-to be'"-selected'; arid how they will be identified, - ' - '"■- ii. What queries ]exe' to be tested for possible inaccuraciess - - iii. Precisely what test is to be used for each item of data,

its objective and how it is to be done. The sequence of '"'■ steps involved in the Vst. The materials that Should be

" used in'applying the test. The criteria for passing- or : ■*■'.-.•

""• ;- ■''''- failing: the test, and the notations to be made and the

forms to "be completed, in either case. It~; should "be noted = ,"

iha^ the criteria for passing or failing the test £an be; - ■ ■ made clea* only for the bulJt of the items scrutinized.- ' --■

:: ' ' Exceptional cases would need to be decided based on more detailed knowledge of the objectives for each test.' iv. How questionnaires' that pass or fail tests are to be

' identified and handled. ' ■ ;

hZ. A convenient way of "giving instructions for editing questionnaires is

to enter descriptions of the procedures to be used on a model' form, indica ting the'queries to which they apply. To permit identification in later

steps;:"it is important that oniaaioiis and possible inaccuracies detected: ■ - ■■ ^ in questionnaires be identified "by uniform and obvious markings;1 ■= ; 45. As already indicated/ external consistency checks involve th£ compu tation o^ "ratios and tna setting of ranges into which the results, of these- computatibns: should fall to be acceptable. Except for ratios or other ' ■■.=:■■-

relationships between reported data that are fixed by law or custom (e.g., - unit prices or hourly and weekly vagos), useful ranges might be established ■■

from analysis of actual relationships for large numbers of representative ;

units. However/ this might involve waiting until a late-stage in process--

ing, which would seriously delay compilation. As an alternative,

acceptable ranges might be set W'ana'lysins samples, preferably probability samples/ drawn from questionnaires received from the types of establishments

for which the checks are to be used.

English . ,,L -,^:

Page 21 :' ZZZ

hk. IBaitfeSuce .the.-iamQun1fe:.of .TtiangArtgfe&B .an£~§$n]^is^n work involved in applyifig«e^ernBloeonoi9t>eiioyicbeQk.sX; epun-tries. may-,£ind: %%. desirable to

prepare tib^efl.'ifeatoShowithfi acseptable;range of relationships between the two it^fiis^of^d«ita;?teeingotes4ed.?i:Such tables might aonsist-fOf class inter vals that cross-classify acceptable ranges of values for tb£-,£ifp items of

data. The&'j editing |>erBCiihel need only ■ determine wh^]aer;t£he -figures givetf^^^a^cjs^t&Orinaire for -the- t&Q -items of d£ta,bei;n£rtes.ted actually fall wiiM^%£propriate .paired'class intervals or Upt.^r^^rough. such tables the effieiencyi-(©f 'external consijatency checks :could .a^so^be ctetermined by tallying-q.uestlo£aiaires according rfca the paired clas&-Intervals l^0 which the re#o¥te^ ^Sgia^s-Jac.tuaaay fail. . ..--.;'—uon e.M.-vv--^'- -

C. Correctibli>foiffCffids&ions ant3,;:Ina:ccuracies. Detected, - . - •

I4.5/TX <S£&$«te£ffiSBid linacturacies :in:a^stionBaires gathered, frpm large units and^Wftto-ietoes-^tett^PftKbrlcted samples should generally (be corrected by

questictoiiSg res^caSxleHt ■ units, but-j.thpse in questionnair^Sr^om .Aar bers ?4f%mall ^tsftflishments laight^ in many, cases, . be-.corrected bjf

figures.^/ • Thia-l.a!istinctionvis sug$este4 ,£or ;

■ i; vpigures.>repoiiteel.by-=large unit.s,;in-,-alleinquire. .and.,bY.o , r ., .,,,

■ : : sjh0il:.'Oriestf$n:,!r.es£rict.e&\samples ,carr^;cmuqh .indiY.idiK^l_.j.^ .^.

weight in the statistics that are published. As a result* j.j;prf:

it is important to ensurejfche rel^bi^lty.of the da^a..ri .^j, i;

'■■^■i■■■"-. " inquiries involving many: ^mg.llnes'fea^li^biBpnts, ..each, of ( :;,j,-,n -s^ff (,.; Jthem.;makes;ia very small con$rib^t^Qn;t0.^,the.,data release^,. ; j

ilV'Ffc* large units, :th«i range iniwhieh figures for an item^ p^j.-j.r

■;i;-. -\t df?.--aata might fail:Lisj;Mde; for small units ;it is narrow.. n!,-,

^ .; ■ ; Ba. other words,::-the:variability in dataii'S likely^tp^bep :;.,;

■ ■>■■;■;.;;,. .ls ; ■, greater for large-establishments than for small. As,.,a .p^^j -

6/. .J^,should;.be. noted,that^figures which are imputed differ in character feom data which are'obtained from respondents. Thusy published^ data"

should be-1 footnoted to:iiadicate the-;proportions estimated.,,.,^, may; even be desirable to separate imputed from reported data in the published

tables.

English

Page 22

inquiries ihtdcsmall 8atisfae$ory:

__ w__ .. . w do not differ too

-tn; ^tne^true^'ones. This is not the' case for' large~%fet^l&B&w a-:

tiY/vTff4eficient data'obt&inWfrbm small units were to be-f: -.:■■•.;•

0;?;corrected by questioning them, costs would become excessive-- "::

'' 'l'"'L ' and inquiries would "Be seriously delayed, since 'extended;;;

1 ^"^ffeld visits would-be riecessary. On the other handy for : ;

''' laVger Establishments, cost and time consumed coUiLd^be fcepfc ;. ~-

within reasonable bounds, because mail or telephone could ^ir be used and" there are relatively-few such respondents.:-• . :>

Sr, fi^tation^ cannot be utilized to dori-ect all defidiocies in,--

questionnaires' frcta'small units, even in censuses. For example, omissiai3S.for>- of essentiS:;infbrifet'ion"6c type of industrial activity or deficiencies>.rtasi/f tha^^occur in gteat'numbers of questionnaires cannot:'be corrected "in this : ^ way. To avoid°this, "it is necessary to supervise v6rl£:very carefuaiy:early

in the inquiry, particularly one involving field work. And, careful editing"

of all quest'ionnaifes' and revisits to all respondents "Whose answers do not

pass edit"ingD^e§ti'are' good supervisory devices at-the^'begirining of an

inquiry. ' L"" ' ■■.-.■ .i. -i,:,-.

a. Methods '"for" correcting by imputations ; :'■

^T- To correct''deficiencies by imputation, governments might'(i) sum

answers t6°comp8nent"iueries if defective replies are totalspor, otherwise, (ii) apliy^afi^av^rage^relationship determined from the satisfactory ques

tionnaires*- ffi tn'e latter case, it is desirable to utilize average

relationsn'IpS forJthe~same type of establishments (e'.g., industry and size

class) a^tS^tfre^ne for Which figures are being-estljnates. Ratios such as those belweenreaM re6el£ts and'total wages a'a& salaries or total wages

and salaries and number of employees might be used. In some cases, an

average vaa^fe.in**eadiQf:;an, iy&r&g? ratio for; .deficient,,. iteffS;^pf^.3**a^g^f be sati^TactoryV ^&!ikr^s. ra'leSs expensive and' more cobvenient'v way ofu-xi^

imputing. In order to compute average relationships from as many .y;,..

.713

'• g

English

/

Page 23 ;^ ^--^1.

questionnaires as possible, it is desirable to impute figures late in the

processing, . .

., ■ ■ ■. ... ■ .-■■■ -..,-:■; .■ ''-r^pw . fi --. j •■;-.:.! 0.":: ...j:s;r; .d^Sj. .1-:":,'.'■•• .'i.:. ■ i '

- D. "Verification of the Editing .. ' . . ..^^ ,..,r,t',.^in,- .^volrrv-

™™: . Verlfica*ion '"<* the editing; should' be.,iMe^ive ^teaduesMonnaires

gathered fro* large establishments or .from,a ^teted^aapS^f;&all ones. For questionnaires from many small units, however, it is sufficient to ensure that the overall quality of editing wc*k is satisfactory. For this purpose, verification of editing for sample* drawn from processed questionnaires is generally sufficient, once the quality of editing work

has become satisfactory as a result of training. Sample verification would

ensure that the quality of work continues to be good by detecting poor

«** quickly and as a result, either re-twining the responsible persons or discharging the,, m this way the costs for verifying the editing are adjusted to the effect this work can be expected to have on published data.

E Stage at Which Schedules Should be Edited

k9- Questionnaire data can be edited at a number of different stages in the

processing. The stage at which editing is performed should depend on (i) the resources available for processing questionnaires and (ii) the purpose and

methods of editing.

50; Countries which employ a field staff utilize them for editing question-

naxres. This is one of the important functions of field visitors since

omissions, inaccuracies and misunderstandings are most conveniently detected and corrected while visiting respondent establishments. Also, by editing questionnaires field offices can supervise and control the work of field visitors, central offices have checked questionnaire data either early in processing to correct significant errors by writing to respondent esta blishments or later in processing with errors then corrected by estimation in the latter case, a sample of questionnaires can be checked soon after thexr receipt in order to control the work of field offices. If mechanical tabulating equipment is used, central office checking and correcting of questionnaire data late in processing has the following advantages-

(x) Errors that ar. introduced in coding, key punching and other processing

are detected and (ii) .^e edltlng is less expenglve ^ ^ ^ than hand editing.

// /

ST/STAi/COHF -12/L'.

English

Page 2k

51. In centralized mail inquiries, where...yery^limite,^ fi#3£i..slp$f£-. is employed, countries have generally checked all questionnaires/for signi

ficant omissions and inaccuracies early £nthe processing and corrected

the errors uncovered by writing to respondents^.. ,.r ... . :- .

■'"' "i:!-""'"

■(<■} 1 ;. ■-, _-: : ,.

E/CNl^/GAS. 2rEHQ^^ g

ST/STAT/CONF.12/L.3.

English Page 25

.CODING. A1TO .CCWUTATfON OP PAIA

6& bMS'

A. Procedures, Materials and Instructions ■ •'■•<■'■ .. •'.;

52. The key materials needed ~for assigning codes:'td:'Questionnaires are detailed guides to the systems of cla'ssffica^ion'according to :kina of in&us-

<r,ial( activity, location, size, etc.r~ih use. An 'e^dmple ;of :'the tyjie of:;guide required for schemes of classification accbrdilng to kind!of industrial acti vity is afforded by Indexes to the International Standard Industrial Clas---

■ ■; "':.;}^;.-■;:-:/; .-■-; ;-' T T7T ~—~fT '■ ~ ~~ "~

sification of All Economic Activities-^ ."' As mOsli cduntries have:^ouiid tnese materials, together with brief Instructions dn 'their' tise/-are''sufficient:tt3

systematize and routlnize coding.''^ ,. : <".'c.(..: ;o.l .,.v^rr, ,, .::&..■..:■ -..d- 1:

, .5^;,. ^ coding, questionnaires" will be" mddvax&t^d. that c&ifibt be: cleRtiy ; assigned to a specific "category within a "classification structur^j:'bec1ause f

questionnaire information is incomplete' of'because :ther'estal3HsMen^c'b"orders

°n..fYor?^ more categories!' It is'desirable that^such^cases lie deferred to^

experienced personnel, who are able to utilise sbutcesrbf: informa;tion;tbtilgr than the questionnaire (e.g., trade journals, directories, etc)^ and^wnoH:T have considerable knowledge of industrial practices.

154; ■ 6od'ingL determines;the effective coverage,o£:the inquiry, sinc£,]Ti:t is;-^

atc-this' stage thatr'ft--1 final-' determination, is- made on, whether each, question?

'naire'feohgs 1& the^-aniverse^as ori(iiaaXlV defined;., o In addition the-; coding can0 affect-the figures in- the published^ results'.,;. ■ For-thes^.Teasons- i'tr,.i%-,

important to verify fche^oaing.-. As in the 'case of :editing>. complete verifi

cation";%f codes might'^e applied to questionnaires.! Cor large es^J?liphments

and for a; restricted -sample:of -small ones, i.£>ace■ itfc- bas Iseeni established that errbr rates- in^ aligning <:odes are not high.- ;. ■ .... ,; . r..

B. Orsanizaij-Sbn and'::Resources for Coding ; ■•: ,.^: : ; . :.>-

55-'; Tt-'is^'ddsirable to start processing by coding, questionnaires fo.r; indus try :M'S:i^' dr-establishmeilt. This helps to eliminfite/questionnaires which

do '"no^beTohg' in1-'trie" survey,^ especially in inquiries /that are not; based on

industrial 'directories. ■■ In addition,:: the codes for area and mode, of oper

ation may be factors in organizing the questionnaires for, processings and,

Statistical Papers, Series M, No. k, Rev.l, Add.l.

E/CNJ^/CAS.2-ENQ./1?■P L

gr/sE«r/d(aif^ts/i*^ \

English ■■:-'- ; '^■?O-.rL.-.fJ1^V-1;--

Page 26 -^"'tS

if so, these codes should be assigned immediately after the codes for indus

try and size. Many coupes' &iiji%.^^ -odes toing the first steps

in processing.

56.

no> bslon^ the ipuiry.at .an .early

and,|acili*at^the; collection;.Pf

assitsa

or to assign codes for industry groups only- For large 3.esta^8hments,

ld.off^e* ^sign^Qdes, .central office^ sho«i^comiletelYj verxfy ar.ge,eataHiShffl§ntsnand^ ^sjyricted.^a^^of pal^ones.y_

For sthe^iMSall ^«blis^entS,. c,entKal9offices might utilize sample ve^ifi-

58?! ebmpill^ date: gathered: oa-4ue«tionnaires into;published tables,*nvolyes {If abstracting the aata-together documents for easy, tabulation, ^tiJiWbrt.

ing thfe aati (ai8t*ibuttagc%he figures by establishmentcharasteristis*:

i&miiim-Wlh'^-it*)******* "-I tables fta^tKMettttatoMo e, tne^follbvtoi <Su^ti^ .concerning compilation,are cwsred: d

are the alternatives for abstracting and..tabulating l sa;r toria Statistics? V&at: axev the-advantages and-disadOTtttas^. ofe each

alternative, and under-tut circumstances fmiitimptb.practical^

which type of inauiry is each alternative.mostoadvantageousJ

itemed in

xrf;.- a?.^%fSchi«i;ternati*eti^What ehb**:*-axe necessary *o/i:eep deficiencies in

no fcsaid^^j^iished daW'^AilttolerBbl«;liffl»^/«n^^ "' -isqo lo^^^^eeiecuteaT^sWha^^escfuroeis^rBre.needed; ahdrhbw might the.

iii. What steps are necessary to prepare final tables from tabulation^

E/rw Vcas . 2-Ejg. /13 ST/STAT/CONF, 12/1,. 3

' - English-R:\ -'

Page 27^' ' ' "''Zt ■'

59- In abstracting and tabulating industrial statistics, countries have (i)

prepared tables directly from questionnaires, utilizing simple mechanical

equipment such as adding machines; (ii)'abstracted data from, questionnaires to worksheets that Lave been s^ari^d by ffiar.nal or mechanical mea^ to yield final tables; (iii) abstracted data from questionnaires to margi^, or other coded cards that have been sorted and su^arized by either manual 'or,quasi- aechanical devices; or, (1t) abstracted data from questionnaires to punch cards that have been sorted and summarized by mechanical tabulating equipment.

A. Compilation Directly from Questionnaires

a.: Procedures, devices ana equipment '

^Preparing tabulations directly frorc the questionnaires for individual

established consists of (i) sorting the questionnaires into appropriate groups - generally by industry - and for each group, (ii). adding together

^figures Tor each item of cata on questionnaires, and (iii) posting the -salts of tnaa safari zation en tabulation forms, vhich are generally blank

<!uest,onna,reE, Lor eaoh industry, this vork might be done by combiniag the questionnaires for it into batches as they. are processed, summarizing the hasic data -caa posti.e the result, to a tabulation form for each batch, and

finally addSng' together the tabulation fonro for a2X batches

61F t & ^

the ^HtbQt;hav

:- aiJ-t^ed arc n^ed to verity ^ d,t, transferred from the

rej into '*hfe" cdarDutr.ig irachi^e.

b.* -€<)Bt«as/--checks a^i: Verificc-cicn reouiro^.

62. It is important to ^i,t.in controls on the taking and sut^g of

questionnaires- and t ? no-t-'no- nf ^.,-^- -p«,.

JJJJ.. . . ?<<--ag of curus for each b.itch and to check and Verify

v , ,

additions and .ost^. so ^t' twjt, ^ Uot i^.ctea by co^ilatioa,

Quest.onnaires ^at havs been b.tch.i ,houia b, identified (on the question- ne re itself an, on control li.t3; o, M E^ing all questionnaires. expect-

ed> £O t.at ^sticni, d

tnat hav3-.een M ^Ud he co^ared vlth :hoSe to be. include in

-o ihat none ,re fitted f,o. ta^,tL^, S^rlyr batches

batch .oSt,^list:.o, ^ sho^d be «,^ to ideate that sums have

been verified a-*. prarte«-ho- that this :t? .^.Wt^e-or orttttd ^!

E/CNJk/CAS • 2-EEQ /

st/stat/conf.12/L.3

English Page 28

63. To check: and verify the summation of batches of questionnaires, it is

desirable .to proofread computing machine tapes against questionnaires in

■■"■■■ ■ ■■ p./

each batch. It may,also be vise to zero-balance questionnaires—' . Interr consistency checks can also be applied to the totals for certain items of data. Similar, procedures should be used to check and verify postings to tabulation-forms and the summarization of these postings.

c. Instructions and personnel..required

6k. From the foregoing it is evident that compilation directly from ques

naires can bo highly systematic and routine. Because of this, clerical pe nel, most of whom should be able to operate computing machines, might maV up most.of the compilation staff. To make certain that they do the work

.■>'■■ -■ ■

properly, .specific but simple instructions can be prepared for each step

compilation. . ■

B. Compilation Through Worksheets,

65*. In preparing tabulations through the use of worksheets, (i) the dif

items of data are posted from questionnaires to worksheets organized to final or int^i-mediate data for the final tables, (ii) the data on each ( wvrksh^ets are summed, end (iii) the sums posted to summary worksheets,

of which are again summed to yield the final tables. The worksheets be the medium for (i) sorting items of data by establishment characteristi (ii) indicating the questionnaires that have been posted and entered, ( arranging data for easy addition, and (iv) applying external consistent:

checks to items of data. ' '

66, lruuviaual worksheets, might approximate final tables, or they mig:

designed to yield jsuo.pprr5.v9 totals according to the different levels

summarization in t.fce final tables.

t:. Compilation Through Marginal or Other Coded Cards

67. : In compiling industrial statistics through the use of marginal or cards, (i) the items of data are posted from questionnaires to indivit

cards for each establishment; (ii) the Cards are coded for the characi..

b/ Zero-balancing would consist of (l) adding together figures for a

of data on each questionnaire, (2) adding together the totals for same itei^s of tiata obtained from all questionnaires, and (3) em ...

the two foregoing items are the same.

• 2 -ekq . /13

English .• -..:. ■ - '. ^■lOOVUIo \.u.

Page 29 :<nilgnji

of the establishments by which the it^ms of data are to be distributed;

(ill) the cards are sorted successively by these characteristics/ (iv) the data on each group o~^ sorted cards are Wnmed; 'and (v) the sums are' po'sted to tables'that distribute" the" items'"of"'Sata'"by establishment characteristics'.' a/'^t^arac^terist'ic's"oH' coded cards' ""

68. "fii important part' of"planning compilation through the use of coded/

carets' is the "design of the "cards/ It is suggested that this method of

compilation1 be1 used for summarizing' aggregate statistics' only.' Cards' might be pre-p°rintW with columns for each of the aggregate statistics. * The card

might'provTde preprinted' horizontal line's for figures' for these items of data for a number of years, and it should have pre-printed spaces at the top for identification of the establishment (its' name,"address" ana coded charac teristics.) ^ "'''

69. ihe card can be' designed'ill 'a "number""'of different ways to" facilitate "

sorting by ^establishment?charac^istics'(eVg.,' by 'industry, geographic area an& s£ze)? '"Sie margin1 or^part"'of"i"t!mi~ghi:ibe""assigned to each characteristic,

"arid 'the characteristic inight be entering its code number and/or pastinglcoloured/tab's "in the space" assignee^'. "6r, quasi-mecnanical methods

of sorting the cards might be used by punching'holes into columns for each establishment characteristic at either Wide of the card, and the cards could be sorted by use of either a sorting needle or a mechanical sorter—' . For commodity data, the cards would, of course, be much simpler than 'for aggre gate statistics. However/the principles "of design are the same for "bo'tH

types. :- _ _ _^ '

97 If colojirecT tabs were used, each colour could represent, a: specific n^b.er from 0 through 9, and the number of tabs required for an establishment characteristic would depend on the "number^'f; different-places■■■lnJ'**». code.

10/ As in the case of punch cards used in jr_3chaaic"sl tabulating/tlie-digits : 0, th^pugii 9,waul4 be represented,by.^a ^hple .^ .:.a. .pa.rticular.^psi.'fciQn- in^

each, cqlumn, and the number of colunms"required to represent an establish ment Wara'cteriWtic ■" would ■-depend -on ' the" rni;uiab &e -"of. plac es ' in' ■ its Gcwie; - ■ •?■'

£or;. :e*^mple,.. if a,fpur-di^it code, is -used to..industry, .four, colvffins,..

would be" needed to represent the industry' of establishments. The position --bf"tn^j-holes ■■punched- into"'the1 "column's v.for-i^H^ ;"characteris-tic- would, then, 5.,; , indicate^h« r^ode number fox the chara^t^^ti^c.. .A sprtingi.n,ee^e/ put,

° ' through the cards' at particular positions' will separate those withj* spe

cific ; dodfe' "or- "combination" of codes from ^th^3?s / ' Qr, the cards^ t*-^ ^ designed so that they can be grouped on a mechanical sorter.