Populaiton growth rate (%)

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Roles played by services and knowledge’s

networks in practices evolutions of dairy supply

chain’s stakeholders in Egypt; proposal for a

methodological extension of social life cycle

assessment framework.

Directrice de thèse: Véronique Alary (CIRAD, UMR-SELMET) Co-directeur: Jean-François Tourrand (CIRAD, UMR-GREEN)

Annabelle Daburon (CIRAD, UMR-SELMET)

phD student in Agronomic and Ecologic Science

ABIES day

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Plan

1. General Context

2. Egyptian case study

3. Objectives, problematic and hypothesis

4. Material and Methods

5. Results

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Social dimension remain until now less explored

Need for tools and data taking into account social dimension for

decision making !

“The ultimate goal for sustainable development

is human well-being, contributing to the needs

of current and future generations.” (UNEP-SETAC

guideline, 2009)

Millennium goals set in

2000 to fight poverty and

hunger remain

incompletely achieved.

(UN, 2014)

1. General context: a more sustainable world for everyone

Institution

People

Profit

Planet

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International market

Increasing pressure on natural resources

World explosion food demand

Challenge to supply cities

Family farming system

90% of farming systems in the world; important

precarious condition Expansion of agribusiness

companies and corporate

agriculture model Quality concern

Possible opportunity for family farming

systems ?

Adaptation and Innovation mechanisms in the centre of family

farming system ability to sustain in the coming highly pressured

context.

INCREASING DEMAND

INCREASING OFFER

Food supply chain

mutation

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Limited agricultural ressources

Arable land = 40 000 km2 (7 times less than France)

<4% total country area,

No rain

_{Irrigated agriculture (Nile water)}

Population

84 millions inhabitants (UN-ESA) (2015) 57% rural population

33% of rural population under poverty level

Urbanization

Urban population: 43% of total population

Giant cities

Arable land conversion

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National strategy of desert land conversion into agricultural land: 10 000 km2 converted in New Reclaimed land

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 P o p u la ito n g ro w th ra te (% ) To ta l P o p u la it o n ( M il li o n s o f in h a b it a n ts ) Year

Egyptian population French population

Egyptian Population growth rate (%) French Population growth rate (%)

Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision

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Consumers

Dairy products demand

growth and shift

Artisanal sector

(Dairy intermediaries, family enterprises…)

Industrial sector

Dairy agribusiness national and international

Standardized dairy products Cow milk

Traditional dairy products Buffalo or cow milk

Family farming system integrating

crops and livestock production Milk powder import Corporate dairy farms

Demographic growth Dairy agribusinesses

development and marketing Urbanization

2. Egyptian case study: Rapidly evolving Egypt dairy supply chain in 2015

How to facilitate connection between family farming systems with urban demand moving forward sustainability?

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Objectives:

1. Describing and understanding artisanal dairy supply chain in a low data availability context.

2. Enhancing the roles artisanal dairy supply chain network as a dense, efficient and dynamic net able to drive significantl

innovations at local level

3.Identify the strenghts and weaknesses of the artisanal dairy supply chain from a social point of view using social life cycle analysis (S-LCA).

3. Objectives, problematic and hypothesis

Tools and data taking into account social dimension for decision

making !

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Problematic

What roles are played by services and knowledge’s networks in practices evolutions of artisanal dairy supply chain’s stakeholders in Egypt and does this supply chain have strong

asset in the social dimension of sustainability?

Hypothesis:

• H1. Egyptian artisanal dairy supply chain contribute significantly to promote basic agricultural services (loan, veterinary, feed supply, milk marketing) to farmers.

• H2. Main agricultural knowledge's networks are strongly influenced by basic agricultural services networks.

• H3. Practices of the dairy supply chain stakeholders are a permanent trade-off

between market and domestic drivers.

• H4. Artisanal dairy supply chain have strong social assets in a sustainable perspective. 3. Objectives, problematic and hypothesis

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A. Description of family farming systems in two

contrasted areas (TYPOLOGY of farmers)

B. Description dairy supply chain in one

area

(TYPOLOGY of intermediaries)

C. Services and knowledges networks

along the supply chain.

Netchain

Framework

(Lazzarini et al.,2001)

D. Social Life Cycle Analysis:

identification of the social strength and weaknesses of the dairy supply

Social Life Cycle Analysis

(UNEP-SETAC guideline, 2009)

4. Material and Methods: Conceptual framework of the phD

Fa rm e rs In te rm e d ia rie s

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4. Material and Methods: What is Social Life Cycle Analysis (S-LCA)?

• 2009: First Guideline

• 2015: Still on-going process

Case study required to test the tool. Informal sector less addressed.

Opportunity to develop new indicators.

Tool to assess the social impact of a product or economical activity. Inspired by Environment-LCA to complete sustainability picture.

Method:

from cradle to grave using a functional unit (1 litre of milk in our cases).

Inventory Indicators Subcategories Impact categories aggregation aggregation (UNEP-SETAC guideline, 2009) S-LCA data Farmers Knowledge access Animal knowledge Crop knowledge Quality of information Density of information Frequency of information Stakeholder categories

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4. Material and Methods: Step A: Description of family farming systems

Family farming systems typologies

• Socio-economic semi-directed questionnaires in 2 contrasted areas (3 and 3 villages)

• 175 interviews • Description of family farming system • Dairy practices (marketing, milking…) • Services networks

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4. Material and Methods: Step B: Supply chain analysis: Focus in old land

Dairy supply chain description and in-depth social network analysis:

• Open discussion with key persons

• 87 family farming systems interviews

• 12 semi-directed questionnaires with dairy intermediaries.

• Typology of dairy intermediaries

• Flows transiting along the supply chain

• Services

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4. Material and Methods: What remain to do?

Step C

In depth social network analysis in one village focusing on: knowledge’s network

and services network at farm and dairy intermediaries level.

Step D

Apply Social-Life Cycle Analysis to the case study including local knowledge’s and

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Beni Suef:

87 families

◦ Family inhabit their territory since centuries.

◦ Structural component main discriminative factors.

◦ 100% integrating crop livestock productions.

◦ 80% of farms have a Utilized Agricultural Area under 1 ha.

◦ Systematic self-consumption of the production.

◦ Sale surplus only.

Behera:

88 families

◦ Pioneer front, recent installation of those families.

◦ Cropping systems distinguish those farming systems.

◦ 100% integrating crop livestock productions.

Hard to compare the two farming systems.

Choose to consider it independently

Focus on Old Land from the

Nile Valley

5. Results: Step A: Typology of family farming systems in two contrasted area

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Social

Lge: Large farm

UAA= 2.2 ha, 50% in property, 25 TLU, 5.5 members/family, educated head, No regular off-farm job

Lge

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Mdm: Medium farm

UAA= 1.5 ha, 50% in property, 9.6 TLU, 5.5 members/family, basic level of education of the head, No regular off-farm job

Sma: Small farm specialized in animal production

UAA= 0,7ha, 7.3 TLU, tenant mainly, 6 members/family, head illiterate, No regular off-farm job

Mcb: Micro farm with head ‘s basic level of education

UAA= 0,63 ha, tenant mainly, 4,8 TLU , 7-8 members/family. No regular off-farm job

Mce: Micro farm with educated head

UAA= 0,52ha, tenant mainly, 6,2 TLU,

6 members/family, sometime governmental job

UAA and herd

Beni Suef

Smc: Small farm specialized in cash crop production

UAA= 0.85 ha, mainly in property, 4.8 TLU

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• 1990: Rapid expansion of artisanal dairy supply chain begin.

• Two main drivers: cities supply (Beni Suef and Cairo) + dairy agribusiness

expansion

Past

• Artisanal supply chain dominating but many connection with dairy agribusiness • High diversity and numbers of dairy

intermediaries.

Today

• Dairy product demand will continue to grow.

• Politic will to enforce agricultural cooperatives roles.

Perspectives

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Production

Collection

Processing

Distribution

Consummer

1: Primary milk

intermediaries

4: Primary and secondary intermediaries + processing + distribution

6: Dairy Agribusiness companies

Local market Milk-shops Wholesale U rb a n co n su m e rs R u ra l c o n su m e rs 7: Traders 5: Cheese factory 8: Traders 3 :Primary and secondary intermediaries

+ Processing

2: Primary and secondary

milk intermediaries Farmer

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5. Results: Step C: Dairy supply chain services and knowledge networks in Beni Suef

Services along dairy chain:

Dairy intermediaries: Proximity network providing agricultural services:

• Milk collection

• Loan

• Transport

• Feed supply

Dairy intermediaries: Proximity network

knowledge’s transfers roles:

• Technical advices (milking and breeding practices)

• Marketing information to farmers

Strong links between stakeholders (long

history, everyday contacts) impacting

practices (marketing practices).

Netchain Fa rm e rs In te rm e d ia ri e s

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6. Conclusion-Perspectives

Perspectives:

In-depth social network analysis

Willingness to operationalize S-LCA framework and to consider social network dimension build around one

product: milk.

phD architecture build mainly by field work =>necessity to strength the research with literature planned in the coming

month

Achievements:

Description of dairy supply chain

First understanding of the services and knowledge’s network channels.

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Thank you!

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Bibliography

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• Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm For definition of variables, check the link Glossary of Demographic TermsWednesday, April 01, 2015; 1:34:32 PM

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Nations Environment Programme. (2009): 978-92.

• United Nations. The Millennium Development Goals Report. New York, United States of America, 2014. • Website:

◦ http://data.worldbank.org/country/egypt-arab-republic