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Smoke movement studies in a 15-storey hotel
Tamura, G. T.; Manley, P. J.
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Construction
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Smoke Movement Stirdies
in a 15-Story Hotel
by G.T. Tamura and P.J. Manley
Reprinted from
ASHRAE Transactions
Vol. 91,Part 28, 1985
p. 1237
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1253
(IRC Paper No. 1402)
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On a mesure l a p r e s s i o n e t l e t a u x d e g a z t r a c e u r d a n s un h a t e l d e 1 5 g t a g e s , e n h i v e r ( l o r s q u e l ' e f f e t d e t i r a g e se m a n i f e s t a i t d a n s l e b a i m e n t ) , a f i n d ' b v a l u e r l e s d a n g e r s d e l a fumBe a s s o c i e s a u f e u . Du g a z t r a c e u r a B t G e m i s c o n t i n u e l l e m e n t pour s i n u l e r l a p r o d u c t i o n d e f u d e f r o i d e d a n s l a p i e c e d ' e s s a i a u f e u . Lorsque l ' e s s a i a 6 t e e f f e c t u e a u r e z - d e - c h a u s s b
,
l a fumee s'est repandue tres r a p i d e m e n t d a n s l e s c a g e s d ' e s c a l i e r , les g a i n e s d ' a s c e n c e u r e t aux & a g e s s u p ' e r i e u r s . L o r s q u ' i l a 6 t B e f f e c t u s d a n s une chambre du deuxisme B t a g e , l a fum6e ne s ' e s t p r a t i q u e m e n t p a s p r o p a g b d a n s l e bgtiment t a n t q u e l e mur e x t e r i e u r de l a p i e c e d ' e s s a i est demeurg i n t a c t e t q u e l a p o r t e d e l a p i e c e e s t r e s t & ferm6e. Cdpendant, l e d e g r 6 d e p r o p a g a t i o n d e fumee s ' e s t a c c r u c o n s i d e r a b l e m e n t quand on a p r a t i q u e une o u v e r t u r e d a n s l e mur e x t e r i e u r pour s i n u l e r u n e f e n s t r e brisi5e. 11 n ' a c e s s t i d ' a u g m e n t e r l o r s q u ' o n a a u s s i o u v e r t l a p o r t e d ' e n t r g e d e l a p i e c e d ' e s s a i , p u i s l a p o r t e d e l ' e s c a l i e r d e 1 1 6 t a g e e n cause. On a mesure l e s d i f E E r e n c e s d e p r e s s i o n e t l a d i r e c t i o n d e l ' b c o u l e m e n t d e l ' a i r l o r s du f o n c t i o n n e m e n t d e s s y s t s m e s d e e r e s s u r i s a t i o n d e s c a g e s d ' e s c a l i e r e t d e s g a i n e s d ' a s c e n c e u r . E t a n t donnB que l e s c o r r i d o r s s e t r o u v e n t i n d i r e c t e m e n t p r e s s u r i s e s p a r c e s s y s t S m e s , i1 est peu p r o b a b l e que l a fumee p r o v e n a n t d e l a p i e c e e n f e u se propage d a n s l e r e s t e du b a t i m e n t .Smoke Movement Studies in
a
15-Story Hotel
G.T.
Tamura, P.E.
P.J.
Manley, P.E.
ASHRAE Member
P r e s s u r e and t r a c e r g a s measurements f o r a 15-story h o t e l i n w i n t e r (when t h e b u i l d i n g was under t h e i n f l u e n c e of s t a c k a c t i o n ) a r e used t o a s s e s s t h e smoke hazard a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f i r e . Tracer g a s was r e l e a s e d c o n t i n u o u s l y t o s i m u l a t e g e n e r a t i o n of c o l d smoke i n t h e f i r e room. With f i r e on t h e ground f l o o r , t h e s t a i r and e l e v a t o r s h a f t s and t h e upper f l o o r s became smoke f i l l e d i n a v e r y s h o r t time. With f i r e i n a room on t h e second f l o o r , t h e h o t e l remained r e l a t i v e l y uncontaminated provided t h a t t h e e x t e r i o r w a l l of t h e f i r e room remained i n t a c t and t h e room e n t r a n c e door remained c l o s e d . The e x t e n t of contamination i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , however, when an opening i n t h e e x t e r i o r w a l l was c r e a t e d t o s i m u l a t e a broken window.
Contamination i n c r e a s e d f u r t h e r when t h e room e n t r a n c e door was a l s o opened and i n c r e a s e d s t i l l more when t h e s t a i r door on t h e f i r e f l o o r was open.
Measurements of p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s and a i r f l o w d i r e c t i o n were made w i t h t h e s t a i r and e l e v a t o r s h a f t p r e s s u r i z a t i o n systems i n o p e r a t i o n . Because of t h e i n d i r e c t p r e s s u r i z a t i o n of t h e c o r r i d o r s by t h e s e systems, smoke from t h e f i r e room w i l l probably be p r e v e n t e d from contaminating t h e remainder of t h e b u i l d i n g .
INTRODUCTION
The smoke h a z a r d i n apartment b u i l d i n g s and h o t e l s i s p o t e n t i a l l y l e s s t h a n t h a t i n open-floor b u i l d i n g s because compartmentation r e s i s t s f l o w of smoke w i t h i n a b u i l d i n g . S i g n i f i c a n t numbers of f a t a l i t i e s i n r e c e n t h o t e l f i r e s , however, i n d i c a t e t h a t smoke can s p r e a d d u r i n g f i r e t o endanger t h e l i v e s of occupants remaining i n rooms o r a t t e m p t i n g t o escape through c o r r i d o r s and s t a i r w a y s .
To g a i n a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of how smoke moves i n a compartmented b u i l d i n g , s t u d i e s have been conducted under v a r i o u s s i m u l a t e d f i r e c o n d i t i o n s i n a 15-story h o t e l (MacLaren Engineers Inc. 1984). P r e s s u r e s and a i r f l o w p a t t e r n s were o b t a i n e d by measuring t h e p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s a c r o s s t h e c l o s e d doors of room e n t r a n c e s , o u t s i d e b a l c o n i e s , e l e v a t o r s , and s t a i r s on a number of f l o o r s . A t r a c e r g a s , SF6 ( s u l f u r h e x a f l u o r i d e ) (Klote and F o t h e r g i l l 1983), was r e l e a s e d c o n t i n u o u s l y t o s i m u l a t e smoke from f i r e s on t h e ground f l o o r and i n a second f l o o r room. Gas samples c o l l e c t e d throughout t h e h o t e l provided a measure of t h e SF6 c o n c e n t r a t i o n build-up w i t h time.
The h o t e l i s equipped w i t h p r e s s u r i z a t i o n f a n s t o p r o t e c t t h e two s t a i r s h a f t s and t h e s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r , which i s d e s i g n a t e d t o s e r v e f i r e f i g h t e r s i n t h e e v e n t of f i r e . These systems were a s s e s s e d by measuring and comparing p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s and a i r f l o w d i r e c t i o n s w i t h and w i t h o u t f a n s i n o p e r a t i o n .
G.T. Tamura i s a s e n i o r r e s e a r c h o f f i c e r , D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, N a t i o n a l Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, KlA 0R6; P.J. Manley i s a s e n i o r p r o j e c t manager, MacLaren Engineers Inc., Toronto, Canada.
DESCRIPTION OF TEST BUILDING
The h o t e l i s a 15-story tower, w i t h meeting rooms and an e l e v a t o r lobby on t h e f i r s t f l o o r and g u e s t rooms on t h e n e x t 13 f l o o r s . Two h a l f - f l o o r s a t t h e t o p c o n t a i n t h e mechanical and e l e v a t o r machine rooms. On t h e f i r s t f l o o r t h e tower i s connected by a wide c o r r i d o r t o a l a r g e s i n g l e - s t o r y b u i l d i n g housing t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n and lobby a r e a s , lounge rooms,
r e s t a u r a n t , and r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s . F i g u r e s 1 and 2 show p l a n s of t h e ground f l o o r and a t y p i c a l g u e s t f l o o r . B u i l t i n 1980, t h e h o t e l h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g f e a t u r e s :
1. Approximate a r e a p e r g u e s t f l o o r , 710 m2 (7650 f t 2 ) ,
2. C e n t r a l s e r v i c e a r e a , i n c l u d i n g two s t a i r w e l l s , t h r e e passenger e l e v a t o r s , and one s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r ,
3. S e p a r a t e a i r s u p p l y and e x h a u s t system f o r meeting rooms on t h e f i r s t f l o o r ,
4. C o r r i d o r a i r s u p p l y on g u e s t f l o o r s from a s i n g l e roof-mounted f a n , I 5. C e n t r a l bathroom e x h a u s t from each g u e s t u n i t by means of a s i n g l e roof-mounted f a n ,
6. Fan c o i l u n i t s i n each g u e s t room,
I
7. O u t s i d e balcony f o r each g u e s t room, I
8. Automatic smoke c o n t r o l systems comprising
-
p r e s s u r i z a t i o n f a n s a t t h e t o p of each s t a i r w e l l , t o be a c t i v a t e d t o g e t h e r w i t h a u t o m a t i c openers f o r t h e e x i t d o o r s a t t h e bottom of t h e s t a i r s h a f t s ( e x i t door of t h e n o r t h s t a i r s h a f t l e a d s t o t h e lobby on t h e ground f l o o r , and t h a t of t h e s o u t h s t a i r s h a f t t o a basement c o r r i d o r ) ,--
a p r e s s u r i z a t i o n f a n l o c a t e d a t t h e t o p of t h e s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r s h a f t ,--
a u t o m a t i c c l o s u r e s f o r t h e f i r e d o o r s i n t h e c o r r i d o r of each f l o o r ( F i g u r e 21, i n c l u d i n g t h a t on t h e ground f l o o r s e p a r a t i n g t h e tower from t h e s i n g l e - s t o r y s t r u c t u r e ( F i g u r e 1).TEST PROCEDURES
E i g h t t e s t s were c a r r i e d o u t d u r i n g December 1983 and January 1984. The f i r s t two used one of t h e f i r s t f l o o r meeting rooms a s t h e f i r e room, and t h e remaining s i x t e s t s involved one of t h e g u e s t rooms on t h e n o r t h s i d e of t h e second f l o o r a s t h e f i r e room. The t e s t
c o n f i g u r a t i o n s (Table 1 ) were s t r u c t u r e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e how t h e b u i l d i n g a i r supply and exhaust system, an open balcony door s i m u l a t i n g a broken window i n t h e f i r e room, an open e n t r a n c e door t o t h e f i r e room, and an open s t a i r door on t h e f i r e f l o o r would a f f e c t smoke movement. The smoke c o n t r o l systems were n o t o p e r a t e d f o r t h e s e t e s t s .
Measurements were conducted on t h e l s t , 2nd, 3rd, 6 t h , l l t h , and e i t h e r t h e 13th o r 1 4 t h f l o o r s . L o c a t i o n s where p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e measurements and c o l l e c t i o n of t r a c e r gas samples were t a k e n on t h e ground f l o o r a r e shown i n F i g u r e 1 and t h o s e f o r t h e g u e s t f l o o r s i n
F i g u r e 2. The t e s t rooms were a l l s e r v e d by t h e same v e r t i c a l e x h a u s t duct. T h i s p e r m i t t e d s t u d y of p o s s i b l e t r a n s f e r through t h e e x h a u s t d u c t of t r a c e r g a s from t h e f i r e room t o t h e upper rooms. With a g u e s t room on t h e n o r t h s i d e of t h e second f l o o r a s t h e f i r e room,
measurements of p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e and g a s samples were t a k e n i n t h e rooms a d j a c e n t t o i t t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e t r a n s f e r of t r a c e r gas through p a r t y w a l l s .
P r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e and f l o w d i r e c t i o n measurements f o r each t e s t provided t h e p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s and a i r f l o w p a t t e r n i n t h e b u i l d i n g . Those a c r o s s t h e e n t r a n c e and balcony doors of g u e s t rooms, a c r o s s d o o r s of s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r and l o b b i e s , s t a i r w e l l s , and g u e s t e l e v a t o r s f o r t h e t e s t f l o o r s were measured w i t h a p i e z o - r e s i s t i v e p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r s e n s i t i v e t o 1.2 Pa (0.005 i n of w a t e r ) . Airflow t e s t e r s g e n e r a t i n g w h i t e smoke were used t o show t h e d i r e c t i o n of a i r f l o w a t t h e washroom exhaust i n t h e g u e s t rooms and i n t h e c o r r i d o r s u p p l y - a i r g r i l l e s . During one t e s t w i t h v e n t i l a t i o n systems on, a i r f l o w r a t e s were measured w i t h a h o t w i r e anemometer i n s i d e a t e s t d u c t p l a c e d a g a i n s t t h e bathroom e x h a u s t - a i r g r i l l e . C o r r i d o r s u p p l y a i r r a t e s were measured w i t h a v e l o c i t y p r e s s u r e - a v e r a g i n g ( p i t o t - s t a t i c ) t u b e i n s i d e a p r e f a b r i c a t e d wooden d u c t s e a l e d t o t h e p e r i m e t e r of t h e s u p p l y - a i r g r i l l e .
T r a c e r g a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were measured f o l l o w i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n of p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s and a i r f l o w d i r e c t i o n s i n t h e b u i l d i n g . The gas r e l e a s e system c o n s i s t e d of a c y l i n d e r of e i t h e r 1.01 o r 10.5% SF6 i n n i t r o g e n , a two-stage r e g u l a t o r , and two c a l i b r a t e d v a r i a b l e - a r e a f l o w meters i n p a r a l l e l c a p a b l e of d e l i v e r i n g up t o 250 mL/min. Fans were used t o c r e a t e a homogeneous m i x t u r e of t r a c e r g a s and a i r i n t h e f i r e room. Air samples were t a k e n i n t h e
h o t e l p r i o r t o t h e s t a r t of t r a c e r g a s r e l e a s e t o r e c o r d any r e s i d u a l SF6 from t h e p r e v i o u s d a y ' s t e s t .
The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f SF6 i n t h e f i r e compartment was monitored c o n t i n u o u s l y by means of a n o n d i s p e r s i v e , i n f r a r e d g a s a n a l y z e r connected t o a s t r i p c h a r t r e c o r d e r . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of SF6 was brought t o approximately 200 ppb i n t h e f i r e compartment w i t h i n about 5 minutes; then t h e g a s flow r a t e was reduced s o a s t o m a i n t a i n t h a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n w i t h i n f 2 5 ppb. The s t e a d y s t a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e f i r e compartment was i n c r e a s e d t o approximately 500 ppb f o r t h e l a s t two t e s t s i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e t h e SF6 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s throughout t h e b u i l d i n g and t h e r e b y i n c r e a s e t h e accuracy of t h e t e s t r e s u l t s .
Gas samples t o be a n a l y z e d f o r SF6 c o n c e n t r a t i o n were c o l l e c t e d i n t h e g u e s t rooms, c o r r i d o r s , s e r v i c e l o b b i e s , s t a i r w e l l s , and passenger e l e v a t o r s h a f t ( s e e F i g u r e s 1 and 2 f o r sampling l o c a t i o n s ) a t 15-minute i n t e r v a l s d u r i n g a 2-hour p e r i o d . Samples from t h e g u e s t rooms, s t a i r w e l l s , and e l e v a t o r s h a f t were c o l l e c t e d i n t h e c o r r i d o r , u s i n g a small pump t o draw a i r a t a r a t e of 1 L/min. A c l e a n 50-mL hypodermic s y r i n g e (22-gauge n e e d l e ) was f l u s h e d a t each l o c a t i o n w i t h t h e a i r t o be sampled, and 45 mL of i t was then i n j e c t e d i n t o a 20- evacuated g l a s s t u b e ( T a m r a and Evans 1983). The samples were s e n t t o t h e l a b o r a t o r y f o r a n a l y s i s w i t h an ion-capture d e t e c t o r chromatograph ( s e n s i t i v i t y of 0.5 ppb). The d e t e c t i o n l i m i t f o r t h i s method of sampling and a n a l y s i s was determined t o be f1.6 ppb a t t h e 90% c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l . I n s i d e and o u t s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e s , and wind speed and d i r e c t i o n were recorded d u r i n g e a c h t e s t .
TESTS ON SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS
The e f f e c t of s h a f t p r e s s u r i z a t i o n on t h e p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e and a i r f l o w p a t t e r n s i n t h e b u i l d i n g were a s s e s s e d . P r e s s u r i z a t i o n f a n s f o r t h e s o u t h s t a i r s h a f t , which e x i t s t o o u t s i d e a t t h e basement l e v e l , and f o r t h e s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r s h a f t were o p e r a t i n g . The c a r i n t h e s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r s h a f t was l o c a t e d a t t h e f o u r t h f l o o r , and a l l e l e v a t o r d o o r s were c l o s e d f o r t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e t e s t s . The f a n f o r t h e n o r t h s t a i r s h a f t , which e x i t s t o t h e lobby on t h e ground f l o o r , was n o t o p e r a t e d because i t would i n t e r f e r e w i t h h o t e l o p e r a t i o n ( p o s s i b l e e x c e s s i v e c o o l i n g of t h e ground f l o o r when t h e e x i t door was open). Neither were t h e a u t o m a t i c c l o s u r e s f o r t h e f i r e d o o r s i n t h e c o r r i d o r s a c t i v a t e d . Measurements d i d i n c l u d e a i r f l o w r e a d i n g s i n t h e s u p p l y a i r d u c t f o r t h e s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r s h a f t , a complete s e t of p r e s s u r e and flow d i r e c t i o n r e a d i n g s on a l l t e s t f l o o r s , a i r t e m p e r a t u r e s w i t h i n t h e s o u t h s t a i r s h a f t , and f l o w v e l o c i t i e s a t t h e bottom e x i t door of t h e s o u t h s t a i r s h a f t . The f l o w r a t e s of f a n s f e e d i n g o u t s i d e a i r d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e t o p of each s t a i r s h a f t were n o t measured; t h o s e from t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n drawings of t h e mechanical systems were used.
With t h e p r e s s u r i z a t i o n systems f o r t h e s o u t h s t a i r s h a f t and t h e s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r s h a f t o p e r a t i n g , v a r i o u s doors of t h e second f l o o r were opened i n sequence a s f o l l o w s : ( 1 ) balcony door of t h e n o r t h f i r e room open, ( 2 ) a s f o r ( 1 ) p l u s s t a i r door of t h e s o u t h s t a i r s h a f t on t h e second f l o o r open, and ( 3 ) a s f o r ( 2 ) p l u s e n t r a n c e door of t h e n o r t h f i r e room open. P r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s a c r o s s t h e v a r i o u s d o o r s of t h e second f l o o r and f l o w d i r e c t i o n s through open doors were recorded.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Airflow d i r e c t i o n , p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e , and t r a c e r g a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n p a t t e r n s r e s u l t e d mainly from a i r movement caused by b u i l d i n g s t a c k a c t i o n and t h e v e n t i l a t i o n systems. No h e a t was g e n e r a t e d i n t h e f i r e room t o s i m u l a t e thermal expansion and i n c r e a s e d s t a c k a c t i o n due t o e l e v a t e d temperatures. Stack a c t i o n i s o f t e n t h e dominant motive f o r c e f o r upward movement of smoke i n h i g h - r i s e b u i l d i n g s . T e s t s conducted i n w i n t e r w i t h o u t a f i r e would g i v e a good i n d i c a t i o n of t h e smoke movement t o be expected i n t h e e v e n t of a smoky, low-temperature f i r e .
In p r e s e n t i n g t h e r e s u l t s from t h e t r a c e r g a s t e s t s , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t r a c e r g a s i n t h e v a r i o u s s p a c e s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e of t h a t i n t h e t e s t f i r e room. I n
c o n s i d e r i n g l o s s of v i s i b i l i t y from smoke d e n s i t y and t o x i c i t y by CO, an a c c e p t a b l e atmosphere was c o n s i d e r e d t o be l e s s than 1% of t h e p o l l u t e d atmosphere i n t h e f i r e a r e a (ASHRAE Handbook
1980); c o n c e n t r a t i o n s above t h i s l e v e l a r e c o n s i d e r e d hazardous. A s an i n d i c a t i o n of r i s k t o l i f e , t h e p e r c e n t a g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t r a c e r g a s a t 30 minutes was chosen f o r e s c a p e r o u t e s such a s c o r r i d o r s , s t a i r s , and e l e v a t o r s h a f t s ; t h a t a t 60 minutes was chosen f o r rooms where occupants may remain f o r t h e d u r a t i o n of a f i r e . In t h i s c o n t e x t t h e p e r c e n t a g e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a t t h e s p e c i f i e d t i m e s were c a l c u l a t e d and a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r d i s c u s s i o n .
Measurements a t Supply and Exhaust G r i l l e s
Exhaust f l o w r a t e s measured i n one bathroom on e a c h of t h e 2nd, 3 r d , 6 t h , l l t h , and 1 3 t h f l o o r s v a r i e d from 7 t o 24 L / s (15 t o 52 cfm), f o r an a v e r a g e of 15 L/s (31 cfm). S i m i l a r l y , s u p p l y a i r r a t e s i n t h e c o r r i d o r s v a r i e d from 200 t o 540 L/s (430 t o 1140 cfm), f o r an a v e r a g e of 350 L/s (750 cfm) p e r f l o o r . From t h e s e v a l u e s , t h e o v e r a l l s u p p l y a i r r a t e was e s t i m a t e d t o be about t w i c e t h a t of t h e e x h a u s t a i r r a t e . With t h e v e n t i l a t i o n system o f f , a i r flowed i n t o both t h e e x h a u s t g r i l l e i n t h e bathrooms and t h e supply a i r g r i l l e i n t h e c o r r i d o r s on a l l t e s t f l o o r s .
T e s t 1
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Ground F l o o r F i r eTables 2a and 2b g i v e t h e r e s u l t s of p r e s s u r e and t r a c e r g a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n measurements f o r T e s t l a , a ground f l o o r f i r e i n t h e s o u t h meeting room; t h e door of t h e f i r e room was open t o t h e c o r r i d o r and t h e mechanical v e n t i l a t i o n systems were o p e r a t i n g . Measured p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s a c r o s s c l o s e d doors i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e d i r e c t i o n of a i r f l o w on t h e ground f l o o r would be from t h e c o r r i d o r i n t o t h e n o r t h s t a i r w e l l , g u e s t e l e v a t o r , and s e r v i c e lobby and e l e v a t o r . S i m i l a r r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d f o r t h e second and t h i r d f l o o r s . Flow p a t t e r n s on t h e 6 t h and l l t h f l o o r s were i n d e t e r m i n a t e ; p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s were i n t h e o r d e r of 0 t o
1 Pa ( 0 t o 0.004 i n of w a t e r ) . The d i r e c t i o n of flow on t h e 13th f l o o r was i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n t o t h a t of t h e lower f l o o r s e x c e p t f o r t h e s e r v i c e lobby door. The n e u t r a l p r e s s u r e p l a n e appeared t o be somewhere between t h e 6 t h and l l t h f l o o r s .
The r e s u l t s of t r a c e r g a s measurements (Table 2b) i n d i c a t e t h a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e t e s t s p a c e s were above t h e 1% l e v e l e x c e p t f o r t h e s o u t h s t a i r s h a f t , which e x t e n d s t o t h e basement f l o o r and h a s no a c c e s s door on t h e ground f l o o r . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e n o r t h s t a i r s h a f t , which t e r m i n a t e s on t h e ground f l o o r , were w e l l above t h e 1% l e v e l , however, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t l e a k a g e f l o w through c r a c k s round t h e e x i t door [average c r a c k w i d t h 4.2 mm (0.17 i n ) ] c o n t r i b u t e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y t o contamination of t h i s s t a i r s h a f t .
The g a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e s o u t h room on t h e second f l o o r ( d i r e c t l y above t h e f i r e room) was 37% and i n t h e n o r t h room, 8%; i t was 4 and 3% i n t h e corresponding rooms on t h e t h i r d f l o o r , and s t i l l lower on t h e f l o o r s above. It appeared t h a t contamination of t h e upper f l o o r s occurred l a r g e l y by t r a n s f e r of t r a c e r gas from t h e ground f l o o r through t h e s t a i r and e l e v a t o r s h a f t s , whereas contamination of t h e second f l o o r o c c u r r e d d i r e c t l y through t h e f l o o r c o n s t r u c t i o n . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of p o s s i b l e passageways between t h e f i r e room and t h e room above was attempted. T e s t s w i t h smoke p e n c i l s i n d i c a t e d a d e f i n i t e movement of a i r i n t o t h e
bathroom through openings round t h e plumbing, and g r a d u a l movement of a i r out of t h e room through t h e h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g s e r v i c e plenum l o c a t e d under t h e c e i l i n g of t h e e n t r a n c e h a l l of t h e room. When t r a c e r gas was r e l e a s e d i n t h e ground f l o o r room, t h e b u i l d u p of t r a c e r gas c o n c e n t r a t i o n was confined mainly t o t h e c l o s e d bathroom belonging t o t h e room above, a
f u r t h e r i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e plumbing chase provided t h e main connection.
Comparison of t h e r e s u l t s of Test l b ( v e n t i l a t i o n systems o f f ) , shown i n Table 3a, w i t h t h o s e of T e s t l a ( v e n t i l a t i o n systems o n ) , a s i n Table 2a, i n d i c a t e s s l i g h t p r e s s u r i z a t i o n of t h e c o r r i d o r by t h e v e n t i l a t i o n systems. The t r a c e r gas c o n c e n t r a t i o n p a t t e r n of T e s t l b was s i m i l a r t o t h a t of T e s t l a , except f o r t h e n o r t h rooms on t h e t h i r d and s i x t h f l o o r s where c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were l e s s than 1%.
T e s t 2
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Second F l o o r F i r e RoomP r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e and smoke c o n c e n t r a t i o n p a t t e r n s f o r a s i m u l a t e d f i r e i n t h e n o r t h room on t h e second f l o o r a r e given i n Tables 4a and 4b f o r v e n t i l a t i o n systems on ( T e s t 2a), and i n Tables 5a and 5b f o r v e n t i l a t i o n systems o f f (Test 2b). The t e s t c o n d i t i o n s were t h e same a s t h o s e f o r T e s t 1, e x c e p t t h a t t h e balcony door of t h e room on t h e 1 3 t h f l o o r d i r e c t l y above t h e f i r e room was open t o s i m u l a t e an open window. For T e s t 2a, a l l measured s p a c e s had
13th f l o o r ; t h e s e had a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 2%. Although p r i o r t o t h e t e s t t h e d i r e c t i o n of f l o w measured i n t h e bathroom of t h e l a t t e r room was i n t o t h e e x h a u s t g r i l l e , i t might have
r e v e r s e d d u r i n g t h e t e s t t o a l l o w t r a c e r gas from t h e f i r e room t o e n t e r i t through t h e bathroom e x h a u s t duct. Such d u c t s a r e a p o t e n t i a l p a s s a g e f o r smoke m i g r a t i o n t o upper rooms.
The p r e s s u r i z a t i o n of t h e c o r r i d o r s , w i t h and w i t h o u t mechanical v e n t i l a t i o n ( T e s t s 2a and b ) , was s i m i l a r t o t h a t of T e s t s l a and b. With t h e v e n t i l a t i o n system o p e r a t i n g (Test 2 a ) , t h e p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s t h e door of t h e f i r e room was n e g l i g i b l e ; w i t h v e n t i l a t i o n systems off ( T e s t 2b), t h e p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e was 4 Pa (0.016 i n of w a t e r ) w i t h a i r f l o w i n g from t h e f i r e room i n t o t h e c o r r i d o r . This r e s u l t e d i n t r a c e r g a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of 1 and 2% i n t h e c o r r i d o r and s e r v i c e lobby of t h e second f l o o r and i n t h e lower h a l f of t h e n o r t h s t a i r s h a f t . Thus, p r e s s u r i z a t i o n of t h e c o r r i d o r w i t h v e n t i l a t i o n systems on i n h i b i t e d movement of t r a c e r g a s from t h e f i r e room i n t o t h e c o r r i d o r . For T e s t 2b, t h e t r a c e r gas c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e n o r t h room of t h e 14th f l o o r w i t h balcony door open was n e g l i g i b l e , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e r e was no t r a n s f e r of t r a c e r gas t o t h i s room through t h e bathroom exhaust duct. It i s p o s s i b l e , of c o u r s e , t h a t d i l u t i o n o c c u r r e d from t h e open window.
T e s t 3
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Second F l o o r F i r e (Balcony Door of F i r e Room Open)The c o n d i t i o n s f o r Test 3a, conducted w i t h t h e v e n t i l a t i o n systems on, were s i m i l a r t o t h o s e of T e s t 2a e x c e p t t h a t t h e balcony door of t h e f i r e room was open t o s i m u l a t e a window e i t h e r open o r broken a s a r e s u l t of f i r e and t h e balcony door of t h e n o r t h room on t h e 1 4 t h f l o o r c l o s e d ( T a b l e s 6a and b). The p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s t h e e n t r a n c e door of t h e f i r e room was 5 Pa (0.02 i n of w a t e r ) , a s compared t o 0 Pa f o r T e s t 2a; i t r e s u l t e d i n heavy
contamination of a d j a c e n t rooms (21% and 58%), of t h e room d i r e c t l y above ( 1 2 % ) , and of t h e second f l o o r c o r r i d o r ( 1 t o 6%). There was much l e s s contamination (about 1 % ) i n t h e e l e v a t o r s h a f t , s t a i r s , and upper f l o o r s . The r e s u l t s of T e s t 3b, v e n t i l a t i o n systems o f f , a r e given i n Table 7a and b; t h e y were s i m i l a r t o t h o s e of Test 3a e x c e p t t h a t t h e l e v e l s of
contamination were lower, t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e rooms and c o r r i d o r s on t h e 11th and 13th f l o o r s being l e s s t h a n 1%. The p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s t h e e n t r a n c e door of t h e f i r e room was 2 Pa (0.01 i n of w a t e r ) .
With t h e balcony door open, t h e p r e s s u r e s i n t h e f i r e room i n c r e a s e d , approaching t h o s e of t h e e x t e r i o r , a s might be expected i n w i n t e r f o r a room l o c a t e d below t h e n e u t r a l p r e s s u r e l e v e l of a b u i l d i n g . This r e s u l t e d i n an i n c r e a s e i n t h e amount of contamination beyond t h e f i r e room.
T e s t 4
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Second F l o o r F i r e ( ~ a l c o n y and E n t r a n c e Doors of F i r e Room Open)T e s t 4a was conducted w i t h t h e balcony door of t h e f i r e room open and t h e v e n t i l a t i o n system on, a s f o r T e s t 3a e x c e p t t h a t t h e e n t r a n c e door of t h e f i r e room was a l s o open. The r e s u l t s of measurements a r e g i v e n i n Tables 8a and b. The p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s a c r o s s t h e s t a i r and e l e v a t o r d o o r s i n t h e c e n t e r c o r e of t h e second f l o o r were g r e a t e r f o r T e s t 4a (room e n t r a n c e door open) t h a n f o r T e s t 3a (room e n t r a n c e door c l o s e d ) . T r a c e r g a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e c o r r i d o r of t h e second f l o o r i n c r e a s e d t o about 40% and i n t h e s o u t h room of t h e second f l o o r t o above 20%. The s t a i r s , e l e v a t o r s , and c o r r i d o r s i n t h e f l o o r s above t h e f i r e f l o o r were h e a v i l y contaminated. The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t r a c e r g a s i n t h e rooms i n t h e upper f l o o r s v a r i e d from 1 t o 4%, e x c e p t f o r t h e s o u t h rooms on t h e t h i r d and s i x t h f l o o r s where
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were l e s s than 1%. On t h e ground f l o o r , c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t r a c e r g a s above 1% were c o n f i n e d t o t h e meeting rooms and s t a i r w e l l s . This t e s t demonstrated t h e importance of a u t o m a t i c c l o s u r e s f o r room e n t r a n c e doors.
When, i n a d d i t i o n , t h e f i r e f l o o r door of t h e n o r t h s t a i r s h a f t was open ( T e s t 4b, T a b l e s 9a and ti), t h e l e v e l of contamination i n c r e a s e d d r a m a t i c a l l y i n a l l t e s t s p a c e s e x c e p t t h e c o r r i d o r and s e r v i c e lobby of t h e ground f l o o r . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t h e t r a c e r g a s i n t h e rooms on t h e f l b o r s above t h e second v a r i e d from 2 t o 8%; i n t h e s o u t h room of t h e second f l o o r i t was 37%.
R e s u l t s of Smoke C o n t r o l System T e s t s
The s u p p l y a i r r a t e f o r p r e s s u r i z a t i o n of t h e n o r t h and s o u t h s t a i r s h a f t s , a c c o r d i n g t o " a s b u i l t " drawings, i s 8.8 m /s (18 600 cfm) f o r each fan. The supply a i r r a t e f o r
p r e s s u r i z a t i o n of t h e s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r s h a f t was measured a t 6.5 m 3 / s (15 500 cfm).
P r e s s u r e measurements t a k e n i n t h e s o u t h s t a i r w e l l w i t h t h e bottom e x i t door open and t h e s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r s h a f t p r e s s u r i z e d ( T a b l e 10) show t h a t t h e p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s v a r i e d from 19 t o 41 Pa (0.07 t o 0.16 i n of w a t e r ) and t h e a i r f l o w r a t e a t t h e e x i t door was 4.3 m 3 / s (9100 cfm). A s w e l l , t h e s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r s h a f t was p r e s s u r i z e d from 14 t o 23 Pa (0.05 t o 0.09 i n of w a t e r ) and t h e s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r l o b b i e s , i n t u r n , were p r e s s u r i z e d from 39 t o 46 Pa (0.15 t o 0.18 i n of w a t e r ) . P r e s s u r i z i n g t h e s o u t h s t a i r s h a f t and s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r s h a f t r e s u l t e d i n i n d i r e c t l y p r e s s u r i z i n g t h e c o r r i d o r s , c a u s i n g a i r t o f l o w i n t o t h e rooms and from t h e r e t o t h e e x t e r i o r f o r t h e e n t i r e h e i g h t of t h e b u i l d i n g . The amount of c o r r i d o r
p r e s s u r i z a t i o n would have been g r e a t e r i f t h e p r e s s u r i z a t i o n f a n of t h e n o r t h s t a i r s h a f t had a l s o been a c t i v a t e d . The a i r t e m p e r a t u r e s i n t h e s o u t h s t a i r w e l l 20 minutes a f t e r s t a r t i n g t h e p r e s s u r i z a t i o n f a n were a s f o l l o w s : F l o o r
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Outside 15 13 11 6 3 Basement Temperature, OCThe a i r t e m p e r a t u r e was above f r e e z i n g below t h e 1 4 t h f l o o r l e v e l , w i t h i n t a k e of o u t s i d e a i r a t -16OC. The a i r f e l t warmer i n t h e upper l e v e l s than t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s i n d i c a t e d , p o s s i b l y because of r a d i a n t h e a t t r a n s f e r from t h e w a l l s .
With t h e smoke c o n t r o l p r e s s u r i z a t i o n systems o p e r a t i n g , t h e p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e s on t h e second f l o o r were u n a f f e c t e d by t h e opening of t h e balcony door of t h e f i r e room on t h e n o r t h s i d e of t h e same f l o o r ; p r e s s u r e measurements on o t h e r f l o o r s were n o t made. When, i n
a d d i t i o n , t h e door of t h e s o u t h s t a i r s h a f t on t h e second f l o o r was opened, t h e c o r r i d o r was p r e s s u r i z e d , c a u s i n g i n c r e a s e d p r e s s u r e i n t h e c o r r i d o r r e l a t i v e t o t h a t of t h e n o r t h room, i.e., from 7 Pa (0.03 i n of w a t e r ) t o 25 Pa (0.10 i n of w a t e r ) . When t h e e n t r a n c e door of t h e n o r t h f i r e room was a l s o opened, t h e r e was a s t r o n g c u r r e n t of a i r from t h e s o u t h s t a i r w e l l through t h e c o r r i d o r i n t o t h e n o r t h f i r e room and from t h e r e t o t h e , e x t e r i o r . I n t h e e v e n t of f i r e , smoke g e n e r a t e d i n t h e f i r e room would probably be i n h i b i t e d from e n t e r i n g t h e c o r r i d o r . Under t h e same c o n d i t i o n , b u t without t h e smoke c o n t r o l systems i n o p e r a t i o n ( T e s t 4 b ) , t h e r e s u l t s of t h e t r a c e r g a s t e s t i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e e n t i r e b u i l d i n g would be h e a v i l y
contaminated w i t h smoke.
Table 10 a l s o shows t h a t on t h e ground f l o o r t h e d i r e c t i o n of f l o w i s from t h e f l o o r s p a c e i n t o t h e n o r t h s t a i r s and passenger e l e v a t o r s h a f t , both of which were n o t p r e s s u r i z e d d u r i n g t h e t e s t . I n t h e e v e n t of f i r e on t h e ground f l o o r some smoke contamination would be expected i n t h e s e s h a f t s .
SUMMARY
1. During t e s t s s i m u l a t i n g f i r e on t h e ground f l o o r of a 15-story b u i l d i n g , w i t h and w i t h o u t v e n t i l a t i o n systems o p e r a t i n g , t r a c e r gas (under t h e i n f l u e n c e of s t a c k a c t i o n ) moved r a p i d l y up t h e e l e v a t o r and n o r t h s t a i r s h a f t s . The c r i t i c a l l e v e l of c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 1% of t h a t of t h e f i r e room was g e n e r a l l y exceeded i n t h e c o r r i d o r s and rooms of upper
f l o o r s . The s o u t h s t a i r w e l l , w i t h no a c c e s s t o t h e main f l o o r , remained uncontaminated. The t e s t s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e t r a c e r g a s migrated from t h e f i r e room on t h e ground f l o o r through t h e plumbing raceway, c a u s i n g r a p i d b u i l d - u p of t r a c e r g a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e room above.
2. For t e s t s s i m u l a t i n g f i r e on t h e second f l o o r , w i t h balcony and e n t r a n c e doors of t h e f i r e room c l o s e d a n d t h e v e n t i l a t i o n system o f f , t h e o n l y s i g n i f i c a n t t r a c e r g a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s n o t e d were i n t h e c o r r i d o r and s e r v i c e lobby of t h e second f l o o r . With t h e v e n t i l a t i o n system on, t h e e x t e n t of t r a c e r g a s contamination i n t h e b u i l d i n g was minimal, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t p r e s s u r i z a t i o n of t h e c o r r i d o r s by mechanical v e n t i l a t i o n a s s i s t s i n p r e v e n t i n g smoke
from s p r e a d i n g beyond t h e f i r e room. Presumably t h e t r a c e r g a s i n t h e f i r e room m i g r a t e d t o t h e e x t e r i o r t h r o u g h t h e bathroom e x h a u s t d u c t .
3. During t h e second-floor room-fire t e s t , w i t h t h e balcony door open t o s i m u l a t e a broken window, t h e a d j a c e n t rooms ( t h a t d i r e c t l y above, t h e s e c o n d - f l o o r c o r r i d o r , e l e v a t o r and s t a i r s h a f t s , and t h e c o r r i d o r s of t h e upper f l o o r s ) were a l l c o n s i d e r e d t o be
contaminated. When, i n a d d i t i o n , t h e f i r e room e n t r a n c e door was opened, t h e e n t i r e b u i l d i n g ( e x c e p t f o r p a r t of t h e ground f l o o r ) was contaminated by smoke. T h i s worsened when t h e s t a i r door on t h e second f l o o r was a l s o opened.
4. Operating t h e s t a i r and e l e v a t o r s h a f t p r e s s u r i z a t i o n systems i n d i r e c t l y p r e s s u r i z e d t h e c o r r i d o r s , c a u s i n g a i r t o f l o w i n t o t h e g u e s t rooms and o u t through t h e e x t e r i o r w a l l s ; t h u s , t h e c o r r i d o r s and rooms a s w e l l a s t h e s t a i r and e l e v a t o r s h a f t s were p r o t e c t e d from smoke contamination. With a f i r e on t h e ground f l o o r , however, some smoke contamination would be e x p e c t e d i n u n p r e s s u r i z e d s h a f t s .
It may be concluded t h a t i n compartmented b u i l d i n g s w i t h o u t smoke c o n t r o l , s e v e r e smoke contamination of e s c a p e r o u t e s and rooms can be expected i f t h e r e i s f i r e on t h e (open t y p e ) ground f l o o r . S i m i l a r l y , s e v e r e contamination can be e x p e c t e d i f t h e r e i s f i r e i n a
lower-floor room t h a t h a s a l a r g e opening i n t h e e x t e r i o r w a l l and t h e e n t r a n c e door i s open. The s e v e r i t y of smoke contamination would be much less i f t h e e n t r a n c e door of t h e f i r e room were closed.
Because some smoke contamination of compartmented b u i l d i n g s can be e x p e c t e d i n t h e e v e n t of f i r e , measures t o p r o t e c t occupants a r e n e c e s s a r y . Automatic door c l o s u r e s f o r room e n t r a n c e d o o r s would g r e a t l y r e d u c e t h e e x t e n t of smoke contamination. B a l c o n i e s a t t a c h e d t o a l l g u e s t rooms, a s f o r t h e t e s t b u i l d i n g , could s e r v e a s r e f u g e a r e a s . Mechanical
p r e s s u r i z a t i o n of t h e s t a i r and e l e v a t o r s h a f t s w i t h o u t s i d e a i r would p r o v i d e s m o k e l r e e e s c a p e o r f i r e f i g h t e r s ' a c c e s s r o u t e s . A s p r i n k l e r system might a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y on t h e ground f l o o r where a lobby o f t e n s e r v e s a s p a r t of an e x i t r o u t e . A l l such measures a r e recognized and i n c l u d e d i n t h e N a t i o n a l B u i l d i n g Code of Canada (1980).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The a u t h o r s g r a t e f u l l y acknowledge t h e c o o p e r a t i o n and a s s i s t a n c e of t h e s t a f f of t h e D e l t a Meadowvale Inn i n p r e p a r i n g and conducting t h e t e s t s , and of Markborough P r o p e r t i e s f o r g r a n t i n g p e r m i s s i o n t o conduct t e s t s and p u b l i s h t h i s paper. They a l s o acknowledge t h e
a s s i s t a n c e of R. Helmeste, J. de Jong, and R.G. Evans i n p l a n n i n g and conducting t h e t e s t s and p r o c e s s i n g t h e r e s u l t s . The a u t h o r s a r e a l s o g r a t e f u l t o members of t h e s t a f f of MacLaren Engineers Inc. who p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e t e s t s .
This paper i s a c o n t r i b u t i o n from t h e D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, N a t i o n a l Research Council of Canada.
REFERENCES
ASHRAE. 1980. ASHRAE Handbook
--
1980 Systems, " F i r e and Smoke Control." A t l a n t a : American S o c i e t y of Heating, R e f r i g e r a t i n g , and A i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g E n g i n e e r s , Inc., p. 41.5-41 -6. K l o t e , J.H., and J.W. F o t h e r g i l l Jr. 1983. Design of Smoke C o n t r o l Systems f o r B u i l d i n g s .( A t l a n t a : American S o c i e t y of Heating, R e f r i g e r a t i n g and A i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g E n g i n e e r s , Inc.), p. 45.
McLaren Engineers Inc. 1984. Smoke Movement S t u d i e s i n a Compartmented Building. Report t o t h e N a t i o n a l Research Council of Canada, C o n t r a c t No. 35452-8000-000.
N a t i o n a l B u i l d i n g Code of Canada. 1980. N a t i o n a l Research Council of Canada, A s s o c i a t e Committee on t h e N a t i o n a l B u i l d i n g Code, Ottawa, Canada.
Tamura, G.T., and R.G. Evans. 1983. "Evaluation of Evacuated Glass Tubes f o r Samp?'14& af SF6/Air Mixture f o r A i r Exchange Measurement
,"
A m October 1983, p. 40-43.TABLE 1
Test Conditions
F i r e Room Outside
Simulated Test 1 3 t h Floor 2nd Floor Corridor Room
F i r e No. Window Door Window S t a i r Air Exhaust Temp, Wind, Do o r supply O C kmlh Ground l a c l o s e d open c l o s e d c l o s e d on on
f l o o r room b c l o s e d open c l o s e d c l o s e d off off -10 28 N Second 2a c l o s e d c l o s e d open c l o s e d on on -12 2 E f l o o r room b c l o s e d c l o s e d open c l o s e d o f f o f f -12 9 N
3a open c l o s e d c l o s e d c l o s e d on on -2 1 3 WSW b open c l o s e d c l o s e d c l o s e d off off 1 17 SW 4a open open c l o s e d c l o s e d on on -8 15 SE
b open open closed open on on 2 15 WNW
TABLE 2a
P r e s s u r e D i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s Doors, Pa, Test l a . Ground f l o o r f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems o p e r a t i n g ,
-16OC, 22 kmlh, W
Sampling North South Service North South Pass. S e r v i c e
Locat ion Room Room Lobby S t a i r s S t a i r s Elev. E l e v a t o r Outside -. -..
..
. Ref S e r v i c e North SouthFloor ...- -- . Corridor Lobby Room Room
-. . 13 -7 -5 -1 2 1 1 0 -37 -27 11 -6 -6 0 0 0 0 -1 -17 -16 6 -1 0 -2 -1 1 0 1 -11 2 3 0 0
-
3 -3 0 -1 0 1 2 1 2 2 0 0 -8 -7-
3 -4 0 10 10 1 -10 f i r e -33 -37 n o door -35 -5 10 7 room B -34--
TABLE 2bSF6 Tracer Gas Concentration, % of Concentration i n F i r e Region, Test l a . Ground f l o o r f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems o p e r a t i n g ,
-16OC, 22 km/h, W
Room Corridor S t a i r w e l l
S e r v i c e Passenger
Floor North South West East Lobby North South
levat tor
TABLE 3a
P r e s s u r e Difference a c r o s s Doors, Pa, Test lb. Ground f l o o r f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems n o t o p e r a t i n g ,
-lO°C, 28 km/h, N
Sampling North South Service North South Pass. S e r v i c e
Location Room Room Lobby S t a i r s S t a i r s Elev. E l e v a t o r Outside
FI oor ,-%' Corridor -5 -1 0 2 2 2 -1 f i r e -2 -31 no door -4 room S e r v i c e Lobby . .- . . - - . North South Room Room TABLE 3b
SF6 Tracer Gas Concentration, % of Concentration i n F i r e Region, Test lb. Ground f l o o r f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems n o t o p e r a t i n g ,
-lO°C, 28 km/h, N
Room Corridor S t a i r w e l l
S e r v i c e Passenger
Pl
oor North South West East Lobby North South Elevator14 4 3
7
7 5 1 <l 11TABLE 4a
P r e s s u r e D i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s Doors, Pa, T e s t 2a.
Second f l o o r f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems o p e r a t i n g , f i r e room balcony door open, - l Z 0 C , 2 km/h, E
Sampling North South S e r v i c e North South Pass. S e r v i c e
Location (X)Room(X) Room Lobby S t a i r s S t a i r s Elev. E l e v a t o r O u t s i d e
\
\ Ref S e r v i c e North South
Floe>-\
Corridor Lobby (X)Room(X) Room-
13 -24 -9 0 1 0 1 0 open -1 7
window
1 0
-
-1 8 -29 no door -20 -4 3 4-- . -
(X) Rooms immediately west and e a s t of f i r e room
TABLE 4b
SF R a c e r Gas C o n c e n t r a t i o n , X of C o n c e n t r a t i o n i n F i r e Region, Test 2a. Second Bloor room f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems o p e r a t i n g , f i r e room balcony door open,
- l Z ° C , 2 km/h, E
Room C o r r i d o r S t a i r w e l l
S e r v i c e Passenger
Floor (X)North(X) South West E a s t Lobby North South E l e v a t o r
1 3 2 (1 (1 (1 <1 (1 (1
<
1B
<
11
(X) Rooms immediately west and e a s t of f i r e room. Tracer g a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n g u e s t rooms a t 60 min and i n remaining a r e a s a t 30 minTABLE 5a
Pressure Difference a c r o s s Doors, Pa, Test 2b. Second f l o o r f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems not operating
-12"C, 9 km/h, N
Sampling North South Service North South Pass. Service
Location (X)Room(X) Room Lobby S t a i r s S t a i r s Elev. Elevator Outside
..
'\, Ekf Service North South
Floor \\, Corridor Lobby (X)Room(X) Room
14 -32 -5 2 4 5 6 1 open -12
window
1 -5 1 -25 -41 no door -4 -6 15 -2
B -4
7
(X) Rooms immediately west and e a s t of t h e f i r e room
TABLE 5b
SF6 Tracer Gas Concentrations, X of Concentration i n F i r e Region, Test 2b.
Second f l o o r room f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems not operating -12"C, 9 km/h, N
Room Corridor S t a i r w e l l
Service Passenger
Floor (X)North(X) South West East Lobby North South Elevator
B
<1
(X) Rooms immediately west and e a s t of t h e f i r e room. R a c e r gas concentrations
i n
guest rooms a t 60 min and i n remaining a r e a s a t 30 minTABLE 6a
Pressure Difference across Doors, Pa, Test 3a.
Second f l o o r f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems operating, f i r e room balcony door open, -2OC, 13 km/h, WSW
Sampling North South Service North South Pass. Service
Locat ion (X)Room(X) Room Lobby S t a i r s S t a i r s Elev. Elevator Outside
Floor -Lyf Corridor
Service North South Lobby (X)Room(X) Room
2 (-1 )5(0)
-
1 -5 -6 -2 -3 0 (6)open(lO) 6 window1 -4 -3 -1 2 -27 no door -22 -6 7 2
. -- -
(X) Rooms immediately west and e a s t of t h e f i r e room
TABLE 6b
SF Tracer Gas Concentrations, % Concentration i n F i r e Region, Test 3a. Second f l o o r f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems operating, f i r e room balcony door open
-2OC, 13 km/h, WSW
Room Corridor S t a i r w e l l
Service Passenger
Floor (X)North(X) South West East Lobby North South Elevator
14 1 (1 1 (1 1 (1 <1 2
B
<
1(X) Rooms immediately west and e a s t of t h e f i r e room. Tracer gas concentrations i n guest rooms a t 60 min and i n remaining a r e a s a t 30 min
TABLE 7a
P r e s s u r e D i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s Doors, Pa, Test 3b. Second f l o o r f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems n o t o p e r a t i n g
- l ° C , 17 km/h, SW
Sampling North South Service North South Pass. S e r v i c e
Location (X)Room(X) Room Lobby S t a i r s S t a i r s Elev. E l e v a t o r Outside
-
- Ref S e r v i c e North SouthFloor
+---,k
-'.
Corridor Lobby (X)Room(X) Room13 -7 -6 0 1 1
-
1 0 -1 4 -122 (0)-2(0) -1 -4
-
3 - 1 -6 0 ( l ) o p e n ( 4 ) 8window
1
-
1-
-25 -25 n o door -20 -6-
5 11B -30
(X) Rooms immediately west and e a s t of t h e f i r e room
TABLE 7b
SF6 Tracer Gas Concentrations, X Concentration i n F i r e Region, Test 3b. Second f l o o r f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems n o t o p e r a t i n g
- l ° C , 17 km/h, SW
Room Corridor S t a i r w e l l
S e r v i c e Passenger Floor (X)North(X) South West East Lobby North South Elevator
B
<
1(X)
Rooms immediately west and e a s t of t h e f i r e room. Tracer gas c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n g u e s t rooms a t 60 min and i n remaining a r e a s a t 30 minTABLE 8a
Pressure Difference a c r o s s Doors, Pa, Test 4a.
V e n t i l a t i o n systems on, f i r e room balcony and entrance doors open, -8"C, 15 km/h, SE
Sampling North South Service North South Pass. Service
Location (X)Room(X) Room Lobby S t a i r s S t a i r s Elev. Elevator Outside
. Ref Service North South
Floor -'-., Corridor Lobby (X)Room(X) Room
1 14 -11 -6 1 3 2 3 0 -15 -4 2 (O)open(-1) 0 -2 -10 -5 -4 0 (5)open(7) 19 door window 1 -2 5 -12 -21 n o d o o r -17
-
1 6 2 1 B -19(X) Rooms immediately west and e a s t of t h e f i r e room
TABLE 8b
SF6 Tracer Gas Concentrations, % Concentration i n F i r e Region, Test 4a. V e n t i l a t i o n systems on, f i r e room balcony and entrance doors open,
-8*C, 15 km/h, SE
Room Corridor S t a i r w e l l
Service Passenger
Floor (X)North(X) South West East Lobby North South Elevator
14 2 4 4 3 1 11 3 10
B <1
(XI Rooms immediately west and e a s t of t h e f i r e room. Tracer gas concentrations i n guest rooms a t 60 mln and i n remaining a r e a s a t 30 mln
TABLE 9a
P r e s s u r e D i f f e r e n c e s a c r o s s Doors, Pa, Test 4b. Second f l o o r f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems o p e r a t i n g
2'C, 15 km/h, WNW
Sampling North South S e r v i c e North South Pass. S e r v i c e
Location (X)~oom(X) Room Lobby S t a i r s S t a i r s Elev. E l e v a t o r O u t s i d e
-,.
-,
RefPLoor \ " '-\ Corridor
S e r v i c e North South Lobby (X)Room(X) Room
2 (O)open(-3) -1 -9 -10 open -7 0 (14)open(14) 3 door door window
1 -5 0 -1 1 -17 no door -11 1 14 -4
B
-
9(X) Rooms immediately west and e a s t of t h e f i r e room
TABLE 9 b
SF6 Tracer Gas C o n c e n t r a t i o n s , % C o n c e n t r a t i o n i n F i r e Region, Test 4b. Second f l o o r f i r e , v e n t i l a t i o n systems o p e r a t i n g ,
2'C, 15 km/h, WNW
Ra o m C o r r i d o r S t a i r w e l l
S e r v i c e Passenger F l o o r (X)North(X) South West East Lobby North South E l e v a t o r
(X) Rooms immediately west and e a s t of t h e f i r e room. T r a c e r g a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n g u e s t rooms a t 60 min and i n remaining a r e a s a t 30 min
TABLE 1 0
Smoke C o n t r o l System T e s t . P r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s d o o r s , Pa
Sampling North South S e r v i c e Nor;:! South Peja. S e r v i c e
Location Room Room Lobby S t a i r s S t a i r s Elev. E l e v a t o r O u t s i d e
C
1
.
Ref.
Floor
\
CorridorS e r v i c e North South
Lobby Room Room
1 0 +3 +40 -14 no door -11 +2 3 -7 -10
B
T e s t Conditlone
1. South s t a i r w e l l and s e r v i c e e l e v a t o r p r e s s u r i z a t i o n f a n s o p e r a t i n g
2. S e r v i c e e l e v a t o r locked a t f o u r t h f l o o r
3. C o r r i d o r a i r supply and room e x h a u s t f a n s o p e r a t i n g i n norms1 mode
LEGEND
PRESSURE TRANSWCER (REFERENCE POINT 1 TRACER WS SAMPLING STATION
-
PROBE OR SAMPLING TRANF i g u r e I . Main f l o o r p l a n
-
p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e a n d t r a c e r g a s s a m p l i n g l o c a t i o n sHOLDER
-EL
L E W
8 PRESSURE TRANSDUCER (REFERENCE POINT) TRACER tAS SAMPLING STATION --' PROBE OR SAMPLING TRAIN
T h i s p a p e r
