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Work under the CISCC/NRCC Steel Industries Fellowship: its objectives
and achievements
WORK UNDER THE CISCCjNRC STEEL INDUSTRIES FELLOWSHIP:
ITS OBJECTIVES AND ACHIEVEMENTS
by
G. W. Shorter and W. W. St an z ak
Internal Report No. 414 of the
Division of Building Research
Ottawa June 1974
WORK UNDER THE CISCCjNRC STEEL INDUSTRIES FELLOWSHIP:
ITS OBJECTIVES AND ACl:!IEVEMENTS
by
G. W. Shorte rand W. W. St an z ak
PREFACE
In 1964 the Division of Building Research entered into an agreement with the steel industry of Canada, represented at that time by the Steel Industries Advisory Council, for the establishment of a Steel Industries Fellowship at the National Research Council. The steel industry agreed to support a Fellow to be assigned to the staff of the Fire Research Section. Topics for study, which by prior agreement were to be con-cerned with the action of steel under fire exposure, were selected by the Fellowship Committee composed of members from the steel industry and from DBR/NRC. An industry representative served as chairman.
Mr. W. W. Stanzak, a mechanical engineer, was appointed as the first Steel Industries Fellow and was the author of DBR Internal Report No. 353, which covers the term of the first Fellowship agreement from September 1964 to August 1967. Mr. Stanzak was re-appointed for a second Fellowship term from October 1968 to June 1973, sponsored by the Canadian Steel Industrie s Construction Council.
The pre sent report was prepared for members of the joint CSICC/NRC Fellowship Committee by Mr. G. W. Shorter, head of the Fire Research Section at DBR/NRC, and Mr. W. W. Stanzak, the Steel Industrie s Fellow. It explains the general nature of the work as well as its objectives and achievements. As will be seen from the appended list of publications, the work represents the F'e l Iowl s own research efforts and
proje cts on which he co -operated with his DBR/NRC colleague s , Mr. Stanzak has now joined the CSICC in the capacity of Fire Protection Consultant, to put the information gained under Fellowship research into practice. He is also teaching a course entitled "Fire Protection of Building Structures" at the University of Toronto in the
graduate division of the Department of Civil Engineering. These activities accomplish the principal aim of the Fellowship which was to help put
specialized knowledge available at DBR/NRC into Canadian building practice.
OTTAWA C.B. Crawford
INDUSTRIES FELLOWSHIP:
ITS OBJECTIVES AND ACHIEVEMENTS
by
G. W. Shorter and W. W. Stanzak
This paper is intended to provide a record of the research activities of the first holder of the Steel Industries Fellowship for members of the joint CSICC/NRC Fellowship Committee that was created in 1964 to guide the work under this co-operative agreement.
The first three year Fellowship term under the agreement between CSICC and DBR/NRC took effect in September 1964. After a one-year pause, a second term, with work being conducted on a part-time basis while the Fellow was attending university courses, began on 1 October 1968 and was to terminate at the end of September 1971. The second ter m was extended, again on a part-time basis with the Fellow dividing his time between work at DBR/NRC and
CSICC as Fire Protection Consultant on a 2/3 - 1/3 basis. Formal termination of the 2nd Fellowship was on 30 June 1973 with duties of the Fellowship being transferred to Mr. L. Konicek, second holder of the Steel Industries Fellowship.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROGRAM
The Steel Industries Fellowship Agreement, as it has come lo
be called, was the first scheme of its kind in Canada. The industry sponsored a Fellow to work at DBR/NRC on subjects related to the behaviour of steel in fire. The work was generally confined to areas in which a staff member of DBR/NRC might work, with the research being guided by the joint CSICC/NRC Steel Industries Fellowship
Committee at its regular meetings.
The three general directives immediately adopted by the Committee were that the Fellow should:
1. conduct a search of the literature relating to the behaviour of
steel under fire conditions and compile a bibliography;
2. plan fire tests (agreed upon by the members) to fill gaps in existing test data, particularly with a view to providing ratings for use in Supplement No. 2 to the National Building Code; and
2
-3. cooperate with senior members of the Fire Section in conducting work of common interest.
These general directives will be reflected i n a more detailed description of the work that has been done.
Mapping out the actual research program for the Fellowship
presented some difficulty partly because the task was a new experience for everyone involved. As the early work progressed, however, areas of possible research became more apparent and the program began to take shape.
An attempt was made during both terms to have projects with
possible longterm benefits as well as work that should prove immediately useful. Time spent on the latter was to be devoted equally to the study of structure sheet metal, and special products. Also, where possible, studies were either progres sive or somehow related to each other, in an attempt to integrate the research program.
Essentially the research program was developed by the Fellow in consultation with his DBR!NRC colleagues as their experience and competence in the field of fire behaviour of steel increased.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the work were not at first defined beyond that it should lead to a better understanding of the behaviour of steel unde r fire conditions. As time went on, however, projects were channeled towards one or more of the following objectives:
(1) To indicate new or assemblies;
more efficient uses of steel in fireresistant
(2) To help solve some of the more urgent problems facing the industry; (3) To further generally, development of the field of fire technology; (4) To demonstrate the application of recent research (at DBR!NRC or
elsewhere) in design, product development and fire test data inter-pretation;
(5) To encourage application of existing fire technology to building design problems;
(6) To provide data and research to improve the technical content of the National Building Code and Supplement No.2.
The more detailed description of the work that follows has been divided into three sections:
L Longterm Projects
II. Shortter m Projects
III. Mis cellaneous Projects
With the description it will become apparent that many of the projects are openended, i , e., work on them can be continued or expanded almost indefinitely. A few are relatively clear cut, i , e., related to a specific problem or area of interest. Where appropriate, future areas of possible research are indicated.
y
L LONGTERM PROJECTS
To aim towards the predetermined goals of the Fellowship, and particularly, to gain an under standing of the behaviour of load bearing members under fire conditions, a number of basic applied and applied research projects have been undertaken. Because work on such projects can be continued and because the results will find practical application only over a period of several years, they have been grouped under the general heading, Illongterm pr oje ct s ";
1. Creep Studies
It was necessary to start with an understanding of the basic mechanis ms involved in the deformation of loadbearing steel elements exposed to fire. T. Z. Harmathy, a research officer in the Fire Research Section had done work in this area before the Fellowship was established and it was decided that the Fellow should work on developing creep test data for commonly used structural steel. Tests were carried out and the data correlated for an ASTM A36 steel (formerly widely used in fire test assemblies) and a CSA G40. 12 steel.
The studies have so far provided the following practical inlor-mation:
(a) A mechanical explanation and analysis of the deflection and failure of steel supported assemblies.
(b) Technical background and support for use of the critical temperature concept for the failure of steel loadbearing members.
(c) A demonstration that temperature is the most important single variable affecting the behaviour of steel in fire. That is, the limitations presently incorporated in AST M Standard E119 are applicable to all types of steel at present used in building con-struction.
4
-(d) A CSA G40. 12 steel has creep properties superior to an AST M A 36 steel and exhibited a correspondingly higher critical tem-perature at failure under fire test.
The creep studie s have other implications which may be exploited in the future. For example, if structural fire protection is incorporated in design On a more rational scientific basis than it is now, it will be possible to calculate the critical temperatures of the elements in a structure and to determine the amount of insulation, if any, required.
Also, it may be possible to take advantage of the superior creep properties exhibited by certain steels so that they may be assigned a higher critical temperature than another steel with similar yield stress.
Creep theory has also been applied to the analysis of cable sup-ported structures and assemblies, as well as other types of structural systems coming into use.
These examples show that the methods developed using creep theory have added considerably to the tools available to the engineer for analyzing building structures exposed to fire conditions. It is
hoped that building designers will make increased use of this knowledge in the future.
2. The Column Research Program
Building columns are the most critical members of a building structure, not only because of the vital function they perform struc-turally, but also because they may be exposed to fire on four side s. As a result, in protected steel construction a heavier insulation is usually specified for the columns than for the rest of the structure.
Since section geometry and mass have a considerable influence on the fireenduring qualities of a column with a given insulation, research in this area might lead to economies in construction. There-fore, a comprehensive column research program was carried out under the Fellowship.
The study comprised the following stages:
(a) A thorough review and analysis of the literature on the subject was assembled 1. This work indicated, that heavy column sections
could provide substantial fire endurance with relatively light protection. Substantiation of this finding by an experimental pro-gram was advisable.
(b) In order to fill in some gaps 1I1 the fire test data found
in Supple-ment No. 2 to the National Building Code of Canada a series of eight fire tests was carried out on wide flange columns protected
with gypsum sanded plaster. The column c r o s s sections were varied to provide some incidental in ormation relating to the in-fluence of size and shape on fire endurance. Data developed were submitted to the Fire Test Board, and the new Supplement No. 2 should include fire protection for columns proportioned according to the 'Isize and s ha.pe !' factor of the steel crosssection. A
similar submission was made for gypsum perlite and gypsum vermiculite plaster, based on a study of fire test data developed by Underwriters I Laboratories Incorporated, Chicago.
(c) A series of eight column tests designed specifically to demonstrate the influence of column size and shape on fire endurance was also carried out. Here a single thickness of a given protective material was used for all the columns, which comprised hollow square and rectangular as well as wideflange sections. The results confirmed the prediction that for most protective materials the fire endurance of columns can be related by a relatively simple mathematic
equation:
20W
T
=
+
C 1.pD
where T = fire endurance time, hr
W
=
weight of steel crosssection, lblft D=
developed heated perimeter, in.P
=
density of protective material, Ib/ft 3c = empirical constant
1.
=
thickne s s of protec tion, in.The term WiD is the II size and shapeII factor and has a considerable
influence on the fire endurance time of a column with a given thick-ness of protection.
Findings of this research have been incorporated in research papers submitted for publication in Canada and the United States. The fire test data developed in these tests were published in a Fire Study 2 because they have useful immediate application, as the material tested is sold and used in Canada.
(d) To determine fully the scope and limitations of methods for cor-relating column fire endurance, a large log of test data was required. Therefore, an assembly and an analysis of published and unpublished fire test data were carried out and utilized in the analyses. Much of the unpublished data were supplied by the AISI through one of their sponsored projects at Underwriters I
ＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭｾＭＭＭ
6
-(e) A complete analysis of the fire resistance of unprotected steel columns was conducted. A wide range of steel crosssections was examined by co mputer calculations and findings were verified by 5 fullscale fire tests. Fireendurance time for unprotected steel columns can be calculated by the relations:
O. 7
w
W FE =10.3
<
10
D D andO. 8
W W FE =8.3
- ｾ10
D DFE
=
fire endurance time in minutes, and the other terms have the s arne meaning as des cribed for protected columns.The results have been published 3, and the information was required to establish relations for the fire resistance of concrete protected columns.
From a practical point of view, the limiting fire resistance of large columns used in highrise buildings is about 1 hr.
3. Fire Development and Severity
Because of the existence of the standard fire test, this basic and important part of fire research has until recently received little attention in North America. Several researchers have shown that in most modern buildings the course of the fire and the temperatures attained bear little resemblance to the standard curve. Continued research in this area at present underway at DBR and elsewhere in the world is likely to result in new and different ways of approaching building fire problems.
This type of research should be of particular i nt e r e s t to the steel industry since the behaviour of steel in fire is so dependent on its temperature as has been demonstrated by the creep studies carried out at DBR. Therefore, when asked to cooperate with Dr. Harmathy in carrying out some of the experimental furnace tests associated with these new concepts, the Fellow agreed initially to conduct four beam tests on identically constructed specimens exposed to fires of varying severity in the floor furnace. The protection used incorporated a sheet steel membrane, part of another project de-s cr ibed later in this report.
To carry out these tests a means of measuring the heat input to the floor furnace was requested. The Fellow, working with the furnace laboratory staff and NRC's Hydraulics laboratory, altered the equipment to install an orifice flow meter in the gas supply line.
In addition, a thorough study of the heating capabilities of DBRj
NRC furnace equipment was carried out 4. The s mall-s cale electric furnaces were found to be capable of simulating actual compartment fire curves, but the large floor furnace was unable to provide suf-ficiently rapid temperature rise. In the report it was suggested that "improved performance may be obtained by insulating the furnace surfaces with a reflective li ne r ", The effects of such a change should be thoroughly explored before further work is undertaken.
II. SHORT- TERM PROJECTS
The short-term research projects undertaken were usually part of a broader objective so that work on them could be expanded, but they could also be terminated at different stages leaving what has already been done reasonably complete and useful on its own.
1. Sheet Steel Me mbrane Protection
This project was initiated by the Fellow during his first term and considerably expanded in the second. The principle behind this method of protection rests on the finding that any protective membrane's most vital characteristic is its ability to remain in place when
sub-jected to fire - something the sheet steel membrane does very well. Initial work involved small-scale and large-scale beam fire tests to check out the feasibility of the concept. This was expanded in the second term to include two fire tests on steel columns protected with a sheet steel membrane backed by inexpensive and non-proprietary insulating materials. Also, a sheet steel membrane [arms the basic protection to the beams to be tested in connection with the fire severity work, as already mentioned.
Two additional tests involving an economical and quickly assem-beled sheet steel column cover and protective membrane designed to yield a 2-hr rating using only generic materials, were carried out and reported. The CSICC Industry Research Subcommittee on which the Fellow is a member utilized the information developed to conduct two further sponsored tests at DBRjNRC, which resulted in ULC listings for 1- and 2-hr column designs. The completed project was given some publicity in the April 1973 issue of Building Research News.
8
-Mr. L. Seigel of United States Steel has applied the sheet steel membrane protection concept by using sheet steel as a radiation barrier, protecting the exterior flanges of spandrel beams. The first
major project incorporating this particular application is the United States Steel Office skyscraper in New York City. Attending a
sky-scraper fire inves tigation in Montreal, the Fellow observed that spread of fire fro m one floor to the next had been prevented by the radiation barrier of the sheet steel induction units at the curtain wall. This was an uncons cious application of the sheet steel membrane protection con-cept by the architect.
Future research could more fully explore the possibilities and applications of sheet steel as a protective radiation barrier in the design of buildings against fire. For example, the effectiveness of a sheet steel backup for the thermal insulation required at the exterior of a building against the vertical spread of fire at the curtain wall of multi-storey buildings could be investigated.
Since development and acceptance of this prote ction method leads to increased use of steel in building construction, it should be regarded by the industry as one of the most important projects under-taken.
2. Membrane Protection
A comprehensive study of membrane protection incorporating materials other than sheet steel has been a continuing project under the Fellowship. This work is important because membrane protection is one of the most economical methods of insulating a structural steel member or assembly.
The study comprises the following:
(a) Laboratory deter mination of the ther mal and physical properties of several commonly used protective materials.
(b) Numerical analysis of heat flow through layer constructions. (c) Compilation of published and unpublished fire test data. (d) Small-scale fire tests on assemblies protected with a
membrane.
gypsum board
(e) Small-s cale fire tests to evaluate the effect of ceiling openings on fire endurance.
The information gathered and developed is being assembled into a report intended to portray the state of the art in membrane protection and as a reference for the technologies involved in its proper functioning. The report should be of considerable practical use for the Division and the Steel Industry when dealing with design or field problems involving this type of protection.
A separate report was prepared on the findings of the fullscale tests because limitations on ceiling penetration size and gross area present a major marketing problem in the increased use of certain types of steel building. The preliminary tests resulted in the follow ing important tentative conclusions:
(a) Provided air flow is stopped or a duct is exhausting, partial pro-tection of duct assemblies against vertical radiation provides a satisfactory method for retaining the fire resistant qualities of membrane protected floor and roof as semblies, where the rating of a similar assembly without openings has a margin of safety of 10 per cent.
(b) The size of opening at the ceiling level need not be limited provided suitable protection against vertical radiation is located above the duct system. The present tests have demonstrated the validity of this principle for a single opening having an area of H. 63 sq ft, or a unit opening area of 4. 8 sq ft/100 sq ft of ceiling area.
(c) A "firestop fl ap " or I'ceiling d a mp e r " is redundant where other means of stopping air flow in mechanical intake systems are pro-vided.
These results are encouraging but test data are too limited to draw general conclusions.
Accordingly, a proposal has been prepared to the CSICC Industry Research Sub Committee to develop additional data at Underwriters I
Laboratories of Canada. It was agreed in discussions with the Chairman (who is also Chair man of IRS) that U LC co operation was neces sary, if the results of this research are to find rapid acceptance and
application.
A very considerable quantity of data on membrane protection has been compiled over the years and it is suggested that the second Fellow cooperate with Mr. Stanzak in continuing this work.
3. Composite Action
With increasing use of steelconcrete compositely designed structural members, composite action became an item of investigation and research under the Fellowship. In cooperation with Mr. N. S.
IO
Pearce of Underwriters I Laboratories of Canada, a research paper 5
was published which showed that most steel supported floor assemblies subjected to fire test exhibited a considerable degree of composite action not contemplated in the design.
Mr. Pearce and the Fellow have agreed to continue work on this topic and prepare an additional report on the fire behaviour of com-positely designed structures, using information based on test data developed at ULC and DBR/NRC. Unfortunately, some ULC data
rrr-dicate that certain composite deck designs result in unanticipated behaviour under concentrated loading conditions. Also, a CSICC sponsored test is still awaiting completion. It is hoped that the find-ings will cons iderably reduce the difficulties reportedly encountered in assigning fire ratings and protection methods to compositely designed structures.
4. HeatSink
This project was carried out to provide experimental support for the critical temperature concept of the failure of steel beams and to show that the heatsink effect of the deck does not significantly affect the critical temperature. Dr. Harmathy and the Fellow cooperated in this work.
The project was undertaken because of anticipated possible changes in the test standard ASTM E119 to include temperature limits for failure criteria. St a nz.a k and Harmathy felt that including the heat-sink of the deck in failure criteria would be unnecessarily complicated and not technically justifiable.
They published the findings of their experimental and theoretical work 6 which showed that heatsink effect should not be included in assigning temperature for the revised standard. The results of the work were accepted by those responsible for the standard and no further work in this area is contemplated.
5. Partially Protected Steel Structures
Because the structural failure of steel exposed to fire is such a temperature dependent proces s , and be cause actual fires often develop much more rapidly than the standard furnace fire, the idea of protecting the most critically heated and/or stressed parts of a structure only appears to have merit. In connection with this project, it should be emphasized that the real concern in building design is whether the
structure can res ist the fire that might develop in a particular structure not a fire in the test furnace.
A joisted floor as sembly, with only the bottom chords (web and top chords exposed) protected by insulating material, was constructed and subjected to fire test. The results showed that partial protection provides a substantial improvement over unprotected construction (l/Z hr vs. about 10 min) and may provide adequate protection in cer-tain types of buildings.
Since North American building codes do not recognize a l/Z-hr fire endurance, St anz ak concluded that no further work be undertaken in this area. However, the ability of buildings thus protected to resist fire would constitute a considerable improvement over unprotected steel construction in most cases.
III. MISCELLANEOUS PROJECTS
1. Technical Translation
In 1969 the Swiss Center for Steel Construction published a technical document entitled "The Calculation of the Fire Resistance of Steel Co n s t r u cti ori s
!".
It describes methods that enable the engineer to calculate the appropriate protection required (if any) for the steel structure he designs. The Fellow thought it would be us eful to trans-late this document and make it available to North American readers. It has been published 7 and may be obtained from DBR/NRC.The methods are based on the fire load concept and the fire load is taken as the dominant variable. The structure must be able to resist it in case of an ignition. On this basis, the design of a fire-resistant structure proceeds according to well known principles of heat transfer and structural behaviour.
The significance of this document, which has been accepted in the building regulations for the Canton of ZUrich, Switzerland, is that the design of structural fire protection is placed directly in the hands of the structural design engineer. With that step, it becomes possible to base the design procedures on scientific and engineering principles rather than arbitrary decision based on past experience and guesswork. In preparing the t r ans Iat io n , it was hoped that a similar approach
might gain adherents on this continent.
An accompanying document, using British engineenng units and examples typical of Canadian steel construction, is also in preparation.
Z. Unit Masonry/Drywall Combinations
This was an experimental program designed to develop fire ratings and sound trans mission clas sifications for concrete masonry walls in combination with gyps um board. The infor mation developed from these tests is intended for use in Supplement No.2.
12
-The project was a fire section venture, but the experimental work was planned and supervised by Mr. L. W. Allen, the NCPA Industry Fellow, Mr. M. Galbreath, and by St anz ak, They agreed to do this in view of their experience with these types of construction. Stanzak's interest in the work related to the mechanical fastening and behaviour of the gyps um board a material he has examined very thoroughly. A Fire Study describing the work has been prepared, and the information submitted to the Fire Test Board.
3. Education
Providing educational material for those engaged in the con-struction industry is one of the important functions of DBR/NRC. For the Fire Section this function is even more important because fire technology as it relates to building design is not yet taught at the universities or colleges. Therefore, me mbers of the Section, in-cluding the Fellow, have attempted to inform people of their work through talks or lectures wherever possible or appropriate. As the understanding of fire technology among those responsible for building increases, technical advances can be made more rapidly.
Unfortunately, the field of fire technology has not yet developed into an orderly dis cipline that can be s imply taught. However, much information is now available and any attempts to regiment it should be welcomed.
Some of the work under the Fellowship therefore included writing of papers to educate and assist those engaged in building design or product development 8,
9.
It is expected that Mr. Stanzak will purs ue these educational activities even more actively in his position as Fire Protection
Consultant to the CSICC. A course on fire protection of building structures at the University of Toronto is already scheduled for the spring of 1974, in the Civil Engineering Department. It is recognized that the F'e Il ow t s participation in the 1972 Canadian Structural
Engineering Conference was an important contribution to this develop-ment.
4. Steel Roof Design
Steel roofs incorporating light gauge deck present special prob-lems of fire protection and sometimes lack sufficient stiffness to
satisfy ordinary service requirements. Accordingly, the concept of providing a s mall amount of concrete fill to improve the fire resistance and stiffness of roof assemblies has been explored by small scale test.
The CSICC Project Analysis Division has indicated that this could be an economical solution.
Results of the preliminary investigation will be pres ented to the Industry Research Sub-Committee. It is likely that additional research under the Fellowship on this topic will also be appropriate.
5. Others
A variety of other small research projects and investigations were simultaneously carried out by the Fellow; for example, laboratory tests on a small scale have been carried out on materials and methods that appear particularly suitable for the protection of steel constructions. It was out of these that the sheet-steel membrane project mentioned earlier, one of the most important in the program, came into being.
Also, it has been found that a great deal can be learned by attending fires in buildings. The Fellow has attended those he thought might be of interest whenever it was possible, and should continue to do so. The findings must often remain confidential due to pos sible
legal problems. They do, however, provide valuable personal experience. Finally, as a me mber of the Fire Section, the Fellow, as any other member of the staff, co-operates by assisting with inquiries, fire tests, design of laboratory equipment, etc. For example, he is designing loading equipment suitable for the testing of beams in the floor furnace. He has also been involved with the installation of equip-ment to measure heat inputs and losses from the furnaces.
CONCLUSION
The CSICC/NRC Fellowship at the Division of Building Research has played an important role in the progress of North American fire technology. This field has been in a process of change from an art, depending almost entirely on practical experience, to a science which can be taught in a disciplined manner. Mr. Stanzak's course "Fire Protection of Building St r u ctu r e s ", beginning in January, 1974 at the University of Toronto, is the first in Canada to reflect this change.
Ten years ago, the only means for assessing the fire endurance of a structure or assembly design was the standard fire endurance test. There was little technical data to offer in support of proposed changes from a tested assembly and the criteria for the interpolations of test data were virtually non-existent.
Now, as a result of the creep studies, it becomes possible to calculate the fire endurance of certain structures and assemblies. Since temperature, not stress, is the dominant variable, s ub s t it uti o n s
14
-of one type -of steel for another in a tested assembly can now be per-mitted on a rational basis. And, by the same logic, fire ratings need not be revised because of the small reductions in safety factor and changes in structural design that have taken place over the years.
Also, fire test methods and building design will change in the future; new timetemperature curves and/or heat input rates will be introduced, and the geometry and weight of protected steel members will be taken into account. The last ite m is already being incorporated in some building designs, and acceptance of engineering design methods for fire resistance by officials is on the increase.
The Fellow has made presentations based on his research to the Fire Test Board and his recommendations have been considered in preparing a new draft Supplement No.2. In addition, he has worked in an advisory capacity with several subcommittees of ASTM and CSA that are concerned with fire test methods. He has also been instrumen-tal in promoting cooperation with Underwriters I Laboratories of
Canada in unifying fire test practice and other matters of common interest. Finally, through his presence at DBR/NRC, he has been able to provide assistance to members of the steel industry faced with fire protection problems, particularly in his work with the
CSICC's Industry Res earch Sub Committee.
In concluding this final report, it is appropriate to emphasize the amount of fire test work that has been done under the Fellowship -a tablulation of the fullscale tests is included in Appendix A. These about equal the number of all other fullscale fire tests (sponsored and research) conducted at DBR/NRC since 1964, when the Fellowship began. Appendix B is a listing of publications and reports issued
under the Fellowship, 1964 to 1973.
REFERENCES
1. Stanzak, W. W. The Behaviour of Steel Columns at Elevated Te mperatures. DBR Internal Report No. 351, March 1968. 2. Stanzak, W. W. and T. T. Lie. Fire Tests on Protected Steel
Columns with Different Cross Sections, Fire Study No. 30 of the Division of Building Research, Ottawa, February 1973, NRCC 13072.
3. St anz ak , W. W. and T. T. Lie. Fire Resistance of Unprotected Steel Columns, ASCE Journal of the Structural Divis ion,
4. Stanzak, W. W. and J. E. Berndt. Heating Capacity of DBR/NRC Furnace Equipment, DBR Technical Note No. 574, May 1973. 5. Pearce, N. S. and W. W. Stanzak. Load and Fire Test Data on
SteelSupported Floor Assemblies. ASTM Special Technical Publication 422, August 1967. Reprinted by NRC (NRC 11163). 6. St anz ak , W. W. and T. Z. Harmathy. Effect of Deck on Failure
Temperature of Steel Beams. Fire Technology, Vol. 4, No.4, Nov. 1968. Reprinted by NRC (NRC 10523).
7. The Calculation of the Fire Resistance of Steel Constructions, Schweizeris che Zentralstelle fUr Stahlbau, ZUrich, 1969.
Translated by W. W. Stanzak, NRC TT1425, Ottawa 1971. 8. Stanzak, W. W. Fire Endurance Some Design Considerations.
Engineering Digest, April 1970. Reprinted by NRC (NRC 11465). 9. St anz ak , W. W. Product Development and Fire Performance. DBR
APPENDIX A
FULLSCALE FIRE TESTS
COMPLETED UNDER STEEL INDUSTRIES FELLOWSHIP
TYPE PROJECT NUMBER COST 1
BEAM CREEP 4 20,000
COLUMN SUPP. No. 2 8 24,000
BEAM SUPP. No. 2 3 15,000
BEAM2 SUPP. No. 2 MEMBRANE PROT. 1 5,000
BEAM SSM3 2 10,000
BEAM HEAT SINK 3 15,000
COLUMN SSM 2 6,000
FLOOR PPSS 4 1 5,000
FLOOR DUCT OPENINGS 2 10,000
COLUMN SIZE AND SHAPE 7 21,000
COLUMN UNPROTECTED 5 10,000
COLUMN SSM 4 12,000
COLUMN CON CRET E FILLED 2 6,000
TOTALS 42 159,000
NOTES:
1 Commercial test fee (does not include construction of specimen)
2 Typical floor section was included
3 Sheet steel me mbrane
4 Partially protected steel structures
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS
PUBLISHED UNDER THE STEEL INDUSTRIES FELLOWSHIP 1964 1973
PUBLICATIONS
1. The Behaviour of Steel in Building Fires, by W. W. Sta nz ak, April 1965, DBR Bibliography No. 30.
2. Fire Endurance of Protected Steel Columns and Beams, by M. Galbreath and W. W. Stanzak, DBR Technical Paper 194, NRC 8379, April 1965.
3. Fire Tests on WideFlange Steel Beams Protected with Gypsum- Sanded Plaster, by W. W. St a nz ak , DBR Fire Study No. 16, NRC 9474, March 1967.
4. Fire Test on a Wide Flange Steel Beam Protected with a OneInch GypsumSanded Plaster Suspended Ceiling Membrane, by W. W. St anz ak , DBR Fire Study No. 19, NRC 9764, August 1967.
5. Fire Tests of 8 WideFlange Steel Columns Protected with Gypsum-Sanded Plaster, by W. W. St a nz ak , DBR Fire Study No. 20, NRC 9768, Sept. 1967.
6. Load and Fire Test Data on SteelSupported Floor Assemblies, by N. S. Pearce and W. W. St anz ak , AST M Special Technical Pub-lication 422, August 1967. Reprinted by NRC (NRC 9932). 7. ElevatedTemperature Tensile and Creep Properties of Some
Structural and Prestressing Steels, by T. Z. Harmathy and W. W. St anz ak . ASTM STP 464, 1970. Reprinted by NRC (NRC 11163). 8. Effect of Deck on Failure Temperature of Steel Beams, by W. W.
St ariz ak and T. Z. Harmathy. Fire Technology, Vol. 4, No.4, Nov. 1968. Reprinted by NRC (NRC 10523).
9. Sheet Steel as a Protective Membrane for Steel Beams and Columns, by W. W. St anz ak , DBR Fire Study No. 23, Nov. 1969, NRC 10865. 10. Fire Endurance Some Design Considerations, by W. W. Stanzak.
Engineering Digest, April 1970. Reprinted by NRC (NRC 11465). 11. Product Development and Fire Perfor mance, by W. W. Stanzak.
B2
12. Column Covers: A Practical Application of Sheet Steel as a Pro-tective Membrane. DBR Fire Study No. 27, Ottawa, February 1972, NRCC 12483.
13. Structural Fire Protection An Engineering Approach by W. W. Stanzak, Proceedings, Canadian Structural Engineering Conference,
March 1972 (available as reprint NRCC 12748).
14. Fire Tests on Protected Steel Columns with Different CrossSections by W. W. Stanzak and T. T. Lie, Fire Study No. 30 of the Division of Building Research, Ottawa, February 1973, NRCC 13072.
15. Fire Resistance of Unprotected Steel Columns by W. W. Stanzak and
T. T. Lie, ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, ST5, 9719, May 1973.
16. Fire Re sistance of Protected Steel Columns by T. T. Lie and W. W. St an z ak , American Institute of Steel Construction, Engineering Journal, Third Quarter, 1973/Vol. 10, No.3 (available as reprint NRCC 13516).
INTERNAL REPORTS
1. Summary Report on the First Steel Industries Fellowship 19641967. DBR Internal Report No. 353, Oct. 1967.
2. Preliminary Investigation Into the Use of Sheet Metal as a Membrane Portection for Steel Beams and Columns, by W. W. Stan z a.k, DBR
Internal Report No. 352, Dec. 1967.
3. The Behaviour of Steel Columns at Elevated Temperatures. DBR Internal Report No. 351, March 1968.
4. A Preliminary Investigation of the Fire Behaviour of a Partially Protected Steel Structure, by W. W. Stan z ak , DBR Internal Report No. 389, June 1971.
5. Work Under the CSICC/NRC Steel Industries Fellowship: Its Objectives and Achievements by G. W. Shorter and W. W. Stanzak, DBR Internal Report No.
6. Fire Tests To Assess Effects of Large Duct Openings on Fire Resistance of SteelSupported Floor Ceiling Assemblies by W. W, Stanzak (in process).
TECHNICAL NOTES
1. Possibilities for LargeScale Fire Tests Employing Expo Temporary Buil.d irig s , by W. W. St a nz ak , DBR Technical Note 482, April 1967 (limited distribution).
2. Calibration of DBR Floor Furnace Loading System, by W. W. St anz ak, DBR Technical Note 491, July 1967 (record purposes). 3. Behaviour of Structural Steel in Fire: Report of a Symposium
held at the Fire Research Station, Borehamwood, England, 24 January 1967, by W. W. St.a nz ak , DBR Technical Note 492, August 1967 (inquiry and record).
4. Te mperature Measure ment: Alternate Test of Fire Protection for Structural Steel Columns, by W. W. Sta nz ak, DBR Technical Note 538, June 1969 (inquiry and record).
5. Heating Capacity of DBR/NRC Furnace Equipment, by W. W. St anz ak and J. E. Berndt, DBR Technical Note No. 574, May
1973 (record purposes limited interest).
SPX REPORTS
1. Place Victoria Fire, by W. W. Sta nz ak, DBR Report SPX No. 314. (Prepared for the Division of Building Research for record purposes only.)
2. Fire Tests on Seven Protected Steel Columns with Different Cross-Sections, by J. E. Berndt and E. O. Porteous. DBR Report SPX
335. (Prepared for CSICC.)
TECHNICAL TRANSLATIONS
1. Safety Standards for the Fire Protection of Structural Steel Build-ings Intended for Civilian Use, translated by D. A. Sinclair, NRC TT1347, Ottawa, 1968.
2. The Calculations of the Fire Resistance of Steel Constructions, translated by W. W. St anz ak, NRC TT1425, Ottawa, 1971.
