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A study of the effects of edge insulation and ambient temperatures on errors in guarded hot-plate measurements

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A study of the effects of edge insulation and ambient temperatures on

errors in guarded hot-plate measurements

Orr, H. W.

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A Study of t h e E f f e c t s of E d g e I n s u l a t i o n and A m b i e n t T e m p e r a t u r e s On E r r o r s in G u a r d e d H o t - P l a t e M e a s u r e m e n t s H. W. O r r D i v i s i o n of Building R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h Council of Canada Ottawa T h e e r r o r d u e t o e d g e e f f e c t s of the g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e a p p a r a t u s h a s l i m i t e d t h e t h i c k n e s s of s p e c i m e n s t h a t m a y b e t e s t e d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e t h i r d t h e d i m e n s i o n of t h e c e n t r a l s e c t i o n of t h e h e a t i n g unit. S a m p l e s of known c o n d u c t i v i t y w e r e t e s t e d u s i n g v a r i o u s t h i c k n e s s e s of e d g e i n s u l a t i o n and v a r i o u s a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s . I t w a s found p o s s i b l e to d e t e r m i n e t h e o p t i m u m edge c o n d i t i o n s s o t h a t e r r o r s d u e t o e d g e e f f e c t s a r e n e g l i g i b l e f o r v e r y t h i c k s p e c i m e n s .

Key Words: Conductivity, e r r o r s , g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e , h e a t conduction, s t a n d a r d t e s t , t h e r m a l conductivity, t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n .

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n

T h e m o s t w i d e l y u s e d a n d p r e c i s e m e t h o d of d e t e r m i n i n g t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y i s with t h e g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e a n d a s t a n d a r d m e t h o d u s i n g t h i s e q u i p m e n t h a s b e e n a d o p t e d b y ASTM ( 1 ) l . T h i s m e t h o d of t e s t l i m i t s t h e t h i c k n e s s of s p e c i m e n t o o n e t h i r d the l i n e a r d i m e n s i o n of t h e heating unit. In o r d e r t o t e s t t h i c k s p e c i m e n s u s i n g t h i s m e t h o d , g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e s with p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y l a r g e d i m e n s i o n s a r e r e q u i r e d . A n o t h e r a p p r o a c h i s to s l i c e the m a t e r i a l and p r o d u c e a n u m b e r of t h i n n e r s p e c i m e n s t h a t m a y b e t e s t e d i n a s m a l l e r g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e . A t h i r d a p p r o a c h i s to t e s t thick s p e c i m e n s i n a s m a l l g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e a p p a r a t u s a n d r e d u c e e r r o r s d u e t o e d g e e f f e c t s by c o n t r o l of t h e b o u n d a r y conditions. E a c h of t h e t h r e e m e t h o d s h a s i t s l i m i t a t i o n s . A l a r g e h o t - p l a t e i s e x p e n s i v e , d i f f i c u l t t o b u i l d and o p e r a t e , a n d not s u i t a b l e f o r t h e m a j o r i t y of s p e c i m e n s . B e c a u s e of t h i s m a n y l a b o r a t o r i e s a r e u n - l i k e l y to h a v e one. S l i c i n g s a m p l e s t o m a k e s p e c i m e n s thin f o r t e s t i n g i n s m a l l e r g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e s i s n o t a l w a y s c o n v e n i e n t o r d e s i r a b l e a n d t e s t i n g thick s p e c i m e n s in s m a l l p l a t e s c a n r e s u l t i n l a r g e e r r o r s d u e t o e d g e e f f e c t s . An e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o g r a m w a s p r o p o s e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of r e - ducing e d g e e r r o r s s o t h a t t h i c k s p e c i m e n s c a n b e t e s t e d on s m a l l g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e s . T h e g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e m e t h o d f o r m e a s u r e m e n t of t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y is b a s e d on t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t i s o t h e r m s i n t h e c e n t r a l a r e a of t h e t e s t s p e c i m e n s a r e p l a n e s p a r a l l e l t o t h e h o t a n d c o l d - p l a t e s , i. e . , t h a t t h e h e a t f l o w i s p e r p e n d i c u l a r to t h e f a c e s of t h e s a m p l e . T h i s a s s u m p t i o n of o n e - d i r e c t i o n - a1 h e a t f l o w is v a l i d only f o r thin s p e c i m e n s u n l e s s t h e e d g e of the s a m p l e h a s a t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e t h a t i s n e a r l y t h e s a m e a s t h a t a t t h e c e n t e r l i n e of t h e s a m p l e . T h e n o r m a l p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e i s t o l i m i t t h e h e a t gained o r l o s t f r o m t h e e d g e of t h e s a m p l e by u s i n g e d g e i n s u l a t i o n , by m a i n t a i n i n g t h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e a t a n a p p r o p r i a t e l e v e l 4 2 ) , a n d b y l i m i t i n g t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e s p e c i m e n ( 3 ) s o t h a t e r r o r s d u e t o e d g e e f f e c t s a r e n e g l i g i b l e .

With thick s p e c i m e n s t h e i s o t h e r m s b e c o m e distorted if h e a t i s a l l o w e d t o e n t e r a n d / o r l e a v e t h e e d g e of t h e s p e c i m e n s . T h i s m a y r e s u l t i n a n e r r o n e o u s m e a s u r e m e n t of t h e r m a l conductivity if t h e e d g e c o n d i t i o n s a r e n o t c a r e f u l l y c o n t r o l l e d . If t h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e i s m u c h a b o v e t h e s a m p l e t e m p e r a t u r e , h e a t w i l l f l o w i n t o t h e e d g e of t h c s p e c i m e n , distorting t h e i s o t h e r m s a n d m a k i n g t h e ' ~ i ~ u r e s in b r a c k e t s r n d i c a t e t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e f e r e n c e s a t t h e e n d of t h i s p a p e r .

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a p p a r e n t t h e r m a l conductivity low. An a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e m u c h below t h e s a m p l e t e m p e r a t u r e will g i v e the o p p o s i t e effect. I t would a p p e a r , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e r e i s s o m e o p t i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e t h a t w i l l g i v e a m i n i m u m e r r o r . S i n c e t h e a p p a r e n t t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y i s a f f e c t e d by h e a t e n t e r i n g o r l e a v i n g the e d g e of t h e s p e c i m e n , edge i n s u l a t i o n should h e l p t o r e d u c e the flow of h e a t and c o n s e q u e n t l y r e d u c e t h e e r r o r in t h e t h e r m a l conductivity. T h e o b j e c t of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l work r e p o r t e d in t h i s p a p e r w a s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of u s i n g e d g e i n s u l a t i o n and of c o n t r o l l i n g a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e in r e d u c i n g e r r o r s when m e a s u r i n g t h e t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y of thick specimens. 2. E x p e r i m e n t a l 2. 1 E q u i p m e n t T h e g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e e q u i p m e n t u s e d f o r the t e s t s w a s s i m i l a r to one d e s i g n e d by t h e N a t i o n a l B u r e a u of S t a n d a r d s in Washington (4). T h e t e s t a r e a i s 10 c m s q u a r e with a 5 - c m - w i d e g u a r d a r e a t h a t i s a u t o m a t i c a l l y k e p t a t t h e s a m e t e m p e r a t u r e a s t h e t e s t a r e a . T h e h o t - p l a t e w a s o p e r a t e d in a h o r i z o n t a l p o s i t i o n in a n i n s u l a t e d box. T h e t e m p e r a t u r e in the b o x w a s c o n t r o l l e d by c i r c u l a t i n g f l u i d a t a c o n t r o l l e d t e m p e r a t u r e t h r o u g h h e a t e x c h a n g e r p l a t e s t h a t c o v e r e d t h r e e w a l l s of the box. T h e a i r in the b o x w a s s t i r r e d with a l a r g e - d i a m e t e r , l o w - s p e e d p r o p e l l e r f a n . 2 . 2 S p e c i m e n s P o l y u r e t h a n e f o a m a n d s i l i c o n e r u b b e r w e r e u s e d t o m a k e up t h e s a m p l e s f o r t e s t . Thick s a m p l e s w e r e m a d e by s t a c k i n g h o m o g e n e o u s m a t e r i a l i n s l i c e s 13 m m t o 19 mrn thick. T h e a c t u a l t h e r m a l c o n - d u c t i v i t y w a s d e t e r m i n e d by adding t h e p r e v i o u s l y d e t e r m i n e d r e s i s t a n c e s of p a i r s of s l i c e s a n d c o n v e r t - ing t h e t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e r m a l conductivity. T h e r e s i s t a n c e of e a c h p a i r of s l i c e s w a s d e t e r m i n e d in two g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e s , in t h e p l a t e u s e d f o r t h e thick s p e c i m e n s , a n d in a p l a t e of t h e s a m e s i z e , s i m i l a r in d e s i g n to o n e d e v e l o p e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of S a s k a t c h e w a n a n d d e s c r i b e d by Woodside a n d Wilson (5). T h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d 7:~ith t h e two g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e s had a m a x i m u m d e v i a t i o n of 0. 06 p e r c e n t a n d a m e a n d e v i a t i o n 0.03 p e r c e n t f o r t h e p o l y u r e t h a n e f o a m s a m p l e s a n d 0 . 4 6 p e r c e n t a n d 0 . 2 1 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r the s i l i c o n e r u b b e r . 2. 3 M e t h o d T h e f i r s t s e r i e s of t e s t s w a s c a r r i e d o u t t o c h e c k t h e e f f e c t of v a r y i n g the t h i c k n e s s of e d g e i n - s u l a t i o n . S p e c i m e n s of p o l y u r e t h a n e f o a m a n d s i l i c o n e r u b b e r 85 m m thick w e r e u s e d f o r t h e s e t e s t s . T h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e w a s c o n t r o l l e d c l o s e t o t h e m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e s a m p l e 24 C ; t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s the s a m p l e w a s m a i n t a i n e d a t 22 C. A s e r i e s of t e s t s w a s r u n s t a r t i n g with no e d g e i n s u l a t i o n and applying 13 m m , 25 m m , 51 m m , a n d 7 6 m m of e d g e i n s u l a t i o n t o t h e e d g e of the s p e c i m e n c o v e r i n g the h o t - p l a t e c o m p l e t e l y a n d extending 20 m m beyond t h e f a c e s of the c o l d - p l a t e s . T h e t e s t w a s r e p e a t e d with a n a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e of 38 C; a l l o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s r e m a i n e d the s a m e . T h e e d g e i n s u l a t i o n h a d a t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o t h e s e c i m e n . T h e p o l y - u r e t h a n e s a m p l e s had e d g e i n s u l a t i o n of p o l y u r e t h a n e with a h = 0. 0230 W m - l d e g - ' ivhile t h e s i l i c o n e r u b b e r s a m p l e s h a d n e o p r e n e r u b b e r f o r t h e e d g e i n s u l a t i o n with a h = 0.304. A f t e r t h e c o m p i e t i o n of t h e s e two s e r i e s a n a p p r o x i m a t e o p t i m u m a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e f o r m i n i m u m e r r o r w a s d e t e r m i n e d by a l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n of the p r e v i o u s r e s u l t s a n d a t h i r d s e r i e s w a s r u n u s i n g t h i s a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e r e s u l t s of t h e s e t h r e e t e s t s a r e given in T a b l e 1 f o r p o l y u r e t h a n e f o a m a n d in T a b l e 2 f o r s i l i c o n e r u b b e r . T h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e h a s b e e n c o n v e r t e d t o a n o n d i m e n s i o n a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e x ( A T I ) by r e l a t i n g i t t o t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s of t h e h o t - a n d c o l d - p l a t e , i. e. AT1 = ATa

-

T c )

/

( T h

-

T c ) . W h e r e T i s t h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e a n d T a n d Tc a r e h o t - a n d c o l d - p l a t e t e m p e r a t u r e s r e s p e c t - i v e l y . a h 2 . 4 R e s u l t s T h e r e s u l t s shown i n T a b l e s 1 a n d 2 h a v e b e e n p l o t t e d in f i g u r e s 1 a n d 2. T h e e r r o r in t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y h a s b e e n p l o t t e d a g a i n s t t h e t h i c k n e s s of eclge i n s u l a t i o n f o r c o r r e c t e d ATI. F o r e a c h t h i c k n e e s of e d g e i n s u l a t i o n t h e b e s t s t r a i g h t l i n e f i t w a s u s e d to d e t e r m i n e t h e o p t i m u m AT1 f o r m i n i - m u m e r r o r a n d t o c o r r e c t the AT1 t o 0. 5, 1. 10, and a v a l u e n e a r the o p t i m u m f o r plotting. T h e v a l u e s of o p t i m u m AT1 h a v e b e e n p l o t t e d a g a i n s t t h e t h i c k n e s s of e d g e i n s u l a t i o n i n f i g u r e s 3 a n d 4.

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T a b l e 1 E x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s of e r r o r i n t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r 85.05 m p o l y u r e t h a n e f o a m s a m p l e s P o l y u r e t h a n e f o a m s a m p l e s : 1 = 0.230 d = 3 1. 89; 4' NBS g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e , in a h o r i z o n t a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n : 2 0 3 . 2 m m x 203.2 m m , t e s t a r e a 1 0 1 . 6 m m x 101. 6 m m . E d g e M e a n T e m p e r a t u r e A m b i e n t I n s u l a t i o n T e m p e r a t u r e , D i f f e r e n c e , T e m p e r a t u r e E r r o r , t h i c k n e s s , " C " C I n d e x p e r c e n t m m S e r i e s 1 S e r i e s 2 S e r i e s 3 T h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e f o r m i n i m u m e r r o r i s b e t w e e n t h e m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e s a m p l e and t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e h o t - p l a t e . T h i s i s t h e e x p e c t e d r e s u l t f o r a g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e w h e r e the h e a t i s m e t e r e d a t t h e h o t - p l a t e s i d e .

t h e h e a t i s m e t e r e d a t t h e c o l d - p l a t e s i d e t h e o p t i m u m a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e would b e b e t w e e n t h e m e a n a n d c o l d - p l a t e t e m p e r a t u r e s . When t h e AT1 is n o t t h e o p t i - m u m , e d g e i n s u l a t i o n r e d u c e s t h e e r r o r a s expected. With t h i c k e d g e i n s u l a t i o n s t h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r - a t u r e i s n o t a s c r i t i c a l . T h e o p t i m u m AT1 a p p e a r s to be a l i n e a r function of t h e e d g e i n s u l a t i o n thick- n e s s . T h i c k e r e d g e i n s u l a t i o n r e q u i r e s a h i g h e r o p t i m u m ATI. S p e c i m e n s of high t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i - v i t y r e q u i r e h i g h e r AT1 f o r m i n i m u m e r r o r f o r a l l t h i c k n e s s of e d g e i n s u l a t i o n . U s i n g t h e r e s u l t s of t h e s e s e r i e s of t e s t s a n a t t e m p t w a s m a d e t o s e e how t h i c k t h e s p e c i m e n s c o u l d b e m a d e a n d s t i l l m a i n t a i n a r e a s o n a b l e d e g r e e of a c c u r a c y . T h e t h i c k n e s s of p o l y u r e t h a n e f o a m s p e c i m e n s w a s v a r i e d f r o m 75 m m t o 189 m m w h i l e t h e e d g e i n s u l a t i o n t h i c k n e s s w a s k e p t c o n s t a n t a t 57 mm a n d t h e A T 1 w a s n e a r o p t i m u m a s d e t e r m i n e d i n the f i r s : s e r i e s . A s s p e c i m e n t h i c k n e s s was i n c r e a s e d , t h e m e a s u r e d e r r o r w a s l a r g e r t h a n e x p e c t e d when c o m p a r e d with t h e t e s t s done with 85- m m s a m p l e s . T h i s would s e e m t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e o p t i m u m AT1 i s a l s o a f u n c t i o n of s p e c i m e n thick- n e s s . T h e r e s u l t s a r e s h o w n in T a b l e 3 .

3. C o n c l u s i o n

T h e e r r o r d u e t o t h e e d g e e f f e c t s of t h e g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e m a y b e r e d u c e d with e d g e i n s u l a t i o n but only b e c o m e s z e r o when t h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e i s a t o n e s p e c i f i c v a l u e . T h e o p t i m u m AT1 a p p e a r s

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T a b l e 2 E x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s of e r r o r i n t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r 8 4 . 4 6 mm s i l i c o n e r u b b e r s a m p l e s 3 S i l i c o n e r u b b e r s a m p l e s :

A

= 0. 2 4 6 9 , d = 1 1 9 0 k g / m 3 N e o p r e n e r u b b e r e d g e i n s u l a t i o n : 1 = 0 . 3 0 4 , d : 1 4 0 0 k g / m N B S g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e , i n a h o r i z o n t a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n : 2 0 3 . 2 m m s q , t e s t a r e a 1 0 1 . 6 m m s q E d g e M e a n T e m p e r a t u r e A m b i e n t I n s u l a t i o n T e m p e r a t u r e , D i f f e r e n c e T e m p e r a t u r e E r r o r , t h i c k n e s s , " C ' C I n d e x p e r c e n t S e r i e s 1 0 2 3 . 87 2 2 . 1 2 0 . 5 0 8 3 . 62 1 2 . 7 2 3 . 8 9 22. LO 0 . 4 9 9 3 . 2 8 2 5 . 4 2 4 . 0 1 2 2 . 2 4 0 . 5 0 2 3 . 2 2 50. 8 2 3 . 9 4 2 2 . 1 0 0 . 5 1 2 3 . 3 1 7 6 . 2 2 3 . 8 2 2 2 . 0 8 0 . 5 0 0 3. 8 6 S e r i e s 2 S e r i e s 3 T a b l e 3 E x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s of e r r o r in t h e r r n a l c o n d u c t i v i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r p o l y u r e t h a n e f o a m s a m p l e s t e s t e d i n a n N B S 2 0 3 . 2 m r n x 2 0 3 . 2 m m g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e u s i n g 57 m i n of p o l y u r e t h a n e f o a m e d g e i n s u l a t i o n S a m p l e M e a n T e m p e r a t u r e T h i c k n e s s , mm T e m p e r a t u r e , D i f f e r e n c e , A m b i e n t E r r o r , T e m p e r a t u r e p e r c e n t " C " C I n d e x 7 5 . 2 9 2 3 . 9 1 2 2 . 2 5 0. 647 - 1 . 0 7 5 . 2 5 2 3 , 9 3 2 2 . 2 6 0 . 5 9 6 -0. 6 7 5 . 2 5 2 3 . 9 2 2 2 . 2 1 0. 6 1 8 - 1 . 4 7 5 . 2 5 23:87 2 2 . 1 2 0 . 6 6 6 - 1 . 9 75.25 2 3 . 9 5 2 2 . 2 5 0 . 6 8 0 -1. 8 7 5 . 2 5 2 3 . 8 9 22. 1 4 0. 619 - 1 . 4

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t o b e a f u n c t i o n of t h e e d g e i n s u l a t i o n t h i c k n e s s , s a m p l e t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y , a n d t h i c k n e s s .

In t h e w o r k r e p o r t e d h e r e t h e e d g e i n s u l a t i o n h a d a t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y t h e s a m e a s t h e s a m p l e . E d g e i n s u l a t i o n with a t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y l o w e r t h a n t h e s a m p l e will p r o b a b l y r e d u c e t h e e r r o r d u e t o e d g e e f f e c t s , but t h e o p t i m u m AT1 will d o u b t l e s s c h a n g e .

T h i s p a p e r d e a l s m a i n l y with a s a m p l e t h i c k n e s s t h a t i s 0. 84 t i m e s the l i n e a r d i m e n s i o n of t h e c e n t r a l a r e a of t h e h o t - p l a t e . F r o m t h e v a l u e s of e r r o r o b t a i n e d with m u c h t h i c k e r s a m p l e s i t a p p e a r s t h a t d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s of s p e c i m e n t h i c k n e s s h a v e d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s f o r t h e o p t i m u m a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e index.

I t would a p p e a r t h a t s a m p l e s t h a t a r e a s t h i c k a s t h e width of t h e c e n t r a l a r e a of t h e h o t - p l a t e m a y b e t e s t e d with l i t t l e a d d i t i o n a l e r r o r p r o v i d e d edge i n s u l a t i o n i s u s e d and t h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e i s m a i n t a i n e d a t t h e o p t i m u m v a l u e . M o r e e x p e r i e n c e i s needed, h o w e v e r , b e f o r e t h i c k s p e c i m e n s c a n b e t e s t e d with a s s u r a n c e t h a t e r r o r s d u e t o e d g e e f f e c t s h a v e b e e n e l i m i n a t e d . I t should be noted t h a t h o m o g e n e o u s s a i n p l e s w e r e u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y and t h e r e s u l t s a r e not n e c e s s a r i l y a p p l i c a b l e t o non- h o m o g e n e o u s s p e c i m e n s .

T h i s i s a c o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m t h e Division of Building R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h Council of Canada, and i s p u b l i s h e d with t h e a p p r o v a l of t h e D i r e c t o r of t h e Division.

4. R e f e r e n c e s

(1) Method of T e s t f o r T h e r m a l Conductivity of (4) Ibid, Note 1, p. 17. M a t e r i a l s b y M e a n s of t h e G u a r d e d H o t - P l a t e

(C177

-

65), 1966 Book of ASTM S t a n d a r d s , ( 5 ) Woodside, W. a n d Wilson, A. G. U n b a l a n c e

P a r t 14, p. 17. e r r o r s i n g u a r d e d h o t - p l a t e m e a s u r e m e n t s .

In S y m p o s i u m on T h e r m a l Conductivity (2) Ibid, P a r a g r a p h 4(k) p. 22. M e a s u r e m e n t s a n d A p p l i c a t i o n s of T h e r m a l

I n s u l a t i o n s , A. S. T. M. S p e c i a l T e c h n i c a l ( 3 ) Ibid, P a r a g r a p h 6(a) p. 25. P u b l i c a t i o n No. 217, p. 3 2 - 4 6 (1957).

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0 20 4 0 60 8 0 100 0 20 4 0 60 80 100 E D G E I N S U L A T I O N ( P O L Y U R E T H A N E F O A M ) M M E D G E I N S U L A T I O N ( N E O P R E N E R U B B E R ) Mhrl

F i g u r e 1. Error i n

A

vs edge insu- l a t i o n thickness s h m i n g e f f e c t of ambient temperature indexes f o r 85

mm sample. of polyurethana farn.

F i g u r e 2. Error i n

A

v s edge insu- l a t i o n thickness showing e f f e c t of ambient temperature indexes f o r 85

rn samples of s i l i c o n e rubber.

a

E

go.

2

E D G E I N S U L A T I O N ( P O L Y U R E T H A N E F O A M ) M M

E D G E I N S U L A T I O N ( N E O P R E N E R U B B E R )

M M

F i g u r e 3. Optimum ambient temper- a t u r e index v s edge i n s u l a t i o n tiricknese f o r 85 m samples of polyurethane foam.

Figure 4. Optimum ambient ternper- a t u r e index v s edge i n s u l a t i o n thickness f o r 85 mm samples of s i l i c o n e rubber.

Figure

Figure  4.  Optimum  ambient  ternper-

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