In c'&apilation through the use of coded cards, tabulation forms that are designed" for the posting of sums determine the groups into which the cards

are sorted. As for compilation from worksheets, individual tabulation forms can approximate final tables or provide for the greatest amount of cross classification of data by establishment characteristics and successive sum marization. Although the amount of posting would be greater in the second approach than in the first, the second is preferable because it red.uces the amount of sorting and addition and fixes the primary totals on which broader ones can be built.

c. Controls, checks and verification required

71- As for earlier methods of compilation, controls are needed to ensure that data are neither omitted nor duplicated in posting and summing, and verification and checks are required to eliminate any errors introduced in this work. Procedures for verifying and checking the posting and summariza tion can be similar to those suggested in the earlier discussion. In addition careful records must be maintained on the number of cards entering into the summation for each classification group.

d. Instructions and personnel required

72. It is important to prepare detailed and concrete instructions for compilation, from coded cards especially, because a complicated sequence of posting, sorting and summation is involved. The instructions should cover procedures for each step. This method of compilation requires clerical personnel, some of whom should be able to operate adding and other types of 'computing1 machines* ' ' ■■■■-. ..-.■.• -. ■. ■ , ■ ■: '■:. .-■■■ .- >. ■-■-, ■;.;

.Dv - Purch Cards, and.-Machine Tabulation . -,."„.. - '..'. . . . - ,

a.-.. Procedures .and equipment , ....

75•■''■■ In mechanical compilation from punch cards, (i) data are transferred from questionnaires to punch cards for.individual establishment; (ii) the punched ■■cards are mechanically sorted according to the characteristics nf tjie. es^jb^4.shment>. or..commodities by which .the "data, are tor be tabulated;, and

(iii;)T tbie' "punched cards are mechanically summarized to> yield the final tables.

Although these are, the primary, operations,^ there may be many subsidiary'['

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operations that'-^ontalbirbe to eJteeutiHg machine c<5mjijuLati6n r

eicpeditibusly arid acburatelyv:; For-^exssEple, punched ciaTets should be verified and: elfiteti; "it -more than one ^unch card is utilized for' the same establish^.

meift/ identical'"d:'^VMght;be key-punched inta one cardv&nd transferred to another;- SuiMary1 piihched cards made during tabulation1 or Individual ■ear-&6'■■■ ■ migliiir be'k!usei3:' in preparing" ■'sundfery tabulation.-"' ■" ':"■'■■•"■■• ■■■^ '*- ■[_ ■ ' ■'■:. ^."- '"■■

74r:^7execute^therb^e^rarti6:ns- involved in n^cfiine compilej;6n, plans-'ar-e- "*

require;a;--fc)r^0 fl;':i": - ■ ■■ ■'-'■■ ■ ■'■ - '■■' ■■•" ■ .-"■' ■■.■'■■■" S.s^-j

\lri::':-t.-\lu jn of punch Jeards in the-light of the

^uestiGn^tirey-^tlie--fef"wanted/ and'the tabulat^ein"programme.- Thi-s"'U&Sl#ie& ^-";

■-■in.- .-r : the' design of puncE^ards for individual establishments &ii&''

■■-■■: ;.-o-j? ■e^ablishEtents (^iam&ary'punch cards') and cards -needed to;

-,-\:..i :. ~tate tixe operations.^- ; -■'■" " "' ■:':-" ■ ■" ' ■ ' '■'-'" i::r'^ -\ri-ii. Procedures for verifying and editing punched cards.- ■ "" v,n

" i'iiv Procedures for preparing th§ tabulations designed.. i

'■*■■■■ -:- -&orkin^':out~ the machine'operations needed to-produce 'the t>a¥uiatic)fi»

-.-!*:. .TV -i:-the "Sequence in which.these should be done and nte'thodi for^efe^king ''■'"'■ ■'■' 'the results at each-major' f.tage 'of the vork. " :-' - -'■!'' «:■■■■--■■;.

75. In general'the follovitig types of machines will be needed:":-?:"i{i;)"'Jt®y ^['':

punching "machines, to"prggare punch cards, and equipment to ;verify feuiiUkey^

punching; (ii) equipment tb reproduce punched'cards (i.e., to duplicate^J>art or'ali of one punched card into another); (iii) equipment to compare Sata

punched card or on two different punched cards and to separate ~ M' agree from th6se that do not - e.g., cbilators; (iv) sorters''to;■

ed::cards; (v) tabulators to sort, stumnarize and print data from-'1' punched' cTards^ and (vi) equipment to punch summary cards for-data S'ummarized

^>y tabulators. ■■■-.■■.■ ; . ■■ . ■.w.r.r..*^ -■:

b. Design of punch cards : : ' :-:

76.:v in designing'punch cards, if" is-important to consider: (i);the number of items of data and the number of columns required for each', (11') the tabu lations'sought -and the; order 'In vMch they will be done; -and: (iii) the^.order

in''which' tne Items of data 'appear on questionnaires. ,. ■ ■■ '-'>■

English ■: .;• -;-■

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77- . Wheninore:tliaii:.ioa'e..^ijnch card is utilized, it ,J# desirable -to group,.-,, statistics entering into the same tabulations:; together, on;the ,samei;cardv. In.

general,. individual\,cards ion detailed statistics might, correspond to. indi- :, vidual-sections o^^he. questionnaires. Each of the -punch cards,.for an esta blishment should;ssrry, the codes assigned to. all.of its characteristics to provide for all necessary distributions of .the statistics. Aggregates and other figatfes .derived from the data reported by respondents (e.;g-.,;,average monthly total employment, value added and gross output) could be. either ;:; . ..

computed and punched into individual cards mechanically or computed manually on each-questionnaire and key. punched into cards. To prepare final tables, countriesihave-LUtiaized. aiammary punch cards, prepared mechanically from the detailedocardfeir rxlt is particularly advantageous tp follow this practice when large numbers of punch cards and many classifications and cross-classi

fications by establishment characteristics are involved.

78*: ^rheacardsLkey punched from questionnaires should be verified to detect ,andf eliminate errors that have been introduced in key punching. As in editing

ancUcoding, it is necessary to verify all cards punched for large establish ments and - in restricted.sample inquiries - for all small establishments;

but only a sample of the cards, for small units needs to be verified in

inquiries covering manyisjnall units,. It is also, desirable to insure thatn ,.

punch-cards\;are not prepared in duplicate or omitted. This might be done.by (i)puhcking,batches of questionnaires separately, (ii) counting the number., of cards: punched for each batch, (iii) comparing these counts with the number anticipated, and (tv) noting pn each questionnaire the number of cards punehed.

It isf. very-desirable to machine edit all punched cards for omissions and in ternal","consistency and to correct any deficiencies before tabulating. ...

79. For performing the foregoing work, instructions are needed that consist

of the following: ■ ;

uKi.-ir.i-. -Descriptions that show the items of data to be entered into each

■■■ ■■■:! -.:■:' field of each punch card. ; . -,■■ :.-■

■'-rii-j) Ilescriptions of the cards to be key punched for each type of question naire, the way in which the questionnaires will be assigned for key punching, and the sequence in which cards should be key punched.

//. 2 -EKQ.

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is'tb :be'completed in key pun'ching; the entries to make on'questionnaires andoth-er forms; -ahd samples':-' of

these forms. ..■-:.':■-" - ■; ■..

-■rv-i£i;iv.: Pr6cedures3l":f;6ir ■verifying and correcting key punohingl the counts and comparisons 'td -make j-"how to select the puncH cardsj::for verifi-catlbiiX'vhat:ta-'1do'1lvi:££I"ear& that pass or fail'verification;"how ..:/: -■'■ -to correct Errorsi the recorcts to keep.

v. Procedures for preparing summary" and other cards and for checking

""■ 'this work. Control-and production records to

complete.-vi. Procedures for machine editing of punched ^ca'rds; what to do with cards that pass "or fail editing'tests; description and satfiples of the control and production records and hoWto complete them.

c. tabulation and'^i'Sce'ssing of punch: cards " Vi '"■ ' "' "'' iL' -:

80." Once punched cards are'prepared/ thfe machine tabulations wanted determine th'e processing. A single tabulation nay either'approximate a single ftiisl1 J : table or'furnish infonaa-fcion for :a number ofJ tables. If tables are to:il3e ' ! ;

reproduced directiy; f^bm tabulations'by photo-offset or similar methods/ ■ tabulations woxxLd heed to be identical with the final tables. Thisis'a : L' rapid and economical way of publication, and it reduces the changes 6r error.

For 'direct' repro&uctiorr ffori the;;tabulationsj it is desirable to pre-print"on the taiiulatlbn forms the headings" for the final table.

'■&!'.' An important activity in processing and tabulating punched" cards11 is "w

;''bheckiiig'tne'1 result^1 of'^aeh operatiBn'. To make certain that punched' cards"

are "hot "bmltte'd:'orJ iiiproperiy included in these operations/ Card counts, ^uch as'the numb'er;io£ cards "in each industry, area and industry and 'area class>" ' should be obtained and checked against courts obtained from the processing "

control operation. The results of many of the operations can be verified as t^'ey"'irfe:;f'ione:-:'"e:g:-;-;sight or needle checking of sorted cards. However,

ini?lherca"s"¥:o;f:'tabui'at'H.bns/' other' checks nusfbe applied. "-These-

might'con--sls¥/!of ihternal'consistency checks for each tabulation and cross-cnecks ■■

between tabulations. In addition, it would be desirable to' zero-balance ■■''";

tabulations.

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§3.. . To ^execute .the, aforegoing activities effeci^yely-,- .^s^uc^ions for $ro-tabulating punched..cards. .should- consist of:.-:- f.:- . ,.•-<,.

i. Tabulation forms. ... v"7

Hc»f^to..ppepar^ the tabulations ;T e.g., the -punched,. :car:4s--to ^,;Awed, car4s,to be $unqhed,, wiring diagrams,, etc.,_,.__.-,._. <-.it.,

:qheck ;the tabulations and summary cards prepared.,-..

iv. The operations to be performed on punched cards (e.g., ^computations, : ..0. ma-tchina^ sortingX.in order to prepare them for tabulatioQ. .

v. Flowcharts whl,ch^clearly show the sequence, of, operations, .and their

vi. Th.^ pf^duction report.forms to be .complete. ; ; . ; .r E. Add^,^ionaV Steps :in Sample. Inquiries ; ^ .. ... ... ..

83- All of the steps that have been.discussed in the preceding

-^are required^ in..cpm^iling statistics in sample.inquiries, as well as in cen-sus^esL.■■* Eor.-sanqple, Inquiries, however, additional procedures are required to obtain ...estimate^ for all establishments, ^from. the. sample. , Data may be -estimated from tabulations■$#.the sample establishments or:.mechanically.computed,on ,. . indiyidual -r<%f. summary, punched cards for sample respondents,.

,of,,Tables,,fpr .Publication . .. ._

^ already be^n pointed put, ,in some methods of compilation, the resulting tabulations ar^e -identical with the tables to be published, and the tabulations,might be reproduced directly for publication. With obiter methods, data must be posted from the tabulations to the final table, , Pre-printing. the .final table forms would be helpful. Posting to the final tables shpuld.be.

checked bjr, proofreadings ,and any significant errors and disclosure, of qonfi-dential information must :be eliminated.,; T . ; -v : , ,.,

a. .checking for,significant errors,, , .

-85.. In scrutinizing final tables for errors, it is desirable to compare the figures with those available from past industrial inquiries and related.sur veys. This work should be done by professional staff familiar.with industry

and economic conditions. ■. • . - ;. ., .,

b. Checking for disclosure of confidential information T. ,. _f 86. To avoid revealing confidential information, each cell of the tables to be published should be examined to determine whether any data considered

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English '"' *'" ' V. !";■.-->-Page 35 x-. v .^

confidential is disclosed. The standards of confidentiality vary in dif _fei;entvcpuntries. ..-For example^ :;inrj£s 1

. (±-e: > £$£-these; p,ur^o..s!^s;J);-j^wo-. or;

the same firm vere counted as one); and (it).-one. cpmpsn^ceatLLd no£:

for as much as 90 percent of the total shown in any cell for data considered confidential. It is questionable whether countries with few large industrial establishments should apply the second type of criterion in their disclosure analysis work; it is not only difficult and time-consuming to administer, but also seriously limits the amount of information that could be released.

87. Rapid processing of data for publication is very desirable. However,

the processing of results from large-scale infrequent inquiries may take considerable time. Therefore, countries should design plans to publish important data in, at least, preliminary form.

a. Individual industries

Dans le document Classification systems, tables and methods for compiling and publishing industrial statistics (Page 30-35)